36 ANQ
NOTES
1. John Feltwell also describes the introduction of the white mulberry tree to the
United States (83). He adds, “Today the white mulberry has spread ‘like weeds’ in
American cities and the berries litter the sidewalks” (87).
2. Chapter 2 of Feltwell’s thorough study, The Story of Silk, also provides
interesting background information, especially on the colonial period. In addition,
“Silk Culture,” a section of Frank W. Blackmar’s personal history of Kansas life,
provides details about silk farming experiments in central Kansas, about a hundred
miles south of the likely setting of O Pioneers!
3. Cather’s Nebraska towns are all generally based on the small town she lived
in for a time, Red Cloud, which is located just above the Kansas border and about
175 miles west of the Missouri-Nebraska state line.
4. All dates here are based on the publication date of the novel, as if the narra-
tor were speaking from that time. The very first words of the first chapter, “One
January day, thirty years ago,” would make the timing of the events the narrator
describes fit well with the events I am describing. Certainly the precise dates for
events in the book are debatable, but the practical result for this study is sufficiently
accurate and consistent.
WORKS CITED
Blackmar, Frank W., ed. Kansas: A Cyclopedia of State History, Embracing Events,
Institutions, Industries, Counties, Cities, Towns, Prominent Persons, etc. Vol. 2.
Chicago: Standard, 1912. Web. 29 Dec. 2006. Transcribed by Caroline Ward.
Blue Skyways.
Cather, Willa. O Pioneers! 1913. Boston: Houghton, 1987. Print.
Feltwell, John. The Story of Silk. New York: St. Martin’s, 1991. Print.
Howard, Leland O. “U.S. Department of Agriculture and the Silk Culture.” Year-
book of the United States Department of Agriculture. Washington: GPO, 1904.
85. Print.
Hubbell, Sue. Shrinking the Cat: Genetic Engineering Before We Knew about
Genes. Boston: Houghton, 2001. Print.
Peterson, Arthur G. “Agriculture in the United States, 1839 and 1939.” Journal of
Farm Economics 22.1 (1940): 98–110. JSTOR. Web. 5 Oct. 2006.
United States Department of Agriculture. “Silk Culture.” Report of the Commissioner
of Agriculture for the Year 1868. Washington: GPO, 1968. 282–304. Print.
“Strained Relation”: Strict Stress-Meter and the
Sound of Sense in the Poetry of Robert Frost
Robert Frost has always been an enigma. From the appearance in England
of his first book, A Boy’s Will, to the Library of America’s 1995 edition of
his Collected Poems, Prose, and Plays, Frost’s reputation as man and poet
has repeatedly swung between the extremes on the spectrum of critical
opinion and has, at different times, occupied almost every point in between.
Summer 2009, Vol. 22, No. 3 37
With the recent publication of The Notebooks of Robert Frost and a care-
fully rendered edition of his Collected Prose, Frost has been granted the
improbable opportunity to contribute to the debate on his .
Robert Frost was an American poet who achieved both critical and popular success during his lifetime. He published his first collection of poems, A Boy's Will, in 1913 at age 39, though he had been writing poetry for decades prior. Over the following decades, Frost published numerous collections that earned him widespread acclaim and four Pulitzer Prizes. His poems, often set in rural New England, explored themes of nature, isolation, and community through precise language and form. Though he worked within traditional forms, Frost's innovative use of language and variation helped shape American poetry in the early 20th century.
Anne Bradstreet s Romantic Precedence.pdfAngela Shin
This summary provides an overview of the document in 3 sentences:
The document analyzes Anne Bradstreet's poem "Contemplations" and argues it has strong Romantic elements that anticipate major works by later Romantic authors like Wordsworth, Keats, and Coleridge. It identifies several textual "echoes" between Bradstreet's poem and these later works in terms of themes, imagery, and language. The analysis aims to establish Bradstreet as an important precursor to Romanticism and highlight the complexity and depth of her poetic vision and philosophy.
What follows is a revised chapter of a book I wrote on the poetry of Roger White(1929-1993).
----------------------------------------------
I'm sure White felt about his future biography somewhat the way Mark Twain felt about Shakespeare's biography: "an Eiffel tower of artificialities rising sky-high from a very flat and thin foundation of inconsequential facts, a fifty-seven foot high brontosaurus that looks convincing enough in the natural history museum but is made of six hundred barrels of plaster of Paris and maybe only 'nine old bones.'"
He saw his daily life as biographically uninteresting but his readers find his imaginative life intense, fascinating. I have, therefore, stood as far back from the facts of this poet’s life and instead concentrated on the enduring qualities of the man's writing. This was a much more challenging task for any critic with literary pretensions, with aspirations to be the best wordsmith he can be.
I was reminded of the words of that famous American poet Robert Frost who said: ‘It would be hard to gather biography from poems of mine except as they were all written by the same person, out of the same general region north of Boston, and out of the same books.’ Frost’s biographers, who began their collective labours well before he died, were not to be put off by such a statement, and the early collections of memoirs and reminiscences culminated in Lawrance Thompson’s three-volume biography published between 1966 and 1976. Frost had only been gone for three years when that first volume was published.
36 Literary Journalism Studies
Svetlana Alexievich, Oct. 14, 2013. Elke Wetzig/Wikipedia Creative Commons
37
Literary Journalism Studies
Vol. 7, No. 2, Fall 2015
The Literature in the Journalism of Nobel
Prize Winner Svetlana Alexievich
John C. Hartsock
State University of New York at Cortland, United States
Abstract: For the first time the Nobel Prize in Literature has been awarded
for literary journalism as revealed in the work of Belarusian author Svetlana
Alexievich. Fundamentally, her approach has been to juxtapose the every-
day details of life against the secular mythologies of the state. Moreover, she
makes it clear that the intention of her journalism is to be literary. As such,
she is part of a larger Russian tradition, as well as a tradition practiced in
the Soviet Union and other communist countries during the Cold War. The
following is excerpted and adapted from the author’s forthcoming book,
Literary Journalism and the Aesthetics of Experience, to be published by the
University of Massachusetts Press in 2016. Permission to reprint passages
from the volume is gratefully acknowledged.
There is a scene in Svetlana Alexievich’s account about the Soviet war in
Afghanistan in the 1980s when a wife recalls how she and her soldier-
husband got married. They go to the marriage registry office in their village:
They took one look at us in the Village Soviet and said, “Why wait two
months. Go and get the brandy. We’ll do the paperwork.” An hour later we
were husband and wife. There was a snowstorm raging outside.
“Where’s the taxi for your new wife, bridegroom?”
“Hang on!” He went out and stopped a Belarus tractor for me.1
Such is how one wife recalls the nature of their admittedly modest nuptials,
riding away with her husband not in a limousine (much less a taxi) as one might
today, but in a snowstorm on a farm tractor. But the scene takes on a powerful
poignancy, because we know that her husband has died in Afghanistan.
And such is the nature of Alexievich’s literary method, to explore how
38 Literary Journalism Studies
larger ambitions in the form of secular mythologies—in this case, the Soviet Af-
ghanistan venture—had, in the details, so devastatingly scarred people’s psyches.
The announcement in October that Alexievich had received the Nobel
Prize for Literature was, of course, a validation for scholars of a narrative
literary journalism. A review of past recipients since the award was established
in 1901 reveals that she is the first journalist, and indeed literary journalist, to
receive what is undoubtedly the most distinguished recognition in the world
for literary endeavor.2 This is not to suggest that earlier recipients did not
engage in journalism. But the award is given for an author’s collected works,
and what we can detect is that most recipients have been primarily authors
of fiction, drama, and poetry. Ernest Hemingway was awarded the Nobel,
but despite his work as a jour.
This document summarizes a scholarly article about Svetlana Alexievich and her work as a literary journalist from Belarus who won the Nobel Prize in Literature. It discusses how Alexievich uses first-hand accounts and narratives to challenge Soviet state myths and ideologies by juxtaposing the everyday details of people's lives against these myths. Her work focuses on revealing the human impact of major events in Soviet history like World War II and the Soviet war in Afghanistan. The document examines how Alexievich's style reconstructs narratives in a way that gives voice to individuals and subverts propaganda, while also drawing from Russian cultural traditions. It argues her work validates narrative literary journalism as a genre and that she intentionally aimed to create
This document discusses Robert Frost's poem "Mending Wall" and analyzes the differing mindsets represented by the two characters in the poem. It argues that the character advocating the phrase "Good fences make good neighbors" represents a Spartan mindset focused on tradition and order, while the other character questions traditions in a more Athenian fashion. The document provides background on Frost's extensive knowledge of Greek classics and suggests he may have been drawing on ideas about Athens and Sparta when writing this poem to represent differing worldviews.
ARTICLESAcknowledging Things of DarknessPostcolonial Cr.docxdavezstarr61655
ARTICLES
Acknowledging Things of Darkness:
Postcolonial Criticism of The Tempest
Duke Pesta
Published online: 31 July 2014
# Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014
Over the last forty years, postcolonial criticism has become a dominant
mode of critical discourse for the profession of literature and Renaissance
studies in particular, with The Tempest serving as terminus a quo for many
such discussions across historical periods and academic disciplines.1 During
this time—not counting courses in Shakespeare, Renaissance drama, or early
modern literature—The Tempest has been taught in English departments at
the undergraduate or graduate level in freshman seminars; surveys of Great
Books; capstone courses; writing and composition courses; seminars on
literary theory, Marxism, postcolonialism, and race, gender, queer theory;
early American literature and transatlantic literature courses; surveys of
American literature; and courses on Romanticism, modernism, modern drama,
Third World literatures, postmodernism, Chicano/a literatures, Afro-Caribbean
literatures, and diaspora literatures. Outside English departments, the play has
been taught in such varied disciplines as African American studies, American
studies, anthropology, comparative literature, cultural studies, education,
environmental studies, film studies, history, linguistics, modern languages,
Native American studies, oppression studies, peace studies, philosophy,
Acad. Quest. (2014) 27:273–285
DOI 10.1007/s12129-014-9433-4
1The tradition viewing The Tempest through colonialist lenses has a long history outside the West, dating to the
nineteenth century. Writers from the Caribbean, Africa, and Central and South America have associated the play with the
gamut of evils linked to colonialism. For a sampling of this criticism, see Emir Rodríguez Monegal, “The
Metamorphoses of Caliban,” Diacritics 7, no. 3 (Fall 1977): 78–83; Richard Rodriguez, Hunger of Memory: The
Education of Richard Rodriguez: An Autobiography (Boston: David R. Godine, 1982); Roberto Fernández Retamar,
Caliban and Other Essays, trans. Edward Baker (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1989); Roberta Fernández,
“(Re)vision of an American Journey,” in In Other Words: Literature by Latinas of the United States, ed. Roberta
Fernández (Houston, TX: Arte Publico Press, 1994), 282–98; and Antonio C. Márquez, “Voices of Caliban: From Curse
to Discourse,” Confluencia: Revista Hispánica de Cultura y Literatura 13, no. 1 (1997): 158–69.
Duke Pesta is associate professor of English at the University of Wisconsin, Oshkosh, Oshkosh, WI
54901; [email protected] He is associate editor of Milton Quarterly.
political science, psychology, religious studies, sociology, theater, and
women’s studies.
Surely no other work of literature has been as assigned, deconstructed,
interdisciplinized, revisioned, trivialized, and ventriloquized as The Tempest.
Overwhelmingly, those who have included a reading of .
Robert Frost was an American poet who achieved both critical and popular success during his lifetime. He published his first collection of poems, A Boy's Will, in 1913 at age 39, though he had been writing poetry for decades prior. Over the following decades, Frost published numerous collections that earned him widespread acclaim and four Pulitzer Prizes. His poems, often set in rural New England, explored themes of nature, isolation, and community through precise language and form. Though he worked within traditional forms, Frost's innovative use of language and variation helped shape American poetry in the early 20th century.
Anne Bradstreet s Romantic Precedence.pdfAngela Shin
This summary provides an overview of the document in 3 sentences:
The document analyzes Anne Bradstreet's poem "Contemplations" and argues it has strong Romantic elements that anticipate major works by later Romantic authors like Wordsworth, Keats, and Coleridge. It identifies several textual "echoes" between Bradstreet's poem and these later works in terms of themes, imagery, and language. The analysis aims to establish Bradstreet as an important precursor to Romanticism and highlight the complexity and depth of her poetic vision and philosophy.
What follows is a revised chapter of a book I wrote on the poetry of Roger White(1929-1993).
----------------------------------------------
I'm sure White felt about his future biography somewhat the way Mark Twain felt about Shakespeare's biography: "an Eiffel tower of artificialities rising sky-high from a very flat and thin foundation of inconsequential facts, a fifty-seven foot high brontosaurus that looks convincing enough in the natural history museum but is made of six hundred barrels of plaster of Paris and maybe only 'nine old bones.'"
He saw his daily life as biographically uninteresting but his readers find his imaginative life intense, fascinating. I have, therefore, stood as far back from the facts of this poet’s life and instead concentrated on the enduring qualities of the man's writing. This was a much more challenging task for any critic with literary pretensions, with aspirations to be the best wordsmith he can be.
I was reminded of the words of that famous American poet Robert Frost who said: ‘It would be hard to gather biography from poems of mine except as they were all written by the same person, out of the same general region north of Boston, and out of the same books.’ Frost’s biographers, who began their collective labours well before he died, were not to be put off by such a statement, and the early collections of memoirs and reminiscences culminated in Lawrance Thompson’s three-volume biography published between 1966 and 1976. Frost had only been gone for three years when that first volume was published.
36 Literary Journalism Studies
Svetlana Alexievich, Oct. 14, 2013. Elke Wetzig/Wikipedia Creative Commons
37
Literary Journalism Studies
Vol. 7, No. 2, Fall 2015
The Literature in the Journalism of Nobel
Prize Winner Svetlana Alexievich
John C. Hartsock
State University of New York at Cortland, United States
Abstract: For the first time the Nobel Prize in Literature has been awarded
for literary journalism as revealed in the work of Belarusian author Svetlana
Alexievich. Fundamentally, her approach has been to juxtapose the every-
day details of life against the secular mythologies of the state. Moreover, she
makes it clear that the intention of her journalism is to be literary. As such,
she is part of a larger Russian tradition, as well as a tradition practiced in
the Soviet Union and other communist countries during the Cold War. The
following is excerpted and adapted from the author’s forthcoming book,
Literary Journalism and the Aesthetics of Experience, to be published by the
University of Massachusetts Press in 2016. Permission to reprint passages
from the volume is gratefully acknowledged.
There is a scene in Svetlana Alexievich’s account about the Soviet war in
Afghanistan in the 1980s when a wife recalls how she and her soldier-
husband got married. They go to the marriage registry office in their village:
They took one look at us in the Village Soviet and said, “Why wait two
months. Go and get the brandy. We’ll do the paperwork.” An hour later we
were husband and wife. There was a snowstorm raging outside.
“Where’s the taxi for your new wife, bridegroom?”
“Hang on!” He went out and stopped a Belarus tractor for me.1
Such is how one wife recalls the nature of their admittedly modest nuptials,
riding away with her husband not in a limousine (much less a taxi) as one might
today, but in a snowstorm on a farm tractor. But the scene takes on a powerful
poignancy, because we know that her husband has died in Afghanistan.
And such is the nature of Alexievich’s literary method, to explore how
38 Literary Journalism Studies
larger ambitions in the form of secular mythologies—in this case, the Soviet Af-
ghanistan venture—had, in the details, so devastatingly scarred people’s psyches.
The announcement in October that Alexievich had received the Nobel
Prize for Literature was, of course, a validation for scholars of a narrative
literary journalism. A review of past recipients since the award was established
in 1901 reveals that she is the first journalist, and indeed literary journalist, to
receive what is undoubtedly the most distinguished recognition in the world
for literary endeavor.2 This is not to suggest that earlier recipients did not
engage in journalism. But the award is given for an author’s collected works,
and what we can detect is that most recipients have been primarily authors
of fiction, drama, and poetry. Ernest Hemingway was awarded the Nobel,
but despite his work as a jour.
This document summarizes a scholarly article about Svetlana Alexievich and her work as a literary journalist from Belarus who won the Nobel Prize in Literature. It discusses how Alexievich uses first-hand accounts and narratives to challenge Soviet state myths and ideologies by juxtaposing the everyday details of people's lives against these myths. Her work focuses on revealing the human impact of major events in Soviet history like World War II and the Soviet war in Afghanistan. The document examines how Alexievich's style reconstructs narratives in a way that gives voice to individuals and subverts propaganda, while also drawing from Russian cultural traditions. It argues her work validates narrative literary journalism as a genre and that she intentionally aimed to create
This document discusses Robert Frost's poem "Mending Wall" and analyzes the differing mindsets represented by the two characters in the poem. It argues that the character advocating the phrase "Good fences make good neighbors" represents a Spartan mindset focused on tradition and order, while the other character questions traditions in a more Athenian fashion. The document provides background on Frost's extensive knowledge of Greek classics and suggests he may have been drawing on ideas about Athens and Sparta when writing this poem to represent differing worldviews.
ARTICLESAcknowledging Things of DarknessPostcolonial Cr.docxdavezstarr61655
ARTICLES
Acknowledging Things of Darkness:
Postcolonial Criticism of The Tempest
Duke Pesta
Published online: 31 July 2014
# Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014
Over the last forty years, postcolonial criticism has become a dominant
mode of critical discourse for the profession of literature and Renaissance
studies in particular, with The Tempest serving as terminus a quo for many
such discussions across historical periods and academic disciplines.1 During
this time—not counting courses in Shakespeare, Renaissance drama, or early
modern literature—The Tempest has been taught in English departments at
the undergraduate or graduate level in freshman seminars; surveys of Great
Books; capstone courses; writing and composition courses; seminars on
literary theory, Marxism, postcolonialism, and race, gender, queer theory;
early American literature and transatlantic literature courses; surveys of
American literature; and courses on Romanticism, modernism, modern drama,
Third World literatures, postmodernism, Chicano/a literatures, Afro-Caribbean
literatures, and diaspora literatures. Outside English departments, the play has
been taught in such varied disciplines as African American studies, American
studies, anthropology, comparative literature, cultural studies, education,
environmental studies, film studies, history, linguistics, modern languages,
Native American studies, oppression studies, peace studies, philosophy,
Acad. Quest. (2014) 27:273–285
DOI 10.1007/s12129-014-9433-4
1The tradition viewing The Tempest through colonialist lenses has a long history outside the West, dating to the
nineteenth century. Writers from the Caribbean, Africa, and Central and South America have associated the play with the
gamut of evils linked to colonialism. For a sampling of this criticism, see Emir Rodríguez Monegal, “The
Metamorphoses of Caliban,” Diacritics 7, no. 3 (Fall 1977): 78–83; Richard Rodriguez, Hunger of Memory: The
Education of Richard Rodriguez: An Autobiography (Boston: David R. Godine, 1982); Roberto Fernández Retamar,
Caliban and Other Essays, trans. Edward Baker (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1989); Roberta Fernández,
“(Re)vision of an American Journey,” in In Other Words: Literature by Latinas of the United States, ed. Roberta
Fernández (Houston, TX: Arte Publico Press, 1994), 282–98; and Antonio C. Márquez, “Voices of Caliban: From Curse
to Discourse,” Confluencia: Revista Hispánica de Cultura y Literatura 13, no. 1 (1997): 158–69.
Duke Pesta is associate professor of English at the University of Wisconsin, Oshkosh, Oshkosh, WI
54901; [email protected] He is associate editor of Milton Quarterly.
political science, psychology, religious studies, sociology, theater, and
women’s studies.
Surely no other work of literature has been as assigned, deconstructed,
interdisciplinized, revisioned, trivialized, and ventriloquized as The Tempest.
Overwhelmingly, those who have included a reading of .
This document provides a summary and analysis of Thomas Wyatt's poem "Whoso List to Hunt". It discusses how while the poem appears to follow the conventions of medieval courtly love poetry on the surface, focusing on a male speaker pursuing an unavailable woman, it actually captures the crisis of transition facing English society during the Renaissance period. Through metaphors of a futile hunt and a world in constant change, Wyatt expresses the new reality of meaninglessness and loss of certainty that Renaissance man must embrace. The Petrarchan sonnet form allowed Wyatt to effectively frame the anxiety of this cultural moment in England.
An Introduction to Literary Studies .pdfAmir Abdalla
This document provides an introduction to the concepts of literature and text. It notes that literature is difficult to precisely define, though it generally refers to written works that are considered artistic or aesthetic. The origins of the words "literature" and "text" are explored, with "literature" deriving from the Latin for "letter" and "text" relating to the idea of a woven "fabric" of words. The document discusses how literature has incorporated both visual and oral/spoken elements throughout history. It positions literature as arising from the human desire to creatively express and leave behind traces of oneself through written works.
The document provides details about 26 trivia questions related to literature, authors, and works. It includes the questions, answers, and in some cases additional context about the works or authors mentioned. The questions cover topics like famous poems, novels, authors, and literary terms from different time periods.
The Canadian poet, Roger White(1929-1993), would have liked George Bernard Shaw's views on biography. The facts of writers' lives, wrote Shaw, have no more to do with their writing ability than the shape of their nose. White used to quote Rabindranath Tagore on this biographical theme: 'the poem not the poet,' as Tagore put the theme succinctly. White felt that his life was, to use Shaw's words, biographically uninteresting. I don't think, though, that White's life, among those lives of the other minor poets to whose ranks he himself claimed to belong, could be said to be so unvarying and, therefore, so uninteresting.
White did not want to diminish his work by restoring it to the particularities of what he felt was his mundane biographical context. And so there is little in my book on his poetry of what that significant biographer and poet in our early modern period, Samuel Johnson, referred to as "domestic privacies" and "the minute details of daily life."
The jacket flap of The Oxford Companion to 20th-Century Poetry in English edited by Ian Hamilton launched into the following trumpeted conclusion, that ‘20th-century poets have lived far from humdrum lives’:
Twenty-seven of the poets in this collection published in 1994 had nervous breakdowns, 19 served time in jail, 14 died in battle, three were murdered, one executed. One played hockey for his country. There were 15 suicides, and one poet who staged his own death only to reappear, still writing poetry, under a new name.
“This is a first run-through of poetry since 1900,” writes poetry critic Helen Vendler in her review of this anthology. “In 2500 AD, if the world is still here and publishers are still sponsoring surveys”, writes Vendler, “the 1500 poets included in this volume will have shrunk to about fifty.”
The small ‘mob of gentlemen who wrote with ease’ in the 20th century has now swollen to a throng of men and women who write with intent. This reader, at least, shrinks before the sheer weight of publication represented by these 1500 writers of verse in this 1994 anthology. Now, in cyberspace, there is an avalanche.
An Introduction To Commonwealth LiteratureDaphne Smith
This document provides an introduction and overview of Commonwealth literature. It discusses how Commonwealth literature emerged from works produced by former British colonies that became independent nations. Key characteristics include examining themes of displacement from colonialism and migration. Many works aimed to adapt English to better express non-English cultures and societies. The document then summarizes developments in literature from specific Commonwealth countries, including Australia, Canada, and others. Major authors and works are mentioned to illustrate themes and trends in each nation's literature over time.
Comparative study of Robert Frost and William WordsworthAsha Rathod
This document presents a comparative study of the poets Robert Frost and William Wordsworth. It provides biographical information about each poet and analyzes some of their famous poems, including Frost's "Fire and Ice" and Wordsworth's "I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud". Both poets are found to use ordinary language and focus on nature, though Frost depicts nature as a force beyond human control while Wordsworth sees an intimate connection between humans and nature. The document also discusses similarities in their works, such as democratic styles and optimism, as well as differences in their views of nature, rural life, and themes of activity versus contemplation. References are provided at the end to support the analysis.
This document discusses the origins of George Washington's "Rules of Civility" from his youth. It traces the rules back to a French Jesuit manual from 1595 called "Les Maximes de la Gentillesse et de l'Honnesteté en la Conversation entre les Hommes." Washington likely learned the rules while attending school in Fredericksburg, Virginia in 1745, where the school and clergy were French. 92 of Washington's 110 rules were found verbatim in the French manual. The remaining 18 rules came from an early English translation of the manual from 1640. The document provides historical context about the manual and its various editions to establish it as the source for Washington's rules.
VOLTAIRE ON MAZEPA AND EARLY EIGHTEENTH CENTURY UKRAINEThomas M. Prymak
Voltaire discussed Ukraine and its ruler Ivan Mazepa in two of his historical works. In his 1731 history of Charles XII of Sweden, he described how Charles turned to Ukraine for supplies after defeats in Poland, hoping for an alliance with Mazepa against Russia. Voltaire portrayed Ukraine as aspiring to freedom but forced to seek protection from Poland, Turkey, or Russia, and having its autonomy reduced over time. In his 1761 history of Peter the Great's Russian Empire, Voltaire focused more on Peter's reforms but still mentioned Mazepa's revolt against Russian rule. His treatment of Ukraine and Mazepa differed in emphasis between the two works due to their different subjects and time periods.
Surname 4
Name
Instructor
Course
Date
Robert Frost
Art can be manifested in various ways. Some of the common ways include drawing, dressing and even through poetry. Poetry is, therefore, a way of depicting art through the use of figurative language. The poet, therefore, has a role to play to ensure that they are able to communicate their ideas effectively. Poets use various styles and forms of writing to distinguish their work and communicate with the targeted audience. One of the most commonly re-known poets is Robert Frost. This paper will examine a quick biography of Robert Frost, themes that Robert Frost covers and the motifs that Frost has used in most of his works.
Bibliography
Robert Frost was born on March 26th, 1874 in San Francisco, California in the United States. Little is known of his past but when he came into scenes, his work was being published in England before it was published in America. Most of his work is about the social and philosophical themes of life using the rural settings of his articles. He realistically depicted rural life using his strong command of American colloquial speech. He began his career as a poet late in high school and worked on it while in Dartmouth College where he dropped out in less than a year. He joined Harvard University where he also left after two years. Frost was a poet and a playwright with “A Boy's Will” in 1913 and “North of Boston” in 1914 is some of the works that put him on the radar. He also wrote prose books, spoken word, and letters.
Frost was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature 31 times. He acquired his poetic persona of a rural setting from his working on his farm and writing poems although he never published them because the publishing firms showed little interest in them. This forced him to move from England to America.He was married to Elinor Miriam White and had six children. He died in 1963 at 88 years of age (Biography.com). Frost and his poetry are relevant because he is known for his poems that had meaning even in today's' world. For example, the "Road Not Taken" can be used to encourage students to take the right path to ensure they have a brighter future. His relevance can also be felt in that he was a poet with spiritual coating in most of his poems.
Themes in the Poems by Frost
One of the main themes that were of interestto Robert Frost include the theme of youths. Frost was highly interested in the coverage of themes that revolved around the issues that affected the youth. In the poem “A Boy’s Will”, Frost explores the life of a solitary youth who explores and questions the world around him. This is spotted in the where Frost writes “A mother takes twenty years to make a man of her boy, and another woman makes a fool of him in twenty minutes”. Additionally, the poem “Road Not Taken” addresses the challenges that the youths might face I they do not choose the right path to follow. “I took the one less traveled by, and that has made all the difference (Frost.
Bibliography of The Writings of Albert Pike - Free eBookChuck Thompson
Bibliography of The Writings of Albert Pike - Free eBook. History of one of Freemason's Most Famous People. Gloucester, Virginia Links and News website. Simply Incredible.
The document discusses Pre-Romanticism through analyzing key figures and trends that preceded and helped establish Romanticism. It outlines that Jean-Jacques Rousseau's ideas influenced both the French Revolution and Romanticism. Pre-Romanticism began in the 1740s and prepared the way for Romanticism through an emphasis on individual feeling, primitivism, and interest in nature, emotion, and the supernatural. Thomas Gray, William Blake, William Cowper, Robert Burns, and James Thomson are highlighted as important Pre-Romantic poets and artists.
This document compares the works of William Wordsworth and Robert Frost. It discusses their backgrounds, styles, and themes. Both poets wrote about nature, but Wordsworth focused on universal human experiences while Frost depicted specific regional settings and ordinary people. The document also analyzes their poems "I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud" and "Fire and Ice", noting their forms, characterizations, and messages about nature and the potential ends of the world.
This document provides an overview of English Romanticism and several key Romantic poets. It discusses that English Romanticism began in 1798 with the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge's Lyrical Ballads and was influenced by the French and Industrial Revolutions. It summarizes some of the major works and contributions of Wordsworth, Coleridge, and Byron to English Romantic poetry.
The document provides an overview of English literature from Old English to the 20th century. It begins with Old English literature including Anglo-Saxon poetry such as Beowulf, characterized by alliteration and metaphors. Next it discusses Medieval literature including Geoffrey Chaucer and his masterpiece Canterbury Tales. It then covers the Renaissance period highlighting plays by Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare. Finally, it briefly mentions 17th century English literature including the influential King James Bible.
The document discusses the origin and features of the essay form. It states that Michel de Montaigne is considered the father of the modern essay, as he first used the term "essais" to describe this type of informal writing. While essays vary in style and length, they are generally defined as brief compositions in prose on a particular subject. Key features of essays include limiting their scope, giving a sense of completeness despite covering only part of a subject, and having unlimited subject matter. The document then provides brief biographies of several influential English essayists like Charles Lamb, William Hazlitt, Thomas Carlyle, Thomas Love Peacock, and Thomas de Quincey.
The document summarizes T.S. Eliot's modernist poem "The Waste Land". It provides biographical information about Eliot, an overview of the poem's structure in 5 parts, and analyzes major themes in the poem such as death, renewal, the seasons, love, water, history, and sterility in the post-World War 1 era. The presentation discusses how Eliot engages with these themes to portray the disillusionment of the modern generation.
The document provides summaries of several authors and their works that will be covered in the upcoming week's readings:
- Edgar Allan Poe is known for his macabre stories and poems and invented the modern short story form. His life was troubled and his works often showed a dark side of the American Dream.
- Robert Frost's poems touch on universal themes and use everyday language. His poem "Mending Wall" challenges traditional ways of thinking about fences and boundaries between cultures.
- Art Spiegelman's graphic novel Maus established comics as a relevant genre and recounted his father's experience in the Holocaust through interviews.
- The selections will also cover works by Henry David Thoreau,
Tehzeeb Node TCAS-The Unknown Citizen and The Second Comingveer203
Wystan Hugh Auden was an English-American poet known for his technically achieved and stylistically varied poetry addressing politics, morals, love, and religion. He wrote "The Unknown Citizen" in 1939, satirically portraying an anonymous man praised for causing little trouble. William Butler Yeats was an Irish poet awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. His poem "The Second Coming" from 1919 uses Christian imagery to allegorically describe the atmosphere after World War I, predicting chaos through a symbolic beast.
The document provides brief biographies of several authors and their works:
- Edgar Allan Poe is known for macabre stories and poems and invented the modern short story form. His works show the dark side of the American Dream.
- Robert Frost is considered one of America's greatest poets. His poem "Mending Wall" touches on universal themes and challenges traditional ways of thinking.
- Art Spiegelman's graphic novel Maus established comics as a relevant genre and describes his father's experiences in the Holocaust.
- Henry David Thoreau advocated for civil disobedience and influenced later leaders like Gandhi and MLK Jr.
- Sandra Cisneros' work focuses on challenges faced
Robert Frost was an American poet born in 1874 in San Francisco. He published his early works in England before gaining fame in the US. Frost frequently wrote about rural New England and was honored with four Pulitzer Prizes for Poetry. He became one of the most popular and critically acclaimed American poets of the 20th century. Frost lived and taught in Massachusetts and Vermont for many years before dying in Boston in 1963.
Group Presentation Once during the quarter, each student will.docxgilbertkpeters11344
Group Presentation
: Once during the quarter, each student will prepare a brief presentation on a specific neighborhood, a racial or cultural group, or a historical event, migration or shift in the urban landscape,
related to the themes for that week
. Students will select preferred weeks in advance and be scheduled by Week 2 as best as your professor can allow. The presentation is open in form and format but should be 20 minutes in duration, consist mostly of your own original words and discussion, but involve some form of visual, quotes, or data, and represent some amount of additional research beyond the readings for that week, and include 5 or more questions for discussion to be presented to the class. Your group grade will reflect an average of 4 grades in content, delivery, relevance and engagement with the class in discussion.
.
Group Presentation Outline
•
Slide 1: Title slide
•
This contains your topic title, your names, and the course.
•
Slide 2: Introduction slide
•
Remember that you are presenting this information to others. Acknowledge the audience, and mention the purpose of the
presentation.
•
This slide should contain at least 50–100 words of speaker notes.
•
Slides 3–10 (or more): Content slides
•
Describe the topic and structure
•
Outline and discuss the issues/components each separately
•
Discuss theories, laws, policies, and other labor relations related topics
•
Provide support for your perspective and analysis
•
Lessons learned documented, what you have learned
•
Conclusion
•
The slides should each contain at least
50–100 words of speaker notes.
•
Final slide(s): Reference slide(s)
•
List your references according to the APA sty
.
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The small ‘mob of gentlemen who wrote with ease’ in the 20th century has now swollen to a throng of men and women who write with intent. This reader, at least, shrinks before the sheer weight of publication represented by these 1500 writers of verse in this 1994 anthology. Now, in cyberspace, there is an avalanche.
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Surname 4
Name
Instructor
Course
Date
Robert Frost
Art can be manifested in various ways. Some of the common ways include drawing, dressing and even through poetry. Poetry is, therefore, a way of depicting art through the use of figurative language. The poet, therefore, has a role to play to ensure that they are able to communicate their ideas effectively. Poets use various styles and forms of writing to distinguish their work and communicate with the targeted audience. One of the most commonly re-known poets is Robert Frost. This paper will examine a quick biography of Robert Frost, themes that Robert Frost covers and the motifs that Frost has used in most of his works.
Bibliography
Robert Frost was born on March 26th, 1874 in San Francisco, California in the United States. Little is known of his past but when he came into scenes, his work was being published in England before it was published in America. Most of his work is about the social and philosophical themes of life using the rural settings of his articles. He realistically depicted rural life using his strong command of American colloquial speech. He began his career as a poet late in high school and worked on it while in Dartmouth College where he dropped out in less than a year. He joined Harvard University where he also left after two years. Frost was a poet and a playwright with “A Boy's Will” in 1913 and “North of Boston” in 1914 is some of the works that put him on the radar. He also wrote prose books, spoken word, and letters.
Frost was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature 31 times. He acquired his poetic persona of a rural setting from his working on his farm and writing poems although he never published them because the publishing firms showed little interest in them. This forced him to move from England to America.He was married to Elinor Miriam White and had six children. He died in 1963 at 88 years of age (Biography.com). Frost and his poetry are relevant because he is known for his poems that had meaning even in today's' world. For example, the "Road Not Taken" can be used to encourage students to take the right path to ensure they have a brighter future. His relevance can also be felt in that he was a poet with spiritual coating in most of his poems.
Themes in the Poems by Frost
One of the main themes that were of interestto Robert Frost include the theme of youths. Frost was highly interested in the coverage of themes that revolved around the issues that affected the youth. In the poem “A Boy’s Will”, Frost explores the life of a solitary youth who explores and questions the world around him. This is spotted in the where Frost writes “A mother takes twenty years to make a man of her boy, and another woman makes a fool of him in twenty minutes”. Additionally, the poem “Road Not Taken” addresses the challenges that the youths might face I they do not choose the right path to follow. “I took the one less traveled by, and that has made all the difference (Frost.
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This document compares the works of William Wordsworth and Robert Frost. It discusses their backgrounds, styles, and themes. Both poets wrote about nature, but Wordsworth focused on universal human experiences while Frost depicted specific regional settings and ordinary people. The document also analyzes their poems "I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud" and "Fire and Ice", noting their forms, characterizations, and messages about nature and the potential ends of the world.
This document provides an overview of English Romanticism and several key Romantic poets. It discusses that English Romanticism began in 1798 with the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge's Lyrical Ballads and was influenced by the French and Industrial Revolutions. It summarizes some of the major works and contributions of Wordsworth, Coleridge, and Byron to English Romantic poetry.
The document provides an overview of English literature from Old English to the 20th century. It begins with Old English literature including Anglo-Saxon poetry such as Beowulf, characterized by alliteration and metaphors. Next it discusses Medieval literature including Geoffrey Chaucer and his masterpiece Canterbury Tales. It then covers the Renaissance period highlighting plays by Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare. Finally, it briefly mentions 17th century English literature including the influential King James Bible.
The document discusses the origin and features of the essay form. It states that Michel de Montaigne is considered the father of the modern essay, as he first used the term "essais" to describe this type of informal writing. While essays vary in style and length, they are generally defined as brief compositions in prose on a particular subject. Key features of essays include limiting their scope, giving a sense of completeness despite covering only part of a subject, and having unlimited subject matter. The document then provides brief biographies of several influential English essayists like Charles Lamb, William Hazlitt, Thomas Carlyle, Thomas Love Peacock, and Thomas de Quincey.
The document summarizes T.S. Eliot's modernist poem "The Waste Land". It provides biographical information about Eliot, an overview of the poem's structure in 5 parts, and analyzes major themes in the poem such as death, renewal, the seasons, love, water, history, and sterility in the post-World War 1 era. The presentation discusses how Eliot engages with these themes to portray the disillusionment of the modern generation.
The document provides summaries of several authors and their works that will be covered in the upcoming week's readings:
- Edgar Allan Poe is known for his macabre stories and poems and invented the modern short story form. His life was troubled and his works often showed a dark side of the American Dream.
- Robert Frost's poems touch on universal themes and use everyday language. His poem "Mending Wall" challenges traditional ways of thinking about fences and boundaries between cultures.
- Art Spiegelman's graphic novel Maus established comics as a relevant genre and recounted his father's experience in the Holocaust through interviews.
- The selections will also cover works by Henry David Thoreau,
Tehzeeb Node TCAS-The Unknown Citizen and The Second Comingveer203
Wystan Hugh Auden was an English-American poet known for his technically achieved and stylistically varied poetry addressing politics, morals, love, and religion. He wrote "The Unknown Citizen" in 1939, satirically portraying an anonymous man praised for causing little trouble. William Butler Yeats was an Irish poet awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. His poem "The Second Coming" from 1919 uses Christian imagery to allegorically describe the atmosphere after World War I, predicting chaos through a symbolic beast.
The document provides brief biographies of several authors and their works:
- Edgar Allan Poe is known for macabre stories and poems and invented the modern short story form. His works show the dark side of the American Dream.
- Robert Frost is considered one of America's greatest poets. His poem "Mending Wall" touches on universal themes and challenges traditional ways of thinking.
- Art Spiegelman's graphic novel Maus established comics as a relevant genre and describes his father's experiences in the Holocaust.
- Henry David Thoreau advocated for civil disobedience and influenced later leaders like Gandhi and MLK Jr.
- Sandra Cisneros' work focuses on challenges faced
Robert Frost was an American poet born in 1874 in San Francisco. He published his early works in England before gaining fame in the US. Frost frequently wrote about rural New England and was honored with four Pulitzer Prizes for Poetry. He became one of the most popular and critically acclaimed American poets of the 20th century. Frost lived and taught in Massachusetts and Vermont for many years before dying in Boston in 1963.
Similar to 36 ANQNOTES 1. John Feltwell also describes the introd.docx (20)
Group Presentation Once during the quarter, each student will.docxgilbertkpeters11344
Group Presentation
: Once during the quarter, each student will prepare a brief presentation on a specific neighborhood, a racial or cultural group, or a historical event, migration or shift in the urban landscape,
related to the themes for that week
. Students will select preferred weeks in advance and be scheduled by Week 2 as best as your professor can allow. The presentation is open in form and format but should be 20 minutes in duration, consist mostly of your own original words and discussion, but involve some form of visual, quotes, or data, and represent some amount of additional research beyond the readings for that week, and include 5 or more questions for discussion to be presented to the class. Your group grade will reflect an average of 4 grades in content, delivery, relevance and engagement with the class in discussion.
.
Group Presentation Outline
•
Slide 1: Title slide
•
This contains your topic title, your names, and the course.
•
Slide 2: Introduction slide
•
Remember that you are presenting this information to others. Acknowledge the audience, and mention the purpose of the
presentation.
•
This slide should contain at least 50–100 words of speaker notes.
•
Slides 3–10 (or more): Content slides
•
Describe the topic and structure
•
Outline and discuss the issues/components each separately
•
Discuss theories, laws, policies, and other labor relations related topics
•
Provide support for your perspective and analysis
•
Lessons learned documented, what you have learned
•
Conclusion
•
The slides should each contain at least
50–100 words of speaker notes.
•
Final slide(s): Reference slide(s)
•
List your references according to the APA sty
.
Group PortionAs a group, discuss and develop a paper of 10 p.docxgilbertkpeters11344
Group Portion
As a group, discuss and develop a paper of 10 pages that addresses the following questions. Work together to determine who will complete each section:
Who will comprise your planning committee? Explain.
Identify public- and private-sector partner agencies and elected officials (if any) that should serve on the planning committee.
What are the component parts of the plan (be specific and detailed)? Explain.
What participating agencies may be more or less involved in which parts of the plan development? Explain.
Are there subject matter experts (SMEs) or other entities that should be involved in any one specific area of the plan development? Explain.
Based upon the emergency management concept of incident management that includes the phases of preparedness and mitigation, response, and recovery, identify the actions that will need to be taken in each phase as they relate to the hazard you have selected.
Identify the major challenges that the community and responders will encounter when responding to the hazard.
What solutions exist (e.g., mutual aid, contract services) to overcome those challenges? Explain in detail.
What should be the short- and long-term recovery goals of the community following this event’s occurrence?
Be sure to reference all sources using APA style.
Please add your file.
Individual Portion
Develop a PowerPoint presentation of 6–7 slides that provides details about your plan.
Include speaker notes of 200–300 words that will be used when presenting the plan to your superiors.
.
Group Behavior in OrganizationsAt an organizational level,.docxgilbertkpeters11344
Group Behavior in Organizations
At an organizational level, group behavior is necessary for continued functioning of the
organization. Within an organization, there are established rules, procedures, and processes
developed that define how an organization operates. In addition, there are systems in place
to reward behaviors of those who effectively participate in the organization's operations.
Besides, there are also systems that define consequences that can take place in case
individuals behave outside the accepted practices of the organization. What develops out of
this is an employee's attachment to the organization based on common beliefs, values, and
traditions. The shared attachment and even the commitment to common beliefs, values, and
traditions make up an organization's culture (Helms & Stern, 2001; Lok & Crawford, 2001).
What Is Organization Culture?
Sheard and Kakabadse (2002) explained organizational culture in terms of solidarity and
sociability. Solidarity, in this case, referred to a group's willingness to pursue and maintain
conformity in shared objectives, processes, and systems. Sociability referred to a group's
sense of belongingness by its members and level of camaraderie.
They also mentioned there might be differences between hierarchies or levels within an
organization's culture. Based on the solidarity and sociability of each, upper management
might differ from the decisions made by middle management and line staff. These differences
might also occur between functional departments and, in larger organizations, between
geographically distinct sections of the organization.
What Sheard and Kakabadse wanted to emphasize through this discussion was there might
be distinct subcultures within an organization's culture.
According to De Long and Fahey (2000), "Subcultures consist of distinct sets of values,
norms, and practices exhibited by specific groups or units in an organization." Subcultures
may be readily observed in larger, more bureaucratic organizations or organizations having
well-established departments with employees that have highly specialized or possessing
unique skills.
De Long, D., & Fahey, L. (2000). Diagnosing cultural barriers to knowledge management. The
Academy of Management Executive, 14(4), 113–127.
Helms, M., & Stern, R. (2001). Exploring the factors that influence employees 'perceptions of
their organization's culture. Journal of Management in Medicine, 15(6), 415–429.
Lok, P., & Crawford, J. (2001). Antecedents of organizational commitment and the mediating
role of job satisfaction. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 16(8), 594–613.
Sheard, A., & Kakabadse, A. (2002). Key roles of the leadership landscape. Journal of
Managerial Psychology, 17(1/2), 129–144.
3-17 Kenneth Brown is the principal owner of Brown Oil, Inc. After quitting his university teaching job,
Ken has been able to increase his annual salary by a factor of over 100. At the present time, Ken is
f.
Group assignment Only responsible for writing 275 words on the foll.docxgilbertkpeters11344
Group assignment: Only responsible for writing 275 words on the following
Explain immigration and how that is connected.
Identify current and future issues in serving diverse clients and legally protected classes.
GroupgrAssignment content:
Access
the
Prison Rape Elimination Act
website.
Write
a 1,000- to 1,400-word report for an audience of potential new employees in human services in a correctional setting in which you:
Summarize current and future civil rights issues that affect the criminal justice system.
Identify why PREA affects the future of corrections.
Explain immigration and how that is connected.
Identify current and future issues in serving diverse clients and legally protected classes.
Explain options for advocacy.
Identify
boundaries in advocacy for human service workers.
Format
your resources consistent with APA guidelines.
.
Group 2 WG is a 41-year-old female brought herself into the ER la.docxgilbertkpeters11344
Group 2: WG is a 41-year-old female brought herself into the ER last night asking to "detox from vodka." She tells you she has a long-standing history of alcohol dependence with multiple relapses. She also reports that she has experienced alcohol withdrawal seizures before. Current CIWA-Ar is 17. She denies any past medical history but lab work indicates hepatic insufficiency (LFTs x3 ULN). All other lab work is normal. She denies taking any medications.
How will you manage this patient’s withdrawal syndrome?
Responses must be a minimum of 200 words, scholarly written, APA7 formatted, and referenced. A minimum of 2 references are required (other than your text). Plagiarism and grammatical errors free.
.
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Group 2: Discuss the limitations of treatment for borderline and histrionic PD and what can be done from a psychopharmacological perspective.
Post must be a minimum of 200 words, scholarly written, APA formatted, and referenced. A minimum of 2
scholarly
references are required
(other than your text
).
.
Group 3 Discuss the limitations of treatment for antisocial and.docxgilbertkpeters11344
Group 3: Discuss the limitations of treatment for antisocial and narcissistic PD and what can be done from a psychopharmacological perspective.
Post your initial response by Wednesday at midnight. Respond to at least one student
with a different assigned DB question
by Sunday at midnight. Both responses must be a minimum of 200 words, scholarly written, APA formatted, and referenced. A minimum of 2
scholarly
references are required
(other than your text
). attached lecture for the theme.
.
Group 1 Describe the differences between Naloxone, Naltrexone, .docxgilbertkpeters11344
Group 1: Describe the differences between Naloxone, Naltrexone, and Buprenorphine/Naloxone. Include the properties of each, their classification, mechanism of actions, onset, half-life, and formulations (routes of delivery). Please discuss the implications of differences in the clinical setting (including pre-hospital)
Responses must be a minimum of 200 words, scholarly written, APA7 formatted, and referenced. A minimum of 2 references is required (other than your text). Plagiarism and grammatical errors free.
.
Grotius, HobbesDevelopment of INR – Week 3HobbesRelati.docxgilbertkpeters11344
Grotius, Hobbes
Development of INR – Week 3
Hobbes
Relationship between Natural Law and Law of Nations?
Mediated by the idea of the state of nature as the predicament of insecurity:
Natural right: self-preservation.
Natural law: the observation of promises and contracts.
For states: minimum observation of natural law in the form of consenting to agreements.
Written agreement: treaty-making
Unwritten agreements: customary law
Hobbes
State of Nature: the condition in which individuals find themselves in a perpetual condition of war.
Natural right to self-preservation:
We each have the right to judge what is in our interest for self-preservation.
Conflict occurs because of:
Competition
Diffidence
Glory
Different meanings for words in the State of Nature; no ability in the State of Nature to determine whose judgment is valid (Wolin).
Life in the state of nature: “Solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short”
Commonwealth
Commonwealth by institution:
Social contract: it is the collective agreement among all individuals in the state of nature to establish:
Sovereign power
Able to speak and act for a multiplicity of people (which becomes a unified group).
State
The unity of sovereign power and the unified people.
Sovereign is the man or assembly that carries the person of the State.
State is the Leviathan: the mortal God on earth.
Sovereigns come and go but the State remains.
Consequences
The implication: fear is displaced from the condition of the state of nature to the relation between individual and state.
What continues to bind the state is fear of a return to the State of Nature:
the relation between individual and state is one of protection in exchange for obedience.
Private vs. public conscious: does one need to truly believe (i.e. like a Christian) or does the appearance of belief suffice?
“belief and unbelief never follow men’s commands.”
Loyalty only to those that are in power?
Historical context: The Norman Yoke and the English Civil Wars
Stability should not sacrificed as a result of ‘injustice’.
The rise of the ‘mechanical’ centralized administrative state.
Grotius
Dutch legal theorist 16th century;
Along with Vitoria and Gentili laid the foundation for the Law of Nations (Public European Law) on Natural Law.
Moves away from a theological conceptualization of Natural Law to a secular one.
Develops the notion of Natural Rights which becomes key for understanding human morality and law.
Notion of natural right emerged out of the massacre of St. Bartholomew (25 August 1572).
Attempted to establish limitation on the Sovereign’s power:
notion of individual right that the state cannot transgress.
Grotius: “a RIGHT is a moral quality annexed to the person, justly entitling him to possess some privilege, or to perform some particular act”
Four Fundamental Rights
1) the right for others not to take my possessions.
2) the right of restoration of property in case of injury.
3) honoring promises.
4) punish wrongdoing.
Natural.
GROUP 1 Case 967-- A Teenage Female with an Ovarian MassCLI.docxgilbertkpeters11344
GROUP 1: Case 967-- A Teenage Female with an Ovarian Mass
CLINICAL HISTORY
A teenage female presented with secondary amenorrhea (https://www.healthline.com/health/secondary-amenorrhea#causes). The patient had 1 menstrual cycle 3 years ago and has had no menses since. Laboratory work-up was negative for pregnancy test, mildly increased calcium level (11.7 mg/dL, normal range: 8.5-10.2 mg/dL) and CA 125 (43 Units/ml, normal range: 0-20 Units/ml). Prolactin, TSH, AFP, Inhibin A, Inhibin B and CEA were normal. Imaging revealed a 13 x 11.8 x 8.6 cm, predominately cystic left pelvis mass, with multiple internal septations. Her past medical history was not contributory. Patient underwent left salpingo-oophorectomy (https://www.healthline.com/health/salpingo-oophorectomy), omentectomy (https://moffitt.org/cancers/ovarian-cancer/omentectomy/) and tumor debulking (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debulking) with intraoperative frozen section consultation.
GROSS EXAMINATION
The 930.9 g tubo-ovarian complex consisted of a 20.0 x 16.0 x 8.0 cm large mass, with no recognizable normal ovarian parenchyma grossly and an unremarkable fallopian tube. The cut surface was gray, "fish-flesh", soft with foci of hemorrhage and necrosis.
MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION
Microscopically, the majority of main tumor was growing in large nests, sheets and cords with focal follicle-like structures and geographic areas of necrosis. It was predominantly composed of small cells with hyperchromatic nuclei, round to oval nucleus with irregular nuclear contour, inconspicuous to occasional conspicuous nucleoli and minimal cytoplasm. This component was variably admixed with a population of larger cells, which as the name implies composed of cells with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm, with central or eccentric round to oval nuclei, pale chromatin and prominent nuclei. Both, the small and large cell components demonstrated brisk mitotic activity. All staging biopsies and omentectomy were composed of large cell component.
An extensive panel of immunohistochemical stains was performed. Overall, the staining pattern was strong and diffuse in small cell component compared to patchy weak staining pattern in the large cell component.
FINAL DIAGNOSIS
Small cell carcinoma (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small-cell_carcinoma) of the ovary, hypercalcemic type (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4939673/)
DISCUSSION
Small cell carcinoma of the ovary, hypercalcemic type (SCCOHT) is an aggressive and highly malignant tumor affecting the women under 40. It was first described as a distinct entity by Dickersin et al in 1982 (1). Fewer than 500 cases have been described in the literature and it accounts for less than 1% of all ovarian cancer diagnoses. Due to the initial consideration of epithelial origin, the term of SCCOHT has been used to distinguish this entity from its mimicker, the neuroendocrine or pulmonary type (2). In fact epithelial origin of SCCOHT was recently challenged as new imm.
Greek Drama Further Readings and Short Report GuidelinesOur s.docxgilbertkpeters11344
Greek Drama: Further Readings and Short Report Guidelines
Our study of Greek drama will begin with an overview of Greek theater in general and focus on Aeschylus’ Agamemnon (Norton rental text, Vol. A). You will be completing a quiz/worksheet on Agamemnon (open book) and that play will be the focus of our class from March 26 through April 2. After that, each of you will have the opportunity to focus more intensively on one of three other Greek plays, Sophocles’ Philoctetes, Euripides’ Medea, or Aristophanes’ Lysistrata.
I will be asking you to submit a short report that focuses primarily on the play you chose to study in more depth. Your first task, though, is to choose which of the three plays you want to work on. Here are brief overviews of the three plays.
Sophocles’ Philoctetes(available in the Sophocles II purchase text). Philoctetes, an outstanding Greek warrior, was abandoned by Odysseus, Agamemnon and Menelaos on the way to fight in Troy because they could not bear the agonies of his suffering from a poisonous snake bite. The hero, an exceptional archer who wields the bow of Heracles, has been living in isolation on the wild island of Lemnos for nine years. Now the Greek forces have received a prophecy that they cannot conquer Troy without Philoctetes’ help. Odysseus, whom Philoctetes hates, and Neoptolemus, the son of Achilles, are sent to lure Philoctetes back to the war, by persuasion, treachery or force.
Euripides’ Medea (available in Norton rental text, Vol. A. Medea, the sorceress who helped the hero Jason find the Golden Fleece and also helped save his life, is living with Jason in exile from her homeland with their two children. She has learned that, in order to advance his fortune and social standing, Jason wants to jilt Medea and marry a younger woman. Out of despair and rage, Medea contrives to take revenge against Jason in the most horrific way she can.
Aristophanes’ Lysistrata (available in Norton rental text, Vol. A). Fed up with the emotional and economic hardships caused by the Peloponnesian War (431-404 BC), the Athenian and Spartan women, under the leadership of Lysistrata, unite to undertake two group actions: first, to refuse to have sex with their men until the men agree to stop fighting and, second, to cut off funding for the war by occupying the Athenian treasury. Aristophanes’ comedy still raises questions today about who should wield political power and why, as well as about how much humans really value peace.
NOTE: While I am requiring you to focus on only one of the three plays, I strongly encourage you to read all three. I will be saying something about each of the three plays before the short report is due, after we spend some time with Aeschylus’ Agamemnon.
Guidelines for Short Report on Greek Drama
For the short report on Greek drama, please write complete, incisiveresponses to each of the following five topics or questions concerning the play—Philoctetes,Medea or Lysistrata—that you h.
Graph 4 (You must select a different graph than one that you hav.docxgilbertkpeters11344
Graph 4 (You must select a different graph than one that you have previously discussed)
Select a data presentation from chapter 6 of the text (Grey Section).
Answer the following:
What is the visual that you selected?
What is the purpose of the visual?
What kind of data should be compiled in the selected visual?
What kinds of data should not be compiled in the selected visual?
How can you avoid making the visual misleading?
.
Graphs (Help! Really challenging assignment. Would appreciate any bi.docxgilbertkpeters11344
Graphs (Help! Really challenging assignment. Would appreciate any bit of help!)
Family tree's and genealogy software has become more and more prevalent in recent years. From the name you might expect that a family tree would be easily represented by a tree structure, but that is not the case! A more appropriate data structure to represent a family tree would be a type of graph. Using the description of the family that accompanies this assignment, you must represent this family using a graph structure. The graph needs to be a weighted graph. The weights will constitute the types of relationships, I recommend using some kind mapping between numbers and strings to represent the relationships. When adding family members to the graph, this can be done programmatically for the provided family members within the description file. Additionally, I also want there to be an interface in which a user can create a new family member and add them to the tree. This can be a simple CLI where the user provides a name, gender, and age to create a person. Then another simple CLI where they select which member of the family they want the original relationship to be with and what kind of relationship it should be. Finally, they can edit the family member using another CLI and selecting the family member they wish to edit, the operation they wish to perform (edit name, edit age, edit relationship), and then add new relationship between family members which can call a function that you create in order to add the original relationship. Remember the DRY philosophy, where code can be modularized or made into a function, it should be if you plan on using the logic again.
Finally, I want you to make data assertions within the
FamilyTree
class that enforce certain "rules" that exist in a typical human family. An example would be a person should not have any kind of relationship to itself (a person can not marry themselves, a person can not be their own brother, sister, father, mother, etc.). There should be at least 3 data assertions. These should exists as part of the family tree, not as part of the graph.
As a hint, for a successful design: I would recommend using layers of abstraction. Your graph class is the backing structure to the family tree class. Your family tree should implement methods that interface with the graph class, i.e. add_family_member() should call the constructor to create a node and then call a function within the graph class to add a node to the graph. Then using the relationships function parameter, you can add edges to the graph between the new nodes and the existing nodes. The family tree should be what enforces what relationships can exist through the data assertions, the graph does not care about what relationships are made between family members. Your functions that the user would interface with would be greatly reduced compared to the total number of methods within the classes themselves. The user should be able to add, remove, and modi.
Grandparenting can be highly rewarding. Many grandparents, though, u.docxgilbertkpeters11344
Grandparenting can be highly rewarding. Many grandparents, though, unexpectedly become guardians and raise small children. How might this responsibility affect their normal course of adult development? What components might require transitions? How would a professional counselor encourage these older guardians in their new roles? Just need 135 words (ASAP)!
.
Great Marketing Moves The evolving art of getting noticed Ov.docxgilbertkpeters11344
Great Marketing Moves The evolving art of getting noticed
Over three decades,
Inc.
has seen entrepreneurs, often with little cash but lots of creativity)', produce clever marketing campaigns time and again. Here are 3U classic examples from the archives. —
Kelly Fairdoth
Make a article summary from 2-3 paragraphs.
.
“GREAT MIGRATION”
Dr. G. J. Giddings
Characteristics
Human
Propelled – push-pull (E. Lee, 1966)
Impactful – consequential … cause/effect
Dynamic – leaderless …democratic …
Demographics
Demographics
1.2 million, 1915-’30
6.4 million, 1980
(Caribbean:
140,000,1899-1937)
Precursors
Post-Reconstruction, 1877-1914
Rural - Urban
Westward – “Black Exodus”
Henry Adams (LA)
89,000 migrants/interest
Benjamin “Pap” Singleton (TN)
“Advantage of Living in a Free State”
Thousands migrated
Emigration
Bishop Henry M. Turner,
Mary Ann Shadd Cary
Precursors …
U.S. Empire
Berlin Conf.,1884
Philippines, 1898
Puerto Rico, Guam
Hawaii,
(Cuba)
Haiti, (1915-’34)
U.S. Virgin Isl.,1916
Guyana, 1941
Atkinson Airstrip
6
Great Migration
Caribbean
140,000,1899-1937
M. M. Garvey
C. Powel
DJ Kool Herc
S. Chisholm
G. J. Giddings
Great Migration
“PUSH”
-Boll weevil, 1915/6
-Mississippi flood, 1927
-Racist Terroism
-Racist laws: Jim Crow
Great Migration
“PULL”
E. World War I, 1914-1919
(367,000 AAs served)
European immigration desisted
Chicago Defender
“To die from the bite of frost is more glorious than by the hands of a lynch mob”
“Every Black man for the sake of his wife and daughter should lave even at a financial sacrifice every spot in the south where his worth is not appreciated enough to give him the standing of a man and a citizen in the community.”
Great Migration
IMPACT
Detroit, MI
611 % increase
Urban League, 1911
National League of Urban Conditions among Negroes, NY
Rep. Oscar DePriest (R)
Chicago Alderman, 1915; U.S. Rep, 1929-’35
1970s: Chicago had more Blacks than Mississippi!
Harlem Renaissance, 1919-1932
L. Hughes, “Negro Artist …”
Some pastors followed migrants.
Return Migration/RE-PATRIATION
Post-Industrial
“Reverse migration”
1980-present
Service economy
“Sun Belt” industrial service areas
Destinations
Atlanta, GA; Charlotte, NC, Houston, TX, …
(F&H, chap. 23)
GREAT MIGRATION
Franklin & Higginbotham (F&H)
1, (12),13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 23 …
Great Migration
The Warmth of Other Suns, 2010
Isabel Wilkerson, Pulitzer laureate
National Book Critics Circle award
“best non-fiction ...” NY Times
1,200 interviews
I.M. Gladney
G. Starling
R. P. Foster
Wilkerson …
Ida Mae Gladney
1934
MS – Chicago, IL
Wilkerson …
George Starling
1945
Florida–New York
(.
Grand theory and Middle-range theoryHow are Nursing Theories c.docxgilbertkpeters11344
Grand theory and Middle-range theory
How are Nursing Theories classified?
What are the differences between grand theory and middle-range Theory?
Examples of grand Theory and Middle range Theory?
Write an Essay.
Use the APA style 7
Avoid plagiarism by submitting your work to SafeAssign.
.
Grand Rounds Hi, and thanks for attending this case presen.docxgilbertkpeters11344
Grand Rounds
Hi, and thanks for attending this case presentation. My name is Dr. Stephen Brewer and I am a licensed
clinical psychologist in San Diego, California and Assistant Professor of Psychology and Applied
Behavioral Sciences at Ashford University. Today, I will be sharing with you the story of Bob.
Presenting problem
Bob Smith is a 36-year-old man who came to me approximately six months ago with concerns about his
career choice and life direction. He did not have any significant psychiatric symptoms, besides some
understandable existential anxiety regarding his future. Bob was cooperative, friendly, open, and
knowledgeable about psychology during our first few sessions together. I noticed that he seemed
guarded only when talking about his family and childhood experiences. To confirm his identity, I checked
his driver’s license to ensure his name was indeed Bob Smith and that he lived close by in a mobile home
in Spring Valley. Given his relatively mild symptoms, we decided to meet once a week for supportive
psychotherapy so he could work through his anxieties. I gave him a diagnosis of adjustment disorder
with anxiety.
History
Here’s some background on Bob to give you a sense of who he is.
Family
Bob grew up as an only child in Edmonton, Canada, in a low-income, conservative, and very religious
household.
He shared that his father was largely absent during his childhood, as he spent most of the week residing
north of Edmonton, where he worked as a mechanic in the oil fields near Fort McMurray. On weekends,
Bob’s father would return home and spend as much time as possible with his family. Bob described his
father as warm, caring, and a hard worker. His father reportedly died one year ago.
Bob’s mother was described as a strict, rule-based woman who had a short temper and was prone to
furious outbursts over trivial matters. She worked in Bob’s junior high as a janitor, which meant that Bob
often crossed paths with his mother at school, where she would often check up on him. During Bob’s
high school years, Bob’s mother got a new job as a high school librarian.
At 18, Bob moved to San Diego to study psychology at San Diego State University. He lived in the dorms
for his first few years, where he easily made friends and joined a fraternity. Bob maintained contact with
his parents, but ceased all contact when his mother suggested she would move to San Diego to be closer
to him. He graduated with a 3.2 GPA and began working for the county as a psychiatric technician. He
worked as a psych tech for 14 years and described it as “fun at first, but it got boring and predictable
after a while.”
Treatment
Bob shared that he has a medical doctor that he visits once every few years for his routine physical. He
denied having any significant medical problems. Additionally, he denied using any illicit substances and
reported drinking only on occasion with friends from his fratern.
Graduate Level Writing Required.DUEFriday, February 1.docxgilbertkpeters11344
Graduate Level Writing Required.
DUE:
Friday, February 14, 2020 by 5pm Eastern Standard Time.
Resources: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor Wages, U.S. Department of Education, U.S. Census Bureau
Based
on
Dallas, Texas
Write a 900- to 1,050-word paper in which you analyze the criminal profile of Dallas, Texas.
Include the following information in your analysis:
-Characterization of the city in terms of social and intellectual context
-Identity of social factors that contribute to crime
-Linking of events or attitudes to a description of beliefs people living there would accept for explaining criminal behavior
-Consideration of changes in land use, property values, transportation, and retail as one moves away from the city center
-If there are changes, what distance do you estimate exist between these areas?
-How noticeable are the changes?
-Discussion of whether or not zones of transition apply to this city
-Identification of criminal hot spots
-Relevant data to support answers
-How your findings relate to the role of socioeconomic status and values in criminological theory
-Identification and rationale for the choice of one sociologic theory that best explains the crime in your chosen city
-Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines
.
-Provide at least 4 Academic / Scholarly references
.
-100% Original Work. ZERO Plagiarism.
-Must Be Graduate Level Writing.
.
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH LỚP 9 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2024-2025 - ...
36 ANQNOTES 1. John Feltwell also describes the introd.docx
1. 36 ANQ
NOTES
1. John Feltwell also describes the introduction of the white
mulberry tree to the
United States (83). He adds, “Today the white mulberry has
spread ‘like weeds’ in
American cities and the berries litter the sidewalks” (87).
2. Chapter 2 of Feltwell’s thorough study, The Story of Silk,
also provides
interesting background information, especially on the colonial
period. In addition,
“Silk Culture,” a section of Frank W. Blackmar’s personal
history of Kansas life,
provides details about silk farming experiments in central
Kansas, about a hundred
miles south of the likely setting of O Pioneers!
3. Cather’s Nebraska towns are all generally based on the small
town she lived
in for a time, Red Cloud, which is located just above the Kansas
border and about
175 miles west of the Missouri-Nebraska state line.
4. All dates here are based on the publication date of the novel,
as if the narra-
tor were speaking from that time. The very first words of the
first chapter, “One
January day, thirty years ago,” would make the timing of the
events the narrator
2. describes fit well with the events I am describing. Certainly the
precise dates for
events in the book are debatable, but the practical result for this
study is sufficiently
accurate and consistent.
WORKS CITED
Blackmar, Frank W., ed. Kansas: A Cyclopedia of State History,
Embracing Events,
Institutions, Industries, Counties, Cities, Towns, Prominent
Persons, etc. Vol. 2.
Chicago: Standard, 1912. Web. 29 Dec. 2006. Transcribed by
Caroline Ward.
Blue Skyways.
Cather, Willa. O Pioneers! 1913. Boston: Houghton, 1987.
Print.
Feltwell, John. The Story of Silk. New York: St. Martin’s,
1991. Print.
Howard, Leland O. “U.S. Department of Agriculture and the
Silk Culture.” Year-
book of the United States Department of Agriculture.
Washington: GPO, 1904.
85. Print.
Hubbell, Sue. Shrinking the Cat: Genetic Engineering Before
We Knew about
Genes. Boston: Houghton, 2001. Print.
Peterson, Arthur G. “Agriculture in the United States, 1839 and
1939.” Journal of
Farm Economics 22.1 (1940): 98–110. JSTOR. Web. 5 Oct.
2006.
3. United States Department of Agriculture. “Silk Culture.” Report
of the Commissioner
of Agriculture for the Year 1868. Washington: GPO, 1968. 282–
304. Print.
“Strained Relation”: Strict Stress-Meter and the
Sound of Sense in the Poetry of Robert Frost
Robert Frost has always been an enigma. From the appearance
in England
of his first book, A Boy’s Will, to the Library of America’s
1995 edition of
his Collected Poems, Prose, and Plays, Frost’s reputation as
man and poet
has repeatedly swung between the extremes on the spectrum of
critical
opinion and has, at different times, occupied almost every point
in between.
Summer 2009, Vol. 22, No. 3 37
With the recent publication of The Notebooks of Robert Frost
and a care-
fully rendered edition of his Collected Prose, Frost has been
granted the
improbable opportunity to contribute to the debate on his merits
and status
in the American literary canon from beyond the grave. Read in
conjunc-
tion with the bits and pieces of his previously published
epistolary prose,
the Notebooks and Collected Prose offer innumerable insights
into Frost’s
attitudes toward and ideas about a wide array of subjects, many
4. of which
bear directly—implicitly or explicitly—on Frost’s own verse
practice.
Despite scholarly readiness to debate the literary value of
Frost’s poetry,
relatively little attention has been paid to its prosodic
substance. Critics are
more likely to simply allude to Frost’s oft-repeated declaration
that “[he]
should be as satisfied to play tennis with the net down as to
write verse with no
verse form set to stay [him]” (“To Lesley Frost Francis” 735)
than to examine
the specific rules of Frost’s complex game. This reality is
undoubtedly due
in part to the blank verse tradition in which Frost is typically
contextualized.
Abstractly speaking, it would seem that little more need be said
about the
alternation of weak and strong syllables in a line of iambic
pentameter. Frost
himself is partly to blame for the limited consideration of his
prosodic feats; he
was a competitive and cagey craftsman, intent both on keeping
his cards close
to his vest and on maintaining his persona as, to use Donald
Hall’s phrase,
America’s great “rustic bard” (Hall 14). As such, Frost
generally resisted
explicit discussions of his poetic practices, only occasionally
articulating his
metrical ideas, and often doing so only by way of analogy or as
a brief aside
in an otherwise unrelated article or lecture. Nevertheless,
Frost’s prose works,
5. taken as a whole, document his competence, development, and
intentions as
a metrist, presenting to the careful reader an instructive and
coherent portrait
of the poet’s overall prosodic approach. What emerges from
these texts is a
prosodic agenda that is strikingly consistent with that of the
“dolnik” or “strict
stress-meter” described by Marina Tarlinskaja in her seminal
study Strict
Stress-Meter in English Poetry Compared with German and
Russian (2).
Although not a Frost scholar per se, Tarlinskaja has gone to
great lengths
to identify and define a metrical tradition that is of enormous
significance
both to the understanding of Frost’s prosody and to his writings
concern-
ing his own prosodic preoccupations. Although his frequent use
of strict
stress-meter is overlooked by Western scholars—who typically
treat it as a
manifestation of either “mixed meter” or a “loose” iambic meter
rife with
trisyllabic substitutions, dismissively attributing it to a pre-
existing metri-
cal framework—Tarlinskaja recognizes that this meter is
legitimate and
distinct in and of itself. Specifically, it is an “intermediary
verse form [that
lies] between syllabo-tonic and purely accentual” meters:
[T]he number of non-ictic syllables (usually unstressed or, less
often, bearing
lighter stresses) between adjacent ictuses may vary between one
6. and two, and
the number of syllables in the anacrusis, that is, all syllables
preceding the
first ictus, may be either constant or vary from 0 to 2. (12)
38 ANQ
Despite the flexibility in the number of unstressed syllables
between ictuses,
the alternation between stressed and unstressed syllables is, as
with other dis-
tinct meters, regular enough to render the ictus positions
predictable (12).1
Of course, deviation from a strict metrical grid is often a matter
of
degree, and the extent of acceptable deviation historically varies
accord-
ing to the predominating tastes of a given period’s literary
community.
For example, permissible and therefore common variations in
the iambic
meter of eighteenth-century English poets are notably fewer
than those
of nineteenth-century poets (Tarlinskaja 19), rendering the
boundaries of
viable iambic meter somewhat fluid and period-dependent. As
Tarlinskaja
notes, “the English iamb is what English poets [of a given time]
accept
as iambic” (37). Taking this into account, Tarlinskaja groups
instances
of strict stress-meter by decades in a given period, but she also
provides
7. useful general guidelines for identifying the “thresholds” that
distinguish
instances of strict stress-meter from more deviant strains of
traditional
meters. These thresholds relate to the presence of disyllabic
intervals
between ictus points.
Based on her intensive statistical analysis of the occurrence of
such
intervals in English-language texts, Tarlinskaja finds a
“frequency gap”
between the rates of 10 and 20 percent. In view of this data, she
concludes:
“English [language] poets felt that verse texts with less than 10
percent
of disyllabic intervals were still iambic, and texts with over 20
percent of
disyllabic intervals were definitely ‘something else.’ This
‘something else’
is the strict stress-meter, the dolnik” (39). While there are
instances of
English poetry—folk ballads, mostly—that contain disyllabic
intervals at a
rate higher than 10 percent and lower than 20 percent,
Tarlinskaja consid-
ers such instances distinct from true strict stress-meter (39).
According to
her calculations, true strict stress-meter has between a 20 and an
80 percent
occurrence rate of disyllabic intervals (40). It is important to
note that the
boundaries uncovered by Tarlinskaja’s analysis are not purely
arbitrary;
they derive from a series of poetic (and metrical) choices and
thus “are
8. really set by the poets themselves,” whose “instinctive choice of
rhythm[s]
. . . helps to separate the strict stress-meter from the iamb” (36).
Understanding the distinctions between “loose iambic” and true
strict
stress-meter is important and useful in evaluating Frost’s
prosody, for, as
Tarlinskaja observes, “the English and German poets who used
the strict
stress-meter are best known as the authors of syllabo-tonic,
mostly iambic,
poetry” (25). Indeed, this is the case with Frost; he wrote poems
of the
three-, four-, and five-beat varieties in both loose iambic meter
and strict
stress-meter.2 Unfortunately, the exact portions of Frost’s
oeuvre that were
composed in each meter are at this time unknown. Tarlinskaja’s
study uses
a total of 43 of his poems (all written in strict stress-meter)—a
figure that
constitutes approximately 14 percent of the poems included in
the 1969
edition of The Poetry of Robert Frost: The Collected Poems,
Complete
Summer 2009, Vol. 22, No. 3 39
and Unabridged, the scholarly standard at the time Tarlinskaja
drew her
sample.3 Those numbers are all the more impressive in the
context of the
individual books contained in the aforementioned volume: only
9. three of
the eight books of poems Frost published in his lifetime
contained more
than 43 poems, and those volumes contained only a few more
than that
(New Hampshire and A Witness Tree have 44 each; A Further
Range has
50). In other words, the limited number of strict stress-meter
poems that
have been identified in Frost’s canon to date already account for
the equiv-
alent of a full book of poems. Certainly, further exploration of
Frost’s work
in strict stress-meter is warranted. Since the time of
Tarlinskaja’s study,
moreover, a total of 94 previously unpublished or uncollected
poems have
been brought together in the Library of America’s edition of
Frost’s Col-
lected Poems, Prose, and Plays. Deeper analysis of Frost’s
corpus would
doubtless reveal that an even greater portion of his poems were
composed
in strict stress-meter.
It is to be expected that a poet so disciplined in strict stress-
meter would
be cognizant of his participation in this tradition, and Frost’s
prose writings
certainly satisfy that expectation. Indeed, Frost’s ruminations
on meter,
however infrequent, indicate that he was highly aware of his
practice,
although he was by no means scientific in his explanations of it;
he was,
of course, without the vocabulary made available to us by
10. Tarlinskaja’s
study.4 Instead, adding to possible confusion, Frost on more
than one
occasion distinguished between “strict iambic” and “loose
iambic” meters.
In his essay “The Constant Symbol,” for example, he declares
that, when
writing a poem:
[t]he poet goes in like a rope skipper to make the most of his
opportunities. If
he trips himself he stops the rope. He is of our stock and has
been brought up
by ear to choice of two metres, strict iambic and loose iambic
(not to count
varieties of the latter). He may have any length of line up to six
feet. He may
use an assortment of line lengths for any shape of stanza. (149)
From this quotation alone, it is clear that Frost distinguished
between tra-
ditional iambic meter and a more flexible metrical alternative. It
is equally
apparent that he viewed this alternative, his “loose iambic,” as
one that
could take a variety of forms. While he never explicitly states
that this
loose iambic meter entailed regular trisyllabic substitutions in
otherwise
iambic lines—or variability with regard to the number of
unstressed syl-
lables between ictus positions—it is safe to infer from other
writings that
Frost intentionally stretched what he perceived as the limits of
blank verse.
In fact, he pressed those limits so far as to break into strict
11. stress-meter.
Although the details surrounding the circumstances of its
composition
are regrettably lost, one of Frost’s letters provides particularly
compel-
ling evidence of his utterly calculated departures from the
conventions
of iambic meter. Further, it illustrates that Frost was entirely
aware of
his participation in a historically common form of deviation
from strict
40 ANQ
iambic meter (and that others had similarly “sinned against” the
abstract
syllabo-tonic metrical grid). Elaine Barry estimates that Frost
wrote the
letter containing the following excerpt to John Erskine in 1923
while at
the University of Michigan:
I’m often crossed with just such doubts myself. Why will I
perform such
tricks on the honest old blank verse with my eyes open? It must
be because
I’m tempted beyond my strength. It is my way of wickedly
sinning. The more
I resolve not to do it the more inevitably I seem to do it when
my blood is up.
I suppose I’m a self-shocker. I used to get all the excitement I
craved out of
making lines like this:
12. x x / / x / x x x /
On the white wall presented to the road.
I think you can probably find lines as extravagant as that in
almost anybody’s
blank verse. It’s but the next step beyond / x x / x / x x x /
which is to be found
ever[y]where and which is responsible for Charlie Cobb’s
theory of tettrameters
[sic]. The hanker of my sophisticated ear is always luring me
further. (98)
Frost’s scansions confirm the total and unabashed intent with
which he
departed from the iambic metrical tradition. But Frost was not,
as his mod-
est tone in the passage above suggests, the simple victim of
compulsive bad
behavior. Rather, it was the very “hanker of [his] sophisticated
ear” that led
him to what he viewed as perhaps his crowning poetic
achievement: the
capture of “the sound of sense.” Indeed, in July of 1913, he
wrote a letter to
John T. Bartlett in which he claimed to be “one of the most
notable crafts-
men of [his] time . . . possibly the only person going who
work[ed] on any
but a worn out theory of versification” (664). Secure in the
importance of
his distinctive theoretical foundation and related poetic
achievement, he
described the nature and scope of his prosodic endeavor:
I alone of English writers have consciously set myself to make
13. music out of
what I may call the sound of sense. . . . An ear and an appetite
for these sounds
of sense is the first qualification of a writer, be it of prose or
verse. But if one
is to be a poet he must learn to get cadences by skillfully
breaking the sounds
of sense with all their irregularity of accent across the regular
beat of the
metre. Verse in which there is nothing but the beat of the metre
furnished by
the accents of the polysyllabic words we call doggerel. . . .
There are only two
or three metres that are worth anything. We depend for variety
on the infinite
play of accents in the sound of sense. (664–65)
For Frost, the “sound of sense” encompassed several
interrelated yet dis-
crete entities—chiefly, perhaps, the sounds of actual speech, the
dramatic
pitches and tones of conflict and conversation (“sentence-tones”
[“To John
T. Bartlett,” 22 Feb. 1914, 675])—but it also directly entailed
an absolute
departure from true iambic meter. “It’s as simple as this,” Frost
wrote to
John Cournos a year later:
[T]here are the very regular preestablished accent and measure
of blank verse;
and there are the very irregular accent and measure of speaking
intonation. I
15. found whose work contains “homogeneous three-ictic” dolnik
poems (i.e., poems
of invariable three-beat lines), and his contribution to that
category accounts for
more than half of the sample she analyzed in her study (27).
Further, Frost appears
to be one of a very few strict stress-meter poets, if not the only
one, to have used
the five-beat line. Indeed, he is the only five-ictic dolnik poet
cited by Tarlinskaja,
who remarks that such poems “are truly exceptional” (40). He is
thus a major figure
in the history of strict stress-meter, and he should perhaps be
regarded as one of its
primary innovators.
3. Tarlinskaja does not indicate how thoroughly she evaluated
Frost’s cor-
pus before deciding upon her sample, but the poems she chose
span the entirety of
his career (only Frost’s second and shortest book, North of
Boston, which contains
only 16 poems, is unrepresented in her selection).
4. While Tarlinskaja has imported the term “dolnik” from the
Russian,
where it is well known among metrists, she credits the
American critic James Bai-
ley for introducing the concept of “strict stress-meter” in his
1975 essay on Yeats,
“The Cap and Bells” (Tarlinskaja 2).
WORKS CITED
Frost, Robert. A Boy’s Will. London: David Nutt, 1913. Print.
———. Collected Poems, Prose, and Plays. Ed. Richard Poirier
16. and Mark Rich-
ardson. New York: Lib. of Amer., 1995. Print.
———. The Collected Prose of Robert Frost. Ed. Mark
Richardson. Cambridge:
Harvard UP, 2007. Print.
———. “The Constant Symbol.” Frost, Collected Prose 147–51.
———. “To John T. Bartlett.” 4 July 1913. Frost, Collected
Poems 664–66.
———. “To John T. Bartlett.” 22 Feb. 1914. Frost, Collected
Poems 673–79.
———. “To John Cournos.” 8 July 1914. Frost, Collected
Poems 680.
———. “To John Erskine.” [1923?]. Robert Frost on Writing.
Ed. Elaine Barry.
New Brunswick: Rutgers UP, 1973. 98–99. Print.
———. “To Lesley Frost Francis.” [1934.] Frost, Collected
Poems 734–37. Print.
42 ANQ
———. The Notebooks of Robert Frost. Ed. Robert Faggen.
Cambridge: Harvard
UP, 2006. Print.
———. The Poetry of Robert Frost: The Collected Poems,
Complete and
Unabridged. Ed. Edward Connery Lathem. New York: Holt,
Rinehart and Win-
ston, 1969. Print.
Hall, Donald. “Vanity, Fame, Love, and Robert Frost.” Their
17. Ancient Glittering
Eyes. New York: Ticknor and Fields, 1992. Print.
Tarlinskaja, Marina. Strict Stress-Meter in English Poetry
Compared with German
and Russian. Calgary: U of Calgary P, 1993. Print.