This document provides an overview of 3G CDMA technologies, including WCDMA and cdma2000. It summarizes the key aspects of each standard, such as frame structure, modulation techniques, and differences between the approaches. Reference documents are also listed for obtaining more detailed technical specifications. The summary concludes that the document compares WCDMA and cdma2000 standards and provides information on where to find additional technical details about each 3G wireless technology.

1. 3G CDMA - WCDMA and
cdma2000
Rodger E. Ziemer
IEEE Communications Society
Distinguished Lecturer Program

2. May 28-June1, 2001R. Z. Ziemer, Colorado Springs, CO2
Rules for Efficient Multiple Access
 Three laws
 Know the channel
 Minimize interference to others
 Mitigate interference received from others
 Requirements of wireless multiple access
 Channel measurement
 Channel control and modification
 Multiple user channel isolation

3. May 28-June1, 2001R. Z. Ziemer, Colorado Springs, CO3
Why CDMA?
 Higher capacity
 Improved performance in multipath by diversity
 Lower mobile transmit power = longer battery life
 Power control
 Variable transmission rate with voice activity detection
 Allows soft handoff
 Sectorization gain
 High peak data rates can be accommodated
 Combats other-user interference = lower reuse factors

4. May 28-June1, 2001R. Z. Ziemer, Colorado Springs, CO4
What is Third Generation? [1]
 Flexible support of multiple services
 Voice
 Messaging – email, fax, etc.
 Medium-rate multimedia – Internet access, educational
 High-rate multimedia – file transfer, video
 High-rate interactive multimedia – video telecon-ferencing,
telemedicine, etc.
 Mobility: quasi-stationary to high-speed platforms
 Global roaming: ubiquitous, seamless coverage
 Evolution from second generation systems

5. May 28-June1, 2001R. Z. Ziemer, Colorado Springs, CO5
W-CDMA Versus cdma2000 [2]
Parameter W-CDMA cdma2000
Carrier spacing 5 MHz 3.75 MHz
Chip rate 4.096 MHz 3.6864 MHz
Data modulation BPSK FW – QPSK; RV - BPSK
Spreading Complex (OQPSK) Complex (OQPSK)
Power control frequency 1500 Hz 800 Hz
Variable data rate implement. Variable SF; multicode Repet., puncturing, multicode
Frame duration 10 ms 20 ms (also 5, 30, 40)
Coding Turbo and convolutional Turbo and convolutional
Base stations synchronized? Asynchronous Synchronous
Base station acquisition/detect 3 step; slot, frame, code Time shifted PN correlation
Forward link pilot TDM dedicated pilot CDM common pilot
Antenna beam forming TDM dedicated pilot Auxiliary pilot

6. May 28-June1, 2001R. Z. Ziemer, Colorado Springs, CO6
WCDMA Uplink Frame Structure [1]
DPDCHI: data channel
Q: sync & control DPCCH
)6,,0(bits2*10 k
== kNdata
chips2560=slotT
bitspilotNPilot: TFCI FBI TPC
TFCI = transmit format combination indicator
FBI = feedback information
TPC = transmit power control
DPDCH = dedicated physical data channel
DPCCH = dedicated physical control channel
ms667.0
slot 0 slot 1 slot i slot 14
radio frame = 10 ms

7. May 28-June1, 2001R. Z. Ziemer, Colorado Springs, CO7
WCDMA Uplink Modulator Structure [1]
Σ
Σ
Σ
Σ
Σ
pulse shape
filter (SRC)
pulse shape
filter (SRC)
dβ
dβ
dβ
cβ
1,dc
)cos( tcω
)sin( tcω
2,dc
3,dc
cc
DPDCH1
DPDCH2
DPDCH3
DPCCH
I
Q
long,1c long,2c
+
+
+
-
+
+

8. May 28-June1, 2001R. Z. Ziemer, Colorado Springs, CO8
Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor Codes
00
0
0000
00000000
01
0011
0101
0110
00001111
00110011
00111100
01010101
01011010
01100110
01101001
Cd, i selected from this tree Notes:
1) For fixed chip rate, desired information
rate determines length of spreading
sequence and therefore processing gain.
2) When a specific code is used, no other
code on the path from that code to the root
and or on the subtree beneath that
code may be used.
3) All the codes at any depth into the tree
are the set of Walsh Sequences.
4) Code phase is synchronous with
information symbols.
5) FDD UL processing gain between 256 and 4
FDD DL processing gain between 512 and 4
TDD UL/DL processing gain between 16 and 1
6) Multicode used only for SF = 4

9. May 28-June1, 2001R. Z. Ziemer, Colorado Springs, CO9
WCDMA Downlink Frame Structure [1]
DPDCH DPCCH
chips2560=slotT
TFCI PilotTPC
ms667.0
slot 0 slot 1 slot i slot 14
radio frame = 10 ms
DPDCHDPCCH
1dataN 2dataNData1 Data2
)7,,0(bits2*1022 ==+ kNN k
datadata

10. May 28-June1, 2001R. Z. Ziemer, Colorado Springs, CO10
WCDMA Downlink Modulator Structure [1]
long,2c
tj
e ω
longC
longC
pulse shape
filter (SRC)
Primary
Sync Code
Secondary
Sync Code
1G
nG
PG
SG …
sum
1,dc
ndc ,
PC
SC
dedicated
traffic channels
primary &
secondary
common pilot
channels
primary &
secondary
common
control
channels
other channels
s/p
s/p

11. May 28-June1, 2001R. Z. Ziemer, Colorado Springs, CO11
Transmit Diversity Strategy for Downlink

12. May 28-June1, 2001R. Z. Ziemer, Colorado Springs, CO12
cdma2000 Uplink Frame Structure
CRC
encoder
tail bits
Convolutional
or Turbo Coder
symbol
repetition
symbol
puncture
block
interleaver
modulation
symbol
C
channel
bits
Bits/
Frame
16
40
80
172
350
744
1512
3048
6120
CRC
bits
6
6
8
12
16
16
16
16
16
tail
bits
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
Data Rate
kbps
1.5
2.7
4.8
9.6
19.2
38.4
76.8
153.6
307.2
Code
Rate
1/4
1/4
1/4
1/4
1/4
1/4
1/4
1/4
1/2
Repeats
16
8
4
2
1
1
1
1
1
Delete
1 of 5
1 of 9
none
none
none
none
none
none
none
Symbols
1536
1536
1536
1536
1536
3072
6144
12288
12288
Radio Configuration 3
C.S.0002-A-1 Fig 2.1.3.1.1.1-8

13. May 28-June1, 2001R. Z. Ziemer, Colorado Springs, CO13
cdma2000 Uplink Modulator
C
C
C
A
B
Σ
Σ
dβ
dβ
dβ
cβ
)cos( tcω
)sin( tcω
Ilong,c Qlong,c
+
+
+
+
Σ
+
_
sumsum
1Dw
Cw
2Sw
1Sw
Primary
Traffic
Secondary
Traffic 1
Secondary
Traffic 2
Control
Pilot
pulse
shape
pulse
shape

14. May 28-June1, 2001R. Z. Ziemer, Colorado Springs, CO14
cdma2000 Downlink Frame Structure
Other similar tables in specification.
Bits/
Frame
21
55
125
267
552
1128
2280
4584
9192
20712
CRC
bits
6
8
10
12
16
16
16
16
16
16
tail
bits
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
Data Rate
kbps
1.8
3.6
7.2
14.4
28.8
57.6
115.2
230.4
460.8
1036.8
Code
Rate
1/2
1/2
1/2
1/2
1/2
1/2
1/2
1/2
1/2
1/2
Repeats
8
4
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Delete
none
none
none
none
none
none
none
none
none
2 of 18
Symbols
576
576
576
576
1152
2304
4608
9216
18432
36864
Radio Configuration 9
CRC
encoder
tail bits
Convolutional
or Turbo Coder
symbol
repetition
symbol
puncture
block
interleaver
modulation
symbol
channel
bits
W

15. May 28-June1, 2001R. Z. Ziemer, Colorado Springs, CO15
cdma2000 1X DL Modulation
Processing
+
long
code
long
code
mask
0  1
1  -1
channel
gain
fwd pwr
ctrl gain
powercontrol
symbolpuncture
DEMUX
decimate pwr ctrl
bit pos
I/Q scrambling
bit extract
power
control
bits
puncture
timing
800 Hz
W
YQ
YI
C.S.0002-A-1 Fig 3.1.3.1.1.1-18
modulation
symbol
rate

16. May 28-June1, 2001R. Z. Ziemer, Colorado Springs, CO16
cdma2000 1X Downlink Modulation
I channel
pilot PN
Q channel
pilot PN
Walsh code
QOF code
IY
QY
Σ
Σ
Σ
Σ
Σ
pulse
shape
pulse
shape
+
+
+
-
)cos( tcω
)sin( tcω
other
channels
other
channels
phaserotateforQOF
QX
IX

17. May 28-June1, 2001R. Z. Ziemer, Colorado Springs, CO17
cdma2000 3X DL Modulation
Processing
+
long
code
long
code
mask
0  1
1  -1
channel
gain
fwd pwr
ctrl gain
powercontrol
symbolpuncture
DEMUX
decimate pwr ctrl
bit pos
I/Q scrambling
bit extract
power
control
bits
puncture
timing
800 Hz
W
YQ1
YI1
modulation
symbol
rate
YQ2
YI2
YQ3
YI3

18. May 28-June1, 2001R. Z. Ziemer, Colorado Springs, CO18
cdma2000 3X Downlink Modulation
same as below
same as above
output
carrier 1
output
carrier 2
output
carrier 3
YQ1
YI1
YQ2
YI2
YQ3
YI3

19. May 28-June1, 2001R. Z. Ziemer, Colorado Springs, CO19
cdma2000 vs WCDMA
 Chip rate
 Coherent Pilot Channels
 Transmit Diversity
 Underlying Network
 Single Carrier versus Multicarrier Spreading
 Cell Site Synchronization

20. May 28-June1, 2001R. Z. Ziemer, Colorado Springs, CO20
References
[1] R. L. Peterson, “Third Generation Personal Communications: Physical Layer
Status,” Presentation at Clemson University, Feb. 1, 2001
[2] Manjit Singh and Manoneet Singh, “3G Wireless with Respect to IMT-2000 and
Beyond,” Telecom 99
[3] Harri Holma and Antti Toskala, WCDMA for UMTS: Radio Access for Third
Generation Mobile Communications, New York: Wiley, 2000
[4] “CDMA Evolution from IS-95, IS-2000, to 1XTREME,” Technology Transfer
Training Class, Motorola, Inc., July 2000
[5] R. Ziemer and R. Peterson, Introduction to Digital Communications, Upper
Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, Chapter 10, 2001

21. May 28-June1, 2001R. Z. Ziemer, Colorado Springs, CO21
WCDMA: More Information?
 http://www.3gpp.org
 21.101  guide to all other documents
 25.XXX series  radio access network (RAN)
 25.211  frame structure etc.
 25.212  channel coding etc.
 25.213  spreading and modulation
 25.214  physical layer procedures (tx diversity, etc.)
 25.321  medium access control (MAC)
 25.322  radio link control (RLC)
 26.XXX series  voice coding

22. May 28-June1, 2001R. Z. Ziemer, Colorado Springs, CO22
GSM/GPRS/EDGE: More Information?
 http://www.3gpp.org
multiple access, logical channels, etc05.0245.002
general description05.0145.001
modulation05.0445.004
channel coding05.0345.003
RLC/MAC04.6044.060
link adaptation05.0945.009
radio link control05.0845.008
radio transmission and channelmodels05.0545.005
descriptionETSI3GPP

23. May 28-June1, 2001R. Z. Ziemer, Colorado Springs, CO23
cdma2000: More Information?
 http://www.3gpp2.org
 Technical Specification Group C  cdma2000
 C.S0002-A-1  Physical Layer Standard
 C.S0003-A-1  Medium Access Control (MAC)
 C.S0004-A-1  Signaling Link Access Control
 C.S00024  1XEV-DO (high speed packet)
 C.S0005  Upper Layer Signaling (L3)

24. May 28-June1, 2001R. Z. Ziemer, Colorado Springs, CO24
3G Information Sources
 Third Generation Partnership Projects
 http://www.3gpp.org
 http://www.3gpp2.org
 CDMA Development Group (CDG)
 http://www.cdg.org
 International Mobile Telecommunications for the year 2000
 http://www.tiaonline.org/standards/sfg/imt2k/
 Japan ARIB IMT-2000 proposal
 http://www.arib.or.jp/IMT-2000/ARIB/Document/