11/15/16
1
Wind Power:
Now, Tomorrow
C.P. (Case) van Dam
EME-1
Mechanical Engineering
November 14, 2016
How does it function?
11/15/16
2
Wind Turbine Power
• The amount of power generated by a turbine depends on the power in
the wind and the efficiency of the turbine:
• Power in wind
• Efficiency or Power Coefficient, Cp:
– Rotor (Conversion of wind power to mechanical power)
– Gearbox (Change in rpm)
– Generator & Inverter (Conversion of mechanical power to electrical power)
Power
Turbine
!
"#
$
%&
=
Efficiency
Factor
!
"#
$
%&
×
Power
Wind
!
"#
$
%&
P
w
= 1
2
ρA
d
V
w
3
Basic Rotor Performance
(Momentum Theory)
Wind speed, Vw
Air density, ρ
Disk area, Ad
Power in wind, Pw = 1/2 ρ Vw3 Ad
Maximum rotor power, P = 16/27 Pw
Rotor efficiency, Cp = P / Pw
Betz limit, max Cp = 16/27 = 59.3%
11/15/16
3
Region 4
• Region 1
Turbine is stopped or
starting up
• Region 2
Efficiency maximized
by maintaining
optimum rotor RPM
(for variable speed
turbine)
• Region 3
Power limited through
blade pitch
• Region 4
Turbine is stopped
due to high winds
(loads)
HAWT Power Characteristics
Johnson et al (2005)
• Peak Cp at TSR = 9
• This Cp is maintained in Region II of power curve by controlling rotor RPM
• In Region III power is controlled by changing blade pitch.
HAWT Cp-TSR Curve
Jackson (2005)
11/15/16
4
• Cp = Protor / (1/2 ρ Vw3 Ad)
• Solidity = Blade Area / Ad
• TSR = Tip Speed / Vw
• High power efficiency for
rotors with low solidity and
high TSR
• Darrieus (VAWT) is less
efficient than HAWT
Efficiency of Various Rotor
Designs
Butterfield (2008)
Cp
Tip Speed Ratio TSR = π D RPM / (60 Vw)
kidwind.org
C.P. van Dam
Dutch Mill
16th century
Water pumping, Grinding materials/grain
W. Gretz, DOE/NREL
Persian grain mill
9th century
American Multi-blade
19th century
Water pumping - irrigation
Brush Mill
1888
First wind turbine
12 kW
17 m rotor diameter
Charles F. Brush Special Collection,
Case Western Reserve University
telos.net/wind
Gedser Mill
1956, Denmark
Forerunner to modern wind
turbines
11/15/16
5
Evolution of U.S. Utility-Scale
Wind Turbine Technology
NREL
Wind Turbine Scale-Up and Impact on Cost
U.S. DOE, Wind Vision, March 2015
• Scale-up has been effective in reducing cost but uncertain if this trend can continue
11/15/16
6
Modern Wind
Turbines
• 1.0-3.0 MW
• Wind speeds: 3-25 m/s
– Rated power at 11-12 m/s
• Rotor
– Lift driven
– 3 blades
– Upwind
– Full blade pitch
– 70–120 m diameter
– 5-20 RPM
– Fiberglass, some carbon fiber
• Active yaw
• Steel tubular tower
• Installed in plants/farms of 100-200 MW
• ~40% capacity factor
– 1.5 MW wind turbine would generate
about 5,250,000 kWh per year
– Average household in California uses
about 6,000 kWh per year
Vestas
V90-3.0
MW
11/15/16
7
Technical Specificat ...
The document discusses a gearless magnetic wind/solar powered turbine storage system called GMAG-WINDSOPTSS. It aims to design a prototype turbine that uses wind and solar power to charge batteries and power a home electrical grid as an emergency backup system. The turbine would use a spiral axis design based on an existing model, with magnetic levitation to eliminate bearings. It would include solar panels, batteries, inverters, converters and controls. Performance is analyzed for Huntsville, AL wind speeds which average around 15 mph and are sufficient to operate a small turbine. The project is broken into phases with milestones to complete design, testing, and implementation.
This document provides an overview of wind energy projects and considerations for analysis. It discusses the key components of wind turbines and how wind energy can provide electricity on central grids, isolated grids and off grid. Some important factors for wind energy projects are having a good wind resource, environmental acceptability, grid interconnection and financing. The RETScreen model is introduced for analyzing energy production, costs and emissions reductions of wind energy projects worldwide using annual average data.
The document discusses wind energy projects and provides an overview of key considerations. It summarizes that wind turbines can provide electricity both on and off the grid worldwide. A good wind resource is important for project success. RETScreen software can evaluate energy production and costs using annual wind data, providing feasibility study savings compared to hourly simulations. The accuracy of its energy estimates is within 10% of monitored project data.
Simon Gamble, Manager for Hybrid Off-Grid Solutions at Hyrdo Tasmania, presented at our seminar entitled 'Securing Australia's Energy Future: The Challenge' on Friday 15 August 2014 in Melbourne.
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For more information about this seminar and the UNAA Sustainability Leadership Series please visit www.unaavictoria.org.au/education-advocacy/masterclasses/
The document discusses the potential benefits of wind-gas hybrid power plants. Drivers toward hybrid plants include renewable portfolio standards pushing more renewable energy and the challenges of relying solely on coal, gas, or other single fuel sources. A hybrid plant could combine a wind farm with a natural gas plant to provide stable generation even when wind is intermittent. The gas turbines would provide flexibility to match the variable wind output and ensure reliable power. The document argues hybrid plants may be the optimal solution to meet future energy needs in a cost-effective way while increasing use of renewable resources.
Rebecca mills-securing-the-n ts-energy-futurejames hamilton
Territory Generation is transitioning to renewable energy sources to power Alice Springs. By 2030, the majority of its base load supply will come from renewables. Upgrades include a 41 MW gas plant expansion, 7.5 MW upgrade to another plant, and a 5 MW/4.6 MWh battery energy storage system. The battery will provide frequency response, reduce gas plant ramping due to solar intermittency, and defer transmission upgrades. The projects improve efficiency, enable higher solar penetration and transition Alice Springs to more sustainable energy sources.
This feasibility plan summarizes the opportunity and market analysis for a proposed 100 MW commercial wind farm development in northeast Nebraska. The US wind energy market has experienced significant growth in recent years and is projected to continue growing at 17% annually through 2020. The proposed wind farm would help meet the growing demand for renewable energy driven by state renewable portfolio standards and concerns over fossil fuel dependence and climate change. It would compete based on its access to high-quality wind resources and proximity to existing transmission infrastructure. Financial projections indicate the wind farm could be a profitable investment that provides environmental and social benefits.
The document discusses a gearless magnetic wind/solar powered turbine storage system called GMAG-WINDSOPTSS. It aims to design a prototype turbine that uses wind and solar power to charge batteries and power a home electrical grid as an emergency backup system. The turbine would use a spiral axis design based on an existing model, with magnetic levitation to eliminate bearings. It would include solar panels, batteries, inverters, converters and controls. Performance is analyzed for Huntsville, AL wind speeds which average around 15 mph and are sufficient to operate a small turbine. The project is broken into phases with milestones to complete design, testing, and implementation.
This document provides an overview of wind energy projects and considerations for analysis. It discusses the key components of wind turbines and how wind energy can provide electricity on central grids, isolated grids and off grid. Some important factors for wind energy projects are having a good wind resource, environmental acceptability, grid interconnection and financing. The RETScreen model is introduced for analyzing energy production, costs and emissions reductions of wind energy projects worldwide using annual average data.
The document discusses wind energy projects and provides an overview of key considerations. It summarizes that wind turbines can provide electricity both on and off the grid worldwide. A good wind resource is important for project success. RETScreen software can evaluate energy production and costs using annual wind data, providing feasibility study savings compared to hourly simulations. The accuracy of its energy estimates is within 10% of monitored project data.
Simon Gamble, Manager for Hybrid Off-Grid Solutions at Hyrdo Tasmania, presented at our seminar entitled 'Securing Australia's Energy Future: The Challenge' on Friday 15 August 2014 in Melbourne.
Held as part of our Sustainability Leadership Series, the seminar brought together experts and practitioners from across government, business, academia and civil society, to discuss Australia’s transition to a secure, cleaner and cost-competitive energy future.
For more information about this seminar and the UNAA Sustainability Leadership Series please visit www.unaavictoria.org.au/education-advocacy/masterclasses/
The document discusses the potential benefits of wind-gas hybrid power plants. Drivers toward hybrid plants include renewable portfolio standards pushing more renewable energy and the challenges of relying solely on coal, gas, or other single fuel sources. A hybrid plant could combine a wind farm with a natural gas plant to provide stable generation even when wind is intermittent. The gas turbines would provide flexibility to match the variable wind output and ensure reliable power. The document argues hybrid plants may be the optimal solution to meet future energy needs in a cost-effective way while increasing use of renewable resources.
Rebecca mills-securing-the-n ts-energy-futurejames hamilton
Territory Generation is transitioning to renewable energy sources to power Alice Springs. By 2030, the majority of its base load supply will come from renewables. Upgrades include a 41 MW gas plant expansion, 7.5 MW upgrade to another plant, and a 5 MW/4.6 MWh battery energy storage system. The battery will provide frequency response, reduce gas plant ramping due to solar intermittency, and defer transmission upgrades. The projects improve efficiency, enable higher solar penetration and transition Alice Springs to more sustainable energy sources.
This feasibility plan summarizes the opportunity and market analysis for a proposed 100 MW commercial wind farm development in northeast Nebraska. The US wind energy market has experienced significant growth in recent years and is projected to continue growing at 17% annually through 2020. The proposed wind farm would help meet the growing demand for renewable energy driven by state renewable portfolio standards and concerns over fossil fuel dependence and climate change. It would compete based on its access to high-quality wind resources and proximity to existing transmission infrastructure. Financial projections indicate the wind farm could be a profitable investment that provides environmental and social benefits.
Utilizing solar+storage to obviate natural gas peaker plants Clean Coalition
This document discusses how energy storage can replace natural gas peaker plants and new transmission lines by providing reliable local capacity through distributed energy resources like solar and storage. It summarizes a study that found solar+storage could meet local capacity needs in the Moorpark area more cost effectively than a proposed natural gas plant, even when accounting for long term fuel and maintenance costs. The study also found solar+storage could meet transmission reliability needs more cost effectively than a proposed new transmission line from Moorpark to Pardee. The document argues energy storage is key to transitioning to a more distributed, renewable and resilient grid architecture.
The document discusses storage technologies for renewable energy and the electrical grid. It analyzes different storage options like pumped hydro, compressed air energy storage (CAES), thermal storage, flywheels, and potential hydro. It finds that pumped hydro provides good energy density and lifespan but has scaling issues. CAES and thermal storage may be suitable for day-to-week scale storage but have technical challenges. Meeting future storage needs will require further cost reductions across technologies.
This document provides an overview of wind energy and wind turbines. It discusses the advantages of wind energy such as being clean and having an abundant domestic source. It also discusses disadvantages like intermittency and land use impacts. The document describes different types of wind turbines including horizontal and vertical axis designs. It provides information on wind resources and wind power potential in the United States. Key concepts in wind turbine operation and aerodynamics are explained like Betz's law. Cost trends for wind power and the future outlook of the industry are also summarized.
This document discusses small hydroelectric power projects. It defines small hydro as between 100 kW to 50 MW and outlines the key components and considerations for analysis. Small hydro can provide electricity for central grids or isolated communities and has very low operating costs. The document introduces the RETScreen software which can be used to analyze energy production, costs and emissions reductions for small hydro projects based on site-specific characteristics like flow rates.
GBF2014 - Rob Thornton - Flexible, Local, Resilient Energy GenerationToronto 2030 District
The document discusses the future of energy generation being flexible, local, and resilient through district energy systems and microgrids. It provides examples of how district energy/combined heat and power systems helped communities maintain power and heat during extreme weather events like Hurricane Sandy. Emerging policy trends support more widespread adoption of microgrid technologies to improve grid reliability and resilience at the local level.
This document provides an overview of renewable energy development and power converters for renewable applications. It discusses:
1) Worldwide installed renewable energy capacity has significantly increased between 2000-2020, led by growth in solar, wind, and hydropower.
2) For wind power, the state-of-the-art has transitioned to larger turbine sizes with full-scale power converters and variable speed control. Photovoltaics have seen significant capacity growth and fastest installation rates in recent years.
3) Power converters are crucial for renewable energy systems, with various topologies discussed for different applications like wind turbines and photovoltaics. Reliability and lifetime are important considerations.
Energy storage can help integrate renewable energy sources by storing excess production for times when supply is low. However, current storage technologies are too expensive to deploy widely. Alternatives include improving demand management and allowing generators to better adjust output to changing demand. Further development is needed to reduce storage costs before it can be broadly implemented on power grids.
Renewable energy technologies and their potentialRahul Gupta
The document discusses various renewable energy technologies and their potential. It describes renewable energy as energy sources that are naturally replenished and exist perpetually in the environment. The major renewable sources mentioned are wind energy, solar energy, biomass energy, hydro energy, and geothermal energy. For wind energy, it discusses how wind turbines work to convert kinetic wind energy into electrical energy. It also provides details on solar thermal and photovoltaic technologies to harness solar energy. Overall, the document outlines the working and status of different renewable sources with the aim to highlight their significant potential to provide clean and sustainable energy.
Presentation by Bushveld Energy at the African Solar Energy Forum in Accra, Ghana on 16 October 2019. The presentation covers four topics:
1) Overview of energy storage uses and technologies, including their current states of maturity;
2) Benefits to combining solar PV with storage, especially battery energy storage systems (BESS)
3) Examples from Bushveld’s experience in combining BESS with PV for commercial and industrial customers;
4) Introduction to Bushveld and its approach to BESS projects.
Presented at the Western Power Summit on November 6, 2014 during a panel discussion on "California’s Energy Storage Directive and Implications for the West".
Introduction and Present Status of Renewable Energies.pptRajaDesingu2
This document provides a syllabus for a course on power electronics for renewable energy systems. The syllabus covers five units: (1) an introduction to environmental impacts of renewable energy and different renewable resources; (2) electrical machines for renewable energy conversion; (3) power converters for solar and wind systems; (4) analysis of wind and PV systems; and (5) hybrid renewable energy systems. Textbooks and references are also listed.
Although the Hawaiian Islands are blessed with an abundance of renewable energy sources including excellent solar and wind resources, and have the nation’s most aggressive renewable energy standards, the state still relys heavily on fossil fuels for electricity generation. With isolated (unconnected) island grids and sparse systems on some islands, integration of the intermittent renewable generation systems has been challenging. In this talk, Richard discusses the approach used to identify strategic paths forward and describes several projects currently underway including the Maui Smart Grid Demonstration Project, the Smart Grid Inverter Project and several grid-scale battery energy storage projects.
5.5 off main-grid technologies for power generation in rural contextsLeNS_slide
This document provides an overview of off-grid power generation technologies for rural contexts. It begins with a 4-step process for designing off-grid energy systems that matches local needs with available resources in an optimized and cost-effective manner. The document then discusses assessing local energy needs and available solar, wind, and hydro resources. It provides technology summaries of solar photovoltaics, small wind turbines, and small hydropower systems. Hybrid systems that combine these technologies with batteries or diesel generators are also discussed. The document concludes with considerations for evaluating the impact of off-grid technologies on local development.
Nwtc seminar overview of the impact of turbulence on turbine dynamics, sept...ndkelley
Overview presentation on the impact of atmospheric turbulence on the dynamic response of wind turbines derived from 20 years of research at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory.
Greg Thomson - Community Microgrid - (17 oct 2014)annphancock
This document outlines a community microgrid initiative to increase local renewable energy generation while improving grid reliability. The objectives are to reach 25% or more of total energy consumed from local renewables, achieve cost-effective outcomes for communities, and accelerate deployments through partnerships. A showcase project in Hunters Point, San Francisco is described in collaboration with PG&E using an optimization approach to determine optimal locations and sizes of distributed energy resources (DER) like solar PV and energy storage. Baseline analysis found 30 MW of new PV could be added at optimal locations equaling 25% of annual energy without adverse grid impacts.
Controllers are used in renewable energy systems like electric vehicles, wind turbines, and solar power plants to regulate various functions. Modern controllers for electric vehicles use pulse width modulation to smoothly control motor speed and acceleration. Advanced controllers for wind turbines and solar plants employ strategies like variable pitch control, maximum power point tracking, and fuzzy logic to optimize power capture despite changing environmental conditions. Controllers are critical for integrating renewable sources into smart grids and ensuring stable, efficient system operation as use of intermittent renewables increases.
Among the Renewable Energy Sources, Wind Energy is taken up with careful prior efforts before implementation as it requires all capital and technical inputs before payback starts. However, it is a clean source of electric power compared to coal based thermal power. India is a country that has made progress in wind power investment.
YThis paper is due Monday, 30 November. You will need to use at leas.docxpaynetawnya
YThis paper is due Monday, 30 November. You will need to use at least ONE primary source, and TWO secondary sources. 12 font, double spaced, New times, 5 pages.
How did the Vikings construct their ships so that they were able to go such long distances? What impact did they have on the areas that they settled?
No plagiarism and No Paraphrasing. Put it on your own words, this is a major and final exam grade, please.
I will only accept on GOOD RATINGS PROFESSORS
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You have spent a lot of time researching a company. Would you inve.docxpaynetawnya
You have spent a lot of time researching a company. Would you invest in that company? (assume you can afford it). Why or why not? Is another company covered by a classmate preferable?
The company is Lenovo.Co
at least 250 words.
othr company my classmates covered are Walmart, Apple.Inc, Ikea,etc
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This document provides an overview of wind energy and wind turbines. It discusses the advantages of wind energy such as being clean and having an abundant domestic source. It also discusses disadvantages like intermittency and land use impacts. The document describes different types of wind turbines including horizontal and vertical axis designs. It provides information on wind resources and wind power potential in the United States. Key concepts in wind turbine operation and aerodynamics are explained like Betz's law. Cost trends for wind power and the future outlook of the industry are also summarized.
This document discusses small hydroelectric power projects. It defines small hydro as between 100 kW to 50 MW and outlines the key components and considerations for analysis. Small hydro can provide electricity for central grids or isolated communities and has very low operating costs. The document introduces the RETScreen software which can be used to analyze energy production, costs and emissions reductions for small hydro projects based on site-specific characteristics like flow rates.
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The document discusses the future of energy generation being flexible, local, and resilient through district energy systems and microgrids. It provides examples of how district energy/combined heat and power systems helped communities maintain power and heat during extreme weather events like Hurricane Sandy. Emerging policy trends support more widespread adoption of microgrid technologies to improve grid reliability and resilience at the local level.
This document provides an overview of renewable energy development and power converters for renewable applications. It discusses:
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The major threats to this land’s sustainability
The characteristics that will enable your land to provide a long-term sustainable food supply
The steps your team will take to develop these characteristics
Ways this land will benefit the city economically and environmentally
The timeline of your plan
.
Your supervisor, Ms. Harris, possesses a bachelors of social work (.docxpaynetawnya
Your supervisor, Ms. Harris, possesses a bachelor's of social work (B.S.W.) degree and is working on her master's degree in social work (M.S.W.) by going to school at night on a part-time basis. Prior to accepting the position at the pretrial diversion program, she worked in a community mental health clinic providing services to low-income families. You have your bachelor's degree in criminal justice behind you and your internship with the pretrial diversion program is halfway completed. You and Ms. Harris have had some intense discussions about human service practice in general and human service practice in the criminal justice field in particular.
You decide that you will chart the similarities and differences between the two and present a detailed outline to her comparing and contrasting the two. A detailed outline is in the traditional form of an outline; however, the text will contain sentences as opposed to single words or phrases. In your detailed outline, you should cover the following topics:
Identify 2 ways in which human service practice is different in the mental health setting versus the criminal justice setting (you may use any venue in the criminal justice setting for comparison, such as prison, jail, juvenile detention, pretrial diversion, parole, probation, etc.).Identify 2 ways in which human service practice is similar in the mental health setting versus the criminal justice setting (you may use any venue in the criminal justice setting for comparison, such as prison, jail, juvenile detention, pretrial diversion, parole, probation, etc.).What role does human service practice play in the pretrial diversion setting specifically?At what point, if any, does human service practice in the mental health setting converge on the pretrial diversion setting?
You should cite all sources using APA style format, and include a reference section at the end of your submission.
Up to 300 words times new Roman,12 font
.
Your RatingGroup DiscussionDelinquency Prevention Please .docxpaynetawnya
Your Rating:
Group Discussion
"Delinquency Prevention" Please respond to the following:
Describe the key differences between primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention programs. Discuss the overall effectiveness of these types of programs.
From the e-Activity, identify at least two (2) factors that contribute to a delinquency prevention program’s success. Specify the primary manner in which these types of programs have improved the lives of juveniles and their families.
.
Your report due in Week 6 requires you to look at tools of liquidity.docxpaynetawnya
Your report due in Week 6 requires you to look at tools of liquidity, profitability, and solvency. Discuss several of the financial analysis tools useful in assessing inventory issues and report the actual numbers for the company you selected for Assignment 1 in Week 6. Describe the impact of your numbers on reasons for investing or not investing in the company
Identify the inventory valuation method (LIFO, FIFO, Average, etc.) used by your company and discuss the impact of the method on the income statement and balance sheet. Include the pros and cons/ tradeoffs of the method on the reported numbers.
.
Your Project Sponsor pulls you aside and admits that he has no idea .docxpaynetawnya
Your Project Sponsor pulls you aside and admits that he has no idea what earned value management concepts (EVM), such as AC, BCWP, and EV mean; he is only concerned that you deliver the project ahead of schedule and under budget. Using the information covered from your readings and other activities, develop a project to educate him, including which EVM performance measures you would educate him on. Provide a rationale for your selection of topics.
.
Your progress on the project thus far. Have you already compiled i.docxpaynetawnya
Your progress on the project thus far. Have you already compiled it?
Anything interesting you learned about the organization you chose.
The most difficult component of this project. What made it challenging? How did you address this challenge?
Post a 2 to 4 paragraph discussion post (300 words minimum). Justify your explanations by including in-text citations and references in APA format as applicable.
.
Week 6 - Discussion 1Evaluate the characteristics of each mode o.docxpaynetawnya
Week 6 - Discussion 1
Evaluate the characteristics of each mode of transportation in terms of time and cost efficiencies. Give examples.
Week 6 - Discussion 2
The Bill of Lading is the single most important document in transportation. Describe at least two functions it performs in international logistics.
.
WEEK 5 – EXERCISES Enter your answers in the spaces pr.docxpaynetawnya
WEEK 5 – EXERCISES
Enter your answers in the spaces provided. Save the file using your last name as the beginning of the file name (e.g., ruf_week5_exercises) and submit via “Assignments.” When appropriate,
show your work
. You can do the work by hand, scan/take a digital picture, and attach that file with your work.
For the following question(s): A school counselor tests the level of depression in fourth graders in a particular class of 20 students. The counselor wants to know whether the kind of students in this class differs from that of fourth graders in general at her school. On the test, a score of 10 indicates severe depression, while a score of 0 indicates no depression. From reports, she is able to find out about past testing. Fourth graders at her school usually score 5 on the scale, but the variation is not known. Her sample of 20 fifth graders has a mean depression score of 4.4. Use the .01 level of significance.
1.
The counselor calculates the unbiased estimate of the population’s variance to be 15. What is the variance of the distribution of means?
A)
15/20 = 0.75
B)
15/19 = 0.79
C)
15
2
/20 = 11.25
D)
15
2
/19 = 11.84
2.
Suppose the counselor tested the null hypothesis that fourth graders in this class were
less
depressed than those at the school generally. She figures her
t
score to be
-
.20. What decision should she make regarding the null hypothesis?
A)
Reject it
B)
Fail to reject it
C)
Postpone any decisions until a more conclusive study could be conducted
D)
There is not enough information given to make a decision
3.
Suppose the standard deviation she figures (the square root of the unbiased estimate of the population variance) is .85. What is the effect size?
A)
5/.85 = 5.88
B)
.85/5 = .17
C)
(5
-
4.4)/.85 = .71
D)
.85/(5
-
4.4) = 1.42
For the following question(s): Professor Juarez thinks the students in her statistics class this term are more creative than most students at this university. A previous study found that students at this university had a mean score of 35 on a standard creativity test. Professor Juarez finds that her class scores an average of 40 on this scale, with an estimated population standard deviation of 7. The standard deviation of the distribution of means comes out to 1.63.
4.
What is the
t
score?
A)
(40
-
35)/7 = .71
B)
(40
-
35)/1.63 = 3.07
C)
(40
-
35)/7
2
= 5/49 = .10
D)
(40
-
35)/1.63
2
= 5/2.66 = 1.88
5.
What effect size did Professor Juarez find?
A)
(40
-
35)/7 = .71
B)
(40
-
35)/1.63 = 3.07
C)
(40
-
35)/7
2
= 5/49 = .10
D)
(40
-
35)/1.63
2
= 5/2.66 = 1.88
6.
If Professor Juarez had 30 students in her class, and she wanted to test her hypothesis using the 5% level of significance, what cutoff
t
score would she use? (You should be able to figure this out without a table because only one answer is in the correct region.)
A)
304.11
B)
1.699.
Week 5 Writing Assignment (Part 2) Outline and Preliminary List o.docxpaynetawnya
Week 5
Writing Assignment (Part 2): Outline and Preliminary List of References
Due Week 5 and worth 100 points
Complete the outline after you have done library / Internet research for evidence that bears on your hypothesis. Provide information about all of the following components of the final paper:
Subject:
Poverty.
What is your hypothesis?
1.
Specific Hypothesis
.
2.
Applicable Sociological Concepts
.
3.
Practical Implications
. Discuss the value of sociological research into your issue. Determine whether or not there are (or would be) practical implications of sociological inquiry into this issue.
Evidence
. This is the most important part of the paper. Analyze at least two (2) lines of evidence that pertain to the hypothesis that you are evaluating. Does the evidence support your hypothesis? For each type of evidence, consider possible biases and alternative interpretations.
Conclusions
. Draw conclusions based on the evidence that you have discovered. Does the evidence confirm or refute your hypothesis? Is the evidence sufficiently convincing to draw firm conclusions about your hypothesis?
For example, here is a generic example of what the headings of your possible outline might look like:
I.
Specific Hypothesis.
II.
Applicable Sociological Concepts.
a.
Theory A
b.
Concept 1
c.
Concept 2
III.
Practical Implications.
a.
Implications for public policy
i.
Education
ii.
Taxes
b.
Implications for employers
c.
Implications for spouses of workaholics
Evidence.
Line of evidence 1
i.
The evidence and what it means
ii.
Possible biases
iii.
Alternative explanations of what it means.
b.
Line of evidence 2
i.
The evidence and what it means
ii.
Possible biases
Conclusion(s): All available evidence refutes the hypothesis, but there are alternative explanations.
References
:
Baker, A. & Abel, E (2005) Villagers reject modern attitudes about car washing.
International Journal of Sociology
, 11, 12-57. Retrieved from EBSCO-Host.
Doe, J. (2010, April 1) Villagers retain traditional attitudes despite bombardment with western television.
The New York Times
. Retrieved from
www.nytimes.com/village_update
Steiner, H. (2012, January 4) Revolt against local ordinances in the village.
Time Magazine
. pp. 14-15.
Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:
Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; references must follow APA format.
The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are:
Evaluate the various methodologies for sociological research.
Apply the sociological perspective to a variety of socioeconomic and political problems.
Critically examine how society shapes individuals and how individuals shape society.
Use technology and information resources to research issues in sociology.
Write clearly and concisely about sociology using proper writing mechanics.
.
Week 5 eActivityRead the Recommendation for Cryptographic Key.docxpaynetawnya
Week 5 eActivity
Read the "
Recommendation for Cryptographic Key Generation
" by NIST.
Read Chapter 19 of "
An Introduction to Computer Security: The NIST Handbook.
"
Please be prepared to discuss each of these items
Analyze the overall attributes of symmetric and asymmetric cryptography technologies. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each, and speculate upon the main reasons why organizations utilize both technologies today. Give an example of where you would consider using each of these forms of encryption within an organization to support your response.
From the e-Activity, give your opinion of whether cryptography should be a part of every email security strategy or if there are specific characteristics of organizations where such measures are not needed. Justify your answer.
.
This document discusses network security and contains two questions. The first question asks about predominant electronic and physical threats to communications networks, such as hacking, malware, and physical damage. The second question asks about the importance of explicit enterprise security policies and procedures to protect networks and data through guidelines for acceptable and safe practices.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
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1. 11/15/16
1
Wind Power:
Now, Tomorrow
C.P. (Case) van Dam
EME-1
Mechanical Engineering
November 14, 2016
How does it function?
11/15/16
2
Wind Turbine Power
• The amount of power generated by a turbine depends on the
power in
2. the wind and the efficiency of the turbine:
• Power in wind
• Efficiency or Power Coefficient, Cp:
– Rotor (Conversion of wind power to mechanical power)
– Gearbox (Change in rpm)
– Generator & Inverter (Conversion of mechanical power to
electrical power)
Power
Turbine
!
"#
$
%&
=
Efficiency
Factor
!
"#
$
%&
×
Power
Wind
3. !
"#
$
%&
P
w
= 1
2
ρA
d
V
w
3
Basic Rotor Performance
(Momentum Theory)
Wind speed, Vw
Air density, ρ
Disk area, Ad
Power in wind, Pw = 1/2 ρ Vw3 Ad
Maximum rotor power, P = 16/27 Pw
Rotor efficiency, Cp = P / Pw
4. Betz limit, max Cp = 16/27 = 59.3%
11/15/16
3
Region 4
• Region 1
Turbine is stopped or
starting up
• Region 2
Efficiency maximized
by maintaining
optimum rotor RPM
(for variable speed
turbine)
• Region 3
Power limited through
blade pitch
• Region 4
Turbine is stopped
due to high winds
(loads)
HAWT Power Characteristics
Johnson et al (2005)
• Peak Cp at TSR = 9
• This Cp is maintained in Region II of power curve by
5. controlling rotor RPM
• In Region III power is controlled by changing blade pitch.
HAWT Cp-TSR Curve
Jackson (2005)
11/15/16
4
• Cp = Protor / (1/2 ρ Vw3 Ad)
• Solidity = Blade Area / Ad
• TSR = Tip Speed / Vw
• High power efficiency for
rotors with low solidity and
high TSR
• Darrieus (VAWT) is less
efficient than HAWT
Efficiency of Various Rotor
Designs
Butterfield (2008)
Cp
Tip Speed Ratio TSR = π D RPM / (60 Vw)
kidwind.org
6. C.P. van Dam
Dutch Mill
16th century
Water pumping, Grinding materials/grain
W. Gretz, DOE/NREL
Persian grain mill
9th century
American Multi-blade
19th century
Water pumping - irrigation
Brush Mill
1888
First wind turbine
12 kW
17 m rotor diameter
Charles F. Brush Special Collection,
Case Western Reserve University
telos.net/wind
Gedser Mill
1956, Denmark
Forerunner to modern wind
turbines
11/15/16
7. 5
Evolution of U.S. Utility-Scale
Wind Turbine Technology
NREL
Wind Turbine Scale-Up and Impact on Cost
U.S. DOE, Wind Vision, March 2015
• Scale-up has been effective in reducing cost but uncertain if
this trend can continue
11/15/16
6
Modern Wind
Turbines
• 1.0-3.0 MW
• Wind speeds: 3-25 m/s
– Rated power at 11-12 m/s
• Rotor
– Lift driven
– 3 blades
– Upwind
– Full blade pitch
– 70–120 m diameter
– 5-20 RPM
– Fiberglass, some carbon fiber
8. • Active yaw
• Steel tubular tower
• Installed in plants/farms of 100-200 MW
• ~40% capacity factor
– 1.5 MW wind turbine would generate
about 5,250,000 kWh per year
– Average household in California uses
about 6,000 kWh per year
Vestas
V90-3.0
MW
11/15/16
7
Technical Specifications -
Vestas V90
• Rotor
– Diameter 90 m
– Swept area 6,362 m2
– Nominal rpm 16.1→Tip speed= π⋅ D⋅ rpm/60 = 75.9 m/s
– Operational range 8.6 - 18.4 rpm
– Number of blades 3
– Power regulation Pitch/OptiSpeed
(Note, OptiSpeed not available in USA and Canada)
– Brake Independent blade pitch
9. (Three separate hydraulic pitch systems)
• Tower
– Hub height 80 m, 105 m
Technical Specifications -
Vestas V90
• Operational data
– Cut-in wind speed 4 m/s
– Nominal wind speed 15 m/s
– Cut-out wind speed 25 m/s
• Generator
– Type Asynchronous with OptiSpeed
– Rated output 3,000 kW
– Operational data 50 Hz, 1000 V
• Gearbox
– Type Two planetary and one helical stage
• Weight
– Nacelle 70 t
– Rotor 41 t
– Tower
• 80 m, IEC IA 160 t
• 105 m, IEC IIA 285 t
11/15/16
8
Wind Turbine Blade Diagram
10. de Vries, Windpower Monthly, 1 July 2012
Why wind energy?
11/15/16
9
Why Wind Energy?
• Renewable
– Guaranteed “fuel” availability
– Many regions in world are wind energy rich
– No cost volatility
• Clean
– Emission free operation
– No waste generation
• Installation
– Rapidly deployed
• Security
– Non-centralized installation and operation
– No imported fuel requirement
• Economics
– Cost effective energy
– Local economic benefits
• Does not rely on water
E. Mayda
11. • 1980s: U.S. was the leader in
installed wind power capacity
• 1990s: other countries quickly
outpaced the U.S.
• 2000s: US installations rapidly
increased, driven by competitive
pricing and favorable policies
• 2012: Record new capacity
• 2013-present: Significant
concern and uncertainty over
Production Tax Credit (PTC)
status, record low natural gas
prices, competition from PV
Historical Trend
in Installed Wind
Power Capacity
11/15/16
10
Global Installed Wind Power
Capacity
Percentage Energy Consumption from Wind
U.S. DOE, Wiser & Bolinger (2015)
12. 11/15/16
11
U.S. Wind Power Potential
Source: DOE/NREL
USA Installed Wind Power
Capacity
11/15/16
12
Why Wind Energy?
• Renewable
– Guaranteed “fuel” availability
– Large available resource in USA
– No cost volatility
• Clean
– Emission free operation
– No waste generation
• Installation
– Rapidly deployed
• Security
– Non-centralized installation and
operation
– No imported fuel requirement
13. • Economics
– Cost effective energy
– Local economic benefits
• Does not rely on water
C.P. van Dam
WA: 15% x 2020*
OR: 50%x 2040*
(large utilities)
CA: 50%
x 2030
MT: 15% x 2015
NV: 25% x
2025* UT: 20% x
2025*†
AZ: 15% x
2025*
ND: 10% x 2015
NM: 20%x 2020
(IOUs)
HI: 100% x 2045
CO: 30% x 2020
(IOUs) *†
14. OK: 15% x
2015
MN:26.5%
x 2025 (IOUs)
31.5% x 2020 (Xcel)
MI: 10% x
2015*†WI: 10%
2015
MO:15% x
2021
IA: 105 MW IN:
10% x
2025†
IL: 25%
x 2026
OH: 12.5%
x 2026
NC: 12.5% x 2021 (IOUs)
VA: 15%
x 2025†KS: 20% x 2020
ME: 40% x 2017
29 States +
Washington DC + 3
territories have a Renewable
Portfolio Standard
15. (8 states and 1 territories have
renewable portfolio goals)Renewable portfolio standard
Renewable portfolio goal Includes non-renewable alternative
resources* Extra credit for solar or customer-sited renewables†
U.S. Territories
DC
TX: 5,880 MW x 2015*
SD: 10% x 2015
SC: 2% 2021
NMI: 20% x 2016
PR: 20% x 2035
Guam: 25% x 2035
USVI: 30% x 2025
NH: 24.8%x 2025
VT: 75% x 2032
MA: 15% x 2020(new resources)
6.03% x 2016 (existing resources)
RI: 38.5% x 2035
CT: 27% x 2020
NY:50% x 2030
PA: 18% x 2021†
16. NJ: 20.38% RE x 2020
+ 4.1% solar by 2027
DE: 25% x 2026*
MD: 20% x 2022
DC: 20% x 2020
Renewable Portfolio Standard Policies
www.dsireusa.org / August 2016
11/15/16
13
California Wind Resource
• California wind maps. Developed by AWS Truepower for
CEC
• Mean annual wind speed at 30, 50, 70, 100 m heights at 200
m spatial resolution
• Maps indicate limited onshore resource except for several
areas: San Gorgonio, Tehachapi, Altamont, Solano
CA Energy Future
• California has an aggressive Renewables Portfolio Standard
(RPS). This standard requires all utilities to adopt the following
RPS targets:
- An average of 20% of retail sales from renewables in 2011-
2013.
- 25% by the end of 2016.
- 33% by the end of 2020.
17. - 50% by the end of 2030.
• In 2012, California served about 22% of retail electricity
sales
from facilities using renewable energy sources such as wind,
solar, geothermal, biomass, and small hydroelectric.
• The CEC estimates that this electricity was generated from
about
12,300 MW of wholesale generation and 1,600 MW of self-
generation.
• CA operating renewable energy capacity grew from 14,100
MW
in 2012 to 17,400 MW in 2013.
• On track to meet or exceed 33% RPS by 2020
- + rooftop PV - 5%
- + large hydro - 10% Source: CEC
11/15/16
14
CA Generation Mix 2013
Source: CEC
California High Renewable Day
Saturday, 12 April 2014
Renewables at 42.2% of load
Renewables at 31.9% of 24 hr load
18. Source: CAISO
Hour of Day
11/15/16
15
Source: CAISO
Hour of Day
Wind 19.9% of load
California High Renewable Day
Saturday, 12 April 2014
1. Downward ramping capability
Thermal plants to serve load at night
ramped down to deal with influx of
solar after sunrise
2. Minimum generation flexibility
Thermal resources must have lower
minimum generation levels to
minimize overgeneration
3. Upward ramping capability
Thermal resources must have quick
start up and ramp up capabilities to
deal with sundown loss in solar and
peak load
19. 4. Peaking capability
System must be capable to meet
reliably peak loads
5. Sub-hourly flexibility
System flexibility needed to meet
sub-hourly ramping
Source: E3 - Energy+Environmental Economics
50% RPS Provides New
Challenges
11/15/16
16
50% RPS Study Conclusions &
Recommendations
• 50% RPS does not face major technical hurdles
• May lead to overgeneration conditions during
daylight hours
• Will lead to higher electricity rates than 33% RPS
•
Solution
s to mitigate operational challenges and
20. reduce cost:
- Increase regional coordination - sharing of flexible
resources across WECC territory
- Develop diverse portfolio of renewable resources
- Implement long-term, sustainable solutions to address
overgeneration
- Implement distributed generation solutions
Source: E3 - Energy+Environmental Economics
Why Wind Energy?
• Renewable
– Guaranteed “fuel” availability
– Large available resource in USA
– No cost volatility
• Clean
– Emission free operation
– No waste generation
• Installation
– Rapidly deployed
21. • Security
– Non-centralized installation and
operation
– No imported fuel requirement
• Economics
– Cost effective energy
– Local economic benefits
• Does not rely on water
C.P. van Dam
11/15/16
17
Rapid Deployment of Wind
Turbines
• Windplant requires
22. installation of:
– Access roads
– Underground power
collection system
– Underground
communication system
– Turbine foundations
– Towers
– Nacelles
– Rotors
• 100 turbine, 150 MW
plant can be completed
and on-line in 6 months
C.P. van Dam
Why Wind Energy?
• Renewable
– Guaranteed “fuel” availability
– Large available resource in USA
– No cost volatility
23. • Clean
– Emission free operation
– No waste generation
• Installation
– Rapidly deployed
• Security
– Non-centralized installation and
operation
– No imported fuel requirement
• Economics
– Cost effective energy
– Local economic benefits
• Does not rely on water
C.P. van Dam
11/15/16
24. 18
Why Wind Energy?
• Renewable
– Guaranteed “fuel” availability
– Large available resource in USA
– No cost volatility
• Clean
– Emission free operation
– No waste generation
• Installation
– Rapidly deployed
• Security
– Non-centralized installation and
operation
– No imported fuel requirement
• Economics
– Cost effective energy
25. – Local economic benefits
• Does not rely on water
C.P. van Dam
Wind and Wholesale Energy Prices
U.S. DOE, Wiser & Bolinger (2015)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
30. • Clean
– Emission free operation
– No waste generation
• Installation
– Rapidly deployed
• Security
– Non-centralized installation and
operation
– No imported fuel requirement
• Economics
– Cost effective energy
– Local economic benefits
• Does not rely on water
C.P. van Dam
Water and Energy
Jane Woodward
“The Evolving Energy Revolution”
31. BioForum: Energy Prospects in a Changing World
California Academy of Sciences
13 September 2008
“Water will emerge as a major factor in
energy supply, prices and choices”
11/15/16
20
But it is not easy!
• Key factors for a successful wind energy
project
– Appropriate Site
• Wind regime
• Site size, shape, topography
• Transmission
• Land owners, host community
32. • Accessibility
• Constructability
• Airports and radar installations
• Habitat
• Power demand
• Energy pricing
– Appropriate Technology
• Turbine
• Manufacturer support
– Appropriate Participants
• Expertise and financial strength
• Documentation
• Tax appetite
• Skilled transport & construction
• Skilled O&M provider Source: GEC (2007)
UC Davis
Why Offshore Wind?
• Terrestrial wind power sites saturated
• Excellent wind resource
– High wind speeds
33. – Low turbulence
– Near load centers
• Remotely located
• No road transportation constraints
– Larger turbines
• Local economic benefits
– Jobs
– Infrastructure
– Taxes
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2 - 41
California Offshore Wind
Potential & Operating
Environment
34. Source: Schwartz et al, 2010
GW by Depth (m)
Region 0-30 30-60 >60 Total
California 4.4 10.5 573.0 587.8
Pacific Northwest 15.1 21.3 305.3 341.7
Source: Elliott et al, 2011
Source: NREL
Statoil Hywind
Turbine rated
capacity 2.3 MW
Turbine weight 138 tons
Draft hull 100 m
Nacelle height 65 m
35. Rotor diameter 82.4 m
Water depth 200 - 220 m
Displacement 5300 m3
Mooring 3 lines
Diameter at water
line 6 m
Diameter of
submerged body 8.3 m
November 2013: The Crown
Estate approved lease for
30MW Hywind project 20-30
kilometers off Scotland
Source: Statoil
11/15/16
36. 22
Principle Power
Source: Banister, Principle Power, July 2014
• Principle Power WindFloat-1
(2 MW) installed off northern
Portugal in October 2011;
still producing today
• Generated and delivered
over 10 GWh of energy to
Portuguese grid
• Technical availability 93%
• Performed through extreme
weather events, including
waves over 15 m
• Energy output consistent
with onshore turbine under
same wind conditions
• WindFloat-2 (6 MW)
37. projected for installation off
Oregon Coast. Total
installation 5 WF-2
WF-1 WF-2
Principle Power Project Site
Source: Banister, Principle Power, July 2014
• Lease application
filed with BOEM
on 14 May 2013
• Lease issuance
target Q2 2015
• Commissioning
target before end
2017
• Approx. 18 miles
offshore
• Project will be in
about 350+ meters
38. (1,200 ft) of water
• Generally sandy/
silly bottom
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23
Marine Development Parties in CA
Selected agencies
• Bureau of Ocean Energy
Management
• California Governor’s Office
• California Energy Commission
• California Public Utilities
Commission
• California Fish and Wildlife
• U.S. Fish and Wildlife
• National Oceanic and
39. Atmospheric Administration
– National Marine Fisheries
Services
– National Marine Sanctuaries
– Office of Ocean and Coastal
Resource Management
• California State Lands
Commission
• California State Parks
• National Park Service
• U.S. Defense Department
– Army
– Navy
– Air Force
– Coast Guard
• Ocean Protection Council
• California Coastal Commission
• Federal Energy Regulatory
40. Commission
• County agencies
Final Observations -
Offshore Wind Power
• Great Opportunity
– Bountiful energy
resource
– Near load centers
– Benefits from
extensive onshore
technical and
regulatory
experience
– Leverage experience
from other industries
• Oil and gas
industry
41. • Great Challenge
– Young industry
– Costs are currently
high
– Lack of established
infrastructure
• Coastal facilities
• Ships
– Cost challenges
• Larger turbines
• Deep water /
floating platforms
• Maintenance
– New environmental
considerations
– Complex regulatory
process with limited
experience