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34a-Disaster-3-11-21.pdf
1. DR. MOHAMMAD MAZHARUL ISLAM
MBBS
MPH (Community Medicine)
M Phil (Preventive & Social Medicine)
mazhar2020@gmail.com; 01711113648
2. Definition of disaster:
Any occurrence that causes damage, ecological
disruption, loss of human life and
deterioration in health and the health services
on a scale sufficient to warrant an extra
ordinary response from outside the affected
community or area. (WHO)
In short, disasters are special events causing serious disruption to the
way of life and occur with little or no warning.
DR. MOHAMMAD MAZHARUL ISLAM,
mazhar2020@gmail.com
3. Hazard
Definition: Any phenomenon that has the
potential to cause disruption or damage to
people and their environment.
Example: a crack on a building.
DR. MOHAMMAD MAZHARUL ISLAM,
mazhar2020@gmail.com
4. Types of disaster:
1. Natural- Cyclone, flood, tidal waves,
tornado, earthquake, land slide, volcanic
eruption, drought etc.
2. Man made- nuclear accidents, leakage of
toxic chemicals, war, armed conflicts, civil
war, riot etc.
DR. MOHAMMAD MAZHARUL ISLAM,
mazhar2020@gmail.com
5. Cyclone:
It is tropical revolving storm frequently occurring
during early summer and the late autumn. Other
name of cyclone-
In Western pacific-hurricanes
In China sea-typhoon
Speed range: there is rotating currents with a velocity
of 100-400Km/hourand a displacement speed of 50-
70km/hr
Torrential rain usually accompanies cyclones
DR. MOHAMMAD MAZHARUL ISLAM,
mazhar2020@gmail.com
6. Flood:
Abnormally great flow of water, causing overflowing the
riverbanks and inundating habitants and large areas of
agricultural lands.
Causes:
Excessive heavy rainfall
Melting snow from upstream region
Overstepping or failure of dams dikes or tidal waves
DR. MOHAMMAD MAZHARUL ISLAM,
mazhar2020@gmail.com
7. Tidal waves:
A great mass of sea water in undates vast costal areas.
Criteria: these waves may be as much as 6-9meters high
and may travel upto 80-100 km in land.
Causes: Mainly submarine earthquakes
Some times from storm
Tornado:
Violent whirlwind, characterized by a black funnel
shaped cloud hanging from heavy cumulonimbus
Speed: usually a few hundred feet in diameter and may
exceed 300 km/hr.
DR. MOHAMMAD MAZHARUL ISLAM,
mazhar2020@gmail.com
8. Earth quake:
Violent disturbance or convulsion of the earth crust.
Causes:
Mainly due to sliding movement of the layers of earth
crust (Tectonic movement).
Sometimes due to heavy explosion deep inside the earth
( plutonic movement)
Rarely by activity by volcano(Volcanic movement)
Land slide/ Land slip:
Breakaway of a mass of soil or rock from a mountain,
Valley- slop or cliff.
Causes: Due to heavy rain fall
By undermining action of river or sea.
DR. MOHAMMAD MAZHARUL ISLAM,
mazhar2020@gmail.com
9. Volcanic eruption:
Mountains or mounds beneath which in the depth of
earth, there is a continual fire, that at interval throws
up flame, molten rocks (lava) and ashes.
Drought:
Days without rain resulting weather dry
DR. MOHAMMAD MAZHARUL ISLAM,
mazhar2020@gmail.com
10. Nuclear accidents:
Accidental explosion at the power reactor at Chernobyl in
USSR.
Damage : a) immediate deaths from fatal burn caused by
fire ball or due to acute radiation
b) late after effect of radiation that is leukaemia,
cancer, cataract etc.
Leaks of toxic chemicals:
Example: Bhopal gas tragedy in 3rd December 1984; methyl
isocyanate; Union Carbide pesticide plant.
Causes: Usually due to carelessness, storage in unsafe
place, physical damage to a container, or due to high
temperature.
War, armed conflicts: 2nd world war, 1st world war, Tamil
in Srilanka, Russian invasion in Afghanistan, Kashmir,
Chechnya, Bosnia, Syria, Iraq.
DR. MOHAMMAD MAZHARUL ISLAM,
mazhar2020@gmail.com
11. Epidemiological features of disaster:
Disasters are more common in those countries, which are
already affected by ill health and poor economic
conditions.
Recurrence of same type of natural disaster in the same
area,
Examples-Bangladesh-Cyclone, flood
Africa- Droughts and desertification
Disasters have many common features:
Physical injury, problems of damaged shelter, shortage
of food and drinking water, outbreak of epidemics and
loss of communication with out sides.
DR. MOHAMMAD MAZHARUL ISLAM,
mazhar2020@gmail.com
12. Effect of natural disaster on health:
Death: common in earthquake and tidal wave.
Severe injury: Usually in earthquake
Risk of infection: increase risk of infection and
communicable diseases is a potential problem in all
kind of major disaster and probably rises with
overcrowding and sanitation
Malnutrition: food scarcity is a common effect of
disasters like flood, tidal bore and droughts causing
shortage of food with its consequent adverse effect on
nutrition
Major population movements: inevitable effect in
disaster like flood and droughts
DR. MOHAMMAD MAZHARUL ISLAM,
mazhar2020@gmail.com
13. Effects of a disaster
Injuries and deaths
Emotional stress
Epidemic of disease
Increase in indigenous disease
DR. MOHAMMAD MAZHARUL ISLAM,
mazhar2020@gmail.com
14. Short term effects
Deaths
Injuries: major and minor
Increased risk of communicable diseases
Increased risk of other events: snake bites, drowning
Damage to health facilities
Damage to health properties
Damage to communication facilities
Damage to water systems
Food shortage
Major population movements
DR. MOHAMMAD MAZHARUL ISLAM,
mazhar2020@gmail.com
15. Long term effects
Change in disease pattern: due to change in vector,
agent etc.
Land characteristics change
Economic change, occupation change
Climate change: by river, forest, swamp change
Population movement, migration
Famine
Epidemics
Unemployment
DR. MOHAMMAD MAZHARUL ISLAM,
mazhar2020@gmail.com
16. Immediate health impact
Sudden death
Major and minor injuries
Snake bite
Drowning
Starvation
Mental shock
Tetanus
Aggravation of existing diseases
DR. MOHAMMAD MAZHARUL ISLAM,
mazhar2020@gmail.com
17. Delayed impact
Diarrhea, ARI and other communicable diseases
Population migration
Psychological disorders
Food shortage and nutritional disorders
Disruption of regular public health services and
programs
Ecological change
Diversion of capital investment funds
Disruption of economy
DR. MOHAMMAD MAZHARUL ISLAM,
mazhar2020@gmail.com
18. Disaster management sequence
Disaster impact
Immediate response
Rehabilitation
Reconstruction
Mitigation
Preparedness
DR. MOHAMMAD MAZHARUL ISLAM,
mazhar2020@gmail.com
19. Disaster management phases
1. Mitigation
2. Preparedness
3. Response
4. Rehabilitation
DR. MOHAMMAD MAZHARUL ISLAM,
mazhar2020@gmail.com
21. Mitigation phase
Preventing hazards
Lessen the likely effects of emergencies
Reducing the vulnerability of the system
Examples:
Flood: dams, embankments, dykes, water drainage system
improvement, building houses in high lands etc.
Earthquake: improving and following building codes.
Appropriate land use planning.
Reduction of vulnerable population & properties
Protection of vulnerable population & properties
Policy development
DR. MOHAMMAD MAZHARUL ISLAM,
mazhar2020@gmail.com
23. Preparedness phase
It includes
Legislative support
Operational planning
Education and training of the population
Technical training of those who will be required to
help in a relief operation; rescue team.
Stock piling of supplies
Emergency funding arrangement
DR. MOHAMMAD MAZHARUL ISLAM,
mazhar2020@gmail.com
25. Response phase: immediate
Search, rescue, first aid
Field care
Triage
Tagging
Identification of dead
Food and shelter
DR. MOHAMMAD MAZHARUL ISLAM,
mazhar2020@gmail.com
26. Rehabilitation
Water and food supply
Sanitation & personal hygiene
Vector control
Housing
Employment
Land development
Social & utility services
Communication re-establishment
Healthcare and educational facilities re-establishment
Epidemic surveillance and disease control
DR. MOHAMMAD MAZHARUL ISLAM,
mazhar2020@gmail.com
27. Rehabilitation :
Emotional and psychological
Education
Physical/medical rehabilitation
Vocational rehabilitation
Environmental rehabilitation
Community rehabilitation
DR. MOHAMMAD MAZHARUL ISLAM,
mazhar2020@gmail.com
28. Management of aftermath:
It includes
Making temporary shelters for homeless
Maintenance of public law and order
situation
Maintenance of transport and highway
Informational and educational activity
Regarding sanitation including safe water, waste disposal,
control of flies.
Monitoring the community health status.
Food and nutrition more attention to the
Vulnerable group i.e. infants, children, pregnant women,
nursing mothers & the sick.
Psychological support
DR. MOHAMMAD MAZHARUL ISLAM,
mazhar2020@gmail.com
29. Rehabilitation and reconstruction
Following statistical information is required:
Number of affected persons, their geographical
distribution, age group, occupation
Damage done to water supplies and health centers
Number and standard of houses destroyed
Available manpower, materials, equipments and
financial resources.
Priority should be given on:
Reconstruction of roads and public buildings
Programs for replacing destroyed housing
Exercise economic and technical control of labour and
material DR. MOHAMMAD MAZHARUL ISLAM,
mazhar2020@gmail.com
30. Emergency Preparedness & Response
Program in Bangladesh: (EPR)
Objectives:
To strengthen the overall capacity & mitigate the adverse
health consequences of emergencies and disasters
Future Plan:
The major activities include:
1. Emergency preparedness
2. Operational research
3. Human resource development
4. Epidemiological and nutritional surveillance
DR. MOHAMMAD MAZHARUL ISLAM,
mazhar2020@gmail.com
31. These 4 components are expected to contribute
towards:
Policy and planning
Risk management
Training
Research
Information sharing
Networking
DR. MOHAMMAD MAZHARUL ISLAM,
mazhar2020@gmail.com