Professor Howard Williams discussed the distributional issues in broadband infrastructure, emphasizing the need to understand the values expected from these systems. He highlighted the contrasts in access and usage in different regions, particularly in Colombia and urban areas versus rural areas in India and Johannesburg, where wireless broadband is more viable. The presentation also included notable statistics about internet usage in Colombia, showcasing significant engagement on social media and search activities.

1. Securing the infrastructure
-international reflections
Professor Howard Williams

2. Main themes
• Distributional issues
• BB eco system
• Infrastructure

3. Distributional Issues
• We need ask the fundamental question about the specific
values and returns we expect from BB infrastructures?
• Trade perspectives and call patterns
• This is not a straight forward question !
• There are profound distributional issues – Sprint and Apple
in the USA; $15bn transfer
• Colombia has reached a key point; over 4 million
connections, high growth rates in the recent past.
• Who are those without access?
• Who is extracting value from those who have access?
• Theoretical issues – greatest distortion flow from
distorted/subsidised input prices (Diamond/Mireless)

4. Overselling BB – Charles Kenny
Year Predicted Values at Given GDP/Capita Average Values Average Values
Income level 1,000 5,000 10,000 30,000 Poor Rich
Secure Internet servers (per 1 million people) 2001 neg 21 38 64 5 66
2008 neg 109 205 357 15 331
Fixed broadband subscribers (per 100 people) 2001 neg 0.6 1 1.7 0 1.8
2008 neg 5.7 10.1 16.9 1.3 16
Internet users (per 100 people) 2001 neg 9 15 24 2 25
2008 neg 24 36 54 12 50
Mobile cellular subscriptions (per 100 people) 2001 neg 21 32 51 6 53
2008 24 71 91 124 52 115
Fixed line subscriptions (per 100 people) 2001 neg 19 28 42 8.6 41.8
2008 neg 17 24 37 8.3 35.1
% of Firms Using Email 2009 49 69 77 91 59 81
% of Firms using Own Website 2009 16 39 49 66 27 55
Literacy rate, adult total (% ) 2008 66 83 91 103 75 95
School enrollment, tertiary (% gross) 2008 6 32 43 61 20 60
Value Lost Due to Power Outages (% of Sales) 2009 6 4 3 1 6 2
ICT Exenditure ($/capita) 2008 59 290 576 1714 206 1429
GDP Density ('000/km) 2008 neg 8518 17690 32229 417 26926
Rural population (% of total population) 2008 68 48 39 25 57 28
(Average GDP/Capita) 2001 3,526 25,278
2008 3,553 24,926

7. Two sided markets: Low spend customers
benefit most from receiving calls
Through CPP, revenue from received calls allows low spending users to be
connected, even though the scale of subsidy is small.
Contribution to total ARPU, by value
> Although high spending
customers receive a lot of
Making calls
calls, the revenue from
this is greatly exceeded by
what they pay for making
calls.
> The majority of revenue
for the lowest spending
Receiving calls
group comes from
receiving calls.
> Low spending users are
able to maintain a pre-pay
11% 17% 17% 13% 9% 7% 5% 4% 7% 10%
Percentage of the total mobile users in each ARPU band
account without an
Source: Vodafone customers in Delhi ongoing subscription.
> The lowest spending group
7 Making Broadband Accessible for All
represent 2012 of users but
03 July
11%
only 1% of revenue.

8. Bringing broadband to the majority of citizens
Fibre offers the fastest speeds at the greatest cost (suitable for high demand users);
wireless is the cheapest and fastest way to reach universal broadband coverage.
Fibre Wireless
> Optical fibre offers broadband connections up > Wireless broadband can offer speeds from <1Mb/s
to 100Mb/s (3G and its developments HSPA+) to over 40Mb/s
> Fibre is very costly to install; as access network (LTE)
it is only commercially viable in densely- > Bringing wireless broadband to rural areas will
populated, affluent areas require significant investment but remains the
> 70% of the cost of a next generation fibre cheapest access technology
network is in the last 100m of the access > Advanced services, such as e-health, can be reliably
network provided using wireless broadband
Fibre
100
Streamed
Speed (Mbit/s) Cable LTE HD video
10 Advanced
ADSL HSPA+ e-health
3G YouTube
1 Internet,
Email
03 July 2012
8 Making Broadband Accessible for All

9. Relative viability of fibre and wireless broadband in India
Only the dense urban areas have sufficient aggregate monthly income per km2 to
support the cost of a fibre access network, but almost all districts support wireless.
Network cost as a % of district income Maharashtra illustrates the urban / rural split
Wireless > The equivalent monthly cost of fibre per km2 can be
determined by the revenue per customer that WIK
calculated as being necessary to support a viable
Rural geotype
network, for each geotype.
> Placing each district into its geotype, we can
compare the aggregate monthly income per district
to the calculated monthly income (Net District
Domestic Product/NDDP).
> ITU data shows the demand for telecom services is
commonly 2-5% of state GDP.
Dense rural geotype
> The cost of fibre would represent 1% of NDDP in
Mumbai and 4% in Thane. These are ‘dense urban’
Only in Mumbai and Thane and ‘less suburban geotypes’. In all other districts,
districts does the cost of fibre the equivalent cost of fibre would be a much greater
approach wireless, as a % of % of district income, rising to 61% of NDDP in
monthly NDDP Washim and 177% in Gadchiroli.
> The equivalent cost of wireless broadband is 3% or
less of district income.
Source: State Economic Census for Maharashtra, WIK study of fibre network cost, Vodafone
analysis
03 July 2012 9

10. Relative viability of fibre and wireless broadband in Jo’burg
Repeating exercise for suburbs of Johannesburg shows that fibre roll-out likely to be
challenging for the majority of the population
Joburg highlights economics of bbd investment
Fibre network cost as a % of income
> Repeat exercise for districts of Jo’burg.
> The richest parts of Jo’burg are in high cost
deployment areas; whereas low income areas are in
dense areas which are lower cost to deploy.
> The cost of fibre would represent over 10% of
income Diepkloof. Whereas, high income levels in
Parkview means it is profitable to deploy fibre.
> The equivalent cost of wireless broadband for
Diepkloof is 4% or less of income.
Wireless is less than half the cost of
fibre for low income areas of
Johannesburg
03 July 2012 10

11. Relative viability of fibre and wireless broadband in India
Charting the equivalent monthly cost of fibre and wireless networks as a % of
monthly district income demonstrates that fibre only affordable in dense urban
districts, but that wireless is less than 4% of monthly NDDP in all except the most
rural districts.
Maharashtra Karnataka Rajasthan
Gadchiroli wireless 8% / fibre 177% Churu wireless 3% / fibre 131%
Washim Bikaner wireless 3% / fibre 127%
Osmanabad Barmer wireless 3% / fibre 170%
Hingoli Jaisalmer wireless 12% / fibre 573%
Yavatmal U.Kannada
Beed Koppal Jalore
Jalna Chamarajanagar Nagaur
Buldhana Bijapur Tonk
Dhule Chikmagalur Jodhpur
Amravati Chitradurga Baran
Sindhudurg Raichur Pali
Nandurbar Bidar Cittoragarh
Chandrapur Gadag Jhalawar
Wardha Chikballapur Hanumangarh Rural
Parbhani Hassan Bundi
Gondia Tumkur Karoli
Ratnagiri Shimoga Sirohi
Ahmednagar Kodagu Sriganganagar
Solapur Bagalkot Udaipur
Satara Bellary Bhilwara
Nanded Gulbarga Dungarpur
Latur Haveri Swaimadhopur
Akola Mandya Dholpur
Bhandara Ramanagara Sikar
Jalgaon Belgaum Jhunjhunu
Sangli Davanagere Rajsamand Dense rural
Aurangabad Kolar Dausa
Raigad Udupi Ajmer
Nashik Mysore Bharatpur
Kolhapur Dharwad Kota
Nagpur Bangalore rural Alwar
Pune D.Kannada Jaipur
Banswara Less suburban
Thane
Dense urban
Mumbai Bangalore
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80%
03 July 2012 All 11

12. Professor Howard Williams
howard.williams@strath.ac.uk

13. Additional highlights from the presentation include:
- The average internet user in Colombia spent 20.4 hours online during September,
consuming 1,606 pages of content and averaging 42 online visits during the month.
- 86% of Colombians visited a social networking destination in September, with
Facebook leading the category. Visitors averaged 4.6 hours on the site during the
month.
- Nearly 7 out of 10 Colombians visited a photo sharing site in September led by
Facebook.com Photos.
- An average searcher in Colombia conducted 184 searches in September, resulting
in a total of 2 billion queries conducted in Colombia during the month.
(comScore, December 2010)