MENTAL HEALTH PROBLEMS BY CHANDAN SAH Neurosis and pyschosis Depression Schizophrenia Prevention level of mental health problems Currently evidence of mental health problems Causes of mental health problems Classification of mental health problems Difference between neurosis and pyschosis Chandan Kumar sah Bph student Health science Major problems nowadays

1. MENTAL HEALTH
PROBLEMS

2. Prepared by-Chandan kumar sah
-Sudip Adhikari Chhetri
[BPH 1ST sem]

4. INTRODUCTION
• Mental health is the balanced development of the
individual's personality and emotional attitudes
which enable him to live harmoniously with his
fellow-men. or
• Health of higher mental function includes good
functioning of thinking,
judgement,orientation,memory,intelligence and
perception.

5. “Mental health is a state of well-being in which
every individual realizes his/her own potential,
can cope with the normal stress of life, can work
productivity and fruitfully, and is able to make a
contribution to his/her community”. – WHO

6. THERE ARE 6 AREAS IN WHICH
SOUND MENTAL HEALTH CAN BE
RECOGNIZED, THEY ARE
• 1-positive attitudes towards self
• 2-Growth and development
• 3-Autonomy
• 4-Accurate perception of reality
• 5-Environmental competence
• 6-Positive interpersonal
relationship

7. CHARACTERISTICS OF MENTALLY
HEALTH PERSONS
• He feels comfortable about himself, that is, he
feels reasonably secure and adequate.
• The healthy person feels right towards others.
• The mentally healthy person is able to meet the
demands of his life

8. DEFINITION OF MENTAL
ILLNESS
• Mental illness is the illness of higher
mental functioning which includes poor
functioning of thinking memory,
Judgments, orientation, intelligence &
perception.
• In Nepal 20-25% of population are
suffering from any one of the mental
problem.
• Evidence of various research shows that
about 20% - 35% of OPD patients in PHCC

9. HISTORY OF MENTAL ILLNESS

11. CAUSES OF MENTAL ILLNESS
The common causes of mental illness are:
1. Organic Conditions: Neurological diseases,
metabolic diseases, endocrine diseases,
chronic diseases etc.
2. Hereditary: Schizophrenia (40 times likely)
3. Social pathological causes: Social causes
with combination of environmental and

12. 4. Environmental causes, such as
a. Toxic substance: Carbon disulphide, mercury,
manganese, tin, lead compound etc.
b. Psychotropic drugs: barbiturate, alcohol etc.
c. Mineral (iodine) deficiency
d. Nutritional factors :deficiency of thiamine, pyridoxine.
e. Infective agents : Infections as measles, rubella; during
the prenatal, perinatal and post-natal periods of life may
have adverse effects on the brain's development and the
integration of mental functions.
f. Traumatic factors: Road and occupational accidents
g. Radiations hazards: Nervous system is most sensitive to
radiation during the period of neural development.

13. WARNING SIGNS/SIGNALS OF POOR
MENTAL HEALTH
• Always worrying
• Unable to concentrate because of unrecognized
reasons
• Continually unhappy without justified causes
• Troubled by regular insomnia
• Loose temper easily and often
• Wide fluctuation in moods from depression to
elation (pleasure) back to depression

14. • Continually dislike to be with people
• Upset if the routine of life is disturbed
• Bored, fed up
• Afraid without real/justified causes
• Always right and other person always wrong
• Numerous aches/pains for which no doctor can find
a physical cause

15. TYPES OF MENTAL ILLNESS
Mental illness
Major illness
(Psychoses)
Minor illness
(Neurosis)
-Schizophrenia
-Manic depression psychosis
-Paranoia
-ATPD[Acute and transient
psychotic disorder]
Obsessive compulsive disorder[OCD
-Anxiety disorder
-phobic disorder
-Depression
-panic disorder
-Post traumatic stress disorder…

17. MINOR ILLNESS (INSANE)
Neurosis or psychosis:
• In this condition, the patients are unable to
react normally to life situation. He is not
considered ‘insane’ by his associates, but
nevertheless exhibits certain peculiar symptoms
such as morbid fears, anxiety, depression,
impulsive and compulsive acts, lethargy,
cognitive problems such as unpleasant or
disturbing thoughts etc

18. DEPRESSION
•According to ICD-by WHO ,
depression is a mood disorder ,
characterized by low mood, loss of
interest and enjoyment and decreased
energy leading to easy fatiguilibility
and diminished activity.This problem
may impair day to day functioning.

20. CORE SYMPTOMS
• Depressed mood most of the day
• Loss of interest or pleasure in activities that are
normally pleasurable
• Decreased energy or easily fatigued
•Other features of depression
• Reduced concentration and attention
• Reduced self-esteem and self confidence
• Ideas of guilty
• Pessimistic view of future
• Disturbed sleep
• Diminished appetite

21. DIAGNOSIS
• 2 core symptoms and 3 others features of
depression if present for at least 2 weeks,
depression can be diagnosed
• Give enough time to talk to such person and
listen her/him alternatively.
• Explore the core symptoms and other features
of depression with duration before making a
diagnosis.
• Always exclude the physical illness like anaemia,
malnutrition, diabetes, hypothyroidism.

22. MANAGEMENT
• Amitriptyline and fluoxetine are two anti depressent

23. MAJOR ILLNESS
(PSYCHOSES)
• Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized by false
beliefs , hearing voices that others do not ( hallucinations)
and cognitive difficulties, reduced social engagement and
emotional expression, and a lack of motivation.
Schizophrenia can often be a lifelong struggle.
• Schizophrenia most commonly strikes between the ages
of 16 and 30, and males tend to show symptoms at a slightly
younger age than females
• Schizophrenia affects approximately 1 percent of all adults,
globally.

24. SYMPTOMS
• Positive symptoms - also known as psychotic symptoms. For
example, delusions and hallucinations.
• Negative symptoms - these refer to elements that are taken
away from the individual. For example, absence of facial
expressions or lack of motivation.
• Cognitive symptoms - these affect the person's thought
processes. They may be positive or negative symptoms, for
example, poor concentration is a negative symptom.
• Emotional symptoms - these are usually negative symptoms,
such as blunted emotions.

26. FACTORS TOWARDS ONSET
OF SCHIZOPHRENIA:
• Genetic inheritance
• Chemical imbalance in the brain
• Family relationships
• Environmental factors
• Drug induced schizophrenia (usage of cannabis, marijuana)

27. EFFECTIVE TREATMENT
FOR SCHIZOPHRENIA
PATIENTS:-
• medication
• psychological counselling
• self-help resources

28. PREVENTIVE ASPECTS
• Three levels of prevention have been described as below-
• Primary : Primary prevention operates on a community
basis. This consists of "improving the social environment",
and promotion of the social, emotional and physical well-
being of all people.
It includes working for better living conditions and
improved health and welfare resources in the
community.

29. Secondary Prevention:
This consists of early diagnosis of mental
illness and of social and emotional
disturbances through screening programmes in
schools, universities, industry, recreation
centers, etc, and provision of treatment
facilities and effective community resources.

30. Tertiary Prevention:
Tertiary prevention seeks to reduce the
duration of mental illness and thus reduce
the stresses they create for the family and
the community, in short, the goal at this
level is to prevent further break-down and
disruption.

31. MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES
• Mental health services in a community are concerned not
only with early diagnosis and treatment, but also with the
preservation and promotion of good mental health and
prevention of mental illness.
• The mental health services comprise:
• Early diagnosis and treatment
• Rehabilitation
• Group and individual psychotherapy
• Mental health education
• Use of modern psychoactive drugs
• After-care services

32. COMMUNITY MENTAL HEALTH PROGRAMME
• It includes all community facilities pertinent in any
way to -prevention,
-treatment and
-rehabilitation.
• The philosophy of Community Mental Health
programme consists of the following essential
elements :

33. (1) Inpatient services
(2) Outpatient services
3) Partial hospitalization
(4) Emergency services
(5) Diagnostic services
(6) Pre-care and aftercare services including
foster home placement and home visiting
(7) Education services
(8) Training, and
(9) Research and evaluation.

34. ANY QUERIES
THANK-
YOU