This document discusses biomolecules, proteins, and vitamins. It provides information on: 1) The main types of biomolecules including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and vitamins. Proteins are made of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. 2) There are 20 different amino acids that make up proteins. Proteins have primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures that determine their shape. 3) Vitamins are organic compounds needed in small amounts for health. They are divided into fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, K and water-soluble B vitamins and vitamin C. Deficiencies cause specific diseases.

1. JAWAHAR NAVODAYA VIDYALAYA,
2022-2023
TOPIC:-BIOMOLECULES PROTEIN AND VITAMINS
PREPAREED BY: NISHITA KANOJIYA
GUIDEDBY:-MT.K.K.BANSIWAL

2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would liketoexpressmyspecialthanksof gratitudetomyteacher Mr.K.K.BANSIWAL aswell asour
principal S.Kannanwho gavemethegolden opportunitytodothewonderful projectontopic
`BIOMOLECULESPROTEINAND
VITAMINS’ which alsohelped me indoing alot of Research and i cametoknow aboutsomany newthings
Iamreallythankfultothem

3. CERTIFICATE
THISISTOCERTIFYTHATNISHITAKANOJIYA
STUDENT OFCLASS XII JAWAHAR NAVODAYA NAVODAYA VIDYALAYA, VEJALPUR
PANCHMAHAL HAS COMPLETED THEPROJECT
TITLE ` BIOMOLECULESPROTEINANDVITAMINS’ DURING THE ACADEMIC YEAR 2018-
2019 TOWARDSPARTIALFUILMENTOFCREDITFOR THECHEMISTRYPRACTICAL
EVALUATIONOFAISSCE 20218-2019 AND SUBMITTED SATISFACTORY REPORT
ASCOMPILEDINTHEFOLLOWINGPAGESUNDERMYSUPERVISON.
TEACHERINCHARGE PRINCIPAL

4. 1)Biomolecules
Chemicals or molecules present inthe livingorgnismsareknowas Biomolecule The sumtotal
of different types of blomolecules, compounds andlon's present
inacelliscalledascellularpool.
Biomoleculesarecompoundsofcarbon
Hence the chemistryoflivingorganismsisorganizedaroundcarbo
BIOMOLECULES
Inorganic Minerals gaseswater
Organic Carbohydrates
lipids amino acidsproteins
Enzymes

5. Nucleicacidsvitamins
2)
BIOMOLECULES
MicroMolecules Macro
Molecules
Smallsized,lowmalcut Large sized,high
Between18and800 mala Adove100000
Daltons,found in the Daltonsfoundin acid
solublepool
theCarbohydrates
Lipids
Gases Minerals
Proteins
Nucleicacids
Water
Sugars
AminoAcids
Nucleotides
Whatisprotein
BIOMOLECULES [PROTEIN]
StructureandFunction

6. Proteinsaresomeimportantcompoundbiomoleculesfoundinalllivingcells.
Proteins aresome polymerof Amino Acids ProteinsarefoundinourbodyasMuscles,Enzymes,
Hormone,Antibodiesandmanymore.
Wegetsomeproteins intoourbodyasfood likeMeat,Fish,Eggs,Soyaetc
Someproteinscanbesynthesized bytheribosomeofourcells
3) Proteinstructure:-
R
Ca O H
H N C
H O
Ana-aminoacid .The CaH atomisomitted inthediagram
R R’
C O H C O
H
H N C H N C’
H O H O’
Twoaminoacids

7. ProteinsaremadeofsomeAmino Acids
AminoacidsarebiologicallyimportantorganiccompoundscontainingoneAmino group one [-NH₂ ]
one carboxyl group (-COOH')and asidechainwithoneRgroup
H H
aid
H N C O Amino
R O
An Amino Acid Has.. Central
carbonatomAnaminegroup
Acarboxyl group
Ahydrogen grupR- groupAnR-group
The R-groupvaries Fromoneaminoacidtoanother
4) 20differentAminoAcidsmakeupallourproteins.
AminoAcidsAreofTeaTypes
C

8. Non-EssentialAminoAcids:
TheAminoAcidswhichcanbesynthesizedbodybyRibosomes.
Example:- Alanine, Glutamate, Paulineetc.
EssentialAminoAcids:
TheAminoAcidswhichareneversynthesizedinourbodyandweneedgettheminourfood.
Example:-Methionine, Valine, Leucine etc..
Thereareonly 20 Amino Andswhichlinktogether witheachotherbypeptideBondtofromProtein.
5) Proteins canbeclassifiedintotwotypesonthebasisoftheirmolecular shape.
(a) FibrousProteins→Whenthepolypeptide
chainsrunparallel and held together by hydrogenand disulphidebonds, thenfibrelike
structureisforme
(b) Colobday Proteins Thisstructure, results whenthechainsofpolypeptidescoilaroundto
giveasphericalshape.
*Structureandshapeofproteins canbestudied offourdifferentlevels.

9. (i)Primary Structure ofprotein-> Proteinsmayhaveone ormorepolypeptidechains. Eachpolypeptide
inaproteinhas aminoacid'slinked witheachotherinaspecificsequence anditisthissequence
ofaminoacidsthatissaid tobethe primarystructureofthatprotein.
6)(ii)Secondarystructureofprotein,
Thesesecondary structures aredefined. bypatternsof hydrogenbondsbetween themain-chainpeptidegroups.
Theyhave. aregular geometry, being constrained to specificvaluesofthedihedral anglesonthe Ramchandran
plot.Boththealphahelixand
thebeta-sheet represent awayofsaturatingallthe hydrogenbond donors and acceptors inthe peptide
backbone.
(iii) Tertiary structureofproteins: Thetertiarystructure of proteinsreprents overall folding
ofthepolypeptidechains.
Themainforces whichstabilisethe 2", and astructurs of proteinsare stabilisehydrogen bonds,
disulphidelinkage,vander waalsandelectrostaticforcesofattraction
(iv) Quaternary Structure ofproteins: Some oftheproteinsarecomposedoftwoormore
polypeptidechainsreferred

10. assub-units. Thespatialarrangement. ofthesesubmitwithrespectto eachotherisknownasquaternarystructure.
Vitamins:- Ithasbeen observedthatcertain organic compoundsare required insmallamountsinourdietbut
theirdeficiencycauses specificdisease be These compoundsarecalledvitamins
They are generallyregarded asorganiccompounds required inthedietinsmallamountstoperform
specific biologicalfunctionsfornormalmaintenanceofoptimum growthandhealthoftheorganism
VitaminsaredesignatedbyalphabetsA,B,C,D,etc.Some ofthem arefurthernamedassub-groupse.g. BB2, B6,
B12,etc. Excessofvitaminsisalsoharmfuland vitaminpills shouldnotbetakenwithouttheadviceofdoctor.
Theterm "Vitamine" wascoined fromtheword vital+ amine sincetheearlier identified compoundshad
amino groups. Laterworkshowedthatmostofthemdid not containaminogroups, sotheletter 'e'
wasdropped andthetermvitaminisusedthesedays.
ClassificationofVitamins
(i)Fatsolublevitamins: Vitaminswhicharesolubleinfat andoilsbutinsolubleinwater are keptinthisgroup.
These

11. arevitamins A, D. Eand K. Theyarestored inliverandadipose(fatstoring)tissues.
(ii)Water solublevitamins: B group vitamins andvitamin C aresolubleinwatersotheyaregrouped
together. Water solublevitaminsmustbesuppliedregularly indietbecause theyare readily excreted
inurineandcannotbestored (except vitaminB₁ ₂ )in our body.