This document discusses offshore wind technology and provides an overview of the current state of offshore wind. Some key points:
- Offshore wind turbines are now up to 3.6 MW and have designs optimized for offshore conditions like installation via cranes and helicopter access.
- The cost of offshore wind energy has fallen significantly from 40 cents/kWh in the early 1980s to estimates of 3-6 cents/kWh currently and projections of 5 cents/kWh by 2014 due to larger turbines, reliability improvements, and infrastructure upgrades.
- The U.S. has good offshore wind resources and developing offshore wind could help address the need to locate wind farms closer to coastal population centers where transmission and grid connections are
The stable atmospheric boundary layer a challenge for wind turbine operatio...ndkelley
An overview presentation of the impact and challenge of the stable atmospheric boundary layer on wind turbine dynamics presented to AGU Fall Meeting 2008
Among the Renewable Energy Sources, Wind Energy is taken up with careful prior efforts before implementation as it requires all capital and technical inputs before payback starts. However, it is a clean source of electric power compared to coal based thermal power. India is a country that has made progress in wind power investment.
The stable atmospheric boundary layer a challenge for wind turbine operatio...ndkelley
An overview presentation of the impact and challenge of the stable atmospheric boundary layer on wind turbine dynamics presented to AGU Fall Meeting 2008
Among the Renewable Energy Sources, Wind Energy is taken up with careful prior efforts before implementation as it requires all capital and technical inputs before payback starts. However, it is a clean source of electric power compared to coal based thermal power. India is a country that has made progress in wind power investment.
"El futuro de la energía,la energía del futuro y su impacto en nuestras empresas y negocios" Por José Cordeiro Profesor fundador de Singularity University
Dr Luke Myers - Tidal Power Isle of Wight - Cafe Scientifique - Sept 2014onthewight
Dr Luke Myers' presentation about Tidal Power to Cafe Scientifique on the Isle of Wight - 29 Sept 2014
Write up of the event and other audio: <a>Dr Luke Myers: Tidal Power</a>
DSD-INT 2016 Hydrodynamic modeling and resource-device suitability analysis o...Deltares
Presentation by Oliver Dan de Luna, University of the Philippines - Marine Science Institute, Philippines, at the Delft3D User Days during Delft Software Days 2016 on Tuesday, 1 November 2016, Delft.
1115161Wind Power Now, Tomorrow C.P. (Case) .docxpaynetawnya
11/15/16
1
Wind Power:
Now, Tomorrow
C.P. (Case) van Dam
EME-1
Mechanical Engineering
November 14, 2016
How does it function?
11/15/16
2
Wind Turbine Power
• The amount of power generated by a turbine depends on the power in
the wind and the efficiency of the turbine:
• Power in wind
• Efficiency or Power Coefficient, Cp:
– Rotor (Conversion of wind power to mechanical power)
– Gearbox (Change in rpm)
– Generator & Inverter (Conversion of mechanical power to electrical power)
Power
Turbine
!
"#
$
%&
=
Efficiency
Factor
!
"#
$
%&
×
Power
Wind
!
"#
$
%&
P
w
= 1
2
ρA
d
V
w
3
Basic Rotor Performance
(Momentum Theory)
Wind speed, Vw
Air density, ρ
Disk area, Ad
Power in wind, Pw = 1/2 ρ Vw3 Ad
Maximum rotor power, P = 16/27 Pw
Rotor efficiency, Cp = P / Pw
Betz limit, max Cp = 16/27 = 59.3%
11/15/16
3
Region 4
• Region 1
Turbine is stopped or
starting up
• Region 2
Efficiency maximized
by maintaining
optimum rotor RPM
(for variable speed
turbine)
• Region 3
Power limited through
blade pitch
• Region 4
Turbine is stopped
due to high winds
(loads)
HAWT Power Characteristics
Johnson et al (2005)
• Peak Cp at TSR = 9
• This Cp is maintained in Region II of power curve by controlling rotor RPM
• In Region III power is controlled by changing blade pitch.
HAWT Cp-TSR Curve
Jackson (2005)
11/15/16
4
• Cp = Protor / (1/2 ρ Vw3 Ad)
• Solidity = Blade Area / Ad
• TSR = Tip Speed / Vw
• High power efficiency for
rotors with low solidity and
high TSR
• Darrieus (VAWT) is less
efficient than HAWT
Efficiency of Various Rotor
Designs
Butterfield (2008)
Cp
Tip Speed Ratio TSR = π D RPM / (60 Vw)
kidwind.org
C.P. van Dam
Dutch Mill
16th century
Water pumping, Grinding materials/grain
W. Gretz, DOE/NREL
Persian grain mill
9th century
American Multi-blade
19th century
Water pumping - irrigation
Brush Mill
1888
First wind turbine
12 kW
17 m rotor diameter
Charles F. Brush Special Collection,
Case Western Reserve University
telos.net/wind
Gedser Mill
1956, Denmark
Forerunner to modern wind
turbines
11/15/16
5
Evolution of U.S. Utility-Scale
Wind Turbine Technology
NREL
Wind Turbine Scale-Up and Impact on Cost
U.S. DOE, Wind Vision, March 2015
• Scale-up has been effective in reducing cost but uncertain if this trend can continue
11/15/16
6
Modern Wind
Turbines
• 1.0-3.0 MW
• Wind speeds: 3-25 m/s
– Rated power at 11-12 m/s
• Rotor
– Lift driven
– 3 blades
– Upwind
– Full blade pitch
– 70–120 m diameter
– 5-20 RPM
– Fiberglass, some carbon fiber
• Active yaw
• Steel tubular tower
• Installed in plants/farms of 100-200 MW
• ~40% capacity factor
– 1.5 MW wind turbine would generate
about 5,250,000 kWh per year
– Average household in California uses
about 6,000 kWh per year
Vestas
V90-3.0
MW
11/15/16
7
Technical Specificat ...
Siting of Wind Farms in RI Coastal Waters: Wind Resources and Technology Deve...riseagrant
Siting of Wind Farms in RI Coastal Waters: Wind Resources and Technology Development Index presented May 24, 2011 at The Workshop to Learn Ocean Planning Tools and Techniques
"El futuro de la energía,la energía del futuro y su impacto en nuestras empresas y negocios" Por José Cordeiro Profesor fundador de Singularity University
Dr Luke Myers - Tidal Power Isle of Wight - Cafe Scientifique - Sept 2014onthewight
Dr Luke Myers' presentation about Tidal Power to Cafe Scientifique on the Isle of Wight - 29 Sept 2014
Write up of the event and other audio: <a>Dr Luke Myers: Tidal Power</a>
DSD-INT 2016 Hydrodynamic modeling and resource-device suitability analysis o...Deltares
Presentation by Oliver Dan de Luna, University of the Philippines - Marine Science Institute, Philippines, at the Delft3D User Days during Delft Software Days 2016 on Tuesday, 1 November 2016, Delft.
1115161Wind Power Now, Tomorrow C.P. (Case) .docxpaynetawnya
11/15/16
1
Wind Power:
Now, Tomorrow
C.P. (Case) van Dam
EME-1
Mechanical Engineering
November 14, 2016
How does it function?
11/15/16
2
Wind Turbine Power
• The amount of power generated by a turbine depends on the power in
the wind and the efficiency of the turbine:
• Power in wind
• Efficiency or Power Coefficient, Cp:
– Rotor (Conversion of wind power to mechanical power)
– Gearbox (Change in rpm)
– Generator & Inverter (Conversion of mechanical power to electrical power)
Power
Turbine
!
"#
$
%&
=
Efficiency
Factor
!
"#
$
%&
×
Power
Wind
!
"#
$
%&
P
w
= 1
2
ρA
d
V
w
3
Basic Rotor Performance
(Momentum Theory)
Wind speed, Vw
Air density, ρ
Disk area, Ad
Power in wind, Pw = 1/2 ρ Vw3 Ad
Maximum rotor power, P = 16/27 Pw
Rotor efficiency, Cp = P / Pw
Betz limit, max Cp = 16/27 = 59.3%
11/15/16
3
Region 4
• Region 1
Turbine is stopped or
starting up
• Region 2
Efficiency maximized
by maintaining
optimum rotor RPM
(for variable speed
turbine)
• Region 3
Power limited through
blade pitch
• Region 4
Turbine is stopped
due to high winds
(loads)
HAWT Power Characteristics
Johnson et al (2005)
• Peak Cp at TSR = 9
• This Cp is maintained in Region II of power curve by controlling rotor RPM
• In Region III power is controlled by changing blade pitch.
HAWT Cp-TSR Curve
Jackson (2005)
11/15/16
4
• Cp = Protor / (1/2 ρ Vw3 Ad)
• Solidity = Blade Area / Ad
• TSR = Tip Speed / Vw
• High power efficiency for
rotors with low solidity and
high TSR
• Darrieus (VAWT) is less
efficient than HAWT
Efficiency of Various Rotor
Designs
Butterfield (2008)
Cp
Tip Speed Ratio TSR = π D RPM / (60 Vw)
kidwind.org
C.P. van Dam
Dutch Mill
16th century
Water pumping, Grinding materials/grain
W. Gretz, DOE/NREL
Persian grain mill
9th century
American Multi-blade
19th century
Water pumping - irrigation
Brush Mill
1888
First wind turbine
12 kW
17 m rotor diameter
Charles F. Brush Special Collection,
Case Western Reserve University
telos.net/wind
Gedser Mill
1956, Denmark
Forerunner to modern wind
turbines
11/15/16
5
Evolution of U.S. Utility-Scale
Wind Turbine Technology
NREL
Wind Turbine Scale-Up and Impact on Cost
U.S. DOE, Wind Vision, March 2015
• Scale-up has been effective in reducing cost but uncertain if this trend can continue
11/15/16
6
Modern Wind
Turbines
• 1.0-3.0 MW
• Wind speeds: 3-25 m/s
– Rated power at 11-12 m/s
• Rotor
– Lift driven
– 3 blades
– Upwind
– Full blade pitch
– 70–120 m diameter
– 5-20 RPM
– Fiberglass, some carbon fiber
• Active yaw
• Steel tubular tower
• Installed in plants/farms of 100-200 MW
• ~40% capacity factor
– 1.5 MW wind turbine would generate
about 5,250,000 kWh per year
– Average household in California uses
about 6,000 kWh per year
Vestas
V90-3.0
MW
11/15/16
7
Technical Specificat ...
Siting of Wind Farms in RI Coastal Waters: Wind Resources and Technology Deve...riseagrant
Siting of Wind Farms in RI Coastal Waters: Wind Resources and Technology Development Index presented May 24, 2011 at The Workshop to Learn Ocean Planning Tools and Techniques
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Online aptitude test management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The purpose of on-line aptitude test system is to take online test in an efficient manner and no time wasting for checking the paper. The main objective of on-line aptitude test system is to efficiently evaluate the candidate thoroughly through a fully automated system that not only saves lot of time but also gives fast results. For students they give papers according to their convenience and time and there is no need of using extra thing like paper, pen etc. This can be used in educational institutions as well as in corporate world. Can be used anywhere any time as it is a web based application (user Location doesn’t matter). No restriction that examiner has to be present when the candidate takes the test.
Every time when lecturers/professors need to conduct examinations they have to sit down think about the questions and then create a whole new set of questions for each and every exam. In some cases the professor may want to give an open book online exam that is the student can take the exam any time anywhere, but the student might have to answer the questions in a limited time period. The professor may want to change the sequence of questions for every student. The problem that a student has is whenever a date for the exam is declared the student has to take it and there is no way he can take it at some other time. This project will create an interface for the examiner to create and store questions in a repository. It will also create an interface for the student to take examinations at his convenience and the questions and/or exams may be timed. Thereby creating an application which can be used by examiners and examinee’s simultaneously.
Examination System is very useful for Teachers/Professors. As in the teaching profession, you are responsible for writing question papers. In the conventional method, you write the question paper on paper, keep question papers separate from answers and all this information you have to keep in a locker to avoid unauthorized access. Using the Examination System you can create a question paper and everything will be written to a single exam file in encrypted format. You can set the General and Administrator password to avoid unauthorized access to your question paper. Every time you start the examination, the program shuffles all the questions and selects them randomly from the database, which reduces the chances of memorizing the questions.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
An Approach to Detecting Writing Styles Based on Clustering Techniquesambekarshweta25
An Approach to Detecting Writing Styles Based on Clustering Techniques
Authors:
-Devkinandan Jagtap
-Shweta Ambekar
-Harshit Singh
-Nakul Sharma (Assistant Professor)
Institution:
VIIT Pune, India
Abstract:
This paper proposes a system to differentiate between human-generated and AI-generated texts using stylometric analysis. The system analyzes text files and classifies writing styles by employing various clustering algorithms, such as k-means, k-means++, hierarchical, and DBSCAN. The effectiveness of these algorithms is measured using silhouette scores. The system successfully identifies distinct writing styles within documents, demonstrating its potential for plagiarism detection.
Introduction:
Stylometry, the study of linguistic and structural features in texts, is used for tasks like plagiarism detection, genre separation, and author verification. This paper leverages stylometric analysis to identify different writing styles and improve plagiarism detection methods.
Methodology:
The system includes data collection, preprocessing, feature extraction, dimensional reduction, machine learning models for clustering, and performance comparison using silhouette scores. Feature extraction focuses on lexical features, vocabulary richness, and readability scores. The study uses a small dataset of texts from various authors and employs algorithms like k-means, k-means++, hierarchical clustering, and DBSCAN for clustering.
Results:
Experiments show that the system effectively identifies writing styles, with silhouette scores indicating reasonable to strong clustering when k=2. As the number of clusters increases, the silhouette scores decrease, indicating a drop in accuracy. K-means and k-means++ perform similarly, while hierarchical clustering is less optimized.
Conclusion and Future Work:
The system works well for distinguishing writing styles with two clusters but becomes less accurate as the number of clusters increases. Future research could focus on adding more parameters and optimizing the methodology to improve accuracy with higher cluster values. This system can enhance existing plagiarism detection tools, especially in academic settings.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...
40462.pdf
1. Mike Robinson
Walt Musial
National Wind Technology Center
National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Offshore Wind
Technology Overview
NREL/PR-500-40462
October 2006
2. Disclaimer and Government License
This work has been authored by Midwest Research Institute (MRI) under Contract No. DE-AC36-99GO10337 with the U.S.
Department of Energy (the “DOE”). The United States Government (the “Government”) retains and the publisher, by accepting
the work for publication, acknowledges that the Government retains a non-exclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, worldwide license to
publish or reproduce the published form of this work, or allow others to do so, for Government purposes.
Neither MRI, the DOE, the Government, nor any other agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express
or implied, or assumes any liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus,
product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe any privately owned rights. Reference herein to any
specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not constitute or
imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of the
authors and/or presenters expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of MRI, the DOE, the Government, or any
agency thereof.
3. The U.S. Energy Picture
by Source - 1850-1999
0
20
40
60
80
100
1850 1870 1890 1910 1930 1950 1970 1990
Quadrillion
BTUs
Source: 1850-1949, Energy Perspectives: A Presentation of Major Energy and Energy-Related Data, U.S. Department of the Interior, 1975;
1950-1996, Annual Energy Review 1996, Table 1.3. Note: Between 1950 and 1990, there was no reporting of non-utility use of renewables.
1997-1999, Annual Energy Review 1999, Table F1b.
Coal
Crude Oil
Natural
Gas
Nuclear
Hydro
Nonhydro
Renewables
Wood
5. • Offshore GE 3.6 MW
104 meter rotor diameter
• Offshore design requirements
considered from the outset:
– Crane system for all
components
– Simplified installation
– Helicopter platform
Offshore GE Wind Energy
3.6 MW Prototype
Boeing 747-400
7. Support Structure
24%
Turbine
33%
O&M
23%
Management
2%
Grid Connection
15%
Decommissioning
3%
Offshore Turbine Size
Drivers
Offshore Wind - Life Cycle Cost of Energy Photo Credit: GE Energy
• Offshore Turbines are about 1/3 of total project cost.
• Thus, as turbines grow larger:
¾ Foundation costs decrease
¾ Electrical infrastructure costs decrease
¾ Operational expenses decrease
¾ More energy is generated per area.
• Offshore infrastructure is also suited for larger machines.
GE Wind
8. Windy onshore sites are not close to coastal load centers
The electric utility grid cannot be easily set up for interstate electric transmission
Load centers are close to the offshore wind sites
Graphic Credit: Bruce Bailey AWS Truewind
Graphic Credit: GE Energy
% area class 3 or above
Offshore Wind – U.S. Rationale
Why Go Offshore?
US Population Concentration US Wind Resource
9. U.S. Department of Energy
National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Region 0 - 30 30 - 60 60 - 900 > 900
New England 10.3 43.5 130.6 0.0
Mid-Atlantic 64.3 126.2 45.3 30.0
Great Lakes 15.5 11.6 193.6 0.0
California 0.0 0.3 47.8 168.0
Pacific Northwest 0.0 1.6 100.4 68.2
Total 90.1 183.2 517.7 266.2
GW by Depth (m)
Resource Not Yet
Assessed
U.S. Offshore Wind
Energy Resource
12. Fixed Bottom Substructure
Technology
Monopile Foundation Gravity Foundation Tripod/Truss Foundation
¾Most Common Type
¾Minimal Footprint
¾Depth Limit 25 m
¾Low stiffness
¾Larger Footprint
¾Depth Limit?
¾Stiffer but heavy
¾No wind experience
¾Oil and gas to 450 m
¾Larger footprint
Graphics source: http://www.offshorewindenergy.org/
Proven Designs Future
19. Country: Denmark
Location: West Coast
Total Capacity: 160 MW
Number of Turbines: 80
Distance to Shore: 14-20 km
Depth: 6-12 m
Capital Costs: 270 million Euro
Manufacturer: Vestas
Total Capacity: 2 MW
Turbine-type: V80 – 80-m diameter
Hub-height: 70 m
Mean Windspeed: 9.7 m/s
Annual Energy output: 600 GWh
Horns Rev Wind Farm -
Denmark
Horns Rev
22. Radar Images of Migrating Birds at
Nysted Wind Power Plant - Denmark
Operation (2003):
Response distance:
day = c. 3000 m
night = c. 1000 m
Birds perceive the
presence of wind
turbines even in bad
visibility
23. Offshore Wind /
Wave Synergy
Reproduced with permission of Hy-Spec Eng
Wind / Wave Integrated
Platform
• Common Engineering & Design
Considerations
• Maximize Grid Interconnect Potential
Through Dual Technologies
• Improve Intermittency & Total Energy
Output
• Increase System Reliability & Reduce
Maintenance
EPRI Building a Coalition of Developers,
Universities and Other Stakeholders to
Explore the Wind / Wave Development
Potential
Small Wind-OWC Wave
Platform
24. LWST Turbines:
• 3¢/kWh at 13 mph
• Electricity Market
2012
Offshore LWST Turbine:
• 5 Cents/kWh
• Shallow/Deep Water
• Electricity Market
• Higher Wind Sites
2012 and Beyond
Custom Turbines:
• Electricity
• H2 Production
• Desalinate Water
• Storage
• Multi-Market
2030 and Beyond
2005
A Future Vision for
Wind Energy Markets
Bulk Power
Generator
4-6¢ at 15 mph
• Land Based
• Bulk Electricity
• Wind Farms
Potential 20% of
Electricity Market
Land Based Electricity Path Transmission
Barriers
Cost & Regulatory
Barriers
Land or Sea Based:
• Hydrogen
• Clean Water
Cost & Infrastructure
Barriers
Land Based LWST
Large-Scale
2–5 MW
Offshore Turbines
5 MW and Larger
Tomorrow
Offshore Electricity Path
Advanced Applications
Path
Today