Robert Marzano identifies several teacher-level factors and instructional strategies that influence student academic achievement, including presenting clear learning goals, asking students to set personal goals, organizing students into cooperative groups, providing feedback, and recognizing student progress. Marzano's research also identifies nine instructional strategies proven to improve achievement, such as identifying similarities and differences, summarizing and note-taking, and reinforcing effort. Effective pedagogy involves using instructional strategies, classroom management techniques, and designing curriculum around content knowledge, which Marzano categorizes as vocabulary, details, organizing ideas, skills and tactics, and processes.