This document discusses critical infrastructure protection, emergency response, and management. It defines critical infrastructure as systems and assets, both physical and virtual, that are vital to national security, public health and safety, or the economy. It identifies 16 critical infrastructure sectors and notes their interdependence and reliance on people and technology. It describes the history of critical infrastructure policy in the US and roles of agencies like DHS. Hazards and threats to infrastructure like terrorism, cyber attacks, and natural disasters are also discussed.
The thread must be a minimum of 250 words- MINIMUM OF TWO SOURCES BESI (1).docxestefana2345678
The thread must be a minimum of 250 words. MINIMUM OF TWO SOURCES BESIDES THE TEXTBOOK. Must cite at least 2 sources in addition to the Bible.
TEXTBOOK: Bennett, B. T. (2018).
Understanding, assessing, and responding to terrorism:
Protecting critical infrastructure and personnel
(2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN: 9781119237785.
**AMY***
The term critical infrastructure (CI) has changed multiple times over the last twenty years; however, the general concept of what constitutes critical infrastructure has remained fairly consistent since the first formal definition was developed under the Clinton Administration in 19996 (Bennett, 2018). According to the author, since President William Clinton’s Executive Order 13010, the term and concept underwent various changes; two years after EO 13010, President Clinton signed the Presidential Decision Directive 63, which added the “cyber†to the definition of CI. After the attacks on September 11, 2001, CI was re-defined under the Bush administration per the Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (USA PATRIOT) Act of 2001. Bennett noted that the Homeland Security Act of 2002 added the concept of “key resources†to the CI definition, an area of CI that is crucial to the proper functioning of the various Cis. This post will discuss what critical infrastructure means, what soft and hard targets are, define cascading effects, and what the author believes is the most important CI within the author's geographical location and why this CI was chosen.
What does critical infrastructure mean?
Critical infrastructure is a blanket term that encompasses 16/17 “systems and assets, physical or virtual, so vital to the United States that incapacity or destruction of such systems or assets would have a debilitating effect on security, national economic security, health, or safety, or combination of those matters†(Bennett, 2018, p. 41; Cybersecurity & Infrastructure Security Agency [CISA], 2020, pp. 1). As previously mentioned, the Homeland Security Act of 2002 added “key resources†to the definition of critical infrastructure; key resources are defined as the publicly or privately controlled individual resources essential to the minimal operation of the economy and government (Bennett, p. 41). According to Bennett, while key resources do not hold the same status as critical infrastructure, they are important and necessary for the production, functioning, and maintenance of various critical infrastructures. Bennett summarized critical infrastructure as the important assets we want and depend on to be available and functional when needed (p. 43).
What are soft and hard targets?
The terms soft and hard targets describe the levels of protection any given critical infrastructure asset or location has. Protection includes physical security and countermeasures in place for any potential attack or natural d.
Title United States. The National Strategy for Homeland Security .docxjuliennehar
Title: United States. The National Strategy for Homeland Security - Protecting Critical Infrastructures and Key Assets
PROTECTING CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURES AND KEY ASSETS
Terrorists are opportunistic. They exploit vulnerabilities we leave exposed, choosing the time, place, and method of attack according to the weaknesses they observe or perceive. Increasing the security of a particular type of target, such as aircraft or buildings, makes it more likely that terrorists will seek a different target. Increasing the countermeasures to a particular terrorist tactic, such as hijacking, makes it more likely that terrorists will favor a different tactic.
Protecting America's critical infrastructure and key assets is thus a formidable challenge. Our open and technologically complex society presents an almost infinite array of potential targets, and our critical infrastructure changes as rapidly as the marketplace. It is impossible to protect completely all targets, all the time. On the other hand, we can help deter or deflect attacks, or mitigate their effects, by making strategic improvements in protection and security. Thus, while we cannot assume we will prevent all terrorist attacks, we can substantially reduce America's vulnerability, particularly to the most damaging attacks.
All elements of our society have a crucial stake in reducing our vulnerability to terrorism; and all have highly valuable roles to play. Protecting America's critical infrastructure and key assets requires an unprecedented level of cooperation throughout all levels of government-with private industry and institutions, and with the American people. The federal government has the crucial task of fostering a collaborative environment, and enabling all of these entities to work together to provide America the security it requires.
What must we protect? The USA PATRIOT Act defines critical infrastructure as those "systems and assets, whether physical or virtual, so vital to the United States that the incapacity or destruction of such systems and assets would have a debilitating impact on security, national economic security, national public health or safety, or any combination of those matters." Our critical infrastructures are particularly important because of the functions or services they provide to our country. Our critical infrastructures are also particularly important because they are complex systems: the effects of a terrorist attack can spread far beyond the direct target, and reverberate long after the immediate damage.
America's critical infrastructure encompasses a large number of sectors. Our agriculture, food, and water sectors, along with the public health and emergency services sectors, provide the essential goods and services Americans need to survive. Our institutions of government guarantee our national security and freedom, and administer key public functions. Our defense industrial base provides essential capabilities to help safeguard ...
HM502
Unit 5 DQ
Topic 1: Infrastructure Protection
A detailed discussion of threats to and the process of protecting critical infrastructure and key resources (CI/KR) sectors from man-made and natural disasters are essential for understanding one of the main missions of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS). In detailed analysis of threats and protection challenges, several CI/KR sectors have emerged that require the attention of DHS professionals. These sectors include:
· Agriculture and Food
· Banking and Finance
· Communications
· Defense Industrial Base
· Energy
· Information Technology
· National Monuments and Icons
· Transportation Systems
· Water
What are some of the major threats to the CI/KR sectors identified above? Discuss some of the critical vulnerabilities of these CI/KR sectors. What are some of the prime consequences if these CI/KR sectors are damaged or destroyed? Describe DHS plans to deter threats, mitigate vulnerabilities, and minimize consequences.
Topic 1 Student Response #1 (Respond to Jeffery)
Jeffery Bailey
Hello classmates/Professor
The Homeland Security Act of 2002 provides the basis for Department of Homeland Security (DHS) responsibilities in the protection of the Nation’s CIKR. The act assigns DHS the responsibility for developing a comprehensive national plan for securing CIKR and for recommending the “measures necessary to protect the key resources and critical infrastructure of the United States coordination with other agencies of the Federal Government and in cooperation with State and
local government agencies and authorities, the private sector, and other entities. (Chertoff, 2009) The NIPP defines the organizational structures that provide
the framework for coordination of CIKR protection efforts at all levels of government, their framework includes the action of setting goals and objectives, Identify Assets, Systems and Networks, Assess Risk, consequences, vulnerabilities, and threats. Prioritize, Implement Programs and Measure effectiveness.
The NIPP Conducts research and development and using technology to improve CIKR protection-related capabilities to ensure refined risk assessments for many years into the future. The NIPP assistance programs offers Federal grant assistance to State, local, tribal, and territorial entities; and complement relevant private sector activities. Part of their mission is to make America safer and more secure from cyber attacks and also both man made and natural disasters. Together, the NIPP and SSPs provide the mechanisms for identifying critical assets, systems, and networks, and their associated sectors. In dealing with risk and emergencies the NIPP has Sector Specific Agencies that are assigned certain areas of responsibilities such as Agriculture, Food, Energy and Water. Banking and Finance Communications, in dealing with the potential risk that may befall any of these entities the NIPP takes critical steps to assess, mitigate, protect, and plan for futur ...
Research in Information Security and Information Warfare- The economics, warf...Quinnipiac University
These days, Information Security and Information Warfare are now looked upon as a very important and vital concept among various military organizations. Since the revolution of this concept in military science is viewed as a major reformation regarding the technology utilized; military leaders believe that this technology and more specifically, the information: gives an advantage in military training, strategy, tactics, and organization, leaving no reason to believe otherwise on how technology impacts a nation‟s army. In this research paper, we will examine a deeper understanding of Information Security and Information Warfare; the economics, warfare, features, policies, and even some common technical aspects on why Information Security is so vital to one, to an organization, to a nation.
The thread must be a minimum of 250 words- MINIMUM OF TWO SOURCES BESI (1).docxestefana2345678
The thread must be a minimum of 250 words. MINIMUM OF TWO SOURCES BESIDES THE TEXTBOOK. Must cite at least 2 sources in addition to the Bible.
TEXTBOOK: Bennett, B. T. (2018).
Understanding, assessing, and responding to terrorism:
Protecting critical infrastructure and personnel
(2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN: 9781119237785.
**AMY***
The term critical infrastructure (CI) has changed multiple times over the last twenty years; however, the general concept of what constitutes critical infrastructure has remained fairly consistent since the first formal definition was developed under the Clinton Administration in 19996 (Bennett, 2018). According to the author, since President William Clinton’s Executive Order 13010, the term and concept underwent various changes; two years after EO 13010, President Clinton signed the Presidential Decision Directive 63, which added the “cyber†to the definition of CI. After the attacks on September 11, 2001, CI was re-defined under the Bush administration per the Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (USA PATRIOT) Act of 2001. Bennett noted that the Homeland Security Act of 2002 added the concept of “key resources†to the CI definition, an area of CI that is crucial to the proper functioning of the various Cis. This post will discuss what critical infrastructure means, what soft and hard targets are, define cascading effects, and what the author believes is the most important CI within the author's geographical location and why this CI was chosen.
What does critical infrastructure mean?
Critical infrastructure is a blanket term that encompasses 16/17 “systems and assets, physical or virtual, so vital to the United States that incapacity or destruction of such systems or assets would have a debilitating effect on security, national economic security, health, or safety, or combination of those matters†(Bennett, 2018, p. 41; Cybersecurity & Infrastructure Security Agency [CISA], 2020, pp. 1). As previously mentioned, the Homeland Security Act of 2002 added “key resources†to the definition of critical infrastructure; key resources are defined as the publicly or privately controlled individual resources essential to the minimal operation of the economy and government (Bennett, p. 41). According to Bennett, while key resources do not hold the same status as critical infrastructure, they are important and necessary for the production, functioning, and maintenance of various critical infrastructures. Bennett summarized critical infrastructure as the important assets we want and depend on to be available and functional when needed (p. 43).
What are soft and hard targets?
The terms soft and hard targets describe the levels of protection any given critical infrastructure asset or location has. Protection includes physical security and countermeasures in place for any potential attack or natural d.
Title United States. The National Strategy for Homeland Security .docxjuliennehar
Title: United States. The National Strategy for Homeland Security - Protecting Critical Infrastructures and Key Assets
PROTECTING CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURES AND KEY ASSETS
Terrorists are opportunistic. They exploit vulnerabilities we leave exposed, choosing the time, place, and method of attack according to the weaknesses they observe or perceive. Increasing the security of a particular type of target, such as aircraft or buildings, makes it more likely that terrorists will seek a different target. Increasing the countermeasures to a particular terrorist tactic, such as hijacking, makes it more likely that terrorists will favor a different tactic.
Protecting America's critical infrastructure and key assets is thus a formidable challenge. Our open and technologically complex society presents an almost infinite array of potential targets, and our critical infrastructure changes as rapidly as the marketplace. It is impossible to protect completely all targets, all the time. On the other hand, we can help deter or deflect attacks, or mitigate their effects, by making strategic improvements in protection and security. Thus, while we cannot assume we will prevent all terrorist attacks, we can substantially reduce America's vulnerability, particularly to the most damaging attacks.
All elements of our society have a crucial stake in reducing our vulnerability to terrorism; and all have highly valuable roles to play. Protecting America's critical infrastructure and key assets requires an unprecedented level of cooperation throughout all levels of government-with private industry and institutions, and with the American people. The federal government has the crucial task of fostering a collaborative environment, and enabling all of these entities to work together to provide America the security it requires.
What must we protect? The USA PATRIOT Act defines critical infrastructure as those "systems and assets, whether physical or virtual, so vital to the United States that the incapacity or destruction of such systems and assets would have a debilitating impact on security, national economic security, national public health or safety, or any combination of those matters." Our critical infrastructures are particularly important because of the functions or services they provide to our country. Our critical infrastructures are also particularly important because they are complex systems: the effects of a terrorist attack can spread far beyond the direct target, and reverberate long after the immediate damage.
America's critical infrastructure encompasses a large number of sectors. Our agriculture, food, and water sectors, along with the public health and emergency services sectors, provide the essential goods and services Americans need to survive. Our institutions of government guarantee our national security and freedom, and administer key public functions. Our defense industrial base provides essential capabilities to help safeguard ...
HM502
Unit 5 DQ
Topic 1: Infrastructure Protection
A detailed discussion of threats to and the process of protecting critical infrastructure and key resources (CI/KR) sectors from man-made and natural disasters are essential for understanding one of the main missions of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS). In detailed analysis of threats and protection challenges, several CI/KR sectors have emerged that require the attention of DHS professionals. These sectors include:
· Agriculture and Food
· Banking and Finance
· Communications
· Defense Industrial Base
· Energy
· Information Technology
· National Monuments and Icons
· Transportation Systems
· Water
What are some of the major threats to the CI/KR sectors identified above? Discuss some of the critical vulnerabilities of these CI/KR sectors. What are some of the prime consequences if these CI/KR sectors are damaged or destroyed? Describe DHS plans to deter threats, mitigate vulnerabilities, and minimize consequences.
Topic 1 Student Response #1 (Respond to Jeffery)
Jeffery Bailey
Hello classmates/Professor
The Homeland Security Act of 2002 provides the basis for Department of Homeland Security (DHS) responsibilities in the protection of the Nation’s CIKR. The act assigns DHS the responsibility for developing a comprehensive national plan for securing CIKR and for recommending the “measures necessary to protect the key resources and critical infrastructure of the United States coordination with other agencies of the Federal Government and in cooperation with State and
local government agencies and authorities, the private sector, and other entities. (Chertoff, 2009) The NIPP defines the organizational structures that provide
the framework for coordination of CIKR protection efforts at all levels of government, their framework includes the action of setting goals and objectives, Identify Assets, Systems and Networks, Assess Risk, consequences, vulnerabilities, and threats. Prioritize, Implement Programs and Measure effectiveness.
The NIPP Conducts research and development and using technology to improve CIKR protection-related capabilities to ensure refined risk assessments for many years into the future. The NIPP assistance programs offers Federal grant assistance to State, local, tribal, and territorial entities; and complement relevant private sector activities. Part of their mission is to make America safer and more secure from cyber attacks and also both man made and natural disasters. Together, the NIPP and SSPs provide the mechanisms for identifying critical assets, systems, and networks, and their associated sectors. In dealing with risk and emergencies the NIPP has Sector Specific Agencies that are assigned certain areas of responsibilities such as Agriculture, Food, Energy and Water. Banking and Finance Communications, in dealing with the potential risk that may befall any of these entities the NIPP takes critical steps to assess, mitigate, protect, and plan for futur ...
Research in Information Security and Information Warfare- The economics, warf...Quinnipiac University
These days, Information Security and Information Warfare are now looked upon as a very important and vital concept among various military organizations. Since the revolution of this concept in military science is viewed as a major reformation regarding the technology utilized; military leaders believe that this technology and more specifically, the information: gives an advantage in military training, strategy, tactics, and organization, leaving no reason to believe otherwise on how technology impacts a nation‟s army. In this research paper, we will examine a deeper understanding of Information Security and Information Warfare; the economics, warfare, features, policies, and even some common technical aspects on why Information Security is so vital to one, to an organization, to a nation.
talks about the present status of the cyber security in India. The policy of cyber security is also discussed. the general principles of the cyber security is highlighted.
Legal position of cyber security and instances of breach of information technology code is also discussed.
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF BLAST LOADING FOR NUCLEAR EXPLOSION ON STRUCTURESIAEME Publication
In today’s geopolitical environment, the need to protect both military facilities and civilian
population from enemy attack has not diminished. Furthermore, we noted an increasing need
to protect civilian populations against terrorism and social and subversive unrest. Protecting
society against this form of featureless evolving type of warfare will remain a challenge, at
least through the first half of 21st century and certainly longer. Any outstanding recognition
will require a well planned multi-layered contribute to that strikes a fine coordination between
ensuring a nations security and support the freedoms that modern society enjoys. In this
context, this project is done to study the impact of blast loading for nuclear explosion on
buildings. On high these recommendations define the structural strength pre-eminent to
withstand the force produced by a surface burst of a nuclear weapon. A brief forum of the
major parameters which exercise the force acting on a structure is followed by a specification
of the peak magnitude and time variation of these forces. Specific details which define the net
forces acting on an element of the basic structural types are given. As this design requires a
sound background on blast loading mitigations and as it not economical only. Following the
discussion of the effects of the size and function of a structure is specification of basic
properties of reinforced concrete and steel. The protective structural analysis is based upon
the Tri Service Manual TM 5-1300, ASCE Manual 42, FEMA guidelines and Indian Standards
1Running head CYBERWARCYBER WAR9Outstanding title.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
1
Running head: CYBERWAR
CYBER WAR
9
Outstanding title page formatting
Cyber War
Name
University
Professor
04/28/2018
Introduction Cyber War
Cyber warfare refers to a computer or network-based conflict that disrupts the activities of a state or
organization by deliberate attacking critical infrastructures. Cyber attacks can also be described as an attack by hostile groups such as terrorist or hacker groups aimed, at furthering the goals of a given nation. To have a better understanding, cyber warfare can take different forms such as; viruses that can take down water supplies, military systems, transportation systems, hacking and theft of critical data from government and private institutions. This paper will focus on assessing various mechanism applied in different articles to counter cybersecurity and protect critical infrastructure. Further, by analyzing the results and experience in Xia, Becerra-Fernandez, Gudi, & Rocha-Mier (2011), the essay will also show how
the findings can be utilized in real life scenario.
1. What do the articles have in common?
According to Clemente (2011), the advancement of interconnection between different infrastructures sectors has boosted by the escalation of cyberspace. The author points out that the security
implications are inevitable especially in this era of cyberspace and infrastructure. The main idea in the article involves around the definition of ‘critical’ infrastructure to enable effective prioritization and protection of nodes and connection points. FEMA (2013
), points out that the United States well being relies upon secure critical infrastructure that forms American society. According to Saadawi, & Jordan
, (2011), there is need to establish an international cyber union that will help overcome cybersecurity challenges in securing cyberinfrastructure. This article considers the practical considerations that are associated with EINSTEIN 3 and how this can be used to ensure effective protection of critical infrastructure networks. Having evaluated the main argument of these articles, they all share the aspect of understanding cybersecurity and different ways ensuring infrastructure protection.
2. What are the differences in their assessment of cybersecurity and critical infrastructure protection?
The above articles portray some distinction in their evaluation of cyber war and protection of vital infrastructure. The first article by Clemente (2011), tries to examine how cybersecurity challenges can be overcome by understanding various components in society. The article offers more theoretical approaches to counterattack cybersecurity and protection of critical infrastructures. The second article by FEMA (2013
) is more detailed and comprehensive on the issue of cybersecurity and protection of critical infrastructures in the society. For instance, it offers a plan that will require a federal agency (SSA) to lead a coordinated process for vital infrastructure security within criti ...
Running head Critical infrastructure and key resources1.docxsusanschei
Running head: Critical infrastructure and key resources 1
Critical Infrastructure and Key Resources
Wilmington University
Shashank Pitla
Table of Contents
Introduction3
Identifying Critical Assets:4
Three important and CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE AND KEY RESOURCES (CIKR)5
Agriculture5
Government Facilities5
Health Care Sector5
Banking6
Responsibilities and risk assessment6
Information Sharing8
Conclusion10
Works Cited11
Introduction
Critical infrastructure is here after preferred as CI is which has predefined as frameworks and resources, physical or virtual, so basic to the United States that the insufficiency or demolition of such systems and assets would incapacitating influence security, national fiscal security, national general prosperity and prosperity, or any blend of those matters.
PDD-63, distinguished exercises whose basic frameworks ought to be secured data and correspondences, keeping money and fund, water supply flying, expressways, mass travel, pipelines, rail administrations. The following research paper can help in identifying of how can we recognize the basic foundation around us or in a group and what are the obligations that must be taken amid catastrophe in group and which particular office is mindful, how impart the data all through the procedures (GOV, 2009)
The exercises that are so specific are key to the everyday working and security of the nation for instance, transportation of merchandise and individuals, correspondences, saving the financial state, the supply and dispersion of power and water. Residential security and our capacity to observe, low in count of the antagonistic acts additionally rely on upon some of these exercises and in addition other more particular exercises like insight assembling and summon and control of public safety and military strengths. A genuine interruption in these exercises and abilities could indirectly impact on the Nations security and even the capacity of the variety of resources, capacities, data, all personal information, and frameworks/ structure of the system, shaping what has been known as the country's basic foundations. These foundations have developed mind boggling and interconnected, implying that an interruption in one may prompt disturbances in others (GOV, 2009)(Security, NIPP 2013, 2013).Identification of CA:
DHS is also referred as Department of Homeland Security, through different components, by including through state country security authorities and lead organization authorities, looks to recognize framework resources that fit the meaning of basic foundation. The National Critical Infrastructure Prioritization Program here after is referred as NCIPP and the Critical Foreign Dependencies Initiative that is referred as CFDI , bolstered with evaluation and analysis from the National Infrastructure Simulation and Analysis Center and the Office of Infrastructure Analysis, recognize those benefits by including in the country and even in the foreign countries ...
Justin BennettTerrorism is one of the six strategic risk that is.docxtawnyataylor528
Justin Bennett
Terrorism is one of the six strategic risk that is found in the 2014 Quadrennial Homeland Security Review. Ever since the catastrophic events that occurred on September 11, 2001, the entire outlook on terrorism has changed and the security of the nation is ever changing to fulfill terrorist tactics. According to the 2014 QHSR, the terrorist threat is evolving and remains significant as attack planning and operations become more decentralized (2014). On that note, United States critical infrastructure has always been a major target towards terrorism. It is essential that it is protected at all times. The nation’s critical infrastructure is extremely vital to the country. “Critical Infrastructure” is defined as “systems and assets, whether physical or virtual, so vital to the United States that the incapacity or destruction of such systems and assets would have a debilitating impact on the security, national economic security, national health or safety, or any combination of those matters (DHS 2013).If the terrorist threat is not handled properly at the national level, there will be severe consequences.
To begin with, the majority of critical infrastructure is owned by the private sector but it is the job of the federal, state, local, and private sectors to all collaborate to achieve the goal and remain resilient against terrorist activity. Terrorist activity has major impacts on the country in a general sense and an even greater impact against critical infrastructure. Some of the major consequences at the national level would include physical, psychological, economical issues within the country. The physical consequences would include the damage against the infrastructures that where struck and the innocent citizens who may of possibly been killed by the terrorist. Further, the psychological consequences would include those who were impacted by the terrorist attack ranging from the people who were actually at the scene, the family members of the attacked individuals, the critical infrastructure employees, the government officials dealing with the situation and many more. Moving on, economic consequences can impact the entire nation as well depending on the amount of physical damage done and which critical infrastructure was impacted. In addition, an attack one of the nation’s critical infrastructure assets can impact other critical infrastructure. For instance, if the Energy Sector is taken out, the Communications sector may have problems along with the Financial Sector because both of those sectors need the resources provided by the Energy Sector.
In my opinion, I believe the risk of terrorist attacks are being adequately addressed. The reason why I believe so is there hasn’t been a successful major terrorist attack as catastrophic as 9/11 since that day. Yes, there has been several lone wolf attacks that have succeeded but those are extremely hard to stop due to its unpredictability. Overall, the majority off attacks that hav ...
1) Responded to message below. Should be at minimum of 250 words i.docxSONU61709
1) Responded to message below. Should be at minimum of 250 words include direct discussion of the main points, answers, and question. Include at least 2 APA-cited references.
According to “Presidential Policy Directive 21 (PPD-21) Critical Infrastructure Security and Resilience”, there are 16 critical infrastructure sectors that are considered critical to the safety, security and success of the United States. Each of these sixteen sectors has a designated lead agency, which is in charge of safeguarding their assigned sector. As part of these responsibilities, the agency in charge of each sector creates a plan that incorporates the National Infrastructure Protection Plan’s risk management framework in order to safeguard these vital areas. There are numerous sectors that cover everything from nuclear power plants, to money to agriculture. We will discuss three of these sectors in more detail (DHS, 2017).
The first sector includes Water and Wastewater systems and is focused on safe drinking water and the proper treatment of our wastewater. Water is critical to any civilization and the safeguarding and oversight of this resource is critical to our public health. The lead agency for this sector is the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). While the EPA most definitely plays a role in safeguarding our drinking and Waste Water, there are a number of other agencies that could be involved in this sector including the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). Since the mission of DHHS is directly tied to enhancing and protecting the health and well being of all Americans, I can see the large role they could potentially play in this sector. While the EPA may be better suited to deal with some of the environmental factors associated with this sector, I feel that the DHHS may be better suited to protect the public health and prevent disease.
The Nuclear Reactors, Materials, and Waste sector is overseen by the Department of Homeland Security and is focused on maintaining the security of the nation’s nuclear assets. This sector includes oversight of more than 150 nuclear facilities, radioactive materials used in medical, commercial, and academic areas as well as shipments of nuclear waste. I think the Department of Homeland Security is the best choice to lead this sector but I also feel that the Department of Energy should also be involved in oversight of this sector since they are the primary agency physically protecting most of the nuclear sites in the U.S. and are responsible for many of the individual nuclear sites. The Department of Energy is the lead agency for the Energy sector and their expertise could be leveraged to better implement risk management initiatives and increase the resilience of the nuclear infrastructure (DOE, 2017).
The third sector is the Information Technology sector which has become increasingly critical to the overall security and prosperity of the United States over the last fifteen to twenty years. This sector is so ...
WELCOME To Introduction to Homeland SecurityCJUS254-1504A-02.docxalanfhall8953
WELCOME
To Introduction to Homeland Security
CJUS254-1504A-02
Professor Stephen E. Smith
Discussion Board: Primary Posting Due Wednesday November 4, 2015 by 11:59 PM Central Time.
Review and reflect on the knowledge you have gained from this course. Based on your review and reflection, write at least three paragraphs on the following:
What were the most compelling topics learned in this course?
How did participating in discussions help your understanding of the subject matter? Is anything still unclear that could be clarified?
What approaches could have yielded additional valuable information?
The main post should include at least 1 reference to research sources, and all sources should be cited using APA format.
Introduction To Homeland Security
History
On September 22, 2001 Pennsylvania Governor Tom Ridge was appointed as the first Director of the Office of Homeland Security in the White House
In June 2002, President George W. Bush proposed to create the new Department of Homeland Security that realigned various government activities into a single department whose primary mission is to protect our homeland
On 25 November 2002 Congress passed The Homeland Security Act (Public Law 107-296) which established a cabinet-level department
Introduction To Homeland Security
National Homeland Security Strategy
Guides, organizes, and unifies our Nation’s homeland security efforts
Prevents and disrupts terrorist attacks
Protect the American People, our critical infrastructure, and key resources
Respond to and recover from incidents that do occur
Continue to strengthen the foundation to ensure our long-term success
Introduction To Homeland Security
Department of Homeland Security Mission
Build A Resilient Nation
Safeguard and Secure Cyberspace
Strengthen the Security Enterprise
Administer Immigration Laws
Preventing terrorism and enhance security
Secure and Manage Borders
Introduction To Homeland Security
25 Homeland Security Presidential Directives
1. Organizational & Operation of the Homeland
Security Council
2. Combating Terrorism Through Immigration Policies
3. Homeland Security Advisory System
4. National Strategy to Combat Weapons of Mass
Destruction
5. Management of Domestic Incidents
6. Integration and Use of Screening Information to
Protect Against Terrorism
7. Critical Infrastructure Identification, Prioritization
and Protection
8. National Preparedness
9. Defense of United States Agriculture and Food
10. Biodefense for the 21st Century
11. Comprehensive Terrorist-Related Screening
Procedures
12. Policy for a Common Identification Standard for
Federal Employees and Contractors
13. Maritime Security Policy
14. Domestic Nuclear Detection
15. U.S. Strategy and Policy in the War on Terror
16. National Strategy for Aviation Security
17. Nuclear Materials Information Program
18. Medical Countermeasures Against Weapons of Mass
Destruct.
Question 1Outline the various components of transportation and.docxIRESH3
Question 1
Outline the various components of transportation and cargo security. Specifically what threats exist and what security measures have been implemented to address those threats.
This assignment should be a minimum of 300 words.
Question 2
Select two (2) infrastructure sectors and thoroughly discuss how the strategic objectives of the sector-specific security plan (SSP) will be applied to the two sectors you selected.
This assessment should be a minimum of 300 words.
GENERAL OVERVIEW
Industrial security is concerned with protecting the manufacturing process. Major threats to industrial security include accidents, natural disasters, internal theft, sabotage, and espionage.
Library and museum security is concerned with controlling both criminal and noncriminal threats to library and museum inventories which often include rare, priceless, and irreplaceable objects. Common threats to library and museum security include theft, vandalism fire, floods, water damage, and other environmental elements.
Office building security is concerned with securing office buildings. Major threats to office building security include fire, inadequate evacuation routes, terroristic activity, bomb threats, theft, burglary, robbery, sexual assault, and executive kidnapping. In addition to the aforementioned major threats, office buildings, because of their open access (i.e., numerous entry and exit points, multiple agencies occupied one building, and shared common areas such as lounges and restrooms) and highly desired equipment and supplies (e.g., copper piping, recyclable materials, office supplies, payroll checks, classified information, office equipment, etc.), provide additional functionality threats to security that must be addressed by security personnel.
Residential security is concerned with securing personal residences. For security experts the home is considered a very unsafe place especially when residents are asleep. Threats to residential security include accidents, medical emergencies, fire, theft, burglary, vandalism, assault, homicide, property damage, personal injury, and natural disasters.
Retail loss prevention is an area of security that is primarily focused on the retail industry. Internal and external thefts are the major source of loss for the retail industry. Internal theft usually occurs at the hands of employees who take cash and/or merchandise, abuse the referral system, and utilize a variety of other tactics. External sources of loss include vandalism, burglary, robbery, credit card fraud, coupon fraud, bad checks, and shoplifting. Technological advances create unique challenges for the retail industry as retail sales are conducted in facilities and wirelessly from home computers, mobile phones, tablets and other devices.
As a result, card-not-present fraud is an increasing concern for retailers as it results in fraud losses. In addition, as the types of products demanded by consumers and th ...
Charless Initial ResponseCharles B. FreitagHelms School oJinElias52
Charles's Initial Response
Charles B. Freitag
Helms School of Government, Liberty University
Definition of Critical Infrastructure
Critical infrastructure refers to those physical or virtual systems and assets that are so crucial to the United States that their incapacity or destruction would have a crippling effect on national security (Taylor & Swanson, 2019). Osei-Kyei et al. (2021) argue that the threats to America's crucial infrastructure and resources critical infrastructures are vital to a nation's physical and logical life. Furthermore, crucial infrastructure is required for daily public welfare, economic growth, and government activities (Osei-Kyei et al., 2021). Osei-Kyei et al. (2021) add that water supply, healthcare (hospitals, medicines, and vaccines), financial services (banks and insurance), civil administration (government functions and facilities), and transportation systems (road, rail, and air traffic) are all critical infrastructures. Critical infrastructures are interconnected and complex (Osei-Kyei et al., 2021).
Moreover, this means that the operation of one critical infrastructure is dependent on the operation of others (Osei-Kyei et al., 2021). For example, keeping a steady supply of energy is essential for water and telecommunications networks. Osei-Kyei et al. (2021) argue that a single critical infrastructure failure can cause cascading effects on other critical infrastructures, causing regional or national implications. The tight interconnection of vital infrastructures complicates crisis management. Finally, given the intricate interconnection of critical infrastructure networks, governments have increasingly needed to design resilient critical infrastructure systems (Osei-Kyei et al., 2021).
Vulnerabilities of Critical Infrastructure
Baggott and Santos (2020) add that the impact of a cyberattack on the power grid is markedly different from that of a natural disaster. The ramifications could be far worse (Baggott & Santos, 2020). Cyberattacks may have a detrimental effect on the morale of impacted communities and may erode trust in service providers. Baggott and Santos (2020) argue that while natural disasters are incapable of selecting a specific target (i.e., a critical location or node of the network), a cyberattacker can pinpoint a specific node, time, and method of attack using information about the grid's design that is readily available in open source (non-classified) material on the Internet. Hurricane Matthew recently knocked out electricity to an estimated 1.4 million people and killed over 1,000; while Hurricane Matthew was devastating, the repercussions may have been even worse had the storm's timing and direction been altered slightly (Baggott & Santos, 2020).
Taylor and Swanson (2019) argue that the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, underscored the threat and vulnerability of essential infrastructure. Additionally, federal, state, and municipal governments have recognized this vulner ...
DEVELOPING A PEOPLE’S SECURITY ECOSYSTEM IN A CHALLENGING ENVIRONMENTTANKO AHMED fwc
The paper deploys an analogical approach to the complex topic of developing a people’s security ecosystem centrifugal to the existing national security architecture within a challenging environment. It conceptulises people’s security ecosystem as an adhocratic enhancement to the bureaucratic nature of national security architecture as aspects of national security management and describes the environmental impediments to its development. The paper deploys a system approach in the management process of getting things done by use of resources with the people as core. It views the existing national security architecture as a closed, self-constraint, over-regulated, isolated, restrained, and too bureaucratic against the people’s security ecosystem which is open, extended, flexible, participatory, and adhocratic as it interacts with the environment. The paper argues that the Nigerian security environment is self-afflicted with defective organisational capability, weak interagency synergy, absence of effective communication strategy, and prolonged breakdown in national value re-orientation. The paper attributes the deeply rooted divisive tendencies as precursory to a national psyche in which issues are seen in terms of tribal, ethnic, religious, sectional, and endless highly opinioned dysfunctional conflicts. It establishes the way forward to include the expansion of existing bureaucratic national security architecture to an adhocratic people’s security ecosystem for effective security service delivery. The paper strongly recommends the mass mobilisation of the citizenry, re-organisation of communities, and encouragement of security service entrepreneurship as key approaches to developing a people’s security ecosystem in a challenging environment. Some key suggested implementation strategies range from otherwise neglected civic duties to compulsory community and security service for all able Nigerians.
Larry KeaslerAs part of the nation’s 16 Critical Infrastructure .docxsmile790243
Larry Keasler
As part of the nation’s 16 Critical Infrastructure Sectors, the primary objective of the Defense Industrial Base (DIB) Sector is to directly support the U.S. military forces in the production of materials and services. As specified by Homeland Security Presidential Directive 7 (HSPD-7), the Department of Defense is the Sector-Specific Agency for the DIB Sector. In this role, the DoD is “responsible for leading a collaborative, coordinated effort to identify, assess, and improve risk management of critical infrastructure within DIB” (DHS, 2013, 11). Associated partners of the DoD working in collaboration are interagency members such as the Department of Energy, Department of State, Transportation Security Administration, and a large number of representatives from the private sector.
The vital roles than the private sector plays in helping the federal government carry out its objectives are to provide support to the military in the field of research and development, manufacturing of products and integrated systems, weapon systems and components. Making up the private sector in the DIB Sector are international and domestic companies, laboratories, academia, and logistic chains. The DIB is broken down into 10 segments which include a make-up of sub-segments. The segments include: Missile, Aircraft, Troop support, Space, Combat vehicle, Ammunition, Weapons, Information technology, Shipbuilding, and Electronics.
The types of services and materials that are produced does not define the DIB as the other critical infrastructure sectors are defined, rather the DIB is defined by who their customer is that will be receiving the services and materials. Once a facility that has been identified by DoD to be a production partner, vulnerability assessments are conducted considering the value to the nation. These assessments not only identify vulnerabilities from natural disasters, but also from possible intentional attacks. However, due to the enormity of associated assets, “DoD encourages DIB asset owner/operators to apply a risk management approach to protecting DIB infrastructure. DoD assists owner/operators with understanding the risk—impact of loss, vulnerabilities, and threat—associated with a specific asset” (DHS, 2015, 23).
Reference
Department of Homeland Security. (2015). Defense industrial base sector specific plan: An annex to the NIPP 2013. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
John McLaughlin
For this week’s reading regarding the sector specific plans associated with critical infrastructure, I chose to read about the information technology sector. Information technology field is one of the biggest when it comes to different departments of the government contracting out the jobs. With the United States relying on technology more than ever the importance of information technology specialists are at a premium. When it comes to information technology government entities tend to contract out the jobs to reputable compani ...
Read Chapter 3. Answer the following questions1.Wha.docxShiraPrater50
Read Chapter 3
.
Answer the following questions:
1.
What can give a teacher insight into children’s language behavior?
2.
How many new words might a preschooler acquire each day?
3.
Define
receptive vocabulary and expressive vocabulary.
4.
Compare speech when a child is excited to speech when a child is embarrassed, sad, or shy.
5.
What is the focus of play for very young preschoolers?
6.
Define
regularization.
7.
What is the focus for questions during the toddler period?
8.
Define
overextension.
9.
Describe
running commentaries.
10.
List
eight (8)
possible developmental reasons and benefits of self-talk.
11.
Define
consonant and vowel.
12.
What advice should be given to families and early childhood educators?
13.
List
(four) 4
suggestions for books for younger preschoolers.
14.
List
ten (10)
expectations as preschoolers get older.
15.
Describe friendships of young preschoolers.
16. List
five (5)
areas of growth in children through group play.
17. How do children learn language?
18. Explain
relational words
and why these words are important.
19. Explain
impact words, sound words, created words
and
displaying creativity
.
20. Discuss the danger of assumptions about intelligence through language ability.
21. List
four (4)
speech and language characteristics of older preschoolers.
22. What may depress a child's vocabulary development?
23. Define
metalinguistic awareness.
24. How does physical growth affect children's perceptions of themselves?
25.
Define
mental image.
26.
Define
visual literacy.
27.
Explain the order in which motor skills are developed.
28.
Explain the
Montessori
approach to education for young children.
29. List
seventeen (17) objectives for refining perceptual-motor skills.
30.
Define
assimilation and accommodation.
31. What is a zone of proximal development?
32.
What is the teacher’s role in working with infants, toddlers and preschoolers?
33.
Define
metalinguistic skills.
34.
Define
social connectedness.
35. List
six (6)
social ability goals that serve as a strong foundation for future schooling.
.
Read Chapter 15 and answer the following questions 1. De.docxShiraPrater50
Read Chapter 15 and answer the following questions
:
1. Describe several characteristics of infants that make them different from other children.
2. What is the feeding challenge in meeting the nutritional needs of an infant?
3. Define
low-birthweight (LBW) infant
.
4. List
nine (9)
problems associated with low birth weight.
5. List
five (5)
reasons a mother may choose formula feeding instead of breast feeding.
6. List
four (4)
steps to safe handling of breast milk.
7. What
two (2)
factors determine safe preparation of formula? Briefly describe each factor.
8. Define
aseptic procedure.
9. Define
distention
and tell what causes distention.
10. Define
regurgitation, electrolytes,
and
developmental or physiological readiness.
11. Why should a bottle
NEVER
be propped and a baby left unattended while feeding?
12. When might an infant need supplemental water?
13. When should solid food be introduced to an infant? What is meant by the infant being developmentally ready?
14. Define
palmar grasp
and
pincer grip.
15. List
ten (10)
common feeding concerns. Pick
ONE
and explain why that is a concern.
Read Chapter 16 and answer the following questions:
1. Describe
toddlers and preschoolers
.
2. Define
neophobic.
3. List
three (3)
things a teacher is responsible for when feeding a toddler. List
two (2)
things for which the child is responsible.
4. Why should you
NOT
try to force a toddler to eat or be overly concerned if children are suddenly eating less?
5. Explain the results of spacing meals
too far apart
and
too close together
.
6. List a
good eating pattern
for toddlers.
7. Name several healthy snack choices for toddlers and young children.
8. List several suggestions for making eating time comfortable, pleasant and safe.
9. What changes about eating habits when a toddler develops into a preschooler?
10. Define
Down syndrome
and
Prader-Willi syndrome.
11. How can parents and teachers promote good eating habits for preschoolers?
12. When and where should rewards be offered?
13. Why should children
not
be encouraged to have a
“clean plate”?
14. List
five (5)
health conditions related to dietary patterns.
15. What is the Physical Activity Pyramid and for what is it designed?
16. List
eight (8)
common feeding concerns during toddler and preschool years. Pick
one and explain
it thoroughly.
https://books.google.com/books/about/Health_Safety_and_Nutrition_for_the_Youn.html?id=7zcaCgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=kp_read_button#v=onepage&q&f=false
.
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A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF BLAST LOADING FOR NUCLEAR EXPLOSION ON STRUCTURESIAEME Publication
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1Running head CYBERWARCYBER WAR9Outstanding title.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
1
Running head: CYBERWAR
CYBER WAR
9
Outstanding title page formatting
Cyber War
Name
University
Professor
04/28/2018
Introduction Cyber War
Cyber warfare refers to a computer or network-based conflict that disrupts the activities of a state or
organization by deliberate attacking critical infrastructures. Cyber attacks can also be described as an attack by hostile groups such as terrorist or hacker groups aimed, at furthering the goals of a given nation. To have a better understanding, cyber warfare can take different forms such as; viruses that can take down water supplies, military systems, transportation systems, hacking and theft of critical data from government and private institutions. This paper will focus on assessing various mechanism applied in different articles to counter cybersecurity and protect critical infrastructure. Further, by analyzing the results and experience in Xia, Becerra-Fernandez, Gudi, & Rocha-Mier (2011), the essay will also show how
the findings can be utilized in real life scenario.
1. What do the articles have in common?
According to Clemente (2011), the advancement of interconnection between different infrastructures sectors has boosted by the escalation of cyberspace. The author points out that the security
implications are inevitable especially in this era of cyberspace and infrastructure. The main idea in the article involves around the definition of ‘critical’ infrastructure to enable effective prioritization and protection of nodes and connection points. FEMA (2013
), points out that the United States well being relies upon secure critical infrastructure that forms American society. According to Saadawi, & Jordan
, (2011), there is need to establish an international cyber union that will help overcome cybersecurity challenges in securing cyberinfrastructure. This article considers the practical considerations that are associated with EINSTEIN 3 and how this can be used to ensure effective protection of critical infrastructure networks. Having evaluated the main argument of these articles, they all share the aspect of understanding cybersecurity and different ways ensuring infrastructure protection.
2. What are the differences in their assessment of cybersecurity and critical infrastructure protection?
The above articles portray some distinction in their evaluation of cyber war and protection of vital infrastructure. The first article by Clemente (2011), tries to examine how cybersecurity challenges can be overcome by understanding various components in society. The article offers more theoretical approaches to counterattack cybersecurity and protection of critical infrastructures. The second article by FEMA (2013
) is more detailed and comprehensive on the issue of cybersecurity and protection of critical infrastructures in the society. For instance, it offers a plan that will require a federal agency (SSA) to lead a coordinated process for vital infrastructure security within criti ...
Running head Critical infrastructure and key resources1.docxsusanschei
Running head: Critical infrastructure and key resources 1
Critical Infrastructure and Key Resources
Wilmington University
Shashank Pitla
Table of Contents
Introduction3
Identifying Critical Assets:4
Three important and CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE AND KEY RESOURCES (CIKR)5
Agriculture5
Government Facilities5
Health Care Sector5
Banking6
Responsibilities and risk assessment6
Information Sharing8
Conclusion10
Works Cited11
Introduction
Critical infrastructure is here after preferred as CI is which has predefined as frameworks and resources, physical or virtual, so basic to the United States that the insufficiency or demolition of such systems and assets would incapacitating influence security, national fiscal security, national general prosperity and prosperity, or any blend of those matters.
PDD-63, distinguished exercises whose basic frameworks ought to be secured data and correspondences, keeping money and fund, water supply flying, expressways, mass travel, pipelines, rail administrations. The following research paper can help in identifying of how can we recognize the basic foundation around us or in a group and what are the obligations that must be taken amid catastrophe in group and which particular office is mindful, how impart the data all through the procedures (GOV, 2009)
The exercises that are so specific are key to the everyday working and security of the nation for instance, transportation of merchandise and individuals, correspondences, saving the financial state, the supply and dispersion of power and water. Residential security and our capacity to observe, low in count of the antagonistic acts additionally rely on upon some of these exercises and in addition other more particular exercises like insight assembling and summon and control of public safety and military strengths. A genuine interruption in these exercises and abilities could indirectly impact on the Nations security and even the capacity of the variety of resources, capacities, data, all personal information, and frameworks/ structure of the system, shaping what has been known as the country's basic foundations. These foundations have developed mind boggling and interconnected, implying that an interruption in one may prompt disturbances in others (GOV, 2009)(Security, NIPP 2013, 2013).Identification of CA:
DHS is also referred as Department of Homeland Security, through different components, by including through state country security authorities and lead organization authorities, looks to recognize framework resources that fit the meaning of basic foundation. The National Critical Infrastructure Prioritization Program here after is referred as NCIPP and the Critical Foreign Dependencies Initiative that is referred as CFDI , bolstered with evaluation and analysis from the National Infrastructure Simulation and Analysis Center and the Office of Infrastructure Analysis, recognize those benefits by including in the country and even in the foreign countries ...
Justin BennettTerrorism is one of the six strategic risk that is.docxtawnyataylor528
Justin Bennett
Terrorism is one of the six strategic risk that is found in the 2014 Quadrennial Homeland Security Review. Ever since the catastrophic events that occurred on September 11, 2001, the entire outlook on terrorism has changed and the security of the nation is ever changing to fulfill terrorist tactics. According to the 2014 QHSR, the terrorist threat is evolving and remains significant as attack planning and operations become more decentralized (2014). On that note, United States critical infrastructure has always been a major target towards terrorism. It is essential that it is protected at all times. The nation’s critical infrastructure is extremely vital to the country. “Critical Infrastructure” is defined as “systems and assets, whether physical or virtual, so vital to the United States that the incapacity or destruction of such systems and assets would have a debilitating impact on the security, national economic security, national health or safety, or any combination of those matters (DHS 2013).If the terrorist threat is not handled properly at the national level, there will be severe consequences.
To begin with, the majority of critical infrastructure is owned by the private sector but it is the job of the federal, state, local, and private sectors to all collaborate to achieve the goal and remain resilient against terrorist activity. Terrorist activity has major impacts on the country in a general sense and an even greater impact against critical infrastructure. Some of the major consequences at the national level would include physical, psychological, economical issues within the country. The physical consequences would include the damage against the infrastructures that where struck and the innocent citizens who may of possibly been killed by the terrorist. Further, the psychological consequences would include those who were impacted by the terrorist attack ranging from the people who were actually at the scene, the family members of the attacked individuals, the critical infrastructure employees, the government officials dealing with the situation and many more. Moving on, economic consequences can impact the entire nation as well depending on the amount of physical damage done and which critical infrastructure was impacted. In addition, an attack one of the nation’s critical infrastructure assets can impact other critical infrastructure. For instance, if the Energy Sector is taken out, the Communications sector may have problems along with the Financial Sector because both of those sectors need the resources provided by the Energy Sector.
In my opinion, I believe the risk of terrorist attacks are being adequately addressed. The reason why I believe so is there hasn’t been a successful major terrorist attack as catastrophic as 9/11 since that day. Yes, there has been several lone wolf attacks that have succeeded but those are extremely hard to stop due to its unpredictability. Overall, the majority off attacks that hav ...
1) Responded to message below. Should be at minimum of 250 words i.docxSONU61709
1) Responded to message below. Should be at minimum of 250 words include direct discussion of the main points, answers, and question. Include at least 2 APA-cited references.
According to “Presidential Policy Directive 21 (PPD-21) Critical Infrastructure Security and Resilience”, there are 16 critical infrastructure sectors that are considered critical to the safety, security and success of the United States. Each of these sixteen sectors has a designated lead agency, which is in charge of safeguarding their assigned sector. As part of these responsibilities, the agency in charge of each sector creates a plan that incorporates the National Infrastructure Protection Plan’s risk management framework in order to safeguard these vital areas. There are numerous sectors that cover everything from nuclear power plants, to money to agriculture. We will discuss three of these sectors in more detail (DHS, 2017).
The first sector includes Water and Wastewater systems and is focused on safe drinking water and the proper treatment of our wastewater. Water is critical to any civilization and the safeguarding and oversight of this resource is critical to our public health. The lead agency for this sector is the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). While the EPA most definitely plays a role in safeguarding our drinking and Waste Water, there are a number of other agencies that could be involved in this sector including the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). Since the mission of DHHS is directly tied to enhancing and protecting the health and well being of all Americans, I can see the large role they could potentially play in this sector. While the EPA may be better suited to deal with some of the environmental factors associated with this sector, I feel that the DHHS may be better suited to protect the public health and prevent disease.
The Nuclear Reactors, Materials, and Waste sector is overseen by the Department of Homeland Security and is focused on maintaining the security of the nation’s nuclear assets. This sector includes oversight of more than 150 nuclear facilities, radioactive materials used in medical, commercial, and academic areas as well as shipments of nuclear waste. I think the Department of Homeland Security is the best choice to lead this sector but I also feel that the Department of Energy should also be involved in oversight of this sector since they are the primary agency physically protecting most of the nuclear sites in the U.S. and are responsible for many of the individual nuclear sites. The Department of Energy is the lead agency for the Energy sector and their expertise could be leveraged to better implement risk management initiatives and increase the resilience of the nuclear infrastructure (DOE, 2017).
The third sector is the Information Technology sector which has become increasingly critical to the overall security and prosperity of the United States over the last fifteen to twenty years. This sector is so ...
WELCOME To Introduction to Homeland SecurityCJUS254-1504A-02.docxalanfhall8953
WELCOME
To Introduction to Homeland Security
CJUS254-1504A-02
Professor Stephen E. Smith
Discussion Board: Primary Posting Due Wednesday November 4, 2015 by 11:59 PM Central Time.
Review and reflect on the knowledge you have gained from this course. Based on your review and reflection, write at least three paragraphs on the following:
What were the most compelling topics learned in this course?
How did participating in discussions help your understanding of the subject matter? Is anything still unclear that could be clarified?
What approaches could have yielded additional valuable information?
The main post should include at least 1 reference to research sources, and all sources should be cited using APA format.
Introduction To Homeland Security
History
On September 22, 2001 Pennsylvania Governor Tom Ridge was appointed as the first Director of the Office of Homeland Security in the White House
In June 2002, President George W. Bush proposed to create the new Department of Homeland Security that realigned various government activities into a single department whose primary mission is to protect our homeland
On 25 November 2002 Congress passed The Homeland Security Act (Public Law 107-296) which established a cabinet-level department
Introduction To Homeland Security
National Homeland Security Strategy
Guides, organizes, and unifies our Nation’s homeland security efforts
Prevents and disrupts terrorist attacks
Protect the American People, our critical infrastructure, and key resources
Respond to and recover from incidents that do occur
Continue to strengthen the foundation to ensure our long-term success
Introduction To Homeland Security
Department of Homeland Security Mission
Build A Resilient Nation
Safeguard and Secure Cyberspace
Strengthen the Security Enterprise
Administer Immigration Laws
Preventing terrorism and enhance security
Secure and Manage Borders
Introduction To Homeland Security
25 Homeland Security Presidential Directives
1. Organizational & Operation of the Homeland
Security Council
2. Combating Terrorism Through Immigration Policies
3. Homeland Security Advisory System
4. National Strategy to Combat Weapons of Mass
Destruction
5. Management of Domestic Incidents
6. Integration and Use of Screening Information to
Protect Against Terrorism
7. Critical Infrastructure Identification, Prioritization
and Protection
8. National Preparedness
9. Defense of United States Agriculture and Food
10. Biodefense for the 21st Century
11. Comprehensive Terrorist-Related Screening
Procedures
12. Policy for a Common Identification Standard for
Federal Employees and Contractors
13. Maritime Security Policy
14. Domestic Nuclear Detection
15. U.S. Strategy and Policy in the War on Terror
16. National Strategy for Aviation Security
17. Nuclear Materials Information Program
18. Medical Countermeasures Against Weapons of Mass
Destruct.
Question 1Outline the various components of transportation and.docxIRESH3
Question 1
Outline the various components of transportation and cargo security. Specifically what threats exist and what security measures have been implemented to address those threats.
This assignment should be a minimum of 300 words.
Question 2
Select two (2) infrastructure sectors and thoroughly discuss how the strategic objectives of the sector-specific security plan (SSP) will be applied to the two sectors you selected.
This assessment should be a minimum of 300 words.
GENERAL OVERVIEW
Industrial security is concerned with protecting the manufacturing process. Major threats to industrial security include accidents, natural disasters, internal theft, sabotage, and espionage.
Library and museum security is concerned with controlling both criminal and noncriminal threats to library and museum inventories which often include rare, priceless, and irreplaceable objects. Common threats to library and museum security include theft, vandalism fire, floods, water damage, and other environmental elements.
Office building security is concerned with securing office buildings. Major threats to office building security include fire, inadequate evacuation routes, terroristic activity, bomb threats, theft, burglary, robbery, sexual assault, and executive kidnapping. In addition to the aforementioned major threats, office buildings, because of their open access (i.e., numerous entry and exit points, multiple agencies occupied one building, and shared common areas such as lounges and restrooms) and highly desired equipment and supplies (e.g., copper piping, recyclable materials, office supplies, payroll checks, classified information, office equipment, etc.), provide additional functionality threats to security that must be addressed by security personnel.
Residential security is concerned with securing personal residences. For security experts the home is considered a very unsafe place especially when residents are asleep. Threats to residential security include accidents, medical emergencies, fire, theft, burglary, vandalism, assault, homicide, property damage, personal injury, and natural disasters.
Retail loss prevention is an area of security that is primarily focused on the retail industry. Internal and external thefts are the major source of loss for the retail industry. Internal theft usually occurs at the hands of employees who take cash and/or merchandise, abuse the referral system, and utilize a variety of other tactics. External sources of loss include vandalism, burglary, robbery, credit card fraud, coupon fraud, bad checks, and shoplifting. Technological advances create unique challenges for the retail industry as retail sales are conducted in facilities and wirelessly from home computers, mobile phones, tablets and other devices.
As a result, card-not-present fraud is an increasing concern for retailers as it results in fraud losses. In addition, as the types of products demanded by consumers and th ...
Charless Initial ResponseCharles B. FreitagHelms School oJinElias52
Charles's Initial Response
Charles B. Freitag
Helms School of Government, Liberty University
Definition of Critical Infrastructure
Critical infrastructure refers to those physical or virtual systems and assets that are so crucial to the United States that their incapacity or destruction would have a crippling effect on national security (Taylor & Swanson, 2019). Osei-Kyei et al. (2021) argue that the threats to America's crucial infrastructure and resources critical infrastructures are vital to a nation's physical and logical life. Furthermore, crucial infrastructure is required for daily public welfare, economic growth, and government activities (Osei-Kyei et al., 2021). Osei-Kyei et al. (2021) add that water supply, healthcare (hospitals, medicines, and vaccines), financial services (banks and insurance), civil administration (government functions and facilities), and transportation systems (road, rail, and air traffic) are all critical infrastructures. Critical infrastructures are interconnected and complex (Osei-Kyei et al., 2021).
Moreover, this means that the operation of one critical infrastructure is dependent on the operation of others (Osei-Kyei et al., 2021). For example, keeping a steady supply of energy is essential for water and telecommunications networks. Osei-Kyei et al. (2021) argue that a single critical infrastructure failure can cause cascading effects on other critical infrastructures, causing regional or national implications. The tight interconnection of vital infrastructures complicates crisis management. Finally, given the intricate interconnection of critical infrastructure networks, governments have increasingly needed to design resilient critical infrastructure systems (Osei-Kyei et al., 2021).
Vulnerabilities of Critical Infrastructure
Baggott and Santos (2020) add that the impact of a cyberattack on the power grid is markedly different from that of a natural disaster. The ramifications could be far worse (Baggott & Santos, 2020). Cyberattacks may have a detrimental effect on the morale of impacted communities and may erode trust in service providers. Baggott and Santos (2020) argue that while natural disasters are incapable of selecting a specific target (i.e., a critical location or node of the network), a cyberattacker can pinpoint a specific node, time, and method of attack using information about the grid's design that is readily available in open source (non-classified) material on the Internet. Hurricane Matthew recently knocked out electricity to an estimated 1.4 million people and killed over 1,000; while Hurricane Matthew was devastating, the repercussions may have been even worse had the storm's timing and direction been altered slightly (Baggott & Santos, 2020).
Taylor and Swanson (2019) argue that the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, underscored the threat and vulnerability of essential infrastructure. Additionally, federal, state, and municipal governments have recognized this vulner ...
DEVELOPING A PEOPLE’S SECURITY ECOSYSTEM IN A CHALLENGING ENVIRONMENTTANKO AHMED fwc
The paper deploys an analogical approach to the complex topic of developing a people’s security ecosystem centrifugal to the existing national security architecture within a challenging environment. It conceptulises people’s security ecosystem as an adhocratic enhancement to the bureaucratic nature of national security architecture as aspects of national security management and describes the environmental impediments to its development. The paper deploys a system approach in the management process of getting things done by use of resources with the people as core. It views the existing national security architecture as a closed, self-constraint, over-regulated, isolated, restrained, and too bureaucratic against the people’s security ecosystem which is open, extended, flexible, participatory, and adhocratic as it interacts with the environment. The paper argues that the Nigerian security environment is self-afflicted with defective organisational capability, weak interagency synergy, absence of effective communication strategy, and prolonged breakdown in national value re-orientation. The paper attributes the deeply rooted divisive tendencies as precursory to a national psyche in which issues are seen in terms of tribal, ethnic, religious, sectional, and endless highly opinioned dysfunctional conflicts. It establishes the way forward to include the expansion of existing bureaucratic national security architecture to an adhocratic people’s security ecosystem for effective security service delivery. The paper strongly recommends the mass mobilisation of the citizenry, re-organisation of communities, and encouragement of security service entrepreneurship as key approaches to developing a people’s security ecosystem in a challenging environment. Some key suggested implementation strategies range from otherwise neglected civic duties to compulsory community and security service for all able Nigerians.
Larry KeaslerAs part of the nation’s 16 Critical Infrastructure .docxsmile790243
Larry Keasler
As part of the nation’s 16 Critical Infrastructure Sectors, the primary objective of the Defense Industrial Base (DIB) Sector is to directly support the U.S. military forces in the production of materials and services. As specified by Homeland Security Presidential Directive 7 (HSPD-7), the Department of Defense is the Sector-Specific Agency for the DIB Sector. In this role, the DoD is “responsible for leading a collaborative, coordinated effort to identify, assess, and improve risk management of critical infrastructure within DIB” (DHS, 2013, 11). Associated partners of the DoD working in collaboration are interagency members such as the Department of Energy, Department of State, Transportation Security Administration, and a large number of representatives from the private sector.
The vital roles than the private sector plays in helping the federal government carry out its objectives are to provide support to the military in the field of research and development, manufacturing of products and integrated systems, weapon systems and components. Making up the private sector in the DIB Sector are international and domestic companies, laboratories, academia, and logistic chains. The DIB is broken down into 10 segments which include a make-up of sub-segments. The segments include: Missile, Aircraft, Troop support, Space, Combat vehicle, Ammunition, Weapons, Information technology, Shipbuilding, and Electronics.
The types of services and materials that are produced does not define the DIB as the other critical infrastructure sectors are defined, rather the DIB is defined by who their customer is that will be receiving the services and materials. Once a facility that has been identified by DoD to be a production partner, vulnerability assessments are conducted considering the value to the nation. These assessments not only identify vulnerabilities from natural disasters, but also from possible intentional attacks. However, due to the enormity of associated assets, “DoD encourages DIB asset owner/operators to apply a risk management approach to protecting DIB infrastructure. DoD assists owner/operators with understanding the risk—impact of loss, vulnerabilities, and threat—associated with a specific asset” (DHS, 2015, 23).
Reference
Department of Homeland Security. (2015). Defense industrial base sector specific plan: An annex to the NIPP 2013. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
John McLaughlin
For this week’s reading regarding the sector specific plans associated with critical infrastructure, I chose to read about the information technology sector. Information technology field is one of the biggest when it comes to different departments of the government contracting out the jobs. With the United States relying on technology more than ever the importance of information technology specialists are at a premium. When it comes to information technology government entities tend to contract out the jobs to reputable compani ...
Similar to 47Critical Infrastructure Protection, Emergency Respon.docx (20)
Read Chapter 3. Answer the following questions1.Wha.docxShiraPrater50
Read Chapter 3
.
Answer the following questions:
1.
What can give a teacher insight into children’s language behavior?
2.
How many new words might a preschooler acquire each day?
3.
Define
receptive vocabulary and expressive vocabulary.
4.
Compare speech when a child is excited to speech when a child is embarrassed, sad, or shy.
5.
What is the focus of play for very young preschoolers?
6.
Define
regularization.
7.
What is the focus for questions during the toddler period?
8.
Define
overextension.
9.
Describe
running commentaries.
10.
List
eight (8)
possible developmental reasons and benefits of self-talk.
11.
Define
consonant and vowel.
12.
What advice should be given to families and early childhood educators?
13.
List
(four) 4
suggestions for books for younger preschoolers.
14.
List
ten (10)
expectations as preschoolers get older.
15.
Describe friendships of young preschoolers.
16. List
five (5)
areas of growth in children through group play.
17. How do children learn language?
18. Explain
relational words
and why these words are important.
19. Explain
impact words, sound words, created words
and
displaying creativity
.
20. Discuss the danger of assumptions about intelligence through language ability.
21. List
four (4)
speech and language characteristics of older preschoolers.
22. What may depress a child's vocabulary development?
23. Define
metalinguistic awareness.
24. How does physical growth affect children's perceptions of themselves?
25.
Define
mental image.
26.
Define
visual literacy.
27.
Explain the order in which motor skills are developed.
28.
Explain the
Montessori
approach to education for young children.
29. List
seventeen (17) objectives for refining perceptual-motor skills.
30.
Define
assimilation and accommodation.
31. What is a zone of proximal development?
32.
What is the teacher’s role in working with infants, toddlers and preschoolers?
33.
Define
metalinguistic skills.
34.
Define
social connectedness.
35. List
six (6)
social ability goals that serve as a strong foundation for future schooling.
.
Read Chapter 15 and answer the following questions 1. De.docxShiraPrater50
Read Chapter 15 and answer the following questions
:
1. Describe several characteristics of infants that make them different from other children.
2. What is the feeding challenge in meeting the nutritional needs of an infant?
3. Define
low-birthweight (LBW) infant
.
4. List
nine (9)
problems associated with low birth weight.
5. List
five (5)
reasons a mother may choose formula feeding instead of breast feeding.
6. List
four (4)
steps to safe handling of breast milk.
7. What
two (2)
factors determine safe preparation of formula? Briefly describe each factor.
8. Define
aseptic procedure.
9. Define
distention
and tell what causes distention.
10. Define
regurgitation, electrolytes,
and
developmental or physiological readiness.
11. Why should a bottle
NEVER
be propped and a baby left unattended while feeding?
12. When might an infant need supplemental water?
13. When should solid food be introduced to an infant? What is meant by the infant being developmentally ready?
14. Define
palmar grasp
and
pincer grip.
15. List
ten (10)
common feeding concerns. Pick
ONE
and explain why that is a concern.
Read Chapter 16 and answer the following questions:
1. Describe
toddlers and preschoolers
.
2. Define
neophobic.
3. List
three (3)
things a teacher is responsible for when feeding a toddler. List
two (2)
things for which the child is responsible.
4. Why should you
NOT
try to force a toddler to eat or be overly concerned if children are suddenly eating less?
5. Explain the results of spacing meals
too far apart
and
too close together
.
6. List a
good eating pattern
for toddlers.
7. Name several healthy snack choices for toddlers and young children.
8. List several suggestions for making eating time comfortable, pleasant and safe.
9. What changes about eating habits when a toddler develops into a preschooler?
10. Define
Down syndrome
and
Prader-Willi syndrome.
11. How can parents and teachers promote good eating habits for preschoolers?
12. When and where should rewards be offered?
13. Why should children
not
be encouraged to have a
“clean plate”?
14. List
five (5)
health conditions related to dietary patterns.
15. What is the Physical Activity Pyramid and for what is it designed?
16. List
eight (8)
common feeding concerns during toddler and preschool years. Pick
one and explain
it thoroughly.
https://books.google.com/books/about/Health_Safety_and_Nutrition_for_the_Youn.html?id=7zcaCgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=kp_read_button#v=onepage&q&f=false
.
Read Chapter 2 and answer the following questions1. List .docxShiraPrater50
Read Chapter 2 and answer the following questions:
1. List
five (5)
decisions a teacher must make about the curriculum.
2. List
three (3)
ways that all children are alike.
3. List
three (3)
similar needs of young children.
4. Describe the change in thought from age 2 through age 11 or 12.
5. List
four (4)
ways teachers can determine children’s background experiences.
6. List
three (3)
ways to find out children’s interests.
7. List
four (4)
ways to determine the developmental levels and abilities of children.
8. What is P.L. 94-142 and what does it state?
9. List
four (4)
things you need to do as a teacher of special children regarding P.L. 94-142.
10. List
eight (8)
categories of special needs children.
11. List the
eleven (11)
goals of an inclusion program.
12.
List
and
explain three (3)
methods to gain knowledge about the culture and values of a community.
13. Why must teachers of young children understand geography, history, economics and other social sciences?
14. List
six (6)
ways children can assist with planning.
15. List
five (5)
elements that should be included in lessons plans.
16. List
four (4)
main sections that every lesson plan should include regardless of format.
17. Define
behavioral objective.
What
three (3)
questions do behavioral objectives answer?
18. What are
four (4)
goals which can be accomplished through the use of units, projects, and thematic learning?
19. List
three (3)
considerations for selecting themes or topics.
20. After selecting a theme or topic, list
seven (7)
elements that should be included in planning for the theme or unit.
21. List
five (5)
uses for authentic assessment
.
22.
List
and
describe
four (4)
types of assessments.
23. List
five (5)
things you should look for when interviewing children.
24. What are
rubrics
, and how can rubrics be used?
25. What are standardized tests and why might they
not
be useful to teachers of young children?
book
Social Studies for the Preschool/Primary Child
Carol Seefeldt; Sharon D. Castle; Renee Falconer
also you may used any addition
.
Read chapter 7 and write the book report The paper should be .docxShiraPrater50
Read chapter 7 and write the book report
The paper should be single-spaced, 2-page (excluding cover page and references) long, and typed in Times New Roman 12 points. The paper should have a title, and consists of at least two sections: 1) A brief narrative of how an IS/IT is realized, initiated, designed, and implemented in terms of what/when/where/how this happened, and key character players involved in the series of events.
.
Read Chapter 7 and answer the following questions1. What a.docxShiraPrater50
Read Chapter 7 and answer the following questions:
1. What are preschoolers like?
2. Define
large motor, coordination, agility
and
conscience
.
3. What do preschoolers do?
4. What do preschoolers need?
5. Define
sense of initiative, socialized
and
norms
.
6. List the
seven (7)
dimensions of an environment advocated by Prescott.
7. Describe an environment that provides for initiative.
8. List
six (6)
opportunities for children provided through good storage of materials.
9. Define
pictograph
.
10. List
six (6)
environments that foster initiative
.
11. Describe an environment that helps to develop creativity.
12. List
eight (8)
factors for creativity.
13. Describe an environment for learning through play.
14. Where do you begin when deciding how to set up a room?
15. What should you know about pathways in the room?
16. How can you modify a classroom for children with special needs?
17. List
seven (7)
suggestions for welcoming children with special needs.
18. Describe an environment for outdoor play.
19. List
seven (7)
suggestions for an environment that fosters play.
20. How can you plan for safety?
21. Define
interest centers, indirect guidance, private space
and
antibiased
.
22. Describe an environment that fosters self-control.
23. Define
time blocks, child-initiated,
and
teacher-initiated
.
24. List
six (6)
features found in schedules that meet children's needs.
25. List
eight (8)
principles of developmentally appropriate transitions for preschoolers.
26. Define
kindergarten
. Describe kindergarten today.
27. Define
screening, readiness tests, transitional classes
and
retention
.
28. What is the kindergarten dilemma?
29. List
five (5)
inappropriate physical environments for preschoolers.
Read Chapter 8 and answer the following questions:
1. What are primary-age children like?
2. What do primary-age children like to do?
3. Define
peers, sense of industry, competence
and
concrete
.
4. What do primary-age children need?
5. How do primary-age children learn best?
6. What are some of the concerns about public education?
7. Describe an environment for a sense of industry.
8. What is a benefit of the learning-center approach for primary-age children?
9. What is a planning contract?
10. What is an advantage to providing a number of separate learning centers?
11. What is a planning board?
12. Define
portfolio
.
13. How do teachers of primary-age children use portfolios and work samples?
14. What are two large and important learning centers related to literacy?
15. What should a writing center contain?
16. List
four (4)
suggestions for an environment that fosters early literacy.
17. Describe an environment that fosters math understanding.
18. Describe a physical environment that fosters scientific awareness.
19. Describe an environment for relationships.
20. List
five (5)
suggestions for fostering peer- and te.
Read chapter 14, 15 and 18 of the class textbook.Saucier.docxShiraPrater50
Read chapter 14, 15 and 18 of the class textbook.
Saucier Lundy, K & Janes, S.. (2016). Community Health Nursing. Caring for the Public’s Health. (3rd
ed.)
ISBN: 978-1-4496-9149-3
Once done answer the following questions;
1. How the different topics/health issues can be addressed through both professional health promotion and personal health promotion. What is the difference in the approach? How does each approach contribute to the desired effect?
2. Should health insurance companies cover services that are purely for health promotion purposes? Why or why not? What about employers? What are the pros and cons of this type of coverage?
3. What do you think about the role integrating nursing with faith? Is this something you feel is appropriate? When is it appropriate? What types of settings do you feel this would work best in? Do you feel nurses should integrate faith in their nursing practice? Why or why not and how?
4. Have you been a part of a group in which corruption of leadership has occurred? Do you feel it is unavoidable? How did you feel in that particular group?
APA format word document Arial 12 font attached to the forum in the discussion board title "Week 4 discussion questions".
A minimum of 2 evidence based references no older than 5 years old are required besides the class textbook
A minimum of 500 words without count the first and last page are required.
.
Read Chapter 10 APA FORMAT1. In the last century, what historica.docxShiraPrater50
Read Chapter 10 APA FORMAT
1. In the last century, what historical, social, political, and economic trends and issues have influenced today’s health-care system?
2. What is the purpose and process of evaluating the three aspects of health care: structure, process, and outcome?
3. How does technology improve patient outcomes and the health-care system?
4. How can you intervene to improve quality of care and safety within the health-care system and at the bedside?
5. Select one nonprofit organization or one government agencies that influences and advocates for quality improvement in the health-care system. Explore the Web site for your selected organization/agency and answer the following questions: •
What does the organization/agency do that supports the hallmarks of quality? •
What have been the results of their efforts for patients, facilities, the health-care delivery system, or the nursing profession? •
How has the organization/agency affected facilities where you are practicing and your own professional practice?
.
Read chapter 7 and write the book report The paper should b.docxShiraPrater50
Read chapter 7 and write the book report
The paper should be single-spaced, 2-page (excluding cover page and references) long, and typed in Times New Roman 12 points. The paper should have a title, and consists of at least two sections: 1) A brief narrative of how an IS/IT is realized, initiated, designed, and implemented in terms of what/when/where/how this happened, and key character players involved in the series of events.
.
Read Chapter 14 and answer the following questions1. Explain t.docxShiraPrater50
Read Chapter 14 and answer the following questions:
1. Explain the importance of proteins.
2. Define
amino acids, non-essential amino acids, essential amino acids, complete protein,
and
incomplete proteins.
3. Define
complementary proteins
and
supplementary proteins.
4. Why are
vitamins
important?
5. Define
fat soluble
and
water soluble.
6. What is
DNA
?
RNA?
7. Which vitamins play essential roles in the formation of blood cells and hemoglobin?
8. Which vitamins regulate bone growth?
9. Define
collagen.
10. Which vitamins regulate energy metabolism?
11. Define
neuromuscular
and
spina bifida.
12. What are
megadoses
?
13. Define
minerals
and tell why they are important.
14. What minerals support growth?
15. What are the major minerals found in bones and teeth?
16. Why is fluoride added to water supplies of communities? Why is fluoride important?
17. What are the major food sources of
calcium
and
phosphorus
?
18. Define
hemoglobin
. Define
iron-deficiency
anemia
.
19. What are the major food sources of iron?
20. Why is water so important to children? How is water lost and replaced in children?
21. Name
three (3)
problems caused by children drinking too much fruit juice.
https://books.google.com/books/about/Health_Safety_and_Nutrition_for_the_Youn.html?id=7zcaCgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=kp_read_button#v=onepage&q&f=false
.
Read Chapter 2 first. Then come to this assignment.The first t.docxShiraPrater50
Read Chapter 2 first. Then come to this assignment.
The first theme of next week's class (Week 2) will be Chapter 2, Concepts of Infectious Disease. I will briefly go through the chapter to make sure that you understand it, and then we will have a discussion.
Since the chapter in the textbook is so full of important concepts, it would be difficult to narrow it down to a single topic for discussion. So I have posted this introduction and 3 separate subtopics. You can choose which one you want to write about. Each student should choose one of these subtopics for your major post. You should write well thought out primary comments on at least one of the points below (150-200 words).
BE SURE TO INCLUDE YOUR NAME AND SUBTOPIC IN THE HEADER FOR YOUR PAPER.
We will discuss each of the subtopics that were chosen by the students. Each of you should take an active role in presenting your topic to the other students. Explain the concept in your own words, or develop it further using a relevant example. As other students present their perspective on the same topic, hopefully an active discussion will take hold. I will jump in only as needed. This format will allow you to develop one subtopic in an active sense, but learn about the others by being drawn into them through other people's discussions.
Choose your subtopic:
Subtopic 1: Factors that affect the spread of epidemics
Question: Explain how the interaction between these factors are relevant to the transmission of AIDS. For example, which of these factors are most critical to the transmission of HIV. Which aren't.
1. Total number of hosts
2. Host’s birth rate
3. Rate at which new susceptible hosts migrate into population
4. Number of susceptible uninfected hosts
5. Rate at which disease can be transmitted from infected to uninfected hosts
6. Death rate of infected hosts
7. The number of infected hosts who survive and become immune or resistant to further infection
Subtopic 2: Acute versus Chronic Infections
Question: Compare the definitions of Acute Infections and Chronic Infections below. Based on what you know about HIV/AIDS at this point, which description most closely matches AIDS? Explain your answer, using evidence from the book to support your position.
What is an acute infection?
1. Produces symptoms and makes a person infectious soon after infection.
2. The infected person may: transmit the disease
die from the infection
recover and develop immunity
3. the acute microorganism
STRIKES QUICKLY
infects entire group (small group)
dies out
What is a chronic infection?
Person may never show symptoms
Person continues to carry infectious agent at a low level
Does NOT mount an effective immune response
Subtopic 3: Controlling infectious disease
Question: Explain what herd immunity is and how it works. Use an example from either the bo.
Journal of Public Affairs Education 515Teaching Grammar a.docxShiraPrater50
Journal of Public Affairs Education 515
Teaching Grammar and Editing in Public
Administration: Lessons Learned from
Early Offerings of an Undergraduate
Administrative Writing Course
Claire Connolly Knox
University of Central Florida School of Public Administration
ABSTRACT
College graduates need to possess strong writing skills before entering the work-
force. Although many public administration undergraduate programs primarily
focus on policy, finance, and management, we fall short of a larger goal if students
cannot communicate results to a variety of audiences. This article discusses the
results of a national survey, which concludes that few undergraduate public affairs
programs require an administrative/technical writing course. Based on pedagogical
theories, this article describes the design of a newly implemented, undergraduate,
administrative writing course. The article concludes with lessons learned, provides
recommendations for programs considering requiring an administrative writing
course, and discusses future research.
Keywords: administrative writing, Plain Language Movement, discourse community,
undergraduate course design
“Administrators not only need to know about communications, they need to
be able to communicate” (Denhardt, 2001, p. 529). Public administration under-
graduate students learn the importance of communication within organizations
in leadership, human resources, or organizational management courses; however,
practical instruction in communication skills, such as effective, audience-centered
writing, are lacking. Scholars (e.g., Cleary, 1990, 1997; Lee, 2000; Raphael &
Nesbary, 2005; Waugh & Manns, 1991) have noted this lack of required commun-
ication and writing courses in public administration curriculum. The majority of
administrative writing literature is from the late 1980s and early 1990s when
universities began implementing Writing Across the Curriculum programs (i.e.,
JPAE 19 (3), 515–536
516 Journal of Public Affairs Education
Londow, 1993; Stanford, 1992). The limited discussions and conclusions coincide
with private and public sector trends—newly hired students’ writing skills are
lacking (Hines & Basso, 2008; National Commission, 2005).
A survey by the National Commission on Writing for America’s Families,
Schools, and Colleges (2005) reported that approximately 80% of public sector
human resource directors seriously considered writing skills when hiring professional
employees and assumed new employees obtained these skills in college. Increasingly,
public managers require employees to attend writing and communication trainings,
which cost governments approximately $221 million annually (National Commis-
sion, 2005). In fact, the public sector (66%) is more likely to send professional/
salaried employees for writing training than the private sector (40%; National
Commission, 2005). Public, private, and nonprofit sector organizations certainly
should cont ...
MBA 6941, Managing Project Teams 1 Course Learning Ou.docxShiraPrater50
MBA 6941, Managing Project Teams 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit III
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
8. Assess strategies to manage organizational change.
8.1 Explain how the triple constraints play an integral role in managing a successful project.
8.2 Explain the relationship between the scope statement and the WBS and why they are
fundamental to project success.
8.3 Identify the critical path of a project and why it is important to an effective schedule
management.
Reading Assignment
Chapter 8: Scope
Chapter 13: Time
Unit Lesson
Project Scope Management
Project scope management includes the processes concerned with all of the work required to successfully
deliver a project to the stakeholders’ expectations, manage changes, minimize surprises, and gain
acceptance of the product in order to complete the project. During scope management, the project manager
should always be in control of the scope and must make sure of the following:
each requirement is documented with the acceptance criteria defined;
all the work is being completed;
define and control what is and is not in the project;
guard against additional scope not covered under the
project charter;
prevent extra work or “gold plating,” which increases risk
and uncertainties and introduces problems into the project;
proactively identify and influence the factors that cause
changes; and
capture, evaluate, and manage the scope changes in a
controlled, structured, and procedural manner (Perrin,
2013).
Key Terms in Project Scope Management:
Triple constraints: A project’s scope is one the triple
constraints, so managing the scope of the project is one of
the key ways in which project management performance
can be measured. Since scope is usually owned by the
project sponsor or the customer but managed by the project
manager, project scope management is especially challenging (Perrin, 2013).
Scope creep: Scope creeps are unapproved and undocumented changes, and they occur when
changes to the scope are not detected early enough or managed. All these minor changes slowly add
up and may have drastic impact on budget, schedule, and quality (Perrin, 2013).
Causes of scope creep can include the following:
UNIT III STUDY GUIDE
Project Performance and
Team
Graphical representation of triple
constraints (Mapto, 2007)
MBA 6941, Managing Project Teams 2
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
Unexpected scope-related issues: These issues can change project requirements or increase the
project’s complexity.
Placating stakeholders: This involves giving in to stakeholders’ additional requests without following
the proper approval process, which can lead to cost and time overruns.
Perfectionism: Team members often try to improve the product without proper approval, which can
also lead to cost and time overruns.
Misunderstanding about the project scop ...
Inventory Decisions in Dells Supply ChainAuthor(s) Ro.docxShiraPrater50
Inventory Decisions in Dell's Supply Chain
Author(s): Roman Kapuscinski, Rachel Q. Zhang, Paul Carbonneau, Robert Moore and Bill
Reeves
Source: Interfaces, Vol. 34, No. 3 (May - Jun., 2004), pp. 191-205
Published by: INFORMS
Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/25062900
Accessed: 13-02-2019 19:24 UTC
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This content downloaded from 141.217.20.120 on Wed, 13 Feb 2019 19:24:25 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
Interfaces infjIML
Vol. 34, No. 3, May-June 2004, pp. 191-205 DOI i0.1287/inte.l030.0068
ISSN 0092-21021 eissn 1526-551X1041340310191 @ 2004 INFORMS
Inventory Decisions in Dell's Supply Chain
Roman Kapuscinski
University of Michigan Business School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, [email protected]
Rachel Q. Zhang
Johnson Graduate School of Management, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, [email protected]
Paul Carbonneau
McKinsey & Company, 3 Landmark Square, Stamford, Connecticut 06901, [email protected]
Robert Moore, Bill Reeves
Dell Inc., Mail Stop 6363, Austin, Texas 78682 {[email protected], [email protected]}
The Tauber Manufacturing Institute (TMI) is a partnership between the engineering and business schools at
the University of Michigan. In the summer of 1999, a TMI team spent 14 weeks at Dell Inc. in Austin, Texas,
and developed an inventory model to identify inventory drivers and quantify target levels for inventory in the
final stage of Dell's supply chain, the revolvers or supplier logistics centers (SLC). With the information and
analysis provided by this model, Dell's regional materials organizations could tactically manage revolver inven
tory while Dell's worldwide commodity management could partner with suppliers in improvement projects to
identify inventory drivers and to reduce inventory. Dell also initiated a pilot program for procurement of XDX
(a disguised name for one of the major components of personal computers (PCs)) in the United States to insti
tutionalize the model and promote partnership with suppliers. Based on the model predictions, Dell launched
e-commerce and manufacturing initiatives with its suppliers to lower supply-chain-inventory costs by reducing
revolver inventory by 40 percent. This reduction would raise the corresponding inventory turns by 67 percent.
Net Present Value (NPV) calculations for XDX alone suggest $43 million in potential savings. To ensure project
longevity, Dell formed ...
It’s Your Choice 10 – Clear Values: 2nd Chain Link- Trade-offs - Best Chance of Getting the Most of What You Want.
Narrator: In today's episode, what do I really want? Roger and Nicole discussed the importance of being clear about your values when making a decision in order to give you the best chance of making the most of what you really want. When you understand what you care most about, you can determine which outcomes you prefer as a result of the decision. And, while we frequently can't get everything we want, making tradeoffs is easier when we are clear about our values. Roger: Nicole is something wrong? Nicole: Oh no, not really. I'm just kind of distracted today. See, I finally decided to bite the bullet and buy a car, but I'm having a lot of trouble deciding what to buy. I've been saving for years and I want to make sure I do this right. The problem is that I don't even know where to start. There are so many good cars out there. Roger: I know how tough it can be to try and figure out what you really want it, but you're in luck. On today's show, we're going to be talking about why being clear on your values is so important when making a decision. Nicole: A value is something you want as a result of the decision. Roger: Like when I was trying to decide which college to go to, some of my preferences were to go to a place with a good music program and a D-three basketball team. Nicole: It's funny because when I was looking for a school, I didn't care at all about the basketball team. I was much more interested in theater groups. Roger: and that's fine because values are completely up to the person making the decision. What I want will probably be different from what you want, but I use my values for my decisions and you will use yours for yours. Nicole: I was thinking about asking my friends for their opinions too. Roger: It can be very useful to get input from other people, especially when they're knowledgeable. Just be careful they don't try and talk you into what they want instead of what you wanted. Anyway, have you thought about the things you want the most from the car of your choice? Nicole: Oh sure. There are lots of things like I really want a car I can afford, that gets good gas mileage and is cute safe, a good size and comfortable for my friends. Roger: That's a good start. How about the things you don't want?
Nicole: Well, it has to be reliable. I'll be in a mess if it breaks down. I can't afford a lot of repair bills and I don't want a car that's too big. Roger: That's good. Identifying the things you don't want is just as important as the things you do want. Okay Nicole, now that we have your list, the next step is to ask yourself how important are these things?
Nicole: Well, they're all important.
Roger: Sure, but aren't some more important than others? Nicole: Of course, but I'm not really sure which or which? Roger: A good first step is to identify why something is important to you. For example, is getting good gas ...
MBA 5101, Strategic Management and Business Policy 1 .docxShiraPrater50
MBA 5101, Strategic Management and Business Policy 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit I
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
2. Compare and contrast the integral functions of corporate governance.
2.1 Describe the roles and responsibilities of the board of directors in corporate governance.
2.2 Explain the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and its impact on corporate governance.
4. Analyze the processes for formulating corporate strategy.
4.1 Explain the benefits of strategic management.
5. Evaluate methods that impact strategy implementation, such as staffing, directing, and organizing.
5.1 Discuss the strategic audit as a method of analyzing corporate functions and activities.
Reading Assignment
In order to access the following resources, click the links below:
College of Business – CSU. (2016, January 12). MBA5101 Unit I lesson video [YouTube video].
Retrieved from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p5axP8yAmFk&feature=youtu.be&list=PL08sf8iXqZn54RIuJs-
skgp4omxG-UOu5
Click here to access a transcript of the video.
Pomykalski, A. (2015). Global business networks and technology. Management, 19(1), 46-56. Retrieved from
https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direc
t=true&db=bth&AN=103247112&site=ehost-live&scope=site
Silverstein, E. (2015). Years later, Sarbanes-Oxley is part of how companies do business. Insidecounsel,
26(286), 38-39. Retrieved from
https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direc
t=true&db=bth&AN=111456112&site=ehost-live&scope=site
Wheelen, T. L., & Hunger, J. D. (1987). Using the strategic audit. SAM Advanced Management Journal,
52(1), 4. Retrieved from
https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=bth&AN=4604880&site=ehost-live&scope=site
Unit Lesson
When founders form companies, they usually focus on the product and the customers they hope to generate.
The founders are usually of the same mindset and intention about what they want their company to do and
how they would like it to grow. What many companies fail to plan for is the inevitable death of one of the
founding members and what that might mean for the vision and purpose of the company. In other words, what
would the management structure resemble if one of the founding partners had to deal with the heir of the
deceased partner?
For example, once, two middle-aged founders focused on the same mission, creating and living by their
cultural values and vision, diligently reaching out to their target market, and productively engaging their
customers. One partner unexpectedly died. After the funeral, the surviving founder finds himself now working
side-by-side with the recently deceased founder’s 17-year-old son or daughter. Very quickly, the surviving
UNIT I STUDY GUIDE
Governance and the Value
of Planning
https:// ...
MAJOR WORLD RELIGIONSJudaismJudaism (began .docxShiraPrater50
MAJOR WORLD RELIGIONS
JudaismJudaism (began circa 1,800 BC)
This was the first monotheistic religion on earth
God is all-powerful with many prophets, Jesus among them
Followers are called Jews, 80% of 14 million total adherents live in U.S. or Israel
Christianity
(began around 30AD)Most followers of any religion: 2 billionMost geographically widespread religionCenters on Jesus Christ as the savior whose sacrificial death forgives/erases Christians’ sinsHalf of global Christians are Catholics (the Americas) and one-fourth are Protestant (Europe and U.S.)
Islam
(began around 615AD)2nd largest world religion: 1.5 billion followersOver 80% are “Sunnis”, 20% are “Shiite”(Iran)Based on the Prophet Muhammad’s teachings & revelations
Green = Sunni
Maroon = Shiite
Buddhism
(began ca. 450 B.C.)Centered in East and Southeast Asia, 400 million followersBased on the example and teachings of Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha) who lived in eastern India around 500 B.C.Life’s core suffering can be ended by releasing attachment to desires and becoming “awakened”
Taoism
(began ca. 500B.C.)
Lao-Tzu (Laozi) founding spiritualist/philosopher Action through non-action, simplicity, compassion, humility, learning from/oneness with the “Tao” (the force/energy of nature/all things)Practiced mostly in China, but expressed in Western pop culture (Star Wars, yoga, etc.)
HinduismFocused on the enlightened being Krishna who lived 5,000 BPBhagavad Gita religious text composed by one authorPracticed by hundreds of millions, principally in India
Animism/“Primal Indigenous”PolytheisticPracticed largely among tribal groupsEverything in nature, even non-living entities, have a spiritPhysical and spiritual realms are one, which is opposite of Western thinking
Religious Perspectives on the Human/Environment Relationship
Questions
How do you feel about Evolution vs. Creation?
Do you feel that people are more important than animals, plants, and nature?
Do you think about the effects of your lifestyle on the natural world? (trash, CO2, etc)
Do you believe that nature is here to supply man’s needs or that we have a responsibility to tend and care for nature as well?
Your responses…Indicate a position relative to some very old questions!These questions concern the fundamental or essential nature of the world, and as such they affect geographical worldviewsReligious/philosophical worldviews affect how we treat the planet
Man and Nature are Connected
Man and Nature are Separate
Judaism/Christianity/IslamEverything in nature was created by a single supreme being with unlimited powers.Man’s relationship to nature is either dominion or stewardship (but separate from nature either way).Salvation depends on faith and belief (Christianity) so issues like treatment of animals or conservation of resources are of minor ethical importanceEastern religions don’t separate man from nature as much as Abrahamic religions.
Nature as God’s Handiwork“But ...
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
1. 47
Critical Infrastructure Protection,
Emergency Response,
and Management
Dr. John B. Noftsinger, Jr.
Kenneth F. Newbold, Jr.
Benjamin T. Delp
• Define the term critical infrastructure.
• List and describe the critical infrastructure sectors.
• Describe the current national policy that addresses critical
infrastructure.
• List the hazards and threats in the physical and cyber
components in America’s infrastructure.
• List and describe the seven cardinal rules of risk
communication.
• Describe the roles of the Department of Homeland Security
(DHS) in critical infrastructure protection.
• Discuss the roles of the Homeland Security Operations Center
(HSOC).
Objectives
4
3. to ensuring effective and efficient emergency manage-
ment practice. This chapter will explore infrastructure
systems, how they are interconnected, and how these
systems relate to emergency management. It is necessary
to assess and identify civilian infrastructures that support
communication, health, transportation, and other vital
operations, which are susceptible to natural disasters,
human error, and the direct target of malicious activi-
ties including terrorism and sabotage. Included in this
discussion will be an examination of the cyber, physical,
and human aspects of critical infrastructure systems with
a specific focus on emergency management practices.
Critical infrastructure systems include not just hardware
and software, but the people and institutions responsible
for their existence, operation, and safety.
Defining Critical Infrastructure Protection
Critical infrastructure systems have become increasingly
complex and reliant on computer-based automated sys-
tems to provide the continuous operation of our critical
systems. In this chapter, we will address technological
and emergency management issues that affect cyber,
physical, and human infrastructures.
As defined in the USA PATRIOT Act and the
National Infrastructure Protection Plan (NIPP), critical
infrastructures are “systems and assets, whether physical
or virtual, so vital to the United States that the incapacity
or destruction of such systems and assets would have a
debilitating impact on security, national economic secu-
rity, national public health or safety, or any combination
of those matters.”
The NIPP goes on to define key resources and key
4. assets. Critical infrastructure is “systems and assets,
whether physical or virtual, so vital that the incapacity
or destruction of such may have a debilitating impact
on the security, economy, public health or safety, envi-
ronment, or any combination of these matters, across
any Federal, State, regional, territorial, or local jurisdic-
tion” (Department of Homeland Security, 2009). Key
resources are “publically or privately controlled re-
sources essential to minimal operations of the economy
and government”(Department of Homeland Security,
2009). Key assets are a “person, structure, facility, infor-
mation, material, or process that has value” (Department
of Homeland Security, 2009).
These broadly defined infrastructure sectors all have
one characteristic in common—they rely on people and
technology to support and protect the systems that provide
the goods and services necessary to survive as individuals
and as a society. As the foundation for the function of the
United States, these infrastructure sectors require atten-
tion from the policy community to ensure their continuity
of operation. All levels of government have developed
emergency response plans to address potential failures in
critical infrastructure systems and outline best practices
to ensure the safety of individuals in a disaster.
One area not specifically addressed in the list of
critical infrastructure sectors is the concept of humans
as a critical infrastructure. In studying the linkage be-
tween emergency management and critical infrastructure
protection, it is of upmost importance that one recog-
nizes the human element of critical systems. Without
the human component, the physical systems comprising
critical infrastructure will not function. Thus infrastruc-
ture assurance must include protection of the people
necessary for construction, management, operation, and
5. maintenance of critical systems.
The criticality of the human infrastructure com-
ponent was dramatically illustrated by recent natural
Infrastructure sectors all rely on people and technology
to support and protect the systems that provide the
goods and services necessary to survive as individuals
and as a society.
Critical Infrastructure Sectors as
Identified in the NIPPId tifi d i th NIPP
• Banking and finance
• Chemical
• Commercial facilities communications
• Dams
• Defense industrial base
• Emergency services
• Energy
• Government facilities
• Health care and public health
• Information technology
• Manufacturing
• National monuments and icons
7. CHAPTER 4: Critical Infrastructure Protection, Emergency
Response, and Management 49
disasters such as Hurricane Katrina in 2005 (FIGURE 4-1).
Evacuation planning and response hinged on the effec-
tive management of the population, including commu-
nication and leadership. Lack of planning, uncertainty
of responsibilities, and poor management/coordination
of the human response at all levels of government nega-
tively affected the disaster’s consequences. A complete
approach to infrastructure assurance must include the
human factor.
Science and technology have long been key compo-
nents to defending the nation and its citizens from its
enemies and in increasing the resilience of infrastructure
systems from natural disasters. In the post-September
11, 2001, environment, threats to the homeland increas-
ingly include nonmilitary, transnational organizations.
Along with sound public policy and law, technological
innovations will factor heavily into solutions created for
the DHS. Emergency response personnel are identified as
the first line of defense and response to disasters (FIGURE
4-2). The human element of critical infrastructure protec-
tion is best highlighted by the practices of the emergency
response community.
History of Critical Infrastructure Protection
Policy in the United States
Historically, the United States has been shielded geo-
graphically from physical threats to the nation’s infra-
structures. With friendly neighbors to the north and
south and vast oceans to the east and west, the United
8. States was somewhat isolated from attacks by external
enemies. In the early 1950s, technological developments
in the nuclear field allowed for the creation of improved
weapons, including intercontinental ballistic missiles
(ICBMs) (White House, 1997, p. 7). Both military instal-
lations and civilian infrastructures were at risk of attack
from these long-range weapons. The threat posed by the
former Soviet Union and its nuclear ICBM capabilities
was unique in U.S. history. An enemy had never before
threatened the United States from such a great distance.
Technological advances in physical destruction capabili-
ties put U.S. soil in danger of attack.
Prior to the late 1990s, federal policy address-
ing infrastructure protection was scarce. Not until
the President’s Commission on Critical Infrastructure
Protection published its final report, Critical Foundations:
Protecting America’s Infrastructures, in 1997, did a na-
tional level policy initiative exist. This report was the
guiding force in establishing future efforts with critical
infrastructure protection.
Critical Foundations emphasized the emerging and
expanding threats to infrastructure systems from cyber
attacks, and increased attention was given by this report
to the reliance of physical systems on cyber networks.
Through the report, the president’s commission called
for increased sharing of information between govern-
ment and industry as a means of improving the over-
all resiliency of critical systems. The recommendations
made by this presidential commission helped to shape
the future path of infrastructure protection, as many of
the concepts introduced in Critical Foundations continue
to be advocated in current policies and initiatives.
10. E
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50 Homeland Security: Principles and Practice of Terrorism
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vulnerability to both physical and cyber attacks on our
critical infrastructures, including especially our cyber
systems” (White House, 1998).
Since September 11, 2001, the federal government
has released four national strategy documents that outline
the federal government’s agenda for infrastructure assur-
ance. These publications address homeland security, both
physical and cyber security, and explicitly mention the
role that the science and technology and public policy
communities can play in finding solutions to combat
threats to infrastructure systems. Recommended national
strategy technology focus areas included the following:
11. • Homeland Security (Office of Homeland
Security, 2002, pp. 68–69): Develop chemical,
biological, radiological, and nuclear counter-
measures; develop systems for detecting hostile
intent; apply biometric technology to identifi-
cation devices; improve technical capabilities
of first responders; coordinate research and
development of the homeland security appa-
ratus; establish a national laboratory of home-
land security; solicit independent and private
analysis for science and technology research;
establish a mechanism for rapidly producing
prototypes; conduct demonstrations and pilot
deployments; set standards for homeland secu-
rity technology; and establish a system for high
risk, high payoff homeland security research.
• Securing Cyberspace (White House, 2003b, pp.
53–60): Review and exercise information tech-
nology (IT) continuity plans; Department of
Homeland Security will lead in the development
and will conduct a national threat assessment,
including red teaming, blue teaming, and other
methods to identify the impact of possible at-
tacks; adopt improved security protocols; de-
velopment of more secure router technology;
adoption of a code of good conduct; develop best
practices and new technology to increase security
of supervisory control and data acquisition that
will determine the most critical supervisory con-
trol and data acquisition-related sites; encourage
the software industry to consider more secure
out-of-the-box installation and implementation
of their products; research and development in
areas of intrusion detection, Internet infrastruc-
12. ture security, application security, denial of ser-
vice, communications security, high assurance
systems, and secure system composition.
• Physical Protection (White House, 2003a):
Advance modeling, simulation, and analysis
capabilities including an effort to enhance data
collection and standardization; enhance detec-
tion and testing capabilities with agriculture
and food networks; assess transportation and
security risks; improve monitoring of the water
sector; enhance surveillance and communica-
tions capabilities; develop redundant com-
munications systems for emergency response
agencies; expand infrastructure diverse routing
capability in the telecommunications sector;
develop a national system for measures to re-
constitute capabilities of individual facilities
and systems within the energy sector; increase
cargo screening capabilities for the transporta-
tion sector; enhance exchange of security re-
lated information in the finance sector.
• National Infrastructure Protection Plan
(Department of Homeland Security, 2009,
pp. 13–15): Protect critical infrastructure and
key resources against plausible and specific
threats; long-term reduction of critical infra-
structure and key resources vulnerabilities in a
comprehensive and integrated manner; maxi-
mize efficient use of resources for infrastructure
protection; build partnerships among federal,
state, local, tribal, international, and private
sector stakeholders to implement critical infra-
structure protection programs; continuously
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transformers, trains, pipeline pumps, chemical vats, and
radars are also dependent on computer networks (White
House, 2003b, p. 6).
These networks (FIGURE 4-3) are vulnerable to many
types of cyber threats (including terrorist attacks, eco-
nomic espionage, and random failures) and present new
challenges to owners and operators of the nation’s in-
frastructures. The high degree of automation and inter-
connectivity of computer networks, however, subjects
them to potentially crippling and catastrophic attacks
or failures.
15. Hazards and Threats to Critical
Infrastructure Systems
The list of hazards and threats that exist to both physical
and cyber components of our infrastructure is quite long.
Major hazard categories include natural disasters, terror-
ist activities, human error, weapons of mass destruction,
and mechanical failure.
Solution
s that combine technol-
ogy with multidisciplinary research provide the most
complete answers to infrastructure assurance problems.
This litany of potential hazards makes it potentially chal-
lenging to those engaged in emergency response because
they must be prepared to address a variety of situations,
which may be caused by numerous sources. There is no
single approach to addressing infrastructure protection,
and emergency managers who understand the intercon-
nected nature of critical systems and approach response
from an all-hazards standpoint will be best prepared to
address emergency situations and ensure the safety of
individual citizens.
In the past decade, attacks against physical infrastruc-
16. tures have been executed successfully by exploiting tech-
nology. Emergency response personnel played key roles
in mitigating further damage in each of these examples. In
the 1993 attack at the World Trade Center, a truck bomb
was used. In 1995, a disgruntled citizen using simple
technologies and common products detonated a truck
bomb at the Alfred Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma
City (FIGURE 4-4). Moreover, the tragic events of September
11, 2001, opened a new mode of threats to the nation’s
infrastructure—the use of civilian transportation systems
as weapons. Based on these precedents, communities
need to be on guard to anticipate and prevent terrorist
use of common commercial systems and technology that
are readily available within our borders.
A. Agriculture needs oil and electricity to
operate machinery as well as water to sustain
growth. Crops, like corn, can also be used as
alternative fuels.
B. Electricity supplies energy and uses oil to
operate and water for cooling purposes.
C. Oil becomes fuel for the other branches and
uses water for cooling and electricity for operat-
18. E
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52 Homeland Security: Principles and Practice of Terrorism
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A primary concern is the threat of organized cyber at-
tacks that are capable of debilitating our nation’s critical
19. infrastructures, economy, and national security (White
House, 2003b). Computer networks can be attacked
with little or no warning and cascade rapidly such that
victims may not have time to respond. Even with warn-
ings, victims may not have access to the proper tools and
technologies to defend themselves. Efforts are under way
worldwide to create models to simulate and visualize
infrastructure networks.
Emergency responders must consider the intercon-
nected nature of physical systems and cyber systems. In
emergency planning, a balance must exist between physi-
cal and cyber vulnerabilities. Although attacks to physi-
cal structures often produce high numbers of victims,
failures within cyber systems also create victims requiring
awareness and response. Emergency response planning
must now include multiple levels of consideration to how
physical and cyber systems work to support each other.
While strong information security policy is of ut-
most importance, physical security and building design
are also critical. The location of computers and servers
must be well planned to prevent damage from hazards
such as flooding, fire, explosion, and intrusion. Fiber-
optic cable must be protected as well to prevent ac-
20. cidental damage from digging and malicious cutting of
wires. Colocation of wires and cables introduces com-
mon, serious, single-point failure vulnerabilities to be
avoided in protection design. Consequences of cable
colocation were evidenced by the Baltimore train tun-
nel fire of 2001. This accident occurred in a tunnel with
colocated fiber-optic cables whose failure interrupted
telecommunications and Internet connectivity along the
Washington–New York corridor.
In an increasingly complex and interconnected
global community, the reliance on computers to store,
transmit, and process data has grown exponentially.
Wireless technology applications continue to increase
society’s dependence on the computer infrastructure
for communication and business processes. Private-
sector businesses, governments, and individuals have
all become more reliant on IT to perform routine tasks.
Therefore, emergency response personnel must be
acutely aware of interconnected infrastructure systems
and the role in which humans interact with these im-
portant elements of a modern society. Social networks
are prime examples (such as Twitter and Facebook)
where disaster information—some accurate and some
21. inaccurate—can be quickly spread through an affected
community.
Risk Communication Paradigms
An integral component of emergency management and
critical infrastructure protection is the field of risk com-
munication. Risk communication focuses on communi-
cating disaster preparedness information and mitigation
strategies to the public in order to minimize the potential
effects of an event before said event occurs. One of the
first major publications produced in the risk communi-
cation field was the 1988 guide, the Seven Cardinal Rules
of Risk Communication, published by the Environmental
Protection Agency based on the work of Vincent T.
Covello and Frederick H. Allen. The guide lists seven
basic rules on how to engage with the public, concerns
of honesty and truthfulness, coordination efforts, dealing
with the media, planning, and evaluating.
While the Seven Cardinal Rules of Risk Communication
is still quite relevant and utilized at the local, state, and
national level on a daily basis, the importance of properly
communicating prior to an incident involving a critical
infrastructure sector cannot be overstated.
22. Disastrous events involving critical infrastructure
require an in-depth risk communication strategy that
should be constantly evolving as technology advances
and information knowledge management increases. This
is due in part to the length of time a major event af-
fecting critical infrastructure stays in the public’s mind.
While risk communication is a discipline with numer-
ous concepts, strategies, and techniques, one particular
aspect identified by risk communication expert Dr. Peter
Sandman in his article, Obvious or Suspected, Here or
Elsewhere, Now or Then: Paradigms of Emergency Events,
focuses on three variables relevant to critical infrastruc-
ture protection. The three variables are as follows:
1. Obvious or suspected
2. Here or elsewhere
3. Now, future, or past (Sandman, 2002).
FIGURE 4-4 A scene of devastation at the Murrah Federal
Building follow-
ing the Oklahoma City bombing on April 26, 1995.
57854_CH04_final.indd 5257854_CH04_final.indd 52
1/20/10 10:23:06 AM1/20/10 10:23:06 AM
24. CHAPTER 4: Critical Infrastructure Protection, Emergency
Response, and Management 53
For example, when preparedness officials commu-
nicated with the citizens of New York City; Washington,
DC; and other localities in the weeks after the events
of September 11, 2001, the communication fell in the
obvious/here/past paradigm. The attacks were obvious
because they could be seen/heard/felt; they occurred
where New Yorkers and Washingtonians resided and
worked, not in a foreign city 3,000 miles away; and the
attacks had already taken place. However, a California
mayor’s communication about those attacks would have
been identified as the obvious/elsewhere/past paradigm
because the incidents happened on the opposite coast
from California. This distinction takes into account
the physical attack on the U.S. defense industrial base
(Pentagon) (FIGURE 4-5) and an institution of the bank-
ing and finance sector (World Trade Center). The para-
digm of obvious/here/now could describe the framework
for communication to the entire United States during
the economic collapse following September 11, 2001,
because Americans were impacted by the targeting of
25. the banking and finance sector.
The H1N1 virus (swine flu) public health emer-
gency highlights the distinction between obvious and
suspected—the most difficult concept of the three
variables as here or elsewhere and now or then are
relatively easy to identify. A small number of more
FIGURE 4-5 A 200-foot gash exposes interior sections of the
Pentagon
following the terrorist crash of a commercial airliner into the
southwest
corner of the building on September 11, 2001.
Seven Cardinal Rules of Risk Communication
(Covello and Sandman, 2004)
Rule 1: Accept and involve the public as a legitimate partner.
Disaster managers must realize in advance
that the public is going to want to be involved and will find a
way to be involved. It only makes sense to openly
include them early on.
Rule 2: Listen to the audience. An effective dialogue will occur
26. only after the communicators find out
what is important to the public. In some cases it may be trust,
caring, and courtesy, while other communities
will value quantitative statistics or a combination.
Rule 3: Be honest, frank, and open. The two greatest attributes
in a risk communicator’s arsenal are
trust and credibility. These are judgments made early on and are
highly resistant to change. If answers are
unknown, one should say, “We do not have the answer at this
time, but are working on it.” Lies and mislead-
ing will destroy any trust already gained.
Rule 4: Coordinate and collaborate with other credible sources.
One of the best ways to ensure inter-
organizational and intraorganizational lines of communication
is to set up specific tasks early on. Agencies
should know whom to contact outside of their team for
information and have lines of communication already
established. Once communication to the public takes place, it
will look much more credible coming from many
highly trained sources.
Rule 5: Meet the needs of the media. Know what the media is
interested in. “The media are generally
29. Response
virulent cases of the flu would require the suspected
distinction, without taking into account where the flu
cases were occurring and the life cycle of the sus-
pected illness. Once the H1N1 virus was identified
and the number of confirmed cases reached well into
the hundreds, the more virulent cases of the flu are
now the swine flu pandemic, an obvious and no lon-
ger suspected event. The following list highlights six
paradigms, as described by Dr. Sandman using real
and hypothetical situations:
1. Obvious/Here/Future. Bioterrorists may someday
poison the water supply. Planning now what to
say if it happens is planning for an obvious/here/
now emergency … but what do we say now about
this future possibility?
2. Obvious/Here/Past. Emergencies end. When they
end, the communication about them doesn’t end,
but it does change. What should the postemer-
gency public dialogue look like, and how can you
get ready to conduct it?
30. 3. Obvious/Elsewhere/Now. September 11, 2001, and
the 2002 anthrax attacks soon afterwards were
obvious/here/now for a few emergency managers
in a few cities. Everywhere else they were obvi-
ous/elsewhere/now—and they required a lot of
communication.
4. Suspected/Here/Now. Someone shows up at the
airport with a severe fever. The nearest doctor
thinks it might be Ebola. Various health-protec-
tive steps are initiated and need to be communi-
cated pending a more definitive diagnosis.
5. Suspected/Here/Future. If someone thinks he may
someday face the fourth paradigm, then he faces
this one now. People are likelier to cope well with
the cliffhanging tension of a suspected/here/now
emergency if they were aware in advance that
such a dilemma might well be on its way.
6. Suspected/Here/Past. Some people thought there
were a lot of foreign nationals taking flying les-
sons, but they weren’t sure this was a problem
and they decided not to take action. Now they
have to explain why they underreacted. Others
31. thought a weird case of chickenpox might be
smallpox and did take action, and it was just a
weird case of chickenpox. Now they have to ex-
plain why they overreacted (Sandman, 2002).
Understanding these characteristics of an event
or future event with the potential to impact critical
infrastructure will create risk communication specifi-
cally tailored to the audience; when and where the
event occurred; and situations where an event has not
completely unfolded. The more specific the communi-
cation is, the better chance preparedness officials will
gain the trust and confidence of the public after an
event occurs. While faulty communication will leave
the public fearful and skeptical of the messenger (al-
most always government when critical infrastructure
is involved), utilizing the paradigms will improve risk
communication understanding, skills, and techniques,
ensuring a more robust overall emergency management
strategy.
The Role of the Department of
Homeland Security
32. Critical infrastructure protection, cyber security, and
emergency response initiatives are major components of
the efforts of government agencies at the federal, state,
and local levels. Emergency response planning varies from
state to state and locality to locality, but the federal gov-
ernment has designated the DHS as the lead agency for
policy development for critical infrastructure protection
and emergency response. Within the DHS, an Assistant
Secretary for Cyber Security and Telecommunications is
responsible for identifying and assessing the vulnerability
of critical telecommunications infrastructure and assets;
providing timely, actionable, and valuable threat informa-
tion; and leading the national response to cyber attacks
and telecommunications attacks. The Assistant Secretary
for Infrastructure Protection is charged with cataloging
the nation’s critical infrastructures and key resources and
coordinating risk-based strategies and protective measures
to secure them from terrorist attack.
As the cognizant agency for coordinating federal
activities within the area of infrastructure protection and
information assurance, the DHS has established pro-
grams that address policy and action necessary for the
continued operation of the nation’s critical systems. It’s
through these programs that preparedness and response
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Homeland Security Operations Center
Emergency response personnel are actively engaged
35. in protecting the nation’s infrastructure through
the Department of Homeland Security’s Homeland
Security Operations Center (HSOC), which serves as
the nation’s center for information sharing and domes-
tic incident management. One of the goals of this effort
is to dramatically increase the coordination between
federal, state, territorial, tribal, local, and private-sector
partners, which provide constant watch for the safety
of our nation. The center includes partners from over
thirty-five agencies and receives hundreds of calls in
its effort to collect and fuse information from a variety
of sources on a daily basis to help deter, detect, and
prevent terrorist acts and address approximately twenty
incidents/cases per day. The HSOC is in constant com-
munication with the White House, serving as a conduit
of information for the White House situation room by
providing the intelligence needed to make decisions
and define courses of action. The information gath-
ered and analyzed by the HSOC provides real-time
situational awareness in monitoring the homeland.
This program also coordinates incident and response
activities and issues advisories and bulletins concern-
ing threats, as well as coordinating specific protective
measures. Information on domestic incident manage-
ment is shared with emergency operations centers at
36. all levels through the Homeland Security information
network.
Information is shared and fused on a daily basis by
the two halves of the HSOC that are referred to as the
“intelligence side” and the “law enforcement side.” Each
half of the HSOC functions in conjunction with the other
but requires a different level of clearance to access infor-
mation. The intelligence side focuses on pieces of highly
classified information and how specific details contribute
to the current threat for any given area. The law enforce-
ment side is dedicated to tracking the different enforce-
ment activities across the country that may have a link to
terrorism. These efforts highlight the relationships and
coordination among all levels of government. Without
the cooperation among law enforcement agencies at all
levels, the HSOC would not be effective in its efforts to
thwart terrorist activities.
The HSOC communicates in real time to its part-
ners through the Homeland Security information net-
work’s Internet-based counterterrorism communications
tool. This tool supplies information to all fifty states,
Washington, DC, and more than fifty major urban ar-
eas. Threat information is exchanged with state and
37. local partners to assist in planning and response activi-
ties. Participants in the Homeland Security information
network include governors, mayors, state Homeland
Security advisors, state National Guard offices, emer-
gency operations centers, first responders and public
safety departments, and other key homeland security
partners (DHS, 2009).
The HSOC regularly disseminates domestic terror-
ism-related information generated by the Information
Analysis and Infrastructure Protection Directorate.
Information released by the HSOC comes in one of the
following two forms:
1. Homeland Security threat advisories, which
are the result of information analysis and con-
tain actionable information about an incident
involving or a threat targeting critical national
networks, infrastructures, or key assets. They
often relay newly developed procedures that,
when implemented, significantly improve secu-
rity and protection. Advisories also often suggest
a change in readiness posture, protective actions,
or response.
38. 2. Homeland Security information bulletins are
protection products that communicate infor-
mation of interest to the nation’s critical in-
frastructures that do not meet the timeliness,
specificity, or significance thresholds of warn-
ing messages. Such information may include
statistical reports, periodic summaries, incident
response or reporting guidelines, common
vulnerabilities and patches, and configuration
standards or tools.
In March of 2002, President George W. Bush un-
veiled the Homeland Security Advisory System as
a tool to improve coordination and communication
among all levels of government, the private sector, and
the American public. The advisory system not only iden-
tifies the threat condition, but it also outlines protective
measures that can be taken by partner agencies. The
federal government, states, and the private sector each
have a set of plans and protective measures that are
implemented as the threat condition is raised or low-
ered, thus flexibly mitigating vulnerability to attack. The
HSOC is the distributor of the recommended security
measures to state and local partners when the threat level
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• Perform an initial assessment of the informa-
tion to gauge the terrorist nexus.
• Track operational actions taking place across
the country in response to the intelligence in-
formation.
41. • Disseminate notifications and alerts about the
information and any decisions made.
As information is shared across agencies, HSOC staff
can utilize visualization tools by cross-referencing hu-
man intelligence against geospatial data that can isolate
an area of interest on the earth’s surface. Satellite tech-
nology is then able to transmit pictures of the site in
question directly into the HSOC. This type of geographic
data can be stored to create a library of images that can
be mapped against future threats and shared with our
state and local partners.
The Interagency Incident Management Group
(IIMG) is based in Washington, DC, and is comprised
of senior representatives from DHS, other federal depart-
ments and agencies, and nongovernment organizations.
The IIMG provides strategic situational awareness, syn-
thesizes key intelligence and operational information,
frames courses of action and policy recommendations,
anticipates evolving requirements, and provides decision
support to the Secretary of Homeland Security and other
national authorities during periods of elevated alert and
national domestic incidents.
42. During incidents such as Hurricanes Isabel (2003),
Katrina (2005), Rita (2005), and Wilma (2005); the
December 2003 orange alert; and the Northeast black-
out, the IIMG was activated in less than 90 minutes
and hosted assistant secretary-level members of fed-
eral agencies to provide strategic leadership (DHS,
2009).
Along with the critical infrastructure initiatives al-
ready discussed, the DHS is also focused on improving
cyber security efforts. As discussed earlier in this chapter,
the consequences of an attack on our cyber infrastructure
can cascade across many sectors, causing widespread dis-
ruption of essential services, damaging our economy, and
imperiling public safety.
The speed and maliciousness of cyber attacks have
increased dramatically in recent years. Accordingly, the
preparedness directorate places an especially high pri-
ority on protecting our cyber infrastructure from terror-
ist attack by unifying and focusing key cyber security
activities. The directorate augments the capabilities of
the federal government with the response functions
of the National Cyber Security Division of the United
43. States Computer Emergency Response Team. Due to
the interconnected nature of information and telecom-
munications sectors, DHS will also assume the func-
tions and assets of the national communications system
within the Department of Defense, which coordinates
emergency preparedness for the telecommunications
sector.
Providing indications and warning advisories is a
major function of the DHS’s efforts within cyber secu-
rity. In advance of real-time crisis or attack, prepared-
ness will provide the following:
• Threat warnings and advisories against the
homeland including physical and cyber events.
• Processes to develop and issue national and
sector-specific threat advisories through the
Homeland Security advisory system.
• Terrorist threat information for release to the
public, private industry, or state and local gov-
ernment.
44. Chapter Summary
Given the distributed nature of the nation’s infrastruc-
ture systems, the sharing of information between the
public and private sectors and across the critical infra-
structure sectors is imperative. As discussed previously,
the DHS places a priority on initiatives that emphasize
and facilitate the flow of information, which is crucial
to preventing and responding to a disaster. While DHS
has focused on the area of information sharing, greater
efforts need to be taken to engage the appropriate par-
ticipants. Without coordinated activities at the federal
level, policy makers may be missing crucial informa-
tion in a time of crisis. Data gathered by DHS must be
verified and trustworthy before details are released to
localities, and the communication of threats needs to
be articulated clearly and early in order for appropri-
ate measures to be taken. It is key to remember that
coordination of efforts in the areas of infrastructure
protection and information assurance relies on accurate
and well-communicated details.
Prior to the creation of the DHS, the responsibility
for the nation’s efforts to secure cyber space and protect
critical infrastructures was distributed within a number
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Wrap Up
Chapter Questions
1. Define critical infrastructure.
2. Describe the current national policy that ad-
dresses critical infrastructure protection.
3. List and define at least four threats in the physical
47. and cyber components of the U.S. infrastructure.
4. List and define the seven cardinal rules of risk
communication.
5. What are the roles of the HSOC?
6. Discuss the roles of the IIMG.
Chapter Project
List the critical infrastructure networks in your commu-
nity, identify the key threats to each network, and define
appropriate local protection and response efforts.
Vital Vocabulary
Critical infrastructure Systems and assets, whether
physical or virtual, so vital that the incapacity or de-
struction of such may have a debilitating impact on the
security, economy, public health or safety, environment,
or any combination of these matters, across any federal,
state, regional, territorial, or local jurisdiction.
Homeland Security Advisory System A tool to im-
prove coordination and communication among all levels
48. of government, the private sector, and the American
public that identifies the threat condition and protective
measures that can be taken by partner agencies.
Homeland Security information bulletins Protection
products that communicate information of interest to
the nation’s critical infrastructures that do not meet
the timeliness, specificity, or significance thresholds of
warning messages.
Homeland Security Operations Center (HSOC)
Homeland Security center that serves as the nation’s
center for information sharing and domestic incident
management by enhancing coordination between fed-
eral, state, territorial, tribal, local, and private-sector
partners.
Homeland Security threat advisories Information
analysis and actionable information about an incident
involving or a threat targeting critical national networks,
infrastructures, or key assets.
Interagency Incident Management Group (IIMG)
Senior representatives from DHS, other federal depart-
49. ments and agencies, and nongovernment organizations
to provide strategic situational awareness, synthesize key
intelligence and operational information, frame courses
of action and policy recommendations, anticipate evolv-
ing requirements, and provide decision support to the
secretary of Homeland Security.
Key asset Person, structure, facility, information, mate-
rial, or process that has value.
Key resources Publicly or privately controlled re-
sources essential to minimal operations of the economy
and government.
Network of networks A system that directly supports
the following operations within all sectors of the nation’s
economy: energy (electricity, oil, gas), transportation
(rail, air), finance and banking, telecommunications,
public health, emergency services, water, chemical, de-
fense, food, agriculture, and postal.
Risk communication Communicating disaster pre-
paredness information and mitigation strategies to the
public in order to minimize the potential effects of an
event before said event occurs.
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Planning for Terrorism
Hank T. Christen
Paul M. Maniscalco
• Describe planning as a front-end concept.
• Recognize the importance of incorporating terrorism in an
emergency operations plan (EOP).
• Outline the key National Incident Management System (NIMS)
and National Response Framework (NRF)
elements in an EOP.
55. ceived as action oriented. We picture quick and ag-
gressive operations and tactics. This idea is hopefully
accurate in a well-organized response. However, effec-
tive tactical and strategic actions cannot occur without
planning.
Advanced planning is a front-end concept. This
means that for positive outcomes at the back end, we
must heavily load the front end. It is simply impossible
to dynamically deploy in a terrorism incident and be
successful without planning.
A front-end plan is different than a reference guide.
Many disaster plans are kept in a 2-inch thick binder
that includes radio frequencies, names and addresses,
lists of vehicles, units, and descriptions of resources.
These guides are important for reference information,
but they are not documents that yield tactical guidelines
in the heat of battle. There is nothing wrong with refer-
ence information—it is important, but it’s not a plan
that guides you through the critical steps of a disaster
or terrorism incident.
An effective plan is an easy-to-read template and
framework that benchmarks the critical factors of a dy-
56. namic event; the plan identifies operations and support
functions that complement operations. In other words,
the plan is a NIMS guide. It is important to remember
that all plans suffer from a common deficiency. Namely,
plans do not incorporate unexpected events. Plans ad-
dress only expected or anticipated events. Unexpected
events require a high-reliability organizing hallmark
called resilience. Resilience is the ability to bounce back
or recover from unexpected events. For example, the
U.S. Postal Service had no plan for responding to mailed
anthrax attacks. They were resilient and rewrote plans in
a dynamic and unexpected environment. In summary,
effective plans are a necessity but not the holy grail;
expect plans to fail sometimes.
The NIMS and the NRF—Templates
for Planning
Effective plans guide you through the NIMS functions
and the NRF structure. The NIMS (Chapter 2) and the
NRF (Chapter 3) are templates for response planning.
This means all emergency response activities are man-
aged by a command/unified staff and involve operations,
logistics, planning, and administration/finance. It makes
sense to use the NIMS and NRF models when developing
57. effective operational plans.
An emergency operations plan (EOP) for terrorism
incidents should identify key elements such as:
• Command or unified command staff
• Operations
• Logistics and multiagency coordination
systems (MACS)
• Planning
• Administration/finance
• Liaison with state, federal, nongovernment,
and private-sector agencies
• Information management
• Public information
• Safety
Who Is in Charge?
Command turf wars have no place in terrorism incidents.
Emergency response agencies and policy officials have
to formally determine who will manage what type of
event. This may be a difficult process. Federal and state
58. agencies have elaborate plans and statutes that identify
who manages the incident, but their response may take
hours or days. Local responders are always the first to
arrive and the last to leave a terrorism incident.
If an event meets the federal definition of terror-
ism, federal agencies will have jurisdiction. In accor-
dance with the NRF, the Department of Justice is the
lead agency. The Department of Homeland Security
(DHS) coordinates response activities. Coordinate is the
key word because DHS is not a first-responder entity.
This means local communities must establish scene man-
agement immediately and maintain command with a
common operational picture throughout the incident.
A critical step is determining who is in charge. In most
local governments, the responsibility of scene manage-
ment in terrorism incidents rests with the ranking law
enforcement official. However, terrorism incidents are
complex and require a number of agencies. This means
the incident will likely involve a large EMS and fire/
rescue response—possibly public health and public
works—with the appropriate command responsibili-
ties and challenges.
One solution is a single-agency incident commander,
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command. A unified command team is utilized when
multiple agencies and/or disciplines have jurisdiction in
a complex incident. Consider a bombing with a building
collapse and mass casualties—clearly there are major
EMS, fire/rescue, and law-enforcement operations that
must effectively coordinate. In this case, a command post
with a unified EMS/fire/law enforcement management
team is the solution (FIGURE 5-1).
Unified command requires that all managers be lo-
cated in the same area (a command post, vehicle, or an
emergency operations center) to share information and
61. maintain a common operational picture. The planning
section guides this process with effective status displays,
resource tracking, and comprehensive interagency ac-
tion plans. Separate command posts for each major
agency are not a workable solution because separated
agencies and jurisdictions tend to freelance with poor
interagency coordination. Unified command does not
begin in the heat of battle—it starts with effective plan-
ning well before a terrorism incident. The responsibility
of each agency must be specifically defined and written.
Emergency management facilitates the formal develop-
ment of unified command through the local compre-
hensive EOP.
In many ways, the informal development of unified
command is more significant than the formal process.
Managers must get to know each other. The corporate
world uses the term networking. It means that various
agency managers initiate mutual support by breaking
bread and sharing coffee—this informal process is the first
step in building trust (FIGURE 5-2). A community disaster
committee is an excellent vehicle to schedule quarterly
meetings where mutual incident command issues are
discussed and agency heads develop mutual trust. Joint
62. training exercises also facilitate interagency networking.
Managers cannot meet each other for the first time in a
major incident and expect to coordinate effectively.
Operations
The EOP must identify operations agencies in the local/
regional area that are trained and equipped to handle
specific operational problems. Obviously, EMS, fire,
public health, and law enforcement have clearly defined
and visible tasks. However, terrorism incidents present
unique resource management and operational problems.
Many of these issues require special teams that may not
be available within the immediate area. Special terrorism
operational requirements include the following:
1. Heavily armed tactical teams to combat terrorists
with automatic weapons.
2. Hazardous materials teams equipped to detect,
penetrate, and decontaminate radiological inci-
dents.
3. EMS teams with protective equipment that triage,
treat, and transport large numbers of victims.
63. 4. A decontamination unit that decontaminates hun-
dreds of victims in a chemical attack.
5. A public health unit that detects and tracks mass
disease victims (medical surveillance/epidemiol-
ogy) in a biological attack.
6. Search and rescue teams for structural collapse
incidents.
7. Cyber forensics teams.FIGURE 5-1 A command post should
be coordinated by a unified EMS/fire/
law enforcement management team.
FIGURE 5-2 The informal process of building trust with
colleagues or
networking.
An essential step in consequence management plan-
ning is to determine who will be in charge.
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65. 62 Homeland Security: Principles and Practice of Terrorism
Response
These scenarios are not common incidents. At the
time of this writing, few cities in the United States have
the capability of managing all of these events. If special
teams are not locally available, the plan must identify
other sources. These resources include federal response
teams, military units, state and regional agencies, and
private-sector resources.
In reality, no single local government can afford all
the anticipated resources. However, an effective threat
assessment and planning process reveals areas of vulner-
ability and identifies possible operational units capable
of threat response.
Resource Management
Terrorism incidents are often destructive because
resources—personnel, equipment, and supplies—
are consumed faster than they are replaced. A small
bombing with few casualties is manageable, but a
66. major terrorism or disaster incident rapidly depletes
responders, vehicles, supplies, medications, and hos-
pital beds. Examples of critical needs in terrorism in-
cidents are:
• Emergency responders
• Weapons/crime scene supplies
• EMS units
• Personal protective equipment (ensembles and
breathing equipment)
• Medical supplies and equipment
• Emergency Department/surgical facilities
• Detection and decontamination equipment
• Vehicles/aircraft
• Medical laboratories
• Medications/antidotes (pharmaceutical cache)
• Communications
In long-duration incidents, there is an added de-
mand for crew rehabilitation, food/water, sleeping
facilities, and sanitation measures. An effective plan ad-
dresses these resource and logistics management issues.
The plan is based on the correct assumption that first
response resources are immediately depleted. Resources
67. that support the previous problem areas are outlined in
the plan. There are several solutions for critical logistics
needs such as:
1. Logistics caches for regional support, such as a
decontamination cache of washing supplies, pro-
tective equipment, and 100 ensembles.
2. Mutual aid agreements with local, state, and fed-
eral agencies or jurisdictions.
3. A MACS to complement incident logistics activi-
ties.
4. Military support including a memorandum of un-
derstanding with local military installations and
state National Guard units for critical personnel
or equipment.
5. Private contracting, such as an agreement with
a chemical spill response company to provide
chemical spill control or radiation equipment.
6. State/federal support, such as procedures for re-
questing state and federal logistical support; and
68. a nationwide pharmaceutical cache system.
Logistics caches must be packaged and stored for
rapid deployment. A logistics trailer or truck is recom-
mended. In rural systems, supplies can be stored in plas-
tic containers for immediate loading on vehicles. Caches
should not be stored in closets or back rooms where they
gather dust. Supplies should be accessible, packaged,
and maintained in good condition for utilization in high-
impact, low-frequency incidents (FIGURE 5-3).
Cost and quantities are challenging issues—how
much should be bought and what is affordable? The
history of the local area and the political climate greatly
influence the financial commitment. A selling point is
that equipment caches are resources for all hazards—not
just terrorism. The question of quantities is complex—
there is no formula based on population or threat as-
sessment to determine how much protective equipment
or how many body bags or atropine injections a com-
munity needs. It seems obvious that high-threat urban
areas need the largest caches, but what about a small
college town that has a football stadium with 50,000
fans on Saturdays in autumn? Again, there is no defini-
tive answer. In some areas of the country, communi-
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At a minimum, there should be enough medica-
tions and protective equipment for first responders and
mutual aid personnel. This sounds self-serving, but the
logic is irrefutable. Responders must protect themselves
to ensure survivability. Key resource management points
are as follows:
71. 1. Resource management takes planning.
2. Equipment and supplies must be transferred
quickly to a scene.
3. Logistics caches must be accessible and main-
tained.
4. Budgets and political realities will always be re-
source management issues.
5. Estimates of resource quantities are at best a
semieducated guess.
6. Responders need certified protective equipment.
Administration
Administrative functions are omitted from most emer-
gency plans. In normal operations, individual agen-
cies take care of the usual administrative duties such
as finance/purchasing, workman’s compensation, and
payroll records. During major disasters, administrative
requirements escalate—normal administration is no
longer suitable. For example, purchasing and contract-
72. ing in the middle of the night or tracking personnel
from state and national agencies are functions that local
agency administrative personnel have not experienced.
Many responders do not consider fiscal accountability
until issues arise for expenditures that may exceed $1
million per day. To summarize, consider and plan for
the administration and financial challenges of a major
terrorism incident.
Comprehensive Planning
The EOP is usually developed and maintained by the
local emergency management agency, an interagency
disaster committee, or both. An effective emergency
manager plays a coordinating role in bringing competing
agencies together and implementing the EOP. Response
and support agency managers should participate in the
EOP development. The document should be formal and
approved as indicated by appropriate signatures. When
conflicts arise, the EOP serves as a template to remind
participants of their responsibilities.
The EOP should establish the position of planning
section chief for disasters and terrorism incidents. The
73. planning section chief is responsible for developing the
IAP, conducting planning briefings, and supervising the
resource, situation, documentation, and demobilization
units along with technical advisors (refer to Chapter 2).
EOP Summary
The EOP is a comprehensive plan (sometimes called a
comprehensive emergency management plan) that uses
the NIMS and the NRF as templates to establish an in-
teragency plan for terrorism incidents. The key steps in
the implementation phase of an EOP are:
1. Coordinate with local/regional response agencies.
2. Assign EOP responsibility to emergency manage-
ment or a disaster committee.
3. Conduct a community terrorism threat assess-
ment.
4. Identify operational and resource needs based on
the threat assessment.
5. Produce a formal document signed by cooperat-
74. ing agency managers.
6. Perceive the EOP as an evolving document that
is always a work in progress.
7. Test the EOP in exercises and revise the plan
based on lessons learned.
The EOP key elements:
1. Specify who is in charge.
2. Make provisions for unified command in complex
incidents.
3. Establish a command staff for public information,
safety, and liaison.
4. Establish an operations section and identify op-
erations agencies.
5. Establish a logistics section for resource manage-
ment and logistics requirements.
6. Establish a planning section.
7. Establish an administration/finance section.
8. Conduct comprehensive NIMS training for all
77. nel from other support agencies or mutual aid agencies
and train them on their operational responsibilities per
the NIMS. This is especially significant in locales that
have inadequate staffing.
The Incident Action Plan
An incident action plan (IAP) is a plan of objectives
for implementing an overall incident strategy. The IAP
is a tactical plan for an operational period. Unlike the
EOP, the IAP is related to a specific incident and a set of
dynamic circumstances. The EOP is reference oriented,
whereas the IAP is action oriented.
On routine incidents or small mass casualty events,
the incident commander follows a protocol without a
written plan. Planning is on the fly with the aid of a quick
checklist. Major incidents need a formal IAP because esca-
lating and dynamic variables require increased resources
over an extended time period. Major incidents may geo-
graphically expand, requiring several divisions. Incidents
of this nature present major planning problems, including
the fact that incident or unified commanders cannot keep
all of the strategies in their heads. No single individual
can plan all the strategies without consultation and help.
78. Written documents are needed to clarify and convey the
strategies, objectives, and assignments to others.
The solution is a formalized IAP. When do you go
formal? is a valid question. In short-duration incidents
usually lasting less than one operational period, a verbal
and informal plan suffices. When an incident progresses
beyond an 8-hour operational period, a written plan is
prepared, briefed, and distributed to operational shifts.
This is especially important if 24-hour operations are
continued. If night operations are scaled down, a daily
briefing is adequate.
The development of an 8-hour or daily IAP is de-
manding for the planning section chief. Fortunately,
there is a nationally accepted format developed by the
National Wildfire Coordinating Group. This format
has been adopted by NIMS for all-hazard incidents,
including terrorism events. There are several forms
associated with the IAP that serve as checklists, com-
pleted by the appropriate supervisor, and this greatly
eases the IAP process. ICS forms are available via the
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) ICS
resource center, http://training.fema.gov/EM/Web/IS/
ICSResource/ICSResCntr_Forms.htm. The forms, listed
79. next, address critical planning areas.
1. ICS 202, Incident Objectives—includes basic
strategy/objectives for the overall incident and
includes critical areas such as safety concerns and
forecasted weather.
2. ICS 203, Organizational Assignment List—
includes operations sections with all branch di-
rectors and division/group supervisors; includes
logistics section, planning section, and finance
(administration) section with the respective units
for each section.
3. ICS 204, Division Assignment List—a list for each
branch (operations), divisions assigned to each
branch, division managers, and units assigned to
each division.
4. ICS 205, Incident Radio Communications Plan—
lists administrative frequencies, operations fre-
quencies, and tactical channels; lists telephone
numbers for managers and key agencies; and
specifies an overall communications plan, in-
80. cluding secondary and tertiary communications
networks.
5. ICS 206, Medical Plan—formalizes medical sup-
port for overhead team and on-scene responders;
includes nearest hospitals, medical frequencies,
and a roster of EMS units. Note: In mass casualty
incidents, medical operations are delineated in
ICS 204 relating to organizational assignments
and division assignments.
6. ICS 220, Air Operations Summary Worksheet—
lists all air units, air objectives, frequencies, and
assignments.
7. Incident Map—a map, computer graphic, or
aerial photo depicting the incident area.
8. Safety Plan—safety objectives and hazard warn-
ings (prepared by the safety officer).
The formal IAP is not as overwhelming as it may
appear. First, the forms serve as a checklist using fill-in-
the-blank or electronic forms. Second, the IAP is a joint
effort—the incident commander, operations, planning
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The IAP Briefing Cycle
In long-duration incidents, the IAP is presented during
a formal briefing every 8, 12, or 24 hours. This is called
a planning briefing cycle. The nature of the incident
dictates the length of a shift, which is typically 12 hours
83. in length. Some morning events use an 8-hour briefing
cycle (at shift changes) or a 24-hour briefing cycle when
there are diminished night operations. Effective plan-
ning section chiefs (like effective logistics section chiefs)
complement and support the actions and decisions of
incident commanders.
The briefing is a very important formal process.
The briefing must be concise and short in duration—an
average briefing of 30 minutes or less is desirable. All
section-level and division-level managers, along with
appropriate unit leaders, should attend the briefing—a
50-person audience or more is not unusual in a com-
plex event. The IAP is presented by the planning section
chief and includes briefings by other specialists such
as weather, safety, and technical experts. The technical
experts specialize in the medical, radiological, and bio-
weapons fields, etc.
Copies of the IAP are distributed to each attendee.
An IAP may be ten pages in length in a major disaster
or terrorism incident. The IAP copies are a reference for
all managers, especially the sections on communications
frequencies, unit assignments, and safety procedures.
84. The National Wildfire Coordinating Group publishes
the formal planning guidelines in the Fireline Handbook.
The California FIRESCOPE Field Operations Guide con-
tains similar material. These documents are specific to
wildland firefighting, but the guidelines are adaptable
to nonfire disciplines. In a 12-hour briefing cycle, IAP
preparation progresses as follows:
1. Shift change—receive field observations; 1 hour.
2. Prepare for planning meeting; 1 hour.
3. Planning meeting with management staff, section
chiefs, agency representatives; 1 hour.
4. Prepare IAP; 4 hours.
5. Finalize IAP; 2 hours.
6. Prepare for operations briefing; 1 hour.
7. Briefing of management staff, section chiefs,
branch/division/unit supervisors; 1 hour.
8. Finalize reports; 1 hour.
The briefing cycle is a flexible guide that can be
shortened or lengthened as appropriate.
To demonstrate the use of an EOP and informal and
85. formal IAPs, consider the scenario in the accompanying
case study.
CASE STUDY
It is 09:30 hours in Denney City, California. There is an
explosion originating from a parked van on Center
Street. One person is killed, 14 people are injured, and windows
are shattered throughout the block.
A law enforcement unit arrives at 09:32; fire/rescue and EMS
units arrive at 09:35. At 09:41, there is
a massive explosion in a complex of government buildings
immediately adjacent to the van explosion site.
Many of the first responders are injured. A five-story building
collapses (estimated occupancy of 500 people).
The major trauma center next to the building is heavily
damaged; there are multiple injuries in the hospital
from flying glass.
The EOP
The Denney City EOP has several sections directly related to an
explosives attack on building complexes based
on the history of the Oklahoma City and World Trade Center
bombings and a local emergency management
threat assessment. Key response agencies immediately consult
86. checklists based on elements of the EOP.
Critical agency managers, as well as the state operations center,
are immediately notified. The EOP is based
on the NIMS and the NRF and identifies several critical areas,
including the following:
• Command—A unified command team is specified, with unified
command among law enforcement, EMS,
and fire/rescue.
• Operations—The three critical operations branches are law
enforcement, fire/rescue, and EMS. The EOP
lists state/federal law enforcement mutual aid assets, procedures
for fire mutual aid, urban search and
rescue teams, regional medical response, and the activation of a
disaster medical assistance team.
• Logistics—The resource management plan establishes a MACS
at the EOC and lists resources for scene
control, vehicles, lighting, generators, back-up communications,
fuel, emergency food, construction
equipment, and lumber for shoring.
The IAP must be developed with a briefing cycle ap-
propriate for the incident.
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66 Homeland Security: Principles and Practice of Terrorism
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Chapter Summary
Planning for terrorism is a front-end concept. For a
successful tactical outcome on the back end, effective
planning must occur at the front end. The model of
an effective EOP is the NIMS and the NRF. The EOP
addresses the key NIMS functions of command staff,
operations, logistics, planning, and administration/
finance. The command component identifies who is
in charge and recognizes the concept of unified man-
agement. The operations section identifies operations
agencies/teams based on an emergency management threat
assessment.
Terrorism incidents and disasters consume resources
89. rapidly. The logistics section of an EOP must identify lo-
gistics needs and agencies or organizations that provide
the appropriate people, supplies, and equipment. In a
major event, logistical support may be regional, state,
CASE STUDY (Continued)
• Administration/finance—Specifies that expenditures, claims,
and worker’s compensation issues be
tracked and establishes the city purchasing director as the
supervisor of expenditures.
• Planning—Establishes the activation of the EOC by emergency
management and the establishment of a
fully staffed planning section if the incident becomes
protracted, including a resource unit and a
situation unit.
The Informal IAP
Managers begin arriving and command is formally transferred
from the first arriving engine company of-
ficer to a fire battalion chief. It is apparent that a major incident
is in progress. A police captain and the
battalion chief establish a command post four blocks from the
incident. An informal IAP is developed in
90. minutes by identifying critical factors. This plan is
communicated verbally and by radio to response man-
agers and units. The key elements are:
1. All units search their operational and staging areas for
possible secondary devices.
2. The following three divisions are established: collapse
division, Center Street division (including the van
explosion), and trauma center division (the EOP never
addressed the loss of the trauma center).
3. A reconnaissance group is established to assess damage on all
sides of the original explosion.
4. Immediate control of the scene perimeter is established by
law enforcement.
5. Appropriate EMS, law enforcement, and fire units are
assigned to groups/divisions.
6. Triage, treatment, and transport of mass casualty incident
victims throughout the incident area
are addressed.
New problems include an area power failure and the loss of the
91. downtown communications repeater. There
is also disturbing information that many victims appear to have
chemical injuries—a combination explosive/
chemical attack is suspected. As these problems evolve, the IAP
is revised accordingly.
The unified command team becomes aware in the first hour that
this is a complex, long-duration incident.
As a result, they request a preestablished management team for
full staffing of NIMS/ICS positions. This
management team is comprised of NIMS-certified personnel
from a multitude of local and state response
agencies.
Day Two—The Formal IAP
The planning section, in coordination with the unified command
team and the logistics and operations section
chiefs, develops the IAP. Emergency management maintains a
MAC. The formal action plan is developed us-
ing a laptop computer and ICS forms 202–206. Copies are made
for each member of the management team
and all branch directors and division/group supervisors.
The second day also dawns with the arrival of federal
assistance. The Federal Bureau of Investigation
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FIGURE 5-4 Incident action plan overview example.
INCIDENT OBJECTIVES 1. INCIDENT NAME
Denney City explosion
2. DATE PREPARED
94. 3/1/2010
3. TIME PREPARED
05:37
4. OPERATIONAL PERIOD (DATE/TIME) 08:00 to 20:00
5. GENERAL CONTROL OBJECTIVES FOR THE INCIDENT
(INCLUDE ALTERNATIVES)
Scene control entry/exit
Detailed secondary search
Evidence recovery and preservation
Chemical detection and decontamination
Heavy rescue
Equip and reopen trauma center
6. WEATHER FORECAST FOR OPERATIONAL PERIOD
Heavy fog restricting visibility to 10:30
Wind light from 270 deg.
50% chance rain from 17:00 to 19:00
7. GENERAL/SAFETY MESSAGE
Type of chemical(s) not confirmed in collapse area; treat entire
area as hot zone.
Full PPE required in hot zones
95. Bio precautions for all divisions
Possible nondetonated explosives; possible secondary devices
Lightning in afternoon thunderstorms
8. ATTACHMENTS (X IF ATTACHED)
• ORGANIZATION LIST (ICS 203) XXX INCIDENT MAPS (2)
Safety Message XXX
• DIVISION ASSIGNMENT LIST (ICS 204) XXX TRAFFIC
PLAN Homestead Map
• COMMUNICATIONS PLAN (ICS 205) XXX Air Operations
Structural Fire Plan
• Summary (ICS 220) XXX
• MEDICAL PLAN (ICS 206) XXX
202 ICS 9. PREPARED BY (PLANNING SECTION CHIEF)
James
10. APPROVED BY (INCIDENT COMMANDER)
Colby
MEDICAL PLAN 1. INCIDENT NAME
Denney City
explosion
96. 2. DATE
PREPARED
3/1/2010
3. TIME
PREPARED
06:30
4. OPERATIONAL PERIOD
08:00 to 20:00
5. INCIDENT MEDICAL AID STATIONS
MEDICAL AID STATIONS LOCATION
CONTACT THROUGH DISPATCH
PARAMEDICS
YES NO
Pratt treatment group 123 Pratt St. XXX
Center St. treatment group 704 Center St. XXX
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68 Homeland Security: Principles and Practice of Terrorism
Response
or federal and coordinated by a MACS. Critical logistics
requires logistics caches (push logistics) that are quickly
deployed to a scene.
An EOP also identifies an administration section and
a planning section. The administration section includes a
time unit, a procurement unit, and a compensation unit.
The planning section consists of a resource unit, situa-
tion unit, and mobilization/demobilization unit. An EOP
is a reference tool, and not a tactical guide. Terrorism
incidents are extremely dynamic where critical events
change in seconds or minutes. In the fog of “combat,” the
incident commander develops an informal and verbal
99. IAP. The informal plan should be followed by a formal
IAP if the incident is significant and/or longer in duration
than a quick-response incident.
A long-duration incident (longer than a day) requires
a written IAP developed by the planning section chief in
coordination with the incident commander and other sec-
tion chiefs. The National Wildfire Coordinating Group has
developed forms for the IAP. The forms serve as a checklist
for organizing the event. All section groups and divisions
are given a daily briefing along with copies of the IAP.
FIGURE 5-4 (Continued)
6. TRANSPORTATION
A. AMBULANCE SERVICES
NAME ADDRESS PHONE PARAMEDICS
YES NO
Denney City EMS/
mutual aid
Citywide 754 Main Ave. 555-2376 XXX
100. Johnson Co. EMS County-wide 117 Wilson St. 555-2311 XXX
B. INCIDENT AMBULANCES
NAME LOCATION PARAMEDICS
YES NO
Orange Co. 62, 64, 17, 28 Trauma center XXX
Denney City EMS 2, 4,
6, 9
Center St. XXX
Johnson Co. medic 4,
5, 8, 12
Hazardous materials operations—Center St. XXX
7. HOSPITAL NAME ADDRESS TRAVEL
TIME
(Hr)
101. PHONE HELIPAD BURN CENTER
AIR GRD YES NO YES NO
Sim City Trauma Center 123 Pratt St. N/A 1 555-2624 XXX
Baptist Hospital 2766 Mullen Dr. 10 30 555-4555 XXX
Mount Sinai 1749 125th Ave. 5 15 555-4002 XXX X
8. MEDICAL EMERGENCY PROCEDURES
All pediatric victims to Baptist; burn victims to Mount Sinai
All divisions have EMS coverage—requests for additional EMS
medical branch directors
206 ICS
8/78
9. PREPARED BY (MEDICAL UNIT LEADER)
Christen
10. REVIEWED BY (SAFETY OFFICER)
Maniscalco
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Wrap Up
Chapter Questions
1. Define the front-end concept of planning.
2. What are the key elements in the NIMS, and how
do they relate to planning?
3. What are the key elements in the NRF, and how
do they relate to planning?
4. Why is administration important in a long-dura-
tion terrorism incident?
5. What are the key steps in the implementation of
104. an EOP?
6. What are the key elements in an EOP?
7. What factors determine if an IAP is formal or in-
formal?
8. Define an IAP briefing cycle. What are the related
steps in the cycle?
Chapter Project I
Obtain an after-action report of a major incident in your
community or state. Based on the incident report, de-
velop an IAP for the incident by using ICS forms 202
and 206 (pages 8–10). Establish NIMS sections and use
the branch/division concept.
Chapter Project II
You have been appointed as the emergency manager in
your community. Your elation is short lived when you
find out your first assignment is to develop an EOP.
Develop a community EOP by observing the following
principles:
105. • Obtain a realistic threat assessment or design a
hypothetical threat assessment.
• Identify key operations agencies.
• Determine who will be the incident manager in
various types of incidents.
• Identify resource entities at a local and regional
level.
• Identify sources of support personnel and sup-
port agencies.
Vital Vocabulary
Emergency operations plan (EOP) A comprehensive
interagency and interdisciplinary plan identifying the
key elements of the terrorism response continuum using
the NIMS and NRF as templates.
Front-end plan Planning for anticipated incidents
rather than waiting for an incident to occur before de-
veloping a plan.
106. Incident action plan (IAP) A plan that contains objec-
tives that reflect the incident strategy and specific control
actions for the current or next operational period. An
IAP is verbal in the early stages of an incident.
Multiagency coordination system (MACS) A sys-
tem of coordinated entities and off-scene resource
processes organized as a full-scale logistics system to
support the resource requirements of single or mul-
tiple incidents in a local area or region. Entities in the
MACS include government agencies, nongovernment
agencies, volunteer organizations, and private-sector
resources.
Networking A process (formal and informal) of col-
laboration and relationship building leading to trust
and mutual support between individuals, agencies, and
organizations.
Planning briefing cycle An 8-, 12-, or 24-hour cycle
encompassing the development of the IAP and the con-
duct of an IAP briefing by the planning section chief in
collaboration with the incident commander.
Resilience The organizational elasticity to bounce back
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Terrorism Response Procedures
Hank T. Christen
Paul M. Maniscalco
• Define convergent responders and discuss how convergent
responder agencies relate to first responders.
• Discuss the critical importance of scene awareness in a
dynamic terrorism incident.
• List and describe the on-scene complications present in a
112. Response to an emergency is a routine function of public
safety agencies. Thousands of times each day around the
world, EMS, fire, rescue, and law enforcement agencies
respond and effectively handle a myriad of incidents.
However, no terrorism incident is an average or ordinary
incident. Initial responders are confronted with unfa-
miliar, unpredictable, and unsafe scenes. There is often
a combined mass casualty incident, rescue, hazardous
materials incident, and crime scene scenario. No matter
how global an incident becomes, it starts with conver-
gent responders trying to assist (more on this in later
paragraphs) and first responders being overwhelmed
upon arrival at the scene.
While many emergency scenarios share some similar
characteristics and response demands, none are routine,
and all pose complex and confusing environments for
the arriving emergency responders. Consider the follow-
ing cases of terrorism incidents:
• Virginia Tech University (2007)—A single
student shot and killed 31 students and teach-
ers and wounded 17 others at multiple loca-
tions on the Virginia Tech campus.
113. • Mumbai, India (2008)—A planned and coor-
dinated attack by at least nine Islamic extrem-
ist gunmen killed a total of 164 people and
injured 308 people. The attack took place in
at least ten locations and involved a combina-
tion of automatic weapons, hand grenades, and
bombs. A major fire was set at the Taj Mahal
hotel during the attack. The terrorists were
eventually killed by Indian security forces.
Similar attacks on Pakistani police stations oc-
curred in 2009.
• Geneva, Alabama (2009)—A lone, heavily
armed gunman attacked his family and co-
workers in four separate locations in southeast-
ern Alabama before killing himself. He began
by killing his mother and setting her house on
fire. There was a total of 11 dead, including a
small child.
• Oakland, California and Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania (2009)—Within a 10-day
period, four police officers were killed in
Oakland and three police officers were killed in
114. Pittsburgh. Both cases involved a single
gunman.
• Binghamton, New York (2009)—A heavily
armed gunman entered the American Civic
Association where foreign immigrants were
taking were taking a test for U.S. citizenship.
He killed 13 people before turning a gun on
himself. Four people were wounded. No emer-
gency responders were injured.
• Fort Hood, Texas (2009)—A single gunman
with an automatic handgun opened fire on
U.S. Army soldiers and civilians at a process-
ing facility for personnel deploying to Iraq.
Thirteen people were killed and 29 people were
wounded. The alleged perpetrator, an army
psychiatrist, was engaged by police officers and
seriously wounded.
ABC News reported that there have been 50 mass
shootings in the United States in a time period from the
Virginia Tech incident to the mass killings in Binghamton.
Collectively, these incidents share certain common de-
115. nominators. Entire communities were terrorized. In each
incident, local emergency response resources were se-
verely stressed and initially overwhelmed. Law enforce-
ment officers were killed or wounded in several cases.
The initial response was quickly followed by intense na-
tional media exposure. The Mumbai incident was terror-
ism related because of the political nature of the attacks.
In the other cases, individuals had differing motives,
but used extreme violence to accomplish their goals.
Ultimately, in each case, fire, emergency medical, and
law enforcement agencies needed a robust emergency
response plan and effective incident command system
(ICS) to manage the incidents successfully.
First responders manage an incident for hours or
possibly a day before state and federal resources arrive
to support the local effort. Reliance upon state or federal
assets as initial responders is unwise because regional,
state, and federal resources often have extended response
times. The time it takes for these resources to arrive
at most emergencies creates a vast disadvantage that
may result in great detriment to the responders, victims,
and the community. Clearly, it is in the best interests of
policy officials and emergency planners to ensure that
local personnel and jurisdictions are capable of mount-
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the outcomes. Fire, EMS, and law enforcement officers
are known as first responders, but they almost never ar-
rive first; convergent responders usually arrive first, and
first responders usually arrive second.
118. Many response professionals perceive convergent
responders in a negative light. Convergent responders
are viewed as undisciplined and in the way. This percep-
tion is often inaccurate. In many disaster and terrorism
incidents, video footage shows convergent responders
digging victims out of rubble, manning hose lines, or
rendering first aid to victims (FIGURE 6-1). Convergent
responders are the people who call 911 to report a ter-
rorism incident and provide vital incident information to
the 911 operator or dispatcher. This information is often
conflicting and sometimes hysterical, but multiple calls
paint an initial picture that is important for determining
the nature of an incident and the level of response.
Realistically, convergent responders can become
victims and create a crowd, and they may hinder initial
response efforts. On the surface, it appears that the good
and the bad aspects of convergent responders are beyond
control. This is not the case. First responder agencies
are often unaware that many convergent responders are
from organized and disciplined entities. At any moment,
a local street may have potential convergent agencies,
companies, or individuals performing work assignments.
These organizations include:
119. 1. Utility crews such as power, gas, telephone, and
cable crews
2. Postal workers and express delivery services (like
FedEx or UPS) workers
3. Meter readers and inspectors
4. Transit authority, school bus and taxi drivers
5. Public works crews
6. Social workers or probation officers
7. Private security agents
8. Real estate agents
9. Crime watch and neighborhood watch volunteers
Many of these people are in radio-equipped vehi-
cles or have cellular telephones and provide early and
accurate reports of a suspicious scene or a terrorism
incident in progress. Festivals, events, and public as-
sembly buildings have security guards, ushers, ticket
takers, and concession workers who are employees of
formal organizations.
With training, convergent agencies are a positive ini-
tial response component. The level of training is similar
120. to the hazardous materials awareness model. Members
of convergent agencies are exposed to basic awareness
material in the following subject areas:
• A brief overview of terrorism history and local
threats
• Recognition of potential threats such as suspi-
cious people, weapons, or devices
• Procedures for reporting an incident and the
critical information needed by 911 communi-
cations
• Safe scene control and personal safety
• Basic first aid techniques
While it may not be practical to conduct awareness
training for most of the public, adoption of the com-
munity emergency response team (CERT) initiative
and online NIMS training is a mechanism to acquaint
members of the community with an awareness of emer-
gency actions and their roles at an incident.
It is feasible to identify agencies that are possible
121. convergent responders, solicit their participation, and
assist them with basic awareness training. This con-
cept is similar to CERT programs or law enforcement
agency training programs for developing volunteer
crime/neighborhood watch organizations. Convergent
responders are a viable force that the emergency ser-
vice community needs to collaborate with because
convergent responders usually arrive at an emergency
incident first.
Scene Awareness
A terrorism incident is a dynamic and unstable scene.
The area is a hot zone that may include chemical/bio-
logical/radiological hazards, individuals firing weapons
(on both sides), explosive devices, secondary devices
or booby traps, fires, collapsed structures, and multiple
FIGURE 6-1 Arlington, Va. (September 11, 2001): Medical
personnel and
convergent responders work the first medical triage area set up
outside
the Pentagon after a hijacked commercial airliner crashed into
the south-
west corner of the building.
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74 Homeland Security: Principles and Practice of Terrorism
Response
injured victims screaming for assistance. Timewise, first
responders arrive when the incident is starting (stum-
bling into a minefield), when it is already over (some-
times responders are lucky), or somewhere in between
(usually the case).
Scene awareness principles begin before the re-
sponse to any incident (routine or terrorism). Familiarity
with the neighborhood, the surroundings, and the vio-
lence history of the area is important. Does the area
have a gang history? Are special events being held? Is
the stadium full or empty? Is there recent unrest such
as political protests or union/labor issues? Are special
religious ceremonies being held? These questions only
scratch the surface of information that response agencies
must consider before the 911 call. In fact, this type of
124. information (intelligence) should be obtained pre-event
if possible and incorporated into an organization’s intel-
ligence fusion and preincident response plans.
During an emergency response, scene awareness is
critical because terrorism 911 calls seldom provide ac-
curate descriptions of incidents. An incident dispatched
as a single shooting might evolve into a mass shooting
with automatic weapons. A suspicious package report
can become a pipe bomb explosion, and a report of
respiratory distress at a stadium evolves into a chemical
release with contamination and mass casualties.
While en route, responders should consider the
possibility that the scene is far worse than the initial
information. Key preresponse knowledge must be
mentally replayed. For example, when responding
to a high-profile facility for an unknown medical situ-
ation, responders should expect more than a simple
medical patient. Radio traffic must be closely monitored
because responders cannot afford to miss additional
information about scene conditions. Local protocol
must emphasize that new information be immediately
forwarded to all responding units. Radio traffic from
convergent responder agencies and other emergency