This document summarizes a study that used a fluorescence biomicroscope to simultaneously measure lens autofluorescence and Rayleigh scattering in 127 healthy subjects aged 21-70. Key findings include:
1. Lens autofluorescence intensity increased linearly with age, consistent with previous studies.
2. A nonlinear model best fit the relationship between fluorescence ratio (autofluorescence divided by scatter) and age, with the ratio leveling off at older ages.
3. The study establishes baseline measurements of lens autofluorescence and ratio values in healthy eyes that can help clinicians identify potentially abnormal levels in patients.
Segmentation of the Blood Vessel and Optic Disc in Retinal Images Using EM Al...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
IOL power calculation in post-myopic LASIK eyesHan Chieh Yu
Intraocular lens (IOL) power calculation is less accurate in eyes with prior myopic LASIK. Dozens of IOL calculation formulas were designed for use in this kind of eyes, but their accuracy still lags behind those used in virgin eyes. This keynote contains the reported performance of formulas listed on iolcalc.ascrs.org and refractive results of our case series using no-history formulas.
Segmentation of the Blood Vessel and Optic Disc in Retinal Images Using EM Al...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
IOL power calculation in post-myopic LASIK eyesHan Chieh Yu
Intraocular lens (IOL) power calculation is less accurate in eyes with prior myopic LASIK. Dozens of IOL calculation formulas were designed for use in this kind of eyes, but their accuracy still lags behind those used in virgin eyes. This keynote contains the reported performance of formulas listed on iolcalc.ascrs.org and refractive results of our case series using no-history formulas.
A clear path to patient eye health. The OCT WellnessExam® is an Optovue exclusive available on all Optovue OCT systems that delivers a quick, easy OCT scan to promote better overall patient eye health.
Automatic identification and classification of microaneurysms for detection o...eSAT Journals
Abstract Headlights of vehicles pose a great danger during night driving. The drivers of most vehicles use high, bright beam while driving at night. This causes a discomfort to the person travelling from the opposite direction. He experiences a sudden glare for a short period of time. This is caused due to the high intense headlight beam from the other vehicle coming towards him from the opposite direction. We are expected to dim the headlight to avoid this glare. This glare causes a temporary blindness to a person resulting in road accidents during the night. To avoid such incidents, we have fabricated a prototype of automatic headlight dimmer. This automatically switches the high beam into low beam thus reducing the glare effect by sensing the approaching vehicle. It also eliminates the requirement of manual switching by the driver which is not done at all times. The construction, working and the advantages of this prototype model is discussed in detail in this paper. Keywords: Headlight, automatic, dimmer, control, high beam, low beam, Kelvin (K).
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Optic Disc and Macula Localization from Retinal Optical Coherence Tomography ...IJECEIAES
This research used images from Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) examination as well as fundus images to localize the optical disc and macular layer of retina. The researchers utilized the OCT and fundus image to interpret the distance between macular center and optic disc in the image. The distance will express the area of macula that can be employed for further research. This distance could recognize the thickness of macula parameters diameter that will be used in localizing process of optic disc and macula. The parameters are the circle radius, the size of window’s filter, the constant value and the size of optic disc element structure as well as the size of macula. The results of this study are expected to improve the accuracy of macula detection that experience the edema.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
An Approach for the Detection of Vascular Abnormalities in Diabetic Retinopathyijdmtaiir
Diabetic Retinopathy is a common complication of
diabetes that is caused by changes in the blood vessels of the
retina. The blood vessels in the retina get altered. Exudates are
secreted, micro-aneurysms and hemorrhages occur in the
retina. The appearance of these features represents the degree
of severity of the disease. In this paper the proposed approach
detects the presence of abnormalities in the retina using image
processing techniques by applying morphological processing
techniques to the fundus images to extract features such as
blood vessels, micro aneurysms and exudates. These features
are used for the detection of severity of Diabetic Retinopathy.
It can quickly process a large number of fundus images
obtained from mass screening to help reduce the cost, increase
productivity and efficiency for ophthalmologists.
Review of methods for diabetic retinopathy detection and severity classificationeSAT Journals
Abstract Diabetic Retinopathy is a serious vascular disorder that might lead to complete blindness. Therefore, the early detection and the treatment are necessary to prevent major vision loss. Though the Manual screening methods are available, they are time consuming and inefficient on a large image database of patients. Moreover, it demands skilled professionals for the diagnosis. Automatic Diabetic Retinopathy diagnosis systems can replace manual methods as they can significantly reduce the manual labor involved in the screening process. Screening conducted over a larger population can become efficient if the system can separate normal and abnormal cases, instead of the manual examination of all images. Therefore, Automatic Retinopathy detection systems have attracted large popularity in the recent times. Automatic retinopathy detection systems employ image processing and computer vision techniques to detect different anomalies associated with retinopathy. This paper reviews various methods of diabetic retinopathy detection and classification into different stages based on severity levels and also, various image databases used for the research purpose are discussed. Keywords— Automatic Diabetic Retinopathy detection, computer vision, Diabetic Retinopathy, image databases, image processing, manual screening
OCT-Angiography is a dye-less method, unlike traditional Fluorescein Angiography and ICG. OCT-Angiography is three dimensional, which allows to scroll through depths and layers, showing superficial and deeper capillaries.
Automated histopathological image analysis: a review on ROI extractioniosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A clear path to patient eye health. The OCT WellnessExam® is an Optovue exclusive available on all Optovue OCT systems that delivers a quick, easy OCT scan to promote better overall patient eye health.
Automatic identification and classification of microaneurysms for detection o...eSAT Journals
Abstract Headlights of vehicles pose a great danger during night driving. The drivers of most vehicles use high, bright beam while driving at night. This causes a discomfort to the person travelling from the opposite direction. He experiences a sudden glare for a short period of time. This is caused due to the high intense headlight beam from the other vehicle coming towards him from the opposite direction. We are expected to dim the headlight to avoid this glare. This glare causes a temporary blindness to a person resulting in road accidents during the night. To avoid such incidents, we have fabricated a prototype of automatic headlight dimmer. This automatically switches the high beam into low beam thus reducing the glare effect by sensing the approaching vehicle. It also eliminates the requirement of manual switching by the driver which is not done at all times. The construction, working and the advantages of this prototype model is discussed in detail in this paper. Keywords: Headlight, automatic, dimmer, control, high beam, low beam, Kelvin (K).
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Optic Disc and Macula Localization from Retinal Optical Coherence Tomography ...IJECEIAES
This research used images from Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) examination as well as fundus images to localize the optical disc and macular layer of retina. The researchers utilized the OCT and fundus image to interpret the distance between macular center and optic disc in the image. The distance will express the area of macula that can be employed for further research. This distance could recognize the thickness of macula parameters diameter that will be used in localizing process of optic disc and macula. The parameters are the circle radius, the size of window’s filter, the constant value and the size of optic disc element structure as well as the size of macula. The results of this study are expected to improve the accuracy of macula detection that experience the edema.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
An Approach for the Detection of Vascular Abnormalities in Diabetic Retinopathyijdmtaiir
Diabetic Retinopathy is a common complication of
diabetes that is caused by changes in the blood vessels of the
retina. The blood vessels in the retina get altered. Exudates are
secreted, micro-aneurysms and hemorrhages occur in the
retina. The appearance of these features represents the degree
of severity of the disease. In this paper the proposed approach
detects the presence of abnormalities in the retina using image
processing techniques by applying morphological processing
techniques to the fundus images to extract features such as
blood vessels, micro aneurysms and exudates. These features
are used for the detection of severity of Diabetic Retinopathy.
It can quickly process a large number of fundus images
obtained from mass screening to help reduce the cost, increase
productivity and efficiency for ophthalmologists.
Review of methods for diabetic retinopathy detection and severity classificationeSAT Journals
Abstract Diabetic Retinopathy is a serious vascular disorder that might lead to complete blindness. Therefore, the early detection and the treatment are necessary to prevent major vision loss. Though the Manual screening methods are available, they are time consuming and inefficient on a large image database of patients. Moreover, it demands skilled professionals for the diagnosis. Automatic Diabetic Retinopathy diagnosis systems can replace manual methods as they can significantly reduce the manual labor involved in the screening process. Screening conducted over a larger population can become efficient if the system can separate normal and abnormal cases, instead of the manual examination of all images. Therefore, Automatic Retinopathy detection systems have attracted large popularity in the recent times. Automatic retinopathy detection systems employ image processing and computer vision techniques to detect different anomalies associated with retinopathy. This paper reviews various methods of diabetic retinopathy detection and classification into different stages based on severity levels and also, various image databases used for the research purpose are discussed. Keywords— Automatic Diabetic Retinopathy detection, computer vision, Diabetic Retinopathy, image databases, image processing, manual screening
OCT-Angiography is a dye-less method, unlike traditional Fluorescein Angiography and ICG. OCT-Angiography is three dimensional, which allows to scroll through depths and layers, showing superficial and deeper capillaries.
Automated histopathological image analysis: a review on ROI extractioniosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Detection of Glaucoma using Optic Disk and Incremental Cup Segmentation from ...theijes
Medical researchers, detection of eye disease is very important because it may causes blindness. Glaucoma is one of the diseases that cause blindness. Standard procedure for detection glaucoma is to analysis of optic disk (OD) and cup region in retinal image. In this paper, introduce an automatic OD parameterized technique which is based on segmentation and Incremental Cup segmentation. The incremental cup segmentation method is based on anatomical evidence such as vessel bends at the cup boundary, considered relevant by glaucoma experts. Bends in a vessel are robustly detected using a region of support concept, which automatically selects the right scale for analysis. A multi-stage strategy is applied to derive a reliable subset of vessel bends called r-bends followed by a local 2-D spline fitting to derive the desired cup boundary. The results are compared with existing methods using different retinal images.
Glaucoma is a disease which leads to a permanent blindness to a person. Many techniques are available in medical industry to detect glaucoma. Some traditional techniques are HRT and COT. But both of them are cost effective and time consuming. These inefficiencies leads to the emergence of automatic computer aided system which can detect glaucoma in less time. Optic disc and optic cup smashes an important role in glaucoma detection. This paper gives an study of various techniques that are used in glaucoma detection using automated systems Sherin. J | Devi Kala Rathinam. D | Santhiya Grace. A"Analysis on Glaucoma Detection" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd15756.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/bioinformatics/15756/analysis-on-glaucoma-detection/sherin-j
Glaucoma is the most leading cause of irreversible blindness with the population of Africa and Asia ranking the highest over the rate of glaucoma affected regions around the world. The defect will damage eyes irreversibly by affecting the optic cup and optic disc of an eye. The early detection of glaucoma is an unavoidable need in the medical field. The widely used technique to detect glaucoma is an invasive method that may lead to other effects on the eye. This reason led to the introduction of a non invasive method that follows image processing for the detection of glaucoma. Retinal image based detection is the best way to choose as it comes under non invasive methods of detection. Detection of glaucoma using retinal images requires various medical features of the eyes such as optic cup diameter, optic disc diameter and optic cup to disc ratio are used. Glaucoma disease detection from retinal images supports convolutional neural networks CNN . The textual features obtained from retinal images such as the optic cup to optic disc measures are used for this classification. Convolutional Neural Networks use little pre processing techniques that can be implemented relatively uncomplicated compared to other image classification techniques. The implementation of this project follows the traditional CNN architecture, applying filter layers such as Convolution layer and Pooling layer and also activation functions such as ReLu function and sigmoid function to pre process as well as to update weights respectively on the hidden layers of the CNN followed by classifying the image. Vishnubhotla Poornasree | Vijayagiri Ashritha | Venumula Deeksha Reddy | J. Srilatha ""Glaucoma Detection from Retinal Images"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23732.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/other/23732/glaucoma-detection-from-retinal-images/vishnubhotla-poornasree
earSight Innovations is developing new technologies that allow accurate measurement of the eye with the ability to move cataract surgery outcomes to a new level. Cataract surgery is the most commonly performed surgery in the world with over 20 million surgeries conducted annually.
Incidence of Glaucoma & Diabetic Retinopathy in Patients with Diabetes Mellit...QUESTJOURNAL
Background: Vision is a means of communication of man with the external world. The impact of visual loss due to various ocular morbidities has profound implications for the person affected and the society as a whole. Diabetes has become one of the world’s most important public health problems & WHO indicate that 19% of world’s diabetic population lives in India. Diabetes related microvascular complications cause visual disability even in younger age group individuals. Aim: To estimate the magnitude of Glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy in diabetic patients in our institution. To create awareness about avoidable blindness in diabetic patients.To enlighten and thereby motivate the patient for further evaluation and follow up. Materials and methods: The study is a hospital- based , non- interventional, cross-sectional study. The ocular disorders are evaluated in 500 consecutive diabetic patients attending ophthalmology out patient department of Kanyakumari medical college hospital. Estimation of visual acuity, slit lamp examination, intraocular pressure, retinoscopy & fundus examination, visual field analysis , gonioscopy are done to detail the defective vision. Result analysis Data is analysed using SPSS. The common manifestations are cataract- 346 (69%), diabetic retinopathy- 94 patients (18.8%), glaucoma– 34 (6.8%). Patients with cataract are well managed by cataract extraction techniques. Prime importance is to create awareness and also diagnose the early changes of retinopathy and glaucoma.Treatment of glaucoma if instituted early will go a long way in preventing avoidable blindness Therefore periodic visual screening along with control of hyperglycemia and associated risk factors is needed to ensure good quality of vision.
FUZZY CLUSTERING BASED GLAUCOMA DETECTION USING THE CDR sipij
Glaucoma is a serious eye disease, overtime it will result in gradual blindness. Early detection of thedisease will help prevent against developing a more serious condition. A vertical cup-to-disc ratio which isthe ratio of the vertical diameter of the optic cup to that of the optic disc, of the fundus eye image is an important clinical indicator for glaucoma diagnosis. This paper presents an automated method for the extraction of optic disc and optic cup using Fuzzy C Means clustering technique combined with
thresholding. Using the extracted optic disc and optic cup the vertical cup-to-disc ratio was calculated.
The validity of this new method has been tested on 365 colour fundus images from two different publicly
available databases DRION, DIARATDB0 and images from an ophthalmologist. The result of the method
seems to be promising and useful for clinical work.
Learning Effect and Test-Retest Variability in Healthy Subjects and Patients ...inventionjournals
Aim: To study learning effect (LE) and test retest variability (TRV) in healthy subjects and patients with primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) using Rarebit perimetry (RBP). To determine normative ranges of RBP. Methods: 61 eyes of 35 subjects underwent visual field testing with standard automated perimetry (SAP) and RBP. TRV and LE were assessed in repeated examinations conducted in 3 different days. First two examinations were conducted within 3 days and the last one within one month. LE was assessed by comparing results from the three sessions. TRV was evaluated by calculating differences between retest for each combination of single tests. To determine normative ranges of RBP were included 34 eyes of 21 healthy subjects and 62 eyes of 47 subjects with preperimetric and early POAG. Cut off value was determined between the two groups using ROC analysis. Results: No significant LE was observed in POAG group. There was a significant LE in the control group but only in the visual field zones with eccentric location. TRV was higher in POAG group and in central visual field zone. The mean MHR in control group was 94.88 (SD 2.21) and 83.56 (SD 6.95) in POAG group. Cut off value for discriminating between healthy subjects and patient with POAG was 91.50% with AUROC 0.985 (p<0.001, ROC analysis). Conclusion: RBP is fast and easy to perform test. RBP testing did not show a significant LE in glaucoma group, however, TRV was consistent. MHR can be successfully used for differentiation of healthy eye from those with early glaucoma changes.
Automatic Detection of Non-Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy Using Fundus Im...iosrjce
To diagnosis of Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) it is the prime cause of blindness in the working age
population of the world. Detection method is proposed to detect dark or red lesions such as microaneurysms
and hemorrhages in fundus images.Developed during this work, this first is for collection of lesion data
information and was used by the ophthalmologist in marking images for database while the automatic
diagnosing and displaying the diagnosis result in a more friendly user interface and is as shown in chapter
three of this report. The primary aim of this project is to develop a system that will be able to identify patients
with BDR and PDR from either colour image or grey level image obtained from the retina of the patient. The
algorithm was tested fundus images. The Operating Characteristics (ROC) was determined for red spot lesion
and bleeding, while cross over points were only detected leaving further classification as part of future work
needed to complete this global project. Sensitivity and specificity was calculated for the algorithm is given
respectively as 96.3% and 95.1%
Topical dorzolamide for macular edema in the early phase after vitrectomy and...Avaleks-Kiev
Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate prospectively the efficacy of a topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitor in macular edema after vitrectomy.
Цель: оценка перспективы использования топического ингибитора карбоангидразы для профилактики развития макулярного отека после витрэктомии.
http://ophthalmolog.kiev.ua/
Eye Gaze Tracking With a Web Camera in a Desktop Environment1crore projects
IEEE PROJECTS 2015
1 crore projects is a leading Guide for ieee Projects and real time projects Works Provider.
It has been provided Lot of Guidance for Thousands of Students & made them more beneficial in all Technology Training.
Dot Net
DOTNET Project Domain list 2015
1. IEEE based on datamining and knowledge engineering
2. IEEE based on mobile computing
3. IEEE based on networking
4. IEEE based on Image processing
5. IEEE based on Multimedia
6. IEEE based on Network security
7. IEEE based on parallel and distributed systems
Java Project Domain list 2015
1. IEEE based on datamining and knowledge engineering
2. IEEE based on mobile computing
3. IEEE based on networking
4. IEEE based on Image processing
5. IEEE based on Multimedia
6. IEEE based on Network security
7. IEEE based on parallel and distributed systems
ECE IEEE Projects 2015
1. Matlab project
2. Ns2 project
3. Embedded project
4. Robotics project
Eligibility
Final Year students of
1. BSc (C.S)
2. BCA/B.E(C.S)
3. B.Tech IT
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10. BE(ECE)(EEE)(E&I)
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UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
Generating a custom Ruby SDK for your web service or Rails API using Smithyg2nightmarescribd
Have you ever wanted a Ruby client API to communicate with your web service? Smithy is a protocol-agnostic language for defining services and SDKs. Smithy Ruby is an implementation of Smithy that generates a Ruby SDK using a Smithy model. In this talk, we will explore Smithy and Smithy Ruby to learn how to generate custom feature-rich SDKs that can communicate with any web service, such as a Rails JSON API.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and Sales
4. fm jdst published article 11 12
1.
2. Simultaneous Noninvasive Clinical Measurement of Lens Autofluorescence
and Rayleigh Scattering Using a Fluorescence Biomicroscope
Burd
Abstract cont.
Conclusions:
Our observation of a strongly significant linear regression of fluorescence intensity with age of the subjects agrees
with the results from previous studies, as does a nonlinear model for the fluorescence ratio. The fluorescence
biomicroscope enables the clinician to identify patients with fluorescence ratio significantly higher than
expected for their age.
J Diabetes Sci Technol 2012;6(6):1251-1259
Introduction
T
he study of the autofluorescence of the human
crystalline lens has a long history, beginning with reports
from the 19th century.1,2 Early clinical studies established
that lens autofluorescence could be measured noninvasively
and that fluorescence intensity increases with the age of
the subject.3,4
That a noninvasive measurement of lens autofluorescence
may have clinical utility is suggested by its physiological
basis, which is the accumulation of “advanced glycation
end products” (AGEs), a heterogeneous family of yellow–
brown and fluorescent proteins that have been modified
by glycation (the nonenzymatic reaction of reducing sugars
with the free amino groups of proteins and subsequent
irreversible reactions).5 Although most proteins in living
systems turn over with sufficient rapidity to avoid
significant accumulation of AGEs, some, such as lens
crystallins, nerve myelin, and skin collagen, are long lived,
and AGEs accumulate in these proteins over a person’s
lifetime.5,6 The accumulation of AGEs is believed to
contribute to the gradual decline in tissue and organ
function that is observed within the aging body.7
Advanced glycation end products have been implicated in
diseases of aging, including cardiovascular diseases.8–13
Because glycation is initiated by free reducing sugars,
diabetes subjects have an accelerated accumulation of
AGEs.14–22 Thus lens autofluorescence, as a noninvasive
measure of AGE accumulation, can be regarded as a
measure of cumulative tissue damage due to elevated
sugar in plasma and interstitial fluids.
The clinical application of lens autofluorescence has been
limited by the unavailability of an instrument suitable
for routine clinical use. We have developed, and are
seeking U.S. marketing clearance for, a scanning confocal
J Diabetes Sci Technol Vol 6, Issue 6, November 2012
1252
lens fluorescence biomicroscope with blue light-emitting
diode (LED) excitation that rapidly measures green
fluorescence within a volume of measurement that is
scanned through the lens. Novel features include the
ability to simultaneously measure blue Rayleigh scattered
light and an infrared (IR) video system that detects and
automatically tracks the position of the pupil so that
measurements are fully automated. It is not necessary to
dilate the pupil. By computing the ratio of fluorescence to
scatter, most potential sources of measurement variation
are eliminated, and an easily interpreted index is reported
to the clinician.
To establish a baseline of normal eyes, we have used this
instrument to measure the fluorescence intensity and
fluorescence ratio of 127 self-reported healthy subjects
from 21 to 70 years of age with healthy eyes, as verified
by optometric examination.
Methodology
Biomicroscope
The ClearPath DS-120® lens fluorescence biomicroscope
optical system (Freedom Meditech, San Diego, CA) consists
of a blue (465 nm) LED excitation light with a 430–470 nm
band-pass filter, source and collection focusing optics,
motor-driven filter wheel with 25% neutral density (scatter),
and long-pass (fluorescent emission 500–1650 nm) filters
and a silicon photomultiplier light detector (Figure 1).
In addition, there is a red blinking LED target fixation
light positioned within red blinking concentric rings to
aid the patient in self-alignment, three IR LED lights to
illuminate the eye, and a video camera. A fluorescence
reference target is positioned in the optical path during
the self-test procedure at startup. Stepper motors control
the optics window horizontal motion, chin rest motion,
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3. Simultaneous Noninvasive Clinical Measurement of Lens Autofluorescence
and Rayleigh Scattering Using a Fluorescence Biomicroscope
Burd
filter wheel rotation, and optical focus point x, y, z
positioning.
Startup Procedure
The system performs a self-test when the fluorescence
biomicroscope software starts up. The self-test procedure
verifies computer communication with the optical system;
resets and zeros the x, y, z positions of the focal point
with respect to its switch limits; and starts the filter wheel.
The self-test also verifies that the device is operating
within normal limits by measuring the fluorescence
reference target.
Operation
Only the patient’s chin and forehead contact the ClearPath
DS-120 lens fluorescence biomicroscope. The patient is
positioned with the forehead centered on the headrest.
The eye is illuminated by three near-IR 880 nm LED lights
and is observed by an IR-sensitive charge-coupled device
video camera. An image of the eye is displayed on the
computer screen to assist the operator in the alignment
of the patient.
The headrest is adjusted manually to bring the corneal
plane of the test eye close to the optics window so that
the eye is in focus. The patient is instructed to look at the
red blinking LED fixation light that is surrounded by
red blinking concentric rings. The operator adjusts the
optics window and chin rest by clicking arrow icons on
the computer screen.
The software includes an automatic tracking program for
positioning the pupil. The system automatically aligns its
optical axis before a measurement is taken.
The patient is instructed to close and open the eye (to wet
the cornea with a tear film to reduce blinking) and the
operator clicks on the start icon to begin the scan.
The blue LED light source is focused to achieve a
converging excitation beam of blue light that is initially
positioned just behind the posterior lens capsule.
The collection optics are confocally aligned within a 1 mm
diameter and 3 mm long volume of measurement that
is scanned through the lens in 0.31 mm steps (Figure 2).
In the eye, this blue light is scattered by elastic (Rayleigh
scattering) and inelastic (fluorescent) interactions with
lens proteins.
A filter rejects red and IR light from the positioning lights.
A rotating filter wheel chops the beam into blue/green
(primarily Rayleigh scattered) and green (fluorescent)
J Diabetes Sci Technol Vol 6, Issue 6, November 2012
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Figure 1. Optical system. Dia, diameter.
Figure 2. Diagram of volume of measurement.
segments. The scattered and fluorescent light is focused on
a highly sensitive silicon photomultiplier, and the signals
are sent to the analog-to-digital converter on the optics
control board and then to the computer.
Under software control, the volume of measurement at
the focal point of the light source and detector is scanned
from just behind the posterior lens capsule, through the
lens, through the anterior lens capsule to the aqueous
humor, and then back again. Computer software records
both scattered and fluorescent light during the forward
and reverse scan and constructs a graph of each that
is displayed on the computer monitor. Software detects
the front and back surfaces of the lens capsule on the
graph, estimates the apparent thickness of the lens, and
computes the average of the ratio of lens autofluorescence
to scattered light in the central portion of the lens.
The software checks that the apparent lens thickness
is within a physiological range. Software also detects
anomalies in the scan, such as eye blinks, which could
cause an inaccurate measurement, or excessive difference
between the two scans.
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4. Simultaneous Noninvasive Clinical Measurement of Lens Autofluorescence
and Rayleigh Scattering Using a Fluorescence Biomicroscope
Burd
For valid scans, the fluorescence ratio is reported;
otherwise, for anomalous scans (too much difference in
forward and reverse scans, anterior and posterior edges
outside of physiological range, pupil too small, signal
out of linear range, or fluorescence ratio outside of
physiological range), an error code is reported on the
computer monitor, and the fluorescence ratio is not
reported. In the case of an error code, the clinician can
rescan the eye.
• Subject has been clinically diagnosed with cataracts
in the test eye, with any sign of opacification;
If the scan is valid, software produces a report that is
displayed on the screen and that can be printed for the
patient and/or for the patient’s file. The scan data are
also automatically saved on the computer’s hard disk.
Prior to performing the study, each operator went
through a familiarization period. Familiarization included
reading and understanding the procedure for the instrument and successfully performing a scan.
Human Participant Selection Criteria
Fluorescence Intensity Measurement
Each participant signed an informed consent document,
filled out a health questionnaire, and underwent an eye
examination (including a slit lamp examination) by an
optometrist before being tested with the study device.
The following criteria were used to select patients:
Inclusion Criteria
• Subject must be aged between 21 and 70 years,
• Subject must be able to read or understand English
and give informed consent,
• Subject must complete the health questionnaire,
and
• Subject must have healthy eyes, as determined by
the optometrist.
• Subject has ocular surface (dry eye) disease;
• Subject is unable to cooperate with or understand
clinical instructions; or
• Subject is unable to complete test sequence.
Subjects were scanned up to a maximum of eight scans;
however, testing was terminated after five successful
scans on the subject. A successful scan is one for which
the instrument reports a fluorescence ratio instead of an
error code. Of the 128 recruited into the study, 1 subject
had no successful scans because of droopy eyelids and
excessive blinking. There were a total of 628 successful
scans among the 127 subjects that had at least one
successful scan (mean, 4.9 successful scans/subject).
Data Collection
In addition to reporting the fluorescence-intensity-to-scatter
ratio to the clinician on the screen (as previously described),
the fluorescence biomicroscope records fluorescence
intensity and other scan details in a file on the computer’s
hard disk. The fluorescence intensity data shown in
Figure 3 was obtained from this file.
Exclusion Criteria
• Subject is not deemed healthy based on the
comprehensive eye exam;
• Subject has type 1 or type 2 diabetes, as reported
on the health questionnaire;
• Subject has had the crystalline lens removed from
the test eye or has had the crystalline lens removed
and replaced with an intraocular lens implant in
the test eye;
• Subject has had a fluorescence angiogram within the
past 6 months;
• Subject has undergone a treatment using photodynamic drugs within the past year;
J Diabetes Sci Technol Vol 6, Issue 6, November 2012
1254
Figure 3. Mean fluorescence (arbitrary units) from healthy eyes of
127 healthy subjects versus age (years) from clinical study with
regression line (fluorescence = 368 + 138 × age). R 2 = 0.72.
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5. Simultaneous Noninvasive Clinical Measurement of Lens Autofluorescence
and Rayleigh Scattering Using a Fluorescence Biomicroscope
Demographic data were analyzed with the Frequencies
procedure for SPSS version 19 software for Mac OSX
(version 10.6) for descriptive data and the Means
procedure for means, medians, and ranges. Fluorescence
ratios were analyzed with SAS 9.1 for Windows with
procedure PROC GLMMIX.
Burd
Table 1.
Gender
Gender
Frequency
Percentage
Female
71
55.9
Male
56
44.1
Total
127
100.0
Age range
Frequency
Percentage
20–29
30
23.6
30–39
30
23.6
40–49
23
18.1
50–59
22
17.3
60–69
21
16.5
70
1
0.8
Total
127
100.0
Results
Demographics
The study enrolled 128 men and women. One subject,
a 41-year-old Asian male, had no valid scans and was
removed from the data set. Thus there were 127 valid
subjects in the data set.
Table 2.
Age
Demographics of the patient population are shown in
Tables 1–4. A small majority of the subjects were women.
Ages ranged from 21 to 70 years, with a median age of
42 years.
Subject Health Characteristics
Subjects who were enrolled were self-reported as healthy.
Health parameters that subjects reported included
cholesterol, hypertension, kidney disease, diabetic firstdegree relative, and smoking (Table 5).
Regression of Fluorescence Intensity versus Age
We performed a linear regression of mean subject
fluorescence intensity versus age in years. Since Levene’s
test showed a highly significant heterogeneity of the
variances of the deviations from the mean of replicate
observations for each subject, the subject means were
weighted using the inverse of the subject-specific variance.
The linear model was highly significant, with p << .001
(Table 6). The improvement in fit for higher-order polynomial models was not statistically significant. Figure 3
shows the subject mean fluorescence intensities and the
linear regression model versus age.
Model of Fluorescence Ratio versus Subject Age
The instrument achieves additional reliability by use of a
ratio method that removes many of the potential sources
of variation that apply to the measure of absolute
fluorescence intensity. Thus, in addition to measuring green
fluorescence, the instrument also measures blue scattered
light. We used the scattering measurement to calculate
the ratio of fluorescence intensity to scatter in order to
correct the fluorescence for attenuation effects.
Replicate measurements of individual subjects showed a
5.5% coefficient of variability. Polynomial regression of
J Diabetes Sci Technol Vol 6, Issue 6, November 2012
1255
Mean age
42.4
Median age
42.0
Table 3.
Ethnicity (Reported by Subject)
Frequency
Percentage
Asian/Pacific Islander
19
15.0
Black
4
3.1
Caucasian
86
67.7
Hispanic
10
7.9
Multi-race or other
8
6.3
127
100.0
Total
Table 4.
Height and Weight Characteristics
Weight
(pounds)
Body mass
index
63
133
22.7
Median
64
130
21.6
Minimum
49
95
18.3
72
200
33.8
Mean
Male
Height
(inches)
Maximum
Female
Statistic
Mean
Gender
69
184
25.9
Median
69
176
25.8
Minimum
61
127
19.5
Maximum
77
320
42.2
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6. Simultaneous Noninvasive Clinical Measurement of Lens Autofluorescence
and Rayleigh Scattering Using a Fluorescence Biomicroscope
Burd
Table 5.
Self-Reported Health
Frequency
Percentage
High cholesterol
17
13.4
Hypertension
9
7.1
Kidney disease
0
0.0
Diabetic first-degree relative
33
26.0
Smoking
42
33.1
Total
127
100.0
the fluorescence ratio against age showed significance for
quadratic term; inclusion of gender, ethnicity, and selfreported health variables did not significantly improve
the fit of the model to the data. Because the quadratic
function shows a nonphysiological negative slope at high
age, we used a nonlinear model to compute the mean
predicted ratio and 80% and 95% prediction intervals
(Figure 4):
y = κ/(1_+ exp(-β*(x-µ)),
where y is the fluorescence ratio, x is the subject age,
κ is the level of asymptote, β is the rate of rise, and
µ is the location of the inflection point. The parameters
κ, β, and µ are estimated using nonlinear least squares
regression, using only a single measurement for each
subject in order to obtain the prediction interval for a
single observation. The model was highly significant
(p < .0001), with estimates of κ = 0.22, β = 0.15, and
µ = 20.4.
Discussion
Our observation of a strongly significant linear regression
of fluorescence intensity with age of the subjects agrees
with the results with previous studies (except for
differences of scale).23–25 Similar relationships have been
reported for skin autofluorescence.26–28
Figure 4. Observed fluorescence ratios from healthy eyes of 127 healthy
subjects from clinical study with regression line (green) and upper
one-sided 80% and 95% prediction intervals.
Significance of Lens Autofluorescence
Kurzel and coauthors29 identified fluorophores with five
emission maxima in the ultraviolet (UV) and visible
fluorescence spectra in the intact human lens. The UV
bands include the amino acid tryptophan, a natural
fluorophore in proteins, as well as other fluorophores that
are responsible for lens autofluorescence that increases
with age. A blue/green (450 nm excitation/550 nm
emission) fluorophore, corresponding to the excitation
and emission bands used in this study, is substantially
increased in brunescent lenses.29
The fluorophores responsible for age-dependent lens
fluorescence have been chemically identified as AGEs
that are formed by a process of glycation.6,30–32 Abiko and
coauthors33 measured lens autofluorescence in Chinese
hamsters in vivo, removed the eyes, and analytically
measured AGEs in lens extracts; lens autofluorescence
was correlated with AGEs as measured by enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assay. Other studies that identify AGEs
Table 6.
Analysis of Variance for Linear Regression of Fluorescence Intensity (Arbitrary Units) versus Age (Years)
Shown in Figure 3
Model
Sum of squares
df
Mean square
F
Significance
325
0.000
Regression
141,872
1
141,872
Residual
54,457
125
435
Total
1
196,329
126
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7. Simultaneous Noninvasive Clinical Measurement of Lens Autofluorescence
and Rayleigh Scattering Using a Fluorescence Biomicroscope
as the fluorophores responsible for lens autofluorescence
include Kamei and Kato,32 who correlated the analytically
determined 1-deoxyfructosyl glycation adduct (DFA) with
the fluorescence of normal and colored human lenses of
different ages. Both DFA and lens autofluorescence were
shown to be reliable indicators of the extent of glycation,
and both increased significantly with chronological
age and lens brunescence. Das and coauthors34 used
immunochemical assays to quantitate AGEs, which were
shown to be correlated with lens fluorescence.
Advanced glycation end products, measured chemically
in lens extracts, are also correlated with age and are
elevated in cataractous and brunescent lenses.21,32,34–43
Thus increased lens autofluorescence can be a biomarker
indicative of more extensive underlying damage to the
proteins due to glycation.5,32
clinical trials on both healthy subjects and subjects who
have type 2 diabetes with sufficient power to determine
the ability of the fluorescence ratio to screen for risk for
undiagnosed diabetes.
Conclusion
The fluorescence biomicroscope enables the clinician to
measure lens autofluorescence in routine eye examinations.
Patients with lens autofluorescence significantly higher
than expected for their ages may have an accelerated
accumulation of AGEs and increased risk for the
pathologies associated with diabetes and AGEs.
Funding:
Clinical Studies of Lens Autofluorescence
Consistent with the identification of lens autofluorescence
with the accumulation of AGEs due to glycation reactions,
noninvasive clinical studies of blue/green lens autofluorescence have shown that, in addition to the increase
of lens autofluorescence with age,25,44 lens autofluorescence
is increased in patients with diabetes mellitus.23,45–49
Furthermore, within the diabetes patient population,
lens fluorescence is also correlated with the development
of the diabetes-related pathologies of cataract and
retinopathy50–52 and with systemic pathologies.53
Fluorescence Ratio versus Age
Yu and coauthors54 suggested that the ratio of fluorescence
intensity to scattering would help compensate fluorescence
measurements for attenuation effects; their clinical data
indicated that the fluorescence ratio could provide better
discrimination between individuals with and without
diabetes than fluorescence intensity. Our data showing
a nonlinear relationship of fluorescence ratio to age in
healthy subjects are consistent with the data presented
by Yu and coauthors.54 Our data are based on only
healthy subjects, so we carried out a nonlinear regression
to generate predicted fluorescence ratios versus age as
well as 80% and 95% prediction intervals. There were
9 subjects above the 95% confidence interval, which is
greater than the 6 expected for the 127 patient sample,
suggesting the possibility that some of the subjects who
self-reported as healthy may have developed diabetes.
However, the study is limited in the numbers of subjects
in the higher age groups and by the lack of confirmative
laboratory data. In the future, we plan to carry out
J Diabetes Sci Technol Vol 6, Issue 6, November 2012
Burd
1257
This work was funded by Freedom Meditech, San Diego, CA and
supported by Eye Exam of California.
Disclosures:
Frederick Cahn is a consultant to Freedom Meditech. John Burd and
Keith Ignotz are employees of Freedom Meditech.
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