34 Dr Ahmed Esawy imaging oral board of breast imaging part II (magnetic resonance mammography ,breast implants)

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34 dr ahmed esawy imaging oral board of breast imaging part ii (magnetic resonance mammography ,breast implants) include different cases for oral radiodiagnosis examination all over the world MAMMOGRAPHY MAGNETIC RESONANCE MAMMOGRAPHY BREAST ULTRASOUND CT /MRI Plain X ray images BREAST IMPLANTS RUPTURE BREAST SILICON IMPLANT

Full story brain herniation imaging Dr Ahmed Esawy include different cases for oral radiodiagnosis examination all over the world CT /MRI Plain X ray images I Supratentorial herniation 1-Cingulate (subfalcine/transfalcine) 2-Uncal (descending transtentorial herniation DTH) 3-Central (bilateral DTH) 4-Transcalvarial 5-Tectal (posterior) II-Infratentorial herniation 1-Upward (upward cerebellar or upward transtentorial) 2-Tonsillar (downward cerebellar III-Sphenoid/alar herniation Transalar Herniation

Diabetes of stout people

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“Don’t touch” lesions new version Dr Ahmed Esawy

AHMED ESAWY

“Don’t touch” lesions new version dr ahmed esawy CALCANEAL PSEUDOCYST INTRAOSSEOUS LIPOMA BIPARTITE PATELLA MYOSITIS OSSIFICANS AVULSION INJURY CORTICAL DESMIOD GEODES DORSAL DEFECT OF THE PATELLA PSEUDOCYST OF THE HUMURUS OS ODONTOIDEUM NON OSSIFYING FIBROMA BONE ISLANDS UNICAMERAL BONY CYST EARLY BONE INFARCT MELORHEOSTOSIS HYPERTROPHIC PULMONARY OSTEOARTHROPATHY ACHONDROPLASIA AVASCULAR NECROSIS HURLER SYNDROME TRANSIENT OSTEOPOROSIS OF THE HIP DIAPHYSEAL ACLASIA MULTIPLE HEREDITARY EXOSTOSIS OSTEOID OSTEOMA OSTEPATHIA STRIATA OSTEOPIKILOSIS SARCIOD OS STYLOIDEUM OS TRIGONUM

Presentation1.pptx, radiological anatomy of the petrous bone.

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52 DAVID SUTTON PICTURES THE PETROUS TEMPORAL BONE

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66-Dr Ahmed Esawy imaging oral board of function MRI MRS DWI MRI PERFUSION

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78-Dr Ahmed Esawy imaging oral board MRI shoulder jiont part III Rotator Cuff Tendinopathy Rotator Cuff Partial Thickness Tear Internal Impingement, Shoulder Rotator Cuff Full Thickness Tear Rotator Interval Tears Microinstability, Shoulder Rotator Cuff Post-Operative Repair Rotator Cuff Calcific Tendinitis Parsonage-Turner Syndrome Subscapularis Rupture Pectoralis Major Tear Labral Cyst, Shoulder Anterosuperior Variations, Shoulder Adhesive Capsulitis, Shoulder Bankart Lesion Perthes Lesion ALPSA Lesion GLAD Lesion HAGL Lesion IGL Tears Bennett Lesion Posterior Labral Tear, Shoulder Hidden Lesion, Shoulder Biceps Tendinosis Biceps Tendon Tear SLAP Lesions I-IV SLAP Lesions V-IX Biceps Tendon Dislocation Subacromial Impingement 0s Acromiale Acromioclavicular Joint Arthritis AVN, Shoulder Osteochondral Injuries, Shoulder Greater Tuberosity Fracture Osteoarthritis Rheumatoid Arthritis Quadrilateral Space Syndrome Suprascapular, Spinoglenoid Notch

Diagnostic Imaging of Pediatric Hip Lesions

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Skull base imaging

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MRI TMJ temporo mandibular jiont Dr Ahmed Esawy

AHMED ESAWY

Mri tmj temporo mandibular jiont dr ahmed esawy include different cases for oral radiodiagnosis examination all over the world CT /MRI Plain X ray images Temporomandibular Disk Disk Evaluation Retrodiskal layers Temporomandibular Joint Disk Position Assessed at Coronal MR Imaging According to the degree of anterior disk displacment (ADD) our series was classified into 4 categories Category 0 (Normal disc position) Category I (Partial anterior disc displacement with reduction (PADDWR)) Category II (Partial anterior disc displacement without reduction (PADDWOR)) Category III (Complete anterior disc displacement with reduction (CADDWR)) Category IV (Complete anterior disc displacement without reduction (CADDWOR)) Disk Displacement May be uni- or multidirectional Unidirectional anterior and multidirectional anterolateral and anteromedial displacements are the most common type Unidirectional transverse and posterior displacements are rare Partial anterior disk displacement Unidirectional complete anterior disk displacement Posterior disc displacement Disk Deformity Lateral disc displacement Recapture of Displaced Disk LABRUM pseudomeniscus sign," Degenerative (Osteoarthritis)

Diagnostic Imaging of Diffuse Lung Lesions

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Diagnostic Imaging of Endocrine bone disease

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Diagnostic Imaging of Osteonecrosis & Osteochondrosis

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Diagnostic Imaging of Intraspinal Masses

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Diagnostic Imaging of Orbital Lesions

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Diagnostic Imaging of Congenital Pulmonary Abnormalities

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Diagnostic Imaging of Bone Infection

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Chest X-rays Basic Interpretation

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Imaging Liver transplantation post operative Dr Ahmed Esawy

AHMED ESAWY

Imaging Liver transplantation post operative dr ahmed esawy include different cases for oral radiodiagnosis examination all over the world CT /MRI ultrasound DUPLEX Plain X ray images 1- Vascular complications : I- Arterial complications (i) Hepatic artery thrombosis. (ii) Hepatic artery stenosis. (iii) Hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm and (iv) arteriovenous (HA and PV) (v) arteriobiliary (HA and biliary tree) fistulae. II- Venous complications: involve the inferior vena cava or the PV and consist of thrombosis or stenosis) 2- Biliary complications : (i) Biliary duct obstruction (due to stricture anastomotic or nonanastomotic. (ii) Bile leak. (iii) other rare biliary complications). 3-Parenchymal complications -Rejection Acute or Chronic rejection. -Hepatic infarction Hepatic abscess Biloma Recurrence of malignancy Fatty liver Complication of biopsy 4- Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders 5- Post-transplant malignancies. 6- Postoperative abdominal complications. Hemorrhage Bowel obstruction 7- Chest complications. Pulmonary calcinosis Edema Pneumonia Pulmonary infarction 8- Neurological complications. Hemorrhage Ischemia Abscess and PTLD 10- Infection and fever. 11- Recurrent liver disease. 12- Other long-term complications. a-Arterial hypertension. b-Diabetes mellitus EARLY POSTOPERATIVE EVALUATION Normal postoperative findings Ascites Perihepatic fluid Rt pleural effusion Small lymph nodes Periportal collar Regeneration(LRLT)

Breast imagingDr;Mohamed alkenawy

Ct scan temporal bone Dr Zeeshan Ahmad

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Diagnositc Imaging of Bone Marrow Disease

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Diagnostic Imaging of Arthritis

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Diagnostic Imaging of Pleural Lesions

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Proptosis ctmri.

AHMED ESAWY

Breast cyst imaging

AHMED ESAWY

Breast mammogram ultrasound lipoma, oil cyst, galactocele intramammary lymph node in UOQ hamartoma Simple cyst (typical) calcification Surgical scar Breast implants, scirrhous carcinoma lobular carcinoma Skin calcifications vascular calcifications Sutural Dystrophic popcorn Large Rodlike rim Round/punctuate Fat necrosis Milk of calcium Fibrocystic FCC fibroadenomas Fat necrosis with oil cyst mastitis with Abscess Haematoma atypical ductal hyperplasia Intracystic papilloma ductal carcinoma in situ, invasive ductal carcinoma BIRAD

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Diagnostic Imaging of Airway Diseases

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78-Dr Ahmed Esawy imaging oral board MRI shoulder jiont part III

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Comparison between ct MRI in ischemic stroke .1-Definition 2-Pathology 3-Vascular territory 4-Staging 5-hemorrhagic transformation of the infarct Difference between simple hemorrhage and hemorrhagic neoplasm difference between Hemorrhagic infarct and primary intracerebral hemorrhage 6-Comparison between CT/MRI 7-CTA, MRA 8-Fogging 9-Pseudonormalization 10-Protocol 11-Differential diagnosis 12-home message

Duplex peripheral veins

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Duplex peripheral veins cephalic vein basilic vein subclavian vein axillary vein brachial vein inferior vena cava external iliac vein common femoral vein superficial femoral vein profunda femoral vein popliteal vein anterior tibial vein posterior tibial vein peroneal vein medial and lateral circumflex vein gastrocnemius vein soleal vein great saphenous vein anterior accessory great saphenous posterior accessory great saphenous lateral subdermal venous plexus superficial external pudendal deep external pudendal superficial and deep epigastric superficial circumflex iliac thigh extension (te) of the ssv Giacomini vein perforating veins Boyd's perforators dodd's perforators Hunterian perforators recanalization hypoplastic lsv duplex us primary varicose tortuous dilated varicose veins varicosities of the vein of Giacomini recurrent varicose vein superficial phlebitis deep venous thrombosis acute deep venous thrombosis subacute deep venous thrombosis acute occlusive deep venous thrombosis partial thrombosis acute deep venous thrombosis leg calf veins thrombosis superficial venous system thrombosis thrombophlebitis compression ultrasound venous thrombosis segmental iliac vein thrombus venous stasis popliteal cysts haematoma superficial thrombophlebitis arteriovenous fistula lymphoedema hyperperfusion syndrome muscle tears

Duplex Ultrasound waveform changes

AHMED ESAWY

Duplex Ultrasound Doppler waveform changes.peripheral arterial triplex ultrasound Aorta innominate subclavian vein axillary artery brachial artery radial/ulnar veins palmar arch Common iliac artery External iliac artery Common femoral artery Profunda femoris artery Superficial femoral artery Popliteal artery Tibio-peroneal trunk Posterior tibial artery Anterior tibial artery Peroneal artery Dorsalis pedis artery Angle Color Gain Doppler gain PRF BOX(size,direction) steering Sample volume Gate size,Site of sample Base line Velocity scale Depth Wall filter Settings appropriate for specific examinations assigned by set-up/application keys Focus triphasic waveform Systolic Acceleration time spectral window laminar flow Color Doppler peripheral arterial disease Causes of leg pain ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASE CAUSES Classification of vasculitis Biphasic waveform flow monophasic waveform flow bidirectional flow Loss of third and then second phase of the wave¬form Increased acceleration time (rapid rise of systolic deflection) Widening of the ystolic complex (5-Spectral broadening) Damping of the waveform Spectral broadening fill in spectral windowe Loss of sharpness of spectrum(irregular) Turbulance aliasing Rounding of PSV tip Absent flow in occlusion rising of PSV reverse flow opposite systole rapid fall of systolic deflection rising of end diastolic velocity Active Hyperemia postoperative vasospasm limb ischemia peripheral arterial triplex ultrasound waveform change peripheral arterial triplex ultrasound arterial stenosis ,occlusion peripheral arterial triplex ultrasound vasculitis inflamed arteries (arteritis) macaroni sign Takayasu’s arteritis Giant cell arteritis Temporal artery Giant cell arteritis polyarteritis nodosa Kawasaki progressive systemic sclerosis Buerger disease Thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger’s disease) Ormond's Disease peripheral arterial triplex ultrasound hand,foot Triplex Raynaud Phenomenon secondary raynaud's phenomenon BAKER CYST Blind ended channels bypass graft surveillance lerich arterial steal syndrome Complex Regional Pain Syndrome dialysis arteriovenous fistula Cystic Adventitial Disease

Patent foramen ovale vs atrial septal defect

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Duplex carotid vertebral jaguar extra cranial vessel

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Duplex carotid vertebral jagular extracranial vessel Ultrasound assessment of the extracranial cerebral circulation Intima media complex IMC Superior thyroid branch Dicrotic notch internal carotid artery External carotid artery Common Carotid artery Atherosclerotic disease (stenosis) Non-Atherosclerotic disease fibromuscular dysplasia dissection vasospasm aneurysm pseudoaneurysm AVF arteritis carotid body tumour idiopathic carotidynia carotid stenosis signs Plaque surface Smooth Irregular ulcerated Intraplaque haemorrhage.Surface ulcerations Intraluminal thrombus formation vertebral artery Subclavian steal syndrome stenosis occlusion Dissection Kinking Short neck decrease size or contour of the neck Internalization of flow externalization of flow Color “Bleed” Disturbed Flow ALIASING INTERNAL JUGULAR VEINS Assymetry with ectatic diltation Jugular vein thrombosis Abnormal waveform Internal Jugular Vein Impingement Cardiac disease manifestation

Thoracic imaging in corona virus دور الاشعة فى تشخيص فبروس كورونا

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All thing breast ultrasound breast mammography part 3

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All thing breast ultrasound breast mammography part 3 Breast mammogram ultrasound lipoma ,oil cyst ,galactocele intramammary lymph node in UOQ hamartoma Simple cyst (typical) calcification Surgical scar Breast implants, scirrhuc carcinoma lobular carcinoma Skin calcifications vascular calcifications Sutural Dystrophic popcorn Large Rod like rim Round/punctuate Fat necrosis Milk of calcium Fibrocystic FCC fibroadenosis Fat necrosis with oil cyst mastitis with Abscess Haematoma atypical ductal hyperplasia Intracystic papilloma ductal carcinoma in situ ,invasive ductal carcinoma BIRAD

All thing breast ultrasound breast mammography part 2

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Breast mammogram ultrasound lipoma ,oil cyst ,galactocele intramammary lymph node in UOQ hamartoma Simple cyst (typical) calcification Surgical scar Breast implants, scirrhuc carcinoma lobular carcinoma Skin calcifications vascular calcifications Sutural Dystrophic popcorn Large Rod like rim Round/punctuate Fat necrosis Milk of calcium Fibrocystic FCC fibroadenosis Fat necrosis with oil cyst mastitis with Abscess Haematoma atypical ductal hyperplasia Intracystic papilloma ductal carcinoma in situ ,invasive ductal carcinoma BIRAD

All thing breast ultrasound breast mammography part 1

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All thing breast ultrasound breast mammography part 1 Breast mammogram ultrasound lipoma ,oil cyst ,galactocele intramammary lymph node in UOQ hamartoma Simple cyst (typical) calcification Surgical scar Breast implants, scirrhuc carcinoma lobular carcinoma Skin calcifications vascular calcifications Sutural Dystrophic popcorn Large Rod like rim Round/punctuate Fat necrosis Milk of calcium Fibrocystic FCC fibroadenosis Fat necrosis with oil cyst mastitis with Abscess Haematoma atypical ductal hyperplasia Intracystic papilloma ductal carcinoma in situ ,invasive ductal carcinoma BIRAD

Telangiectasia ,reticular ,varicose communicating vein

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All things adnexal ovarian mass iota algorithm .acr 0 rads

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Endometrioma,Benign cystic teratoma – dermoid,Simple cyst or cystadenoma,Functional cyst haemorrhagic cyst,Malignant tumour with ascites,Most follicular cyst,hemorrhagic corpus luteal cyst,benign serous tumor,Endometrioma,cystic teratoma,Most serous cystadenocarcinoma endometrioid adenocarcinoma,clear cell carcinoma,serous borderline malignancies,cystadenofibroma Most mucinous cystadenoma Endometrioma theca lutein cyst mature cystic teratoma tubo-ovarian abscess polycystic ovarian syndrome ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome mucinous borderline malignancies Most mucinous cystadenocarcinoma mucinous borderline malignancies cystadenofibroma, struma ovarii granulosa cell tumor Most sex cord-stromal tumor such as fibroma fibrothecoma,granulosa cell tumor sclerosing stromal tumor surface epithelial tumor such as Brenner tumor serous papillary carcinoma Malignant germ cell tumor such as dysgerminoma endodermal sinus tumor Lymphoma metastatic tumor

Ultrasound diffuse liver disease all things fibrosis,cirrhosis,us scoring,ce ...

AHMED ESAWY

Ultrasound Normal liver Ultrasound Liver parenchymal patterns Ultrasound Liver fibrosis Ultrasound Liver cirrhosis Ultrasound liver cirrhotic nodules Ultrasound Viral hepatitis ultrasound scoring criteria for liver fibrosis /cirrhosis Ultrasound duplex Portal hypertension contrast enhanced CEU-LIRDS Liver elastography Fibroscan Ultrasound radiologic Mimics of Cirrhosis Ultrasound Congestive hepatopathy Ultrasound Primary biliary cirrhosis Ultrasound Primary Sclerosing cholangitis Ultrasound Wilson disease ultrasound Ultrasound autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) Ultrasound liver sarciodosis Ultrasound liver cystic fibrosis Ultrasound liver haemochromatosis Ultrasound Fulminant hepatic failure Ultrasound Gilbert’s syndrome ultrasound liver sarciodosis Ultrasound liver differential diagnosis . Ultrasound diffuse liver disease all things fibrosis,cirrhosis,us scoring,ce lrad,fibroscan,hepatitis,psc,aih,pbc

Update secrets in plain x ray abdomen gases ,air fluid level .

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plain x-ray abdomen gas normal air fluid level in-the-abdomen gasless abdomen small bowel obstruction large intestinal obstruction ileus gastric dilatation extraluminal abdomen gas (pneumonpperitoneum) extraluminal abdomen gas(retropneumonpperitoneum gas in specific organs (hepatobiliary ,genitourinary) gasless abdomen ‘step-ladder apperance stretch/slit sign string of pearls sign coiled spring sign small-bowel feces sign disproportionate dilatation of sb gallstone ileus intussusception caecal volvulus sigmoid volvulus colonic pseudo obstruction ogilvie syndrome acute colitis toxic megacolon ischemic colitis sentinel loops intestinal pseudo-obstruction syndromes gastric volvulus organoaxial gastric volvulus mesenterico-axial right upper quadrant gas crescent sign: air beneath the diaphragm peri hepatic sub hepatic morrison’s pouch fissure for ligament teres doges cap sign rigler’s (double wall sign) ( both the serosal and the related mucosal walls of the bowel are delineated it means free air is at that serosal surface ) ligament visualization falciform ligament sign: air delineating the falciform ligament umbilical inverted ‘v’ sign triangular air cupola sign football sign or air dome (a large air collection beneath that does not confirm to any bowel loop) continous diaphragm sign scrotal air in children decubitus abdomen sign double bubble sign lesser sac sign peritonitis postoperative pelvic and spinal fractures

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Chest ultrasound Anterior lung : sliding sign B-line pneumothorax Lung bases effusion consolidation pulmonary edema Diaphraamatic paralysis Pneumothorax Effusion Pneumonia ARDS Fibrosis COPD asthma Pneumothorax Absent sliding sign (unilateral) + Lung point barcode or stratosphere sign sign on M-mode =pneumothorax Cardiac ultrasound : normal (not in tension pneumo) B-line B3 interstitial edema B7 alveolar edema Pleural effusion Anechioc fluid in pleura quad sign sinusoid sign spine sign consolidation (Pneumonia) Tissue pattern /hepatization shred sign Air bronchograms Fluid bronchograms Dynamic air and fluid bronchogram .Diaphragmatic paralysis Diaphragmatic movement (excursion) reduced movement Paradoxical movement Thickness of diaphragm M-mode study IVC normal (dilated in tension pneumo) cardiac Acute coronary syndrome Global function(CHF) Valvular heart disease Right ventricle Strain Tamponade pulmonary embolism aneurysm ascending aorta Global cardaic dysfunction sliding B-lines (anterior &bilateral) pleural effusion poor cardaic function systolic dysfunction diastolic dysfunction Tamponed Severe pericardial effusion diastolic collapse of right ventricle water bed sign Tampoline sign Pulmonary embolism (PE) RV mid free wall hypokinesis with apical sparing (a.k.a. McConnell’s sign) free-floating right-heart thrombus ,PA Dilated right ventricle D shape RV .Abnormal interventricular septal motion (Septal bowing) TR ,raised PASP PA dilatation Lack of inspiratory collapse of IVC , Dilated uncollapsed IVC Underfilled left ventricle with normal function lung sliding : Normal bilaterally Right ventricle Strain Right ventricle dysfunction PE ,PH Focal wall injury (infraction) Dilatation (RV dilation IVC dilatation and loss of respiratory variations respiratory increase of inter-ventricular dependence Inferior vena cava IVC : respiratory Collapse dilatation Deep venous thrombosis No Compression By ultrasound Absent or abnormal flow on spectral or color Doppler venous distention Intraluminal material free floating thrombus Abdominal liver cirrhosis renal failure

Case review ct mri brain part 7 dr ahmed esawy

AHMED ESAWY

Lymphoma Glioma Meningioma en plaque Metastases .Intracrainal infections Ventriculitis Encephalitis Septic meningitis toxoplasmosis Cytomegalovirus ACUTE DEMELINATING ENCEPHALOMYELITIS Para sagittal subdural empyema Cerebritis brain Abscess Tuberculous meningitis Cysticercosis periventricular calcifications .Intracranial hemorrhage Calverial bones epidural Subdural Subarachnoid Intra-cerebral Intra-ventricular Infarction Hemorrhagic infarction Lacunar infarction Sub cortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy Hydrocephalus Aquiductal stenosis Brain stem glioma .Pineal body germinoma Atresia of the outlet foramina Obstructive communicating hydrocephalus Basal meningitis Subarachroid hemorrhage Meningeal carcinomatosis Dural sinus thrombosis Holoprosencephaly Semi lobar Holoprosencephaly Dandy-Walker malformation Hydrancephaly Mega cisterna magna Agenesis of corpus callosum Corpus Callosum anomalies Agenesis of corpus callosum Intraventricular lesions Choriod plexus papilloma Intraventricular Meningioma Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytoma Vascular malformation Bilateral internal carotid aneurysms Arteriovenous malformation Cavernous hemangiomas Venous angioma Sturge webber syndrome Ependymoma Medulloblastoma Primitive Neuroepithelial tumors [PNET] Medulloblastoma Acoustic neuroma Epidermiod cyst Cerebellar Hemorrhage Cerebellar Infarction Pontine infarction Pilocytic Astrocytoma Hemangioblastoma Multiple sclerosis Brain stem hematoma Brain stem glioma Osmotic demyelination syndrome Central pontine myelinolysis Colloid cyst Intra-ventricular dermoid cyst Anaplastic astrocytoma Falcine meningioma with cystic component Tuberous sclerosis with Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytoma ARACHNOID CYSTcorpus callosum lipoma corpus callosum marchiafava CORPUS CALLOSUM MS CNS Herniations descending trasnstentorial herniation cholesterol granuloma endolymphatic sac tumor glomus tympanicum .malignent otitis externa, osteomyelitis base skull chordoma germinoma neuroenteric cyst schizencephaly septic cavernous sinus thrombosis superficial siderosis epidermoid pineal diffusion LEFORT fracture tripod fracture adrenoleukodystrophy leigh disease AIDS PML progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy karappe disease , dysmyelinition , thalamic involvement leukodystrophy alexander metachromatic leuckodystrophy melas meerf ...leukodystrophy zellweger subacute sclerosing pan encephalitis jugular schwannoma .Neuroblastoma metastasis TRIGEMINAL SCHWANNOMA Neurofibroma Tuberous Sclerosis Von Hippel-Lindau Disease cerberallar haemangioblastoma basal ganglia calcifications .karappe disease LYSOSOMAL STORAGE DISEASES metachromatic leukodystrophy krabbe mucopolysaccharidosis PEROXISOMAL DISORDERS .adrenoleukodystrophy zellweger syndrome MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION MELAS syndrome Leigh's disease Ke

Case review ct mri brain part 6 dr ahmed esawy

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Convexity Meningioma Lymphoma Glioma Meningioma en plaque Metastases Intracrainal infections Ventriculitis Encephalitis Septic meningitis toxoplasmosis Cytomegalovirus ACUTE DEMELINATING ENCEPHALOMYELITIS Para sagittal subdural empyema Cerebritis brain Abscess Tuberculous meningitis Cysticercosis periventricular calcifications Intracranial hemorrhage Calverial bones epidural Subdural Subarachnoid Intra-cerebral Intra-ventricular Infarction Hemorrhagic infarction Lacunar infarction Sub cortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy Hydrocephalus Aquiductal stenosis Brain stem glioma Pineal body germinoma Atresia of the outlet foramina Obstructive communicating hydrocephalus Basal meningitis thrombosis Holoprosencephaly Semi lobar Holoprosencephaly Dandy-Walker malformation Hydrancephaly Mega cisterna magna Agenesis of corpus callosum Corpus Callosum anomalies Agenesis of corpus callosum Intraventricular lesions Choriod plexus papilloma Intraventricular Meningioma Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytoma Vascular malformation Bilateral internal carotid aneurysms Arteriovenous malformation Cavernous hemangiomas Venous angioma Sturge webber syndrome Ependymoma Medulloblastoma Primitive Neuroepithelial tumors [PNET] Medulloblastoma Acoustic neuroma Epidermiod cyst Cerebellar Hemorrhage Cerebellar Infarction Pontine infarction Pilocytic Astrocytoma Hemangioblastoma Multiple sclerosis Brain stem hematoma Brain stem glioma Osmotic demyelination syndrome Central pontine myelinolysis Colloid cyst Intra-ventricular dermoid cyst Anaplastic astrocytoma Falcine meningioma with cystic component Tuberous sclerosis with Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytoma ARACHNOID CYSTcorpus callosum lipoma corpus callosum marchiafava CORPUS CALLOSUM MS CNS Herniations descending trasnstentorial herniation cholesterol granuloma endolymphatic sac tumor glomus tympanicum malignent otitis externa, osteomyelitis base skull chordoma germinoma neuroenteric cyst schizencephaly septic cavernous sinus thrombosis superficial siderosis epidermoid pineal diffusion LEFORT fracture tripod fracture adrenoleukodystrophy leigh disease AIDS PML progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy karappe disease , dysmyelinition , thalamic involvement leukodystrophy alexander metachromatic leuckodystrophy melas meerf ..zellweger subacute sclerosing pan encephalitis jugular schwannoma Neuroblastoma metastasis TRIGEMINAL SCHWANNOMA Neurofibroma Tuberous Sclerosis Von Hippel-Lindau Disease cerberallar haemangioblastoma basal ganglia calcifications karappe disease LYSOSOMAL STORAGE DISEASES metachromatic leukodystrophy krabbe mucopolysaccharidosis PEROXISOMAL DISORDERS adrenoleukodystrophy zellweger syndrome MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION MELAS syndrome Leigh's disease Kearn-sayre syndrome CANAVAN DISEASE UNKNOWN CAUSES Pelizaeus-

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These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract. Learning objectives: 1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract 2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out 3. Discuss the significance of dead space 4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation 5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes Study Resources: 1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition 2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition 3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition 4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874

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