The document provides information about global economy, state government, local government, and economic concepts in 3-4 sentences:
1) It discusses how technological innovations contribute to the global flow of information, capital, goods, and services and lower production costs. 2) It describes the structure of Virginia state government, which has legislative, executive, and judicial branches separated by powers. 3) It outlines the roles and powers of local governments in Virginia counties, towns, and cities. 4) It defines key economic terms like scarcity, resources, choice, and opportunity cost.
Nepal has experienced significant political instability in recent decades, transitioning from a monarchy to a democratic republic. Major democratic movements in the 1990s and 2000s sought to curb the king's power and establish a democratic system of government. However, the country still faces political deadlock and unrest as different ethnic groups demand more autonomy. Ongoing disputes over the new constitution and devastating earthquakes in 2015 have exacerbated Nepal's political and economic challenges.
Political instability, corruption, terrorism, labor unrest, and bureaucratic obstacles pose challenges to businesses in Nepal's political environment. Frequent changes in government and economic policies have created uncertainty, while strikes, bandhs, and violence disrupt business operations. Corruption increases costs, and weak protection of intellectual property rights hurts firms. Political risks in Nepal include ownership risks from potential property seizure, operating risks from interference, and transfer risks limiting funds movement. The impacts of these political problems include factory closures, investment deterrence, and economic instability negatively affecting the overall business climate.
The political, legal and Technological Environment 南臺科技大學
This document discusses the political, legal, and technological environment that multinational corporations operate within globally. It introduces different political ideologies and systems, the four foundations of global law, principles of international law, issues regarding technology and global production shifts, and how advances in certain technologies may impact developing nations.
The document discusses political systems and philosophies, as well as the political environment and structure in Nepal. It covers the following key points:
- Nepal has a democratic federal republic political system that protects fundamental rights and decentralizes power.
- Political factors like the system, policies, and stability can significantly impact business by influencing resources, regulations, and socio-cultural norms.
- The constitution establishes directives, fundamental rights, and state policies related to economy, labor, employment, and international relations.
- Major political parties and the government structure divided into legislative, executive, and judicial branches are outlined.
- Political risk factors for business and techniques for analyzing these risks are also described.
Federalism and intergovernmental relationstaratoot
This document provides an overview of federalism and intergovernmental relations in the United States. It defines key concepts like federalism, sovereignty, and intergovernmental relations. It also describes different systems of government and compares the US federalist system to unitary and confederacy systems. The document outlines the complex fiscal relationships between levels of government in the US, including different types of grants-in-aid and their purposes and effects.
The document discusses issues faced by Yahoo China and challenges of operating internationally, including political and management missteps that hurt Yahoo's performance in China. It also covers different political philosophies like individualism, collectivism, and socialism that influence business environments, as well as ethics, human rights, technology, and other topics international companies must navigate.
The document discusses the political environment factors that businesses must consider when expanding overseas. It provides details on Hong Kong's political system and environment. Hong Kong has a relatively stable political system due to its "one country, two systems" agreement with China that guarantees its capitalist system and limited democracy until 2047. The political factors discussed that influence business include the type of political system, stability, policies on taxation, intellectual property, and product safety laws.
The document discusses the political and legal environments that multinational enterprises must consider when operating in different countries. It covers various political systems like democracy and totalitarianism. It also discusses political risks companies may face like government actions that could negatively impact operations. The legal environment section focuses on different types of legal systems like common law and civil law. The document provides an overview of key factors in the political and legal environments that international businesses must analyze.
Nepal has experienced significant political instability in recent decades, transitioning from a monarchy to a democratic republic. Major democratic movements in the 1990s and 2000s sought to curb the king's power and establish a democratic system of government. However, the country still faces political deadlock and unrest as different ethnic groups demand more autonomy. Ongoing disputes over the new constitution and devastating earthquakes in 2015 have exacerbated Nepal's political and economic challenges.
Political instability, corruption, terrorism, labor unrest, and bureaucratic obstacles pose challenges to businesses in Nepal's political environment. Frequent changes in government and economic policies have created uncertainty, while strikes, bandhs, and violence disrupt business operations. Corruption increases costs, and weak protection of intellectual property rights hurts firms. Political risks in Nepal include ownership risks from potential property seizure, operating risks from interference, and transfer risks limiting funds movement. The impacts of these political problems include factory closures, investment deterrence, and economic instability negatively affecting the overall business climate.
The political, legal and Technological Environment 南臺科技大學
This document discusses the political, legal, and technological environment that multinational corporations operate within globally. It introduces different political ideologies and systems, the four foundations of global law, principles of international law, issues regarding technology and global production shifts, and how advances in certain technologies may impact developing nations.
The document discusses political systems and philosophies, as well as the political environment and structure in Nepal. It covers the following key points:
- Nepal has a democratic federal republic political system that protects fundamental rights and decentralizes power.
- Political factors like the system, policies, and stability can significantly impact business by influencing resources, regulations, and socio-cultural norms.
- The constitution establishes directives, fundamental rights, and state policies related to economy, labor, employment, and international relations.
- Major political parties and the government structure divided into legislative, executive, and judicial branches are outlined.
- Political risk factors for business and techniques for analyzing these risks are also described.
Federalism and intergovernmental relationstaratoot
This document provides an overview of federalism and intergovernmental relations in the United States. It defines key concepts like federalism, sovereignty, and intergovernmental relations. It also describes different systems of government and compares the US federalist system to unitary and confederacy systems. The document outlines the complex fiscal relationships between levels of government in the US, including different types of grants-in-aid and their purposes and effects.
The document discusses issues faced by Yahoo China and challenges of operating internationally, including political and management missteps that hurt Yahoo's performance in China. It also covers different political philosophies like individualism, collectivism, and socialism that influence business environments, as well as ethics, human rights, technology, and other topics international companies must navigate.
The document discusses the political environment factors that businesses must consider when expanding overseas. It provides details on Hong Kong's political system and environment. Hong Kong has a relatively stable political system due to its "one country, two systems" agreement with China that guarantees its capitalist system and limited democracy until 2047. The political factors discussed that influence business include the type of political system, stability, policies on taxation, intellectual property, and product safety laws.
The document discusses the political and legal environments that multinational enterprises must consider when operating in different countries. It covers various political systems like democracy and totalitarianism. It also discusses political risks companies may face like government actions that could negatively impact operations. The legal environment section focuses on different types of legal systems like common law and civil law. The document provides an overview of key factors in the political and legal environments that international businesses must analyze.
This document discusses the importance of understanding global business management and political-legal environments for students pursuing an MBA. It notes that graduates may find themselves working in foreign countries, so global knowledge prepares them. The document then outlines the topics to be covered in a Global Business Management course, including globalization, trade, technology, economics, politics, and law. It focuses on political and legal environments, defining different political systems like democracy and totalitarianism. It also covers assessing and managing political risks internationally.
This document discusses the political and legal environments that multinational enterprises must consider when operating in different countries. It outlines various political systems such as democracy, totalitarianism, and mixed systems. It also describes the layers of political influence from the home country, host country, and global levels. The legal environment section notes that countries develop their own legal systems and the main types are common law and code law systems. It concludes by explaining the layers of the legal environment and methods for settling international disputes such as negotiation, arbitration, and litigation.
This document discusses various topics related to the global economy, including political ideologies, legal issues in international business, and different types of economic systems. It notes that the number of democratic countries has increased from 22 in 1950 to 90 in 2009. Political ideologies like individualism and collectivism influence basic political systems. Legal environments have three main components - constitutional law, criminal law, and civil/commercial law. Firms must obey local laws to do business internationally. Command, mixed, and market are the main types of economic systems that vary in ownership models and influence on production.
This document discusses the political and legal environments that multinational enterprises must consider when operating in different countries. It covers various political systems and ideologies around the world, such as democracy, totalitarianism, and different forms of government intervention in the economy. The document also discusses political risks, establishing political strategies, different legal systems, and the role of lobbying in influencing government decisions.
The document discusses key aspects of political systems and the relationship between business and government in India. It outlines factors that can affect political stability and defines the state, government, and their main political institutions. It also describes the responsibilities of business and government towards each other, and provides an overview of the main components of the Indian Constitution, including the Preamble, Fundamental Rights, and Directive Principles of State Policy.
This document discusses different types of economic systems including mixed economies, market economies, and planned economies. It provides details on key aspects of a mixed economy such as allowing some prices to fluctuate based on demand while others are fixed, and the government taking a role in certain industries while allowing the private sector to operate in others. A mixed economy aims to combine advantages of capitalism and socialism while overcoming disadvantages, through policies like economic planning and using tax revenue to fund social programs. Challenges of a mixed economy include potential conflicts between private and public sectors and regulations limiting production. The document also distinguishes between positive and normative economics.
This document discusses political systems and the separation of powers. It defines totalitarian, oligarchic, and democratic systems. It also outlines the key features of the Indian constitution, including its federal nature. The document then explains the legislative, executive, financial, electoral, and removal powers of the Indian parliament. It concludes by discussing Montesquieu's theory of separating government powers into distinct legislative, executive, and judicial branches to prevent tyranny.
The document discusses the political, economic, legal, and technological environments faced by global managers. It describes how international business has grown due to factors like improved transportation and communication technologies, lowered trade barriers, and increased global competition. Key political risks include expropriation and nationalization while economic risks relate to currency devaluations and policy changes. Legal systems differ globally and laws impact business activities and cross-border transactions. Technological changes like the internet are both driving and being driven by globalization. Global managers must understand these environmental factors in countries where they operate.
This document discusses the political and legal environments that international businesses must navigate. It defines key concepts like political systems, ideologies, and forms of government. Totalitarianism and its various forms are explained. Characteristics of democratic governments are provided. The document also covers types of political risk, host government actions, establishing political strategies, and different legal systems. Regulatory changes are outlined regarding how companies can alter, avoid, accede to, or ally with government actions.
The political environment plays an important role in international business as it controls how business occurs in each country. Managers must understand how to interact with governments and react to conflicts of interest. They must also learn to deal with varying degrees of governmental intervention and different political processes around the world. The political system can affect business through laws regulating domestic and international transactions. Managers should identify political issues, key stakeholders, and formulate strategies to establish appropriate political strategies while mitigating political risks that may threaten their operations or ability to do business.
This document provides an overview of political environments and systems that multinational enterprises must consider. It discusses key aspects of political systems including public and non-public institutions, internal and external forces, and political processes. It also outlines different political ideologies like liberalism and conservatism. Different political systems like democracy and totalitarianism are compared in terms of their characteristics. Factors that influence political risk for businesses are also examined.
The document discusses several elements of clear thinking about economic progress and the role of government. It argues that while government can promote progress by protecting rights and providing public goods, political allocation of resources is less efficient than market allocation. Special interest groups will use the democratic political process to benefit themselves at the expense of taxpayers. Unless constrained, legislators will run deficits and overspend. Government slows progress when it favors some groups over others. The net gain to recipients of government transfers is often less than the amount received due to unintended consequences. Central planning replaces efficient markets with inefficient politics. Competition is important for improving government as well as markets. Constitutional rules are needed to align political and economic incentives to promote progress.
The document discusses the political environment and risks that multinational companies face when operating abroad. It notes that political climates are complex and can change over time. The document outlines several political risks, such as confiscation, expropriation, nationalization, and creeping expropriation. It also discusses indicators of political instability, attitudes of host nations, and policies of host governments that companies should analyze when evaluating foreign markets.
The document discusses different economic systems and stages of economic development around the world. It outlines four main economic systems - market capitalism, centrally planned socialism, centrally planned capitalism, and market socialism. It then analyzes degrees of economic freedom, stages of market development, emerging markets, income levels of countries, and leading trade organizations and country groupings. Key trade blocs and organizations mentioned include the G7, OECD, European Union, and definitions for high, upper-middle, lower-middle, and low income countries based on GNP per capita.
This document discusses different types of legal systems and legal issues that companies face in the global business environment. It outlines five main types of legal systems - civil law, common law, customary law, religious law, and mixed law. It then examines two key areas of operational and strategic legal concerns for international business, including regulations around starting and closing businesses, hiring/firing, contracts, product safety, marketing, jurisdiction, and arbitration. Overall, the document provides an overview of how a company's legal environment and national laws can impact both its day-to-day operations and long-term strategic planning.
The document discusses the economic environment and dimensions that influence business in Nepal. It outlines key components of Nepal's economic structure, including GDP, GDP per capita, economic policies, inflation rates, and levels of employment. It also examines Nepal's socioeconomic indicators such as population size, density, age distribution, labor force composition, and employment trends. The 14th economic development plan aims to transform agriculture and tourism and expand infrastructure to reach middle income status and a more prosperous, socially just nation.
The document discusses the nature of the international business environment and political factors that can impact international business. It covers different types of political systems like democracy and totalitarianism. Totalitarianism includes theocratic, secular, tribal, and right-wing forms. The document also discusses political risks that can negatively affect international businesses, including macro risks like expropriation and micro risks such as increased taxation or officials' dishonesty.
This document defines and compares different types of economies: market economies rely on supply and demand with minimal government interference; traditional economies prioritize traditional roles over economic growth; command economies involve centralized government planning of production and prices; and mixed economies combine private enterprise with some government regulation, like the United States system. Key economic actors like governments, consumers, and businesses determine how resources are distributed based on the system.
This document discusses intergovernmental fiscal relations and the assignment of functions, revenues, and expenditures across levels of government. It addresses key topics such as:
- Assigning functions like macroeconomic stabilization, income distribution, and resource allocation between national and subnational governments.
- Assigning revenue sources and balancing revenue-raising responsibilities with expenditure responsibilities to avoid vertical and horizontal imbalances.
- Using intergovernmental transfers to equalize fiscal capacities and needs among jurisdictions.
- Techniques for regulating intergovernmental relations like attaching conditions to grants or establishing national standards.
The document discusses political and legal environments. It describes different political systems ranging from democracy to totalitarianism. Democracy features freedom of expression, elections, term limits and an independent court system. Totalitarianism is defined as a system where a single entity monopolizes all political power. The document also discusses political risk and sources of risk for investments. Regarding legal environments, it outlines different legal systems including common law, civil law, theocratic law and customary law. Countries examples of each system are provided.
This document provides an overview of key political principles and historical documents that helped establish the foundations of government in the United States. It defines concepts like consent of the governed, limited government, and rule of law. It also summarizes important documents such as the Virginia Declaration of Rights, the Declaration of Independence, the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom, and the Articles of Confederation. Students learn about the preamble to the US Constitution and the first amendment rights to religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition. The goal is for students to understand the essential political ideas and founding documents that shaped American democracy.
A citizen is defined as an individual who owes allegiance to a government and has certain rights and duties under that government. There are two main ways to become a US citizen - by birth within US territory or by going through the naturalization process. Citizens have both civic duties like obeying laws and paying taxes, as well as civic responsibilities fulfilled voluntarily like voting, community service, and staying informed on issues. Being a good citizen involves traits like trustworthiness, respect for others, responsibility, and participation in one's community and elections.
This document discusses the importance of understanding global business management and political-legal environments for students pursuing an MBA. It notes that graduates may find themselves working in foreign countries, so global knowledge prepares them. The document then outlines the topics to be covered in a Global Business Management course, including globalization, trade, technology, economics, politics, and law. It focuses on political and legal environments, defining different political systems like democracy and totalitarianism. It also covers assessing and managing political risks internationally.
This document discusses the political and legal environments that multinational enterprises must consider when operating in different countries. It outlines various political systems such as democracy, totalitarianism, and mixed systems. It also describes the layers of political influence from the home country, host country, and global levels. The legal environment section notes that countries develop their own legal systems and the main types are common law and code law systems. It concludes by explaining the layers of the legal environment and methods for settling international disputes such as negotiation, arbitration, and litigation.
This document discusses various topics related to the global economy, including political ideologies, legal issues in international business, and different types of economic systems. It notes that the number of democratic countries has increased from 22 in 1950 to 90 in 2009. Political ideologies like individualism and collectivism influence basic political systems. Legal environments have three main components - constitutional law, criminal law, and civil/commercial law. Firms must obey local laws to do business internationally. Command, mixed, and market are the main types of economic systems that vary in ownership models and influence on production.
This document discusses the political and legal environments that multinational enterprises must consider when operating in different countries. It covers various political systems and ideologies around the world, such as democracy, totalitarianism, and different forms of government intervention in the economy. The document also discusses political risks, establishing political strategies, different legal systems, and the role of lobbying in influencing government decisions.
The document discusses key aspects of political systems and the relationship between business and government in India. It outlines factors that can affect political stability and defines the state, government, and their main political institutions. It also describes the responsibilities of business and government towards each other, and provides an overview of the main components of the Indian Constitution, including the Preamble, Fundamental Rights, and Directive Principles of State Policy.
This document discusses different types of economic systems including mixed economies, market economies, and planned economies. It provides details on key aspects of a mixed economy such as allowing some prices to fluctuate based on demand while others are fixed, and the government taking a role in certain industries while allowing the private sector to operate in others. A mixed economy aims to combine advantages of capitalism and socialism while overcoming disadvantages, through policies like economic planning and using tax revenue to fund social programs. Challenges of a mixed economy include potential conflicts between private and public sectors and regulations limiting production. The document also distinguishes between positive and normative economics.
This document discusses political systems and the separation of powers. It defines totalitarian, oligarchic, and democratic systems. It also outlines the key features of the Indian constitution, including its federal nature. The document then explains the legislative, executive, financial, electoral, and removal powers of the Indian parliament. It concludes by discussing Montesquieu's theory of separating government powers into distinct legislative, executive, and judicial branches to prevent tyranny.
The document discusses the political, economic, legal, and technological environments faced by global managers. It describes how international business has grown due to factors like improved transportation and communication technologies, lowered trade barriers, and increased global competition. Key political risks include expropriation and nationalization while economic risks relate to currency devaluations and policy changes. Legal systems differ globally and laws impact business activities and cross-border transactions. Technological changes like the internet are both driving and being driven by globalization. Global managers must understand these environmental factors in countries where they operate.
This document discusses the political and legal environments that international businesses must navigate. It defines key concepts like political systems, ideologies, and forms of government. Totalitarianism and its various forms are explained. Characteristics of democratic governments are provided. The document also covers types of political risk, host government actions, establishing political strategies, and different legal systems. Regulatory changes are outlined regarding how companies can alter, avoid, accede to, or ally with government actions.
The political environment plays an important role in international business as it controls how business occurs in each country. Managers must understand how to interact with governments and react to conflicts of interest. They must also learn to deal with varying degrees of governmental intervention and different political processes around the world. The political system can affect business through laws regulating domestic and international transactions. Managers should identify political issues, key stakeholders, and formulate strategies to establish appropriate political strategies while mitigating political risks that may threaten their operations or ability to do business.
This document provides an overview of political environments and systems that multinational enterprises must consider. It discusses key aspects of political systems including public and non-public institutions, internal and external forces, and political processes. It also outlines different political ideologies like liberalism and conservatism. Different political systems like democracy and totalitarianism are compared in terms of their characteristics. Factors that influence political risk for businesses are also examined.
The document discusses several elements of clear thinking about economic progress and the role of government. It argues that while government can promote progress by protecting rights and providing public goods, political allocation of resources is less efficient than market allocation. Special interest groups will use the democratic political process to benefit themselves at the expense of taxpayers. Unless constrained, legislators will run deficits and overspend. Government slows progress when it favors some groups over others. The net gain to recipients of government transfers is often less than the amount received due to unintended consequences. Central planning replaces efficient markets with inefficient politics. Competition is important for improving government as well as markets. Constitutional rules are needed to align political and economic incentives to promote progress.
The document discusses the political environment and risks that multinational companies face when operating abroad. It notes that political climates are complex and can change over time. The document outlines several political risks, such as confiscation, expropriation, nationalization, and creeping expropriation. It also discusses indicators of political instability, attitudes of host nations, and policies of host governments that companies should analyze when evaluating foreign markets.
The document discusses different economic systems and stages of economic development around the world. It outlines four main economic systems - market capitalism, centrally planned socialism, centrally planned capitalism, and market socialism. It then analyzes degrees of economic freedom, stages of market development, emerging markets, income levels of countries, and leading trade organizations and country groupings. Key trade blocs and organizations mentioned include the G7, OECD, European Union, and definitions for high, upper-middle, lower-middle, and low income countries based on GNP per capita.
This document discusses different types of legal systems and legal issues that companies face in the global business environment. It outlines five main types of legal systems - civil law, common law, customary law, religious law, and mixed law. It then examines two key areas of operational and strategic legal concerns for international business, including regulations around starting and closing businesses, hiring/firing, contracts, product safety, marketing, jurisdiction, and arbitration. Overall, the document provides an overview of how a company's legal environment and national laws can impact both its day-to-day operations and long-term strategic planning.
The document discusses the economic environment and dimensions that influence business in Nepal. It outlines key components of Nepal's economic structure, including GDP, GDP per capita, economic policies, inflation rates, and levels of employment. It also examines Nepal's socioeconomic indicators such as population size, density, age distribution, labor force composition, and employment trends. The 14th economic development plan aims to transform agriculture and tourism and expand infrastructure to reach middle income status and a more prosperous, socially just nation.
The document discusses the nature of the international business environment and political factors that can impact international business. It covers different types of political systems like democracy and totalitarianism. Totalitarianism includes theocratic, secular, tribal, and right-wing forms. The document also discusses political risks that can negatively affect international businesses, including macro risks like expropriation and micro risks such as increased taxation or officials' dishonesty.
This document defines and compares different types of economies: market economies rely on supply and demand with minimal government interference; traditional economies prioritize traditional roles over economic growth; command economies involve centralized government planning of production and prices; and mixed economies combine private enterprise with some government regulation, like the United States system. Key economic actors like governments, consumers, and businesses determine how resources are distributed based on the system.
This document discusses intergovernmental fiscal relations and the assignment of functions, revenues, and expenditures across levels of government. It addresses key topics such as:
- Assigning functions like macroeconomic stabilization, income distribution, and resource allocation between national and subnational governments.
- Assigning revenue sources and balancing revenue-raising responsibilities with expenditure responsibilities to avoid vertical and horizontal imbalances.
- Using intergovernmental transfers to equalize fiscal capacities and needs among jurisdictions.
- Techniques for regulating intergovernmental relations like attaching conditions to grants or establishing national standards.
The document discusses political and legal environments. It describes different political systems ranging from democracy to totalitarianism. Democracy features freedom of expression, elections, term limits and an independent court system. Totalitarianism is defined as a system where a single entity monopolizes all political power. The document also discusses political risk and sources of risk for investments. Regarding legal environments, it outlines different legal systems including common law, civil law, theocratic law and customary law. Countries examples of each system are provided.
This document provides an overview of key political principles and historical documents that helped establish the foundations of government in the United States. It defines concepts like consent of the governed, limited government, and rule of law. It also summarizes important documents such as the Virginia Declaration of Rights, the Declaration of Independence, the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom, and the Articles of Confederation. Students learn about the preamble to the US Constitution and the first amendment rights to religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition. The goal is for students to understand the essential political ideas and founding documents that shaped American democracy.
A citizen is defined as an individual who owes allegiance to a government and has certain rights and duties under that government. There are two main ways to become a US citizen - by birth within US territory or by going through the naturalization process. Citizens have both civic duties like obeying laws and paying taxes, as well as civic responsibilities fulfilled voluntarily like voting, community service, and staying informed on issues. Being a good citizen involves traits like trustworthiness, respect for others, responsibility, and participation in one's community and elections.
Igniting the Spark: Building Online Services for Borderlands 2Jimmy Sieben
Gearbox built an online services platform named Spark for Borderlands 2. As this was an entirely new effort for Gearbox, we learned that building a service is quite different from building a game. Along the way, we shipped two beta releases in the original Borderlands to help us succeed. The genesis of Spark, key milestones and challenges in its creation, and post-mortem from launch are discussed. This talk will help others understand why we created Spark and also what it takes to launch an online service.
The document discusses the principles of federalism and separation of powers established in the US Constitution. Federalism involves the division of power between the national and state governments, with certain powers given to each. Tensions can arise when federal mandates impose requirements on states without full funding. Separation of powers divides the national government into three branches that check and balance each other to prevent abuse of power.
The document provides information about visiting the Virginia General Assembly, including:
- A brief history of the General Assembly and its role in Virginia government
- Details about the restoration of the Capitol building
- How citizens can participate in the legislative process
- Contact information and schedules for the Senate and House of Delegates
The document appears to contain case summaries from various pathology reports. It includes cases of:
- Mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the breast
- Micropapillary invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast
- Chordoma of the skull
- Hepatocellular carcinoma of the liver
- Papillary thyroid carcinoma
- Endometrioid adenocarcinoma of the ovary associated with endometriosis
- Mucinous carcinoma developing in a background of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the pancreas
This document provides information on nativity status and citizenship in the United States according to data from the 2009 American Community Survey. It finds that in 2009, 38.5 million of the 307 million US residents were foreign-born, representing 12.5% of the total population. Of the foreign-born population, 44% were naturalized US citizens while 56.3% were not US citizens. There was considerable variation in citizenship status among foreign-born populations from different regions of birth.
This document contains summaries of medical cases from July 2010 to May 2011. Each case includes information like the patient's age and sex, presenting symptoms, biopsy results, and diagnosis. The cases are organized by date and numbered sequentially. Immunostains and special stains are sometimes noted for individual cases.
Esta guía está destinada al uso de los primeros respondedores durante incidentes que involucren materiales peligrosos en el transporte. Proporciona información sobre documentos de embarque, números de identificación, etiquetas y placas de materiales peligrosos, y guías de respuesta inicial para diferentes clases de materiales. La guía también incluye índices de números de identificación y nombres de materiales para facilitar la búsqueda de información sobre un material específico durante una emergencia.
The document discusses various aspects of the political process and voting in the United States. It covers how voters evaluate candidates, the role of media, rising campaign costs, requirements to register to vote in Virginia, factors affecting voter turnout, and the electoral college process. The electoral college process uses electors chosen by political parties to elect the president and vice president, with candidates focusing campaigning on swing states that could tip the electoral college outcome.
This document contains summaries of multiple medical cases, with each case presented in 3-7 numbered sections providing patient details, histopathological findings, immunohistochemical staining results when available, and diagnoses. The cases cover a wide range of organ systems and pathologies, including cervical, endometrial, breast, lung, liver, ovarian and other cancers as well as non-neoplastic lesions.
Gaming in the Cloud: How Gearbox Software Uses Amazon Web Services to Reach M...Jimmy Sieben
Gearbox Software uses cloud technology to power the SHiFT service and communicate directly with millions of fans. This presentation describes some of the things we have done with SHiFT in Borderlands 2 and how we have used the cloud to reach a broad audience.
The document discusses key elements of a country's economic environment that impact business operations. It identifies factors such as gross national income, gross domestic product, per capita income, growth rates, purchasing power, human development index, inflation, employment, debt, income distribution, poverty, labor costs, and productivity. It also explains different economic systems including capitalism, socialism, and mixed economies. Managers must assess the economic environment to make investment and strategy decisions.
The document discusses several topics related to budgets, revenue, capital budgets, consumerism, cooperatives, and corporate social responsibility.
It defines a budget as a systematic plan for allocating resources over a period of time. It describes government budgets as comprising revenue and capital budgets. The revenue budget includes tax and non-tax revenues and revenue expenditures. The capital budget includes capital receipts like loans and expenditures used to acquire assets.
It also discusses consumerism, consumer rights, cooperatives as jointly-owned enterprises, types of cooperatives, India's growing cooperative movement, and corporate social responsibility involving balancing economic, legal and social responsibilities.
This document provides an overview of consumer education and protection in India. It discusses key concepts like consumer rights and exploitation. The objectives of consumer protection acts are to ensure quality goods and services at reasonable prices through competition. The document outlines consumer disputes redressal agencies at the district, state and national levels to help consumers seek redressal. It also describes the process for filing a case in a consumer court.
The economic environment refers to all economic factors that influence business operations. It determines the inputs businesses need and the markets to sell finished goods. Key elements include gross national income, GDP, inflation, unemployment, poverty levels, and the type of economic system - whether it is a market, command, or mixed economy. Managers must assess the economic environment to make investment and strategic decisions that account for local conditions and predict future performance.
The document discusses several topics related to budgets, revenue, capital budgets, cooperative societies, consumerism, and corporate social responsibility.
It defines a budget as a systematic plan for expenditure during a period. It describes government budgets as aggregating revenues and expenses. It also discusses revenue budgets, which consist of tax and non-tax revenues and revenue expenditures, as well as capital budgets, which consist of capital receipts and payments.
It also provides information about cooperative societies, defining them as autonomous associations that meet common economic and social needs of members. Additionally, it summarizes concepts related to consumerism, consumer rights, and corporate social responsibility.
This document provides an overview of local and county governments and special districts in Texas. It discusses the three levels of local government - municipal, county, and special districts. For municipalities, it describes the types (general law vs home rule), forms of government (mayor-council, council-manager, commission), and elections. It also discusses the roles and structures of county governments and special districts. Throughout, it provides examples and details on how these local governments are organized and operate to serve citizens in Texas.
Chapter 1 the role of business in economic setting ghazdan
This document provides an overview of business and economic systems. It defines business as an organization that produces goods and services to earn a profit by satisfying consumer needs and wants. The key activities of business are to produce goods and services, seek profit, and satisfy consumers. An economic system is the method a society uses to allocate its resources and needs. The main economic systems discussed are capitalism, communism, socialism, and mixed economies.
The study of administration and the structure of american public administrationtaratoot
Public administration touches all aspects of American citizens' lives and involves over 3 million civil servants. It can be defined as using managerial and legal processes to fulfill legislative, executive, and judicial mandates for providing government services and regulation. There are three main approaches to public administration: managerial which focuses on efficiency; political which sees administration as political; and legal which focuses on applying the law. The American bureaucracy includes cabinet departments, independent agencies, independent regulatory bodies, government corporations, and the presidential bureaucracy centered in the Executive Office of the President. Public administration differs from private administration in its motivations of public services versus profit and its democratic values of centralization and public scrutiny.
This document provides an overview of key economic concepts including:
- Definitions of economics as the study of how people make choices with scarce resources.
- Microeconomics examines individual actors like firms and households while macroeconomics looks at aggregate measures like output and growth.
- Specialization and trade allow countries to focus on what they have a comparative advantage in producing.
- Economic systems can be planned or free market based.
- Factors that influence economic growth include resources, human capital, technology and policy.
- Key metrics like GDP, GNI, and HDI are used to measure economic activity and development.
The Consumer Protection Act 1986 was introduced to better protect consumer interests in India. It established three levels of consumer redressal agencies - district forums, state commissions, and a national commission. District forums handle cases up to 20 lakh rupees, state commissions from 20 lakh to 1 crore, and the national commission above 1 crore. The Act also defines the rights of consumers and establishes consumer councils at the district, state, and central levels to protect consumer rights and interests in India.
The document summarizes the role of government in a free enterprise system. It discusses how the government provides public goods and services to address market failures, promotes economic growth and stability, funds technological progress, and provides a safety net for those in need. The government aims to achieve high employment, economic growth, and price stability. It also regulates to reduce negative externalities like pollution.
CPA act provides different clauses and provisions to protect the well defined interests of consumers.
This PPT defines various terms and concepts used in the act, and also the governing bodies as defined in CPA 1986.
IGCSE Allocative Mechanisms & Problems of Transition.pptxssuser569157
This document discusses different economic systems and the problems of transition economies. It describes the key features and mechanisms of market, planned and mixed economies. The market economy relies on self-interest and private ownership, while the planned economy involves centralized government allocation of resources. A mixed economy combines elements of both through public and private sectors. Transition economies face challenges when moving from centralized planning to free markets, such as rising unemployment and inflation as price controls are removed.
The Consumer Protection Act 1986 provides protections for consumer rights in India. It established forums for consumer dispute resolution at the district, state, and national levels. The act gives consumers the rights to safety, be informed, choose, be heard, seek redressal, and receive consumer education. It allows complaints to be filed by individual consumers, consumer organizations, or the government. The act has been amended over time to strengthen protections and resolve disputes through district forums, state commissions, and a national commission. It also established consumer protection councils at each administrative level to support its objectives.
The Consumer Protection Act 1986 provides protections for consumer rights in India. It established forums for consumer dispute resolution at the district, state, and national levels. The act gives consumers the rights to safety, be informed, choose, be heard, seek redressal, and receive consumer education. It allows complaints to be filed by individual consumers, consumer organizations, or the government. The act has been amended over time to strengthen protections and resolve disputes through district forums, state commissions, and a national commission. It also established consumer protection councils at each administrative level to support its objectives.
State constitutions establish the structure of state governments and local governments like counties, municipalities, and special districts. State constitutions determine how states and localities can raise and spend money and establish agencies. Amendments require approval by popular vote in most states. The three branches of state governments are the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. The governor heads the executive branch. Local governments have legal authority granted by state constitutions and include counties, townships, municipalities, and special districts.
The Consumer Protection Act was enacted in India in 1986 to protect consumers from exploitation and unfair trade practices. It establishes a three-tier system for expeditiously resolving consumer disputes - district forums, state commissions, and a national commission. The objectives of the act are to give better protection to consumer interests, rights, and enable redressal of complaints. It aims to make the consumer dispute process simple, quick and inexpensive. The act covers all goods and services and provides effective safeguards against unfair trade practices and defective products that can harm consumers.
This document provides an overview of consumer protection in Pakistan. It discusses the objectives to protect consumers from exploitation, important definitions, consumer rights, the structure of consumer protection councils and courts, existing laws and acts, common issues, the complaint process, and recommendations to strengthen consumer protections. The key goals are to establish authorities to provide simple and speedy redress for consumer disputes, enact protective legislation at all levels of government, and increase awareness among both consumers and businesses of rights and responsibilities.
This document provides an overview of economic activities and systems. It defines economic activity as the process of satisfying human material needs through production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. It describes the main factors of production as natural resources, capital, and labor. The document then explains different types of economic systems including tradition-based systems, capitalism/free markets, central planning, and mixed economies.
The document discusses economic activities and sectors. It defines economic activity as satisfying human needs through production of goods and services. The economy is divided into three sectors - the primary sector involves obtaining natural resources, the secondary sector involves manufacturing raw materials and producing capital goods through industry, and the tertiary sector involves intangible services.
The document contains two tables providing statistics on the foreign-born population in the United States as of 2010 and 2009. Table 41 details the characteristics of the foreign-born population such as age, education level, income, and poverty status broken down by region of origin. It shows that in 2010, the largest region of origin was Asia, followed by Latin America. Table 42 shows citizenship status and place of birth of the foreign-born population in 2009, with over half not having U.S. citizenship, and Latin America making up over half the foreign-born population.
The document provides an overview of the key characteristics of the U.S. mixed economy. It describes how the economy features both private property and free markets, but also some government involvement. Resources, goods, services, and money continuously flow among households, businesses, and markets in a circular flow. Private financial institutions act as intermediaries between savers and borrowers. There are three main forms of business organization - proprietorships, partnerships, and corporations.
Courts resolve criminal and civil cases. In a criminal case, a court determines if a person accused of breaking the law is guilty or not guilty of a misdemeanor or felony. In a civil case, a court settles a disagreement between two parties to recover damages or receive compensation. Both cases have due process protections under the 14th Amendment against unfair government actions and laws. Courts use different procedures depending on if a case is criminal or civil and may involve juveniles or magistrates.
The document discusses the organization and jurisdiction of the U.S. and Virginia court systems. The U.S. system consists of the Supreme Court, Courts of Appeals, and District Courts. The Virginia system similarly has a Supreme Court, Court of Appeals, Circuit Courts, and lower District Courts. Both systems derive their structure and authority from their respective constitutions and statutes.
The document summarizes the system of local government in Virginia. There are three types of local government units: counties, cities, and towns. Each type has an elected legislative body (board of supervisors, city council, or town council) that enacts ordinances, adopts budgets, and may hire a manager. Local governments derive their authority from the state constitution and legislature, and exercise defined powers like law enforcement, education, and land use regulation.
The document summarizes the branches of Virginia's state government. It describes the Virginia Legislative branch as a bicameral legislature consisting of the House of Delegates and Senate. It meets annually to write laws and respond to constituents. The executive power is exercised by the governor who is elected to a four-year term and appoints cabinet members. The judicial power is exercised through a four-level court system.
Criminal and civil courts resolve two types of legal conflicts. In a criminal case, a court determines if a person accused of breaking the law is guilty or not guilty of a misdemeanor or felony. In a civil case, a court settles disagreements between two parties to award damages or compensation. Both criminal and civil cases have established legal procedures that must be followed, including opportunities for appeal, and protections exist to ensure fairness under the due process clause of the U.S. Constitution.
Political parties play a key role in government and provide opportunities for citizens to participate in the political process. A two-party system characterizes the American political system, with the major parties being Democrats and Republicans. While third parties rarely win elections, they can still influence the major parties by introducing new issues or ideas and pressing for particular policies.
This document summarizes key historical documents that influenced the development of American constitutional government, including:
1) Charters of the Virginia Company of London established the first colonial government in Virginia and guaranteed rights to the colonists.
2) The Virginia Declaration of Rights served as a model for the U.S. Constitution and proclaimed inherent rights including rebellion against inadequate government.
3) The Declaration of Independence declared independence from Britain and affirmed principles of equality, liberty, and consent of the governed.
2. • Global Economy: Worldwide markets in which
the buying and selling of goods and services
by all nations take place
3. • Impact of technological innovations
• Innovations in technology (e.g. the internet)
contribute to the global flow of
information, capital, goods, and services.
• The use of such technology also lowers the
cost of production
4. State Government
• The Commonwealth of Virginia was
established by the VA Constitution.
• The VA Constitution distributes powers among
the legislative, executive, and judicial
branches.
5. • Legislative Branch is the General Assembly
• -It is a bicameral legislature
– Means Two houses
• House of Delegates and the Virginia Senate
• Meets annually for a fixed number of days
6.
7.
8. • Executive Branch is headed by the governor
who is elected for a four-year term.
– Appoints members of the cabinet
• Lieutenant governor – Second in command
• Attorney General – Lawyer for the state
9.
10.
11. • The judicial power is exercised by four levels
of courts
– Supreme Courts
– Court of Appeals
– Circuit Courts
– District Courts (including small claims courts and
juvenile and domestic relations courts)
12.
13. • Law making process
– Introduce bill
– Work in committees
– Debate the bill on the floor of each house
– Vote on the bill in each house
– Sending the bill to the governor
14.
15. • Elected officials write laws and take action in
response to problems or issues.
• Individuals and interest groups help shape
legislation.
16.
17.
18. • The primary issues in the legislative process
at the state level
• Education: To promote an informed and
engaged citizenry (i.e., establish minimum
standards for local schools)
• Public health: To promote and protect the
health of its citizens (i.e., fund health benefits)
19. • Environment: To protect natural resources
(i.e., improve water quality in the Chesapeake
Bay)
• State budget: To approve a biennial (two year)
budget prepared by the governor
• Revenue: To levy and collect taxes
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26. • The governor of Virginia exercises the formal powers
granted by the Virginia Constitution.
•
• In carrying out both the formal and informal powers of
the office, the governor fills several roles, including
• chief of state
• chief legislator
• chief administrator
• party chief
• commander-in-chief.
27.
28.
29. • Cabinet secretaries and
departments, agencies, commissions, and
regulatory boards
• administer laws
• enforce laws
• regulate aspects of business and the economy
• provide services.
32. Local Government
• The units of local government in Virginia are counties,
towns, and cities. Local governments exercise
legislative, executive, and judicial powers.
•
• Each Virginia county has an elected board of
supervisors, which exercises legislative powers,
enacting ordinances (local laws) and adopting an
annual budget.
•
• Each Virginia county and city has an elected or
appointed school board, which oversees the operation
of the K–12 public schools in the county or city.
33. • Each Virginia incorporated town has an elected
town council, which exercises legislative
powers, enacting ordinances and adopting an
annual budget. A mayor is elected either by the
voters or the town council members.
•
• Each Virginia city has an elected city
council, which exercises legislative
powers, enacting ordinances and adopting an
annual budget. A mayor is elected either by the
voters or the city council members.
34. • In Virginia counties, towns, and cities, a manager
may be hired by the elected legislative branch to
oversee the operations of the local government.
•
• In every Virginia locality, state courts resolve
judicial disputes. Judges of the circuit
courts, district courts, juvenile and domestic
relations courts, and small claims courts hear
cases in each locality.
35. • The Virginia Constitution requires that voters
in every locality elect a sheriff, a clerk of the
circuit court, a commissioner of revenue, and
a treasurer.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49. Virginia local governments exercise defined and
limited powers, including the power to
• enforce state and local laws
• promote public health
• protect public safety
• educate children
• protect the environment
• regulate land use
• levy and collect taxes.
50. • The authority of local governments in Virginia
is derived from the state.
• All powers of local governments in Virginia are
given to them by the Constitution of Virginia
and acts of the General Assembly.
• Not all counties and cities are given the same
powers. Cities have charters listing their
powers.
51.
52.
53.
54. An elected board of supervisors is the local
legislative body in counties and is responsible
for passing laws (ordinances) for the county.
• An elected council is the local legislative body
in independent cities and incorporated towns.
• Individuals can have the greatest influence on
the decisions made by local government
officials.
55.
56. • Scarcity is the inability to satisfy all wants at the same
time. All resources and goods are limited. This requires
that choices be made.
• Resources are factors of production that are used in
the production of goods and services. Types of
resources are natural, human, capital, and
entrepreneurship.
• Choice is selection of an item or action from a set of
possible alternatives. Individuals must choose or make
decisions about desired goods and services because
these goods and services are limited.
• Opportunity cost is what is given up when a choice is
made—i.e., the highest valued alternative is forgone.
Individuals must consider the value of what is given up
when making a choice.
57. • Price is the amount of money exchanged for a good or
service. Interaction of supply and demand determines
price. Price determines who acquires goods and
services.
• Incentives are things that incite or motivate. Incentives
are used to change economic behavior.
• Supply and demand: Interaction of supply and demand
determines price. Demand is the amount of a good or
service that consumers are willing and able to buy at a
certain price. Supply is the amount of a good or service
that producers are willing and able to sell at a certain
price.
58. • Productionis the combining of
human, natural, capital, and entrepreneurship
resources to make goods or provide services.
Resources available and consumer preferences
determine what is produced.
• Consumption is the using of goods and
services. Consumer preferences and price
determine what is purchased and consumed.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75. • The key factor in determining the type of
economy a country has is the extent of
government involvement.
• The three basic questions of economics
• What will be produced?
• Who will produce it?
• For whom will it be produced?
• Each type of economy answers the three basic
questions differently.
• Characteristics of major economic systems
• No country relies exclusively on markets to deal
with the economic problem of scarcity.
76. • Traditional economy
• Economic decisions are based on custom and historical
precedent.
• People often perform the same type of work as their
parents and grandparents, regardless of ability or
potential.
•
• Free market economy
• Private ownership of property/resources
• Profit motive
• Competition
• Consumer sovereignty
• Individual choice
• Minimal government involvement in the economy
77. • Command economy
• Central ownership (usually by government) of
property/resources
• Centrally-planned economy
• Lack of consumer choice
•
• Mixed economy
• Individuals and businesses are owners and decision
makers for the private sector.
• Government is owner and decision maker for the
public sector.
• Government’s role is greater than in a free market
economy and less than in a command economy.
• Most economies today, including the United States, are
mixed economies.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
87. • Characteristics of the United States economy
• Markets are generally allowed to operate
without undue interference from the
government. Prices are determined by supply
and demand as buyers and sellers interact in
the marketplace.
• Private property: Individuals and businesses
have the right to own real and personal
property as well as the means of production
without undue interference from the
government.
88. • Profit: Profit consists of earnings after all
expenses have been paid.
• Competition: Rivalry between producers
and/or between sellers of a good or service
usually results in better quality goods and
services at lower prices.
• Consumer sovereignty: Consumers determine
through purchases what goods and services
will be produced. Government involvement in
the economy is limited. Most decisions
regarding the production of goods and
services are made in the private sector.
89.
90.
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
96. • Basic types of business ownership
• Proprietorship: A form of business
organization with one owner who takes all the
risks and all the profits.
• Partnership: A form of business organization
with two or more owners who share the risks
and the profits.
97. • Corporation: A form of business organization that
is authorized by law to act as a legal entity
regardless of the number of owners. Owners
share the profits. Owner liability is limited to the
amount of their investment.
• Entrepreneur
• A person who takes a risk to produce and sell
goods and services in search of profit
• May establish a business according to any of the
three types of organizational structures
98.
99.
100.
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
106. • Resources, goods and services, and money
flow continuously among
households, businesses, and markets in the
United States economy.
107. • Economic flow (circular flow)
• Individual and business saving and investment
provide financial capital that can be borrowed
for business expansion and increased
consumption.
• Individuals (households) own the resources
used in production, sell the resources, and use
the income to purchase products.
108. • Businesses (producers) buy resources; make
products that are sold to individuals, other
businesses, and the government; and use the
profits to buy more resources.
• Governments use tax revenue from individuals
and businesses to provide public goods and
services.
109.
110.
111.
112.
113.
114.
115.
116. Private financial institutions act as
intermediaries between savers and borrowers
that include households and business
investors.
• Private financial institutions
• Include banks, savings and loans, and credit
unions
• Receive deposits and make loans
• Encourage saving and investing by paying
interest on deposits
117.
118.
119.
120.
121.
122.
123.
124. • Terms to know
• global economy: Worldwide markets in which
the buying and selling of goods and services
by all nations takes place
125.
126.
127. • Virginia and the United States specialize in the
production of certain goods and services, which
promotes efficiency and growth.
• Impact of technological innovations
• Innovations in technology (e.g., the Internet)
contribute to the global flow of
information, capital, goods, and services.
• The use of such technology also lowers the cost
of production.
128. Reasons that states and nations trade
• To obtain goods and services they cannot
produce or cannot produce efficiently
themselves
• To buy goods and services at a lower cost or a
lower opportunity cost
• To sell goods and services to other countries
• To create jobs