COTTON PLANT OF MUGHAN – SALYAN ECONOMIC DISTRICT ANCIENT WATERED TUND USED UNDERNEATHEFFECT OF EROSION PROCESS ON AGROCHEMICAL INDICATORS AND STRUCTURE-AGGREGATE COMPOSITION OF GRAY-GRASS SOILS
430 million hectares of land was damaged as a result of erosion processes in different countries of the world. Surface, split and irrigation erosion is also widespread throughout the country. 43.29% of the total area is subject to varying degrees of erosion. In some regions, especially in the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic, erosion processes cover 70% of the area. 66.6 of the total area of the southern slope of the Greater Caucasus underwent erosion. In some areas of the country, the percentage of destroyed farms is high. This figure is 51% in the Lachin-Kelbajar zone, 57.9% in the Guba-Khaimaz zone and 72.4% in Sheki-Zagatal. The newly formed fragments break agricultural land into small parts and make them useless. The following erosion intensity scale is presented. 1) clean washing up to 0.5 t / ha, 2) poor washing up to 0.5 t / ha, 3) moderate washing 1-5 t / ha, 4) strong washing -5-10 t / ha, 5) very strong wash -10 t / ha. In different geographical areas of the country, the possible distances between the strips on different slopes were also determined. Soil preparation should be carried out with a strip of 1–2 m every 3–5 m in zones with a 10–200 frequency, from moderate to heavy and a width of 1.5–3 m in each of 2-3 m in highly washed areas of 20–300 m trench to dig. In large areas with more than 15-200 thick and thick soils and where the tractor can work, deforestation should be carried out on terraces. On slopes where heavily washed and often hard rocks are exposed, soil can be set up to create yards and ditches. In different geographical areas of the country, the possible distances between the strips on different slopes were also determined. Soil preparation should be carried out with a strip of 1–2 m every 3–5 m in zones with a 10–200 frequency, from moderate to heavy and a width of 1.5–3 m in each of 2-3 m in highly washed areas of 20–300 m trench to dig. In large areas with more than 15-200 thick and thick soils and where the tractor can work, deforestation should be carried out on terraces. On slopes where heavily washed and often hard rocks are exposed, soil can be set up to create yards and ditches. In different geographical areas of the country, the possible distances between the strips on different slopes were also determined. Soil preparation should be carried out with a strip of 1–2 m every 3–5 m in zones with a 10–200 frequency, from moderate to heavy and a width of 1.5–3 m in each of 2-3 m in highly washed areas of 20–300 m trench to dig. In large areas with more than 15-200 thick and thick soils and where the tractor can work, deforestation should be carried out on terraces. On slopes where heavily washed and often hard rocks are exposed, soil can be set up to create yards and ditches. In large areas with more than 15-200 thick and thick soils and where the tractor can work, deforestation should be carried out on terraces.
It was determined by the research that the object of research was excavated plots of land with a total area of 1776.99 ha, and their morphological features were described by genetic layers. yes; Clean pasture-147.58ha; Reed pasture-6.83 ha; Shrub pasture - 4.25 ha; Other lands-942.10 ha; The area set aside was 7.2 hectares. Based on the results of field research and laboratory analysis, a soil map was compiled on topographic bases and an explanatory report was written. Professor R.H.Mammadov's scale was used to determine the granulometric composition of soils here. Natural-economic features of the area, including geographical position, relief, agro-climatic elements were studied, soil cover; vegetation. The role of vegetation in the process of soil formation and formation of soil cover, increase of soil fertility with the formation of organic matter depends on the density of vegetation, maintenance of normal soil moisture, reduction of water washing effect, prevention of formation and development of soils and erosion elm, garatikan shrubs, licorice, birch, thyme, chicory, etc. are widely spread in the area from shrubs, suitability of the area for use for grain crops; Soil-forming rocks, etc., as well as the great role of the chemical composition of the parent rock in the process of soil formation have been widely studied.
430 million hectares of land was damaged as a result of erosion processes in different countries of the world. Surface, split and irrigation erosion is also widespread throughout the country. 43.29% of the total area is subject to varying degrees of erosion. In some regions, especially in the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic, erosion processes cover 70% of the area. 66.6 of the total area of the southern slope of the Greater Caucasus underwent erosion. In some areas of the country, the percentage of destroyed farms is high. This figure is 51% in the Lachin-Kelbajar zone, 57.9% in the Guba-Khaimaz zone and 72.4% in Sheki-Zagatal. The newly formed fragments break agricultural land into small parts and make them useless. The following erosion intensity scale is presented. 1) clean washing up to 0.5 t / ha, 2) poor washing up to 0.5 t / ha, 3) moderate washing 1-5 t / ha, 4) strong washing -5-10 t / ha, 5) very strong wash -10 t / ha. In different geographical areas of the country, the possible distances between the strips on different slopes were also determined. Soil preparation should be carried out with a strip of 1–2 m every 3–5 m in zones with a 10–200 frequency, from moderate to heavy and a width of 1.5–3 m in each of 2-3 m in highly washed areas of 20–300 m trench to dig. In large areas with more than 15-200 thick and thick soils and where the tractor can work, deforestation should be carried out on terraces. On slopes where heavily washed and often hard rocks are exposed, soil can be set up to create yards and ditches. In different geographical areas of the country, the possible distances between the strips on different slopes were also determined. Soil preparation should be carried out with a strip of 1–2 m every 3–5 m in zones with a 10–200 frequency, from moderate to heavy and a width of 1.5–3 m in each of 2-3 m in highly washed areas of 20–300 m trench to dig. In large areas with more than 15-200 thick and thick soils and where the tractor can work, deforestation should be carried out on terraces. On slopes where heavily washed and often hard rocks are exposed, soil can be set up to create yards and ditches. In different geographical areas of the country, the possible distances between the strips on different slopes were also determined. Soil preparation should be carried out with a strip of 1–2 m every 3–5 m in zones with a 10–200 frequency, from moderate to heavy and a width of 1.5–3 m in each of 2-3 m in highly washed areas of 20–300 m trench to dig. In large areas with more than 15-200 thick and thick soils and where the tractor can work, deforestation should be carried out on terraces. On slopes where heavily washed and often hard rocks are exposed, soil can be set up to create yards and ditches. In large areas with more than 15-200 thick and thick soils and where the tractor can work, deforestation should be carried out on terraces.
It was determined by the research that the object of research was excavated plots of land with a total area of 1776.99 ha, and their morphological features were described by genetic layers. yes; Clean pasture-147.58ha; Reed pasture-6.83 ha; Shrub pasture - 4.25 ha; Other lands-942.10 ha; The area set aside was 7.2 hectares. Based on the results of field research and laboratory analysis, a soil map was compiled on topographic bases and an explanatory report was written. Professor R.H.Mammadov's scale was used to determine the granulometric composition of soils here. Natural-economic features of the area, including geographical position, relief, agro-climatic elements were studied, soil cover; vegetation. The role of vegetation in the process of soil formation and formation of soil cover, increase of soil fertility with the formation of organic matter depends on the density of vegetation, maintenance of normal soil moisture, reduction of water washing effect, prevention of formation and development of soils and erosion elm, garatikan shrubs, licorice, birch, thyme, chicory, etc. are widely spread in the area from shrubs, suitability of the area for use for grain crops; Soil-forming rocks, etc., as well as the great role of the chemical composition of the parent rock in the process of soil formation have been widely studied.
Overview Environmental Danger of Eroided Land in Azerbaijan and Their Solutio...CrimsonpublishersMCDA
The article considers the natural and economic climate and agro-climatic conditions, the geological structure, the soil-vegetation cover of the mountain-irrigated zone of Azerbaijan in the example of individual areas where the natural moisture content of soils is strongly tested, in the presence of an acute lack of field water and an uneven distribution of atmospheric precipitation. At the same time, in the region, traditional methods of surface watering in agricultural production for intensifying development have been widely differentiated: various kinds of erosion (like irrigation, water, razhnye etc.) in the erosion region. The soil productivity indicators and the potential risk of erosion in the vertical zone are predetermined, as well as the problems of preventing the danger of these types of degraded soils.
For more open access journals in Crimson Publishers please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com
For more articles on open access journal of agronomy and crop science please click on below link: https://crimsonpublishers.com/mcda/
https://crimsonpublishers.com/mcda/fulltext/MCDA.000541.php
The quality groundwater for irrigation in Fetzara basin, northeast AlgeriaInnspub Net
The Fetzara basin occupying an area of about 515 km2 is a part of the alluvial deposits of the Annaba plain. The main source of irrigation water in Fetzara basin is groundwater, hence its quality needs to be controlled; otherwise it can damage soil and reduce crop production. The aim of this study was to review hydro chemical processes that control the groundwater chemistry and to determine the suitability of groundwater for irrigation. Hydro chemical analysis has been carried out based on concentrations of Ca++, Mg++, Na+, K+, Cl-, SO4–, CO3– and HCO3-. Different irrigation quality parameters viz, salinity, Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), sodium percentage (Na%), Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC), Magnesium Hazards (MH), Kelly’s index (KI) and Permeability Index (PI) are calculated for the evaluation of groundwater quality for irrigation purposes. The evaluation of SAR (2.127-9.021) and EC (1240-6390 µS/cm) resulted in classification category ‘C3S1 and C4S1’, indicating high salinity and low sodium water which can be used for irrigation in most soils and crops with little to medium danger of development of exchangeable sodium and salinity. However, samples with doubtful Na% (56%), unsuitable KI and MH (88%, 64% respectively), and high salinity hazard (60%) values restrict the suitability of the groundwater for agricultural purposes, and plants with good salt tolerance should be selected for such ground waters.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Hydrochemical studies for sustainable water resources of semi arid climatic ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Morphometry and Hydrology relationship in Lidder valleyShakil Romshoo
Morphometric analysis of the Lidder catchment was carried out using geospatial technique.The analysis revealed that the area has uniform lithology and is structurally permeable. The high drainage density of all
subwatersheds indicate more surface runoff.The morphometric analysis also indicates that the area is more prone to weathering due to very-coarse to coarse drainage texture.
Impact of Mineral Formation on Restoration of the Soil Structure in Nakhchiva...BRNSS Publication Hub
The silt fractions have a great impact in soil structural formation. If the soil-forming rocks do not disturb,
crush, and weather, the soil-forming processes on them occur weakly, the organic substances cause the
formation of the loamy stratums without completely turning. This mostly influences the initial soil-forming
layers. The reproduction minerals in these soils cause initial minerals majority by occurring weakly. If these
processes occur quickly, then they cause a gradual increase of the reproduction minerals and reduction of
the initial minerals. The heights of the zones where the geographical spreading of such stratums is situated
depend on levels.
Impact of Erosion Process to Fertility of Mountain – Chernozem Situating in S...BRNSS Publication Hub
The complexity, sharp change in the relief condition, the tension of the anthropogenic factors in the
Shamakhi region, where we have investigated, has intensified the erosion process. Because of the lack of
agrotechnical measures on the slopes, the erosion process has been intensified, the soil is flooded with soil,
the physical and chemical properties of the soil have deteriorated, the nutritional elements have declined,
and the vegetation has been degraded and reached the limit of destruction. For some reason, the object of
research was Shamakhi two land cuts were set up to determine the degree of actual erosion of the soil in the
village of melam, which will result in preventive measures to prevent erosion intensities and to develop and
implement appropriate preventive measures
Taking all these into account, it is important to increase the fertility of the soil from the erosion process in Ismayilli and to prevent the washing of fodder crops from perennial herbs. The cultivation of these plants in the mountainous regions protects the slopes from the terrible erosion process and provides the animals with a strong fodder. It is proved by the results of the research that restoration of fertility and ecological balance of erosion lands and the implementation of soil-agro-technical measures to increase productivity are of great importance. Due to the application of these measures, I, as a result of improving the water and physical properties of the affected land, prevent surface water flows. In addition, the results of the study have been proven by the fact that, for certain reason, erosion and erosion hazards are most likely to be taken over by the sowing of perennial herbs. Thus, perennial herbs, in particular, accumulate the nitrogen atmosphere of the legumes, enriches the soil with organic matter, accelerates the formation of water-resistant granular - topical structure and improves its water-physical properties, which in turn facilitates the rapid digestion of foodstuffs.
Background on the Development Issues of Soil Erosion of Sloping Lands of Azer...BRNSS Publication Hub
The article examines the issues of the possibility of studying the areas of development by soil erosion and
its control. The study proved that the development of soil erosion is based on the forming impact of natural
and anthropogenic factors. The degree of potential danger and the possibility of prevention, taking into
account, the preservation of the environmental situation in the foothills of the Upper Shirvan in the example
of the Shamakhi district of the Republic of Azerbaijan, were studied. The main tasks of the study were a
determination of the amount and degree of development of eroded and erosion-prone soils of the foothill
zones carried out on the basis of soil erosion surveys of the farms of the republic
Soil Erosion Risk Assessment Using GIS Based USLE Model for Soil and Water Co...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Soil erosion is natural phenomena and is modified by biophysical environment comprising soil, climate, terrain, ground cover and their interactions. Due to different factors, it is difficult to make watershed management successful in all areas at one time. Because of this, prioritization of sub watershed is very important for soil conservation planning and implementation. In Somodo watershed more than five years different soil and water conservation technologies were implemented and satisfactory result was not recorded. In this aspect, it is important to consider further watershed management planning., This study therefore investigated soil erosion risk assessment using GIS and USLE model for soil and water conservation in Somodo watershed southwestern Ethiopia with the aim of estimating soil erosion rate and identify soil erosion hot pot areas through prioritization of sub watershed in Somodo watershed by the help of GIS based USLE model. Both primary and secondary data sources were used for model input. These data were computed at a grid level with 30*30m resolution and then overlaid to generate mean annual soil loss by the help of raster calculator in Arc GIS tool. Results of the study showed that, the mean annual soil loss of the watershed was 18.69 ton ha-1 year-1 ranging from 0 to 131.21. More than 75% of the watershed have soil loss greater than 20 ton ha-1 year-1 and only 25% of the area have soil loss less than 10 ton ha-1 year-1 .On the bases of mean annual soil loss SW-4, SW-6 and SW-7 were under slight (0-10 ton ha-1 year-1) erosion severity level, while the remaining SW-2, SW-3 and SW-8 were under moderate (10-20 ton ha-1 year-1) level. And SW-1 was in high (20-30 ton ha-1 year-1) erosion severity level, where as SW-5 and SW-9 were found in very high (>30 ton ha-1 year-1) erosion severity level. Since large area of the watershed has soil loss more than tolerable level (11 ton ha-1 year-1) attention should be given to identify erosion hot spot areas to minimize the on-site and off-site problems. Therefore, the study suggested that for effective watershed management and soil conservation planning, these sub-watershed priorities should be used in the watershed.
Evapotranspiration partitioning components in an irrigated winter wheat field...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The arid and semi-arid regions constitute roughly one third of the total earth’s surface. In these regions water scarcity is one of the main limiting factors for economic growth. The impact of such water scarcity is amplified by inefficient irrigation practices, especially since about 85% of available water is used for irrigation in these regions. Therefore, a sound and efficient irrigation practice is an important step for achieving sustainable management of water resources in these regions. In this regard, a better understanding of the water balance is essential to explore water-saving techniques. In the context CRP project, experimental setups were conceived to monitor seasonal water consumption on the wheat crop irrigated by flood irrigation in Sidi Rahal station (middle of morocco. The partitioning of evapotranspiration compounds shows that transpiration dominates the evaporation about 68 % for three days (22, 23 and 24 February 2012). In addition the wheat absorbs the soil water from 10 cm to 20 cm (90%) at this growing stage according to the multiple-source mass balance assessment.
Overview Environmental Danger of Eroided Land in Azerbaijan and Their Solutio...CrimsonpublishersMCDA
The article considers the natural and economic climate and agro-climatic conditions, the geological structure, the soil-vegetation cover of the mountain-irrigated zone of Azerbaijan in the example of individual areas where the natural moisture content of soils is strongly tested, in the presence of an acute lack of field water and an uneven distribution of atmospheric precipitation. At the same time, in the region, traditional methods of surface watering in agricultural production for intensifying development have been widely differentiated: various kinds of erosion (like irrigation, water, razhnye etc.) in the erosion region. The soil productivity indicators and the potential risk of erosion in the vertical zone are predetermined, as well as the problems of preventing the danger of these types of degraded soils.
For more open access journals in Crimson Publishers please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com
For more articles on open access journal of agronomy and crop science please click on below link: https://crimsonpublishers.com/mcda/
https://crimsonpublishers.com/mcda/fulltext/MCDA.000541.php
The quality groundwater for irrigation in Fetzara basin, northeast AlgeriaInnspub Net
The Fetzara basin occupying an area of about 515 km2 is a part of the alluvial deposits of the Annaba plain. The main source of irrigation water in Fetzara basin is groundwater, hence its quality needs to be controlled; otherwise it can damage soil and reduce crop production. The aim of this study was to review hydro chemical processes that control the groundwater chemistry and to determine the suitability of groundwater for irrigation. Hydro chemical analysis has been carried out based on concentrations of Ca++, Mg++, Na+, K+, Cl-, SO4–, CO3– and HCO3-. Different irrigation quality parameters viz, salinity, Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), sodium percentage (Na%), Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC), Magnesium Hazards (MH), Kelly’s index (KI) and Permeability Index (PI) are calculated for the evaluation of groundwater quality for irrigation purposes. The evaluation of SAR (2.127-9.021) and EC (1240-6390 µS/cm) resulted in classification category ‘C3S1 and C4S1’, indicating high salinity and low sodium water which can be used for irrigation in most soils and crops with little to medium danger of development of exchangeable sodium and salinity. However, samples with doubtful Na% (56%), unsuitable KI and MH (88%, 64% respectively), and high salinity hazard (60%) values restrict the suitability of the groundwater for agricultural purposes, and plants with good salt tolerance should be selected for such ground waters.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Hydrochemical studies for sustainable water resources of semi arid climatic ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Morphometry and Hydrology relationship in Lidder valleyShakil Romshoo
Morphometric analysis of the Lidder catchment was carried out using geospatial technique.The analysis revealed that the area has uniform lithology and is structurally permeable. The high drainage density of all
subwatersheds indicate more surface runoff.The morphometric analysis also indicates that the area is more prone to weathering due to very-coarse to coarse drainage texture.
Impact of Mineral Formation on Restoration of the Soil Structure in Nakhchiva...BRNSS Publication Hub
The silt fractions have a great impact in soil structural formation. If the soil-forming rocks do not disturb,
crush, and weather, the soil-forming processes on them occur weakly, the organic substances cause the
formation of the loamy stratums without completely turning. This mostly influences the initial soil-forming
layers. The reproduction minerals in these soils cause initial minerals majority by occurring weakly. If these
processes occur quickly, then they cause a gradual increase of the reproduction minerals and reduction of
the initial minerals. The heights of the zones where the geographical spreading of such stratums is situated
depend on levels.
Impact of Erosion Process to Fertility of Mountain – Chernozem Situating in S...BRNSS Publication Hub
The complexity, sharp change in the relief condition, the tension of the anthropogenic factors in the
Shamakhi region, where we have investigated, has intensified the erosion process. Because of the lack of
agrotechnical measures on the slopes, the erosion process has been intensified, the soil is flooded with soil,
the physical and chemical properties of the soil have deteriorated, the nutritional elements have declined,
and the vegetation has been degraded and reached the limit of destruction. For some reason, the object of
research was Shamakhi two land cuts were set up to determine the degree of actual erosion of the soil in the
village of melam, which will result in preventive measures to prevent erosion intensities and to develop and
implement appropriate preventive measures
Taking all these into account, it is important to increase the fertility of the soil from the erosion process in Ismayilli and to prevent the washing of fodder crops from perennial herbs. The cultivation of these plants in the mountainous regions protects the slopes from the terrible erosion process and provides the animals with a strong fodder. It is proved by the results of the research that restoration of fertility and ecological balance of erosion lands and the implementation of soil-agro-technical measures to increase productivity are of great importance. Due to the application of these measures, I, as a result of improving the water and physical properties of the affected land, prevent surface water flows. In addition, the results of the study have been proven by the fact that, for certain reason, erosion and erosion hazards are most likely to be taken over by the sowing of perennial herbs. Thus, perennial herbs, in particular, accumulate the nitrogen atmosphere of the legumes, enriches the soil with organic matter, accelerates the formation of water-resistant granular - topical structure and improves its water-physical properties, which in turn facilitates the rapid digestion of foodstuffs.
Background on the Development Issues of Soil Erosion of Sloping Lands of Azer...BRNSS Publication Hub
The article examines the issues of the possibility of studying the areas of development by soil erosion and
its control. The study proved that the development of soil erosion is based on the forming impact of natural
and anthropogenic factors. The degree of potential danger and the possibility of prevention, taking into
account, the preservation of the environmental situation in the foothills of the Upper Shirvan in the example
of the Shamakhi district of the Republic of Azerbaijan, were studied. The main tasks of the study were a
determination of the amount and degree of development of eroded and erosion-prone soils of the foothill
zones carried out on the basis of soil erosion surveys of the farms of the republic
Soil Erosion Risk Assessment Using GIS Based USLE Model for Soil and Water Co...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Soil erosion is natural phenomena and is modified by biophysical environment comprising soil, climate, terrain, ground cover and their interactions. Due to different factors, it is difficult to make watershed management successful in all areas at one time. Because of this, prioritization of sub watershed is very important for soil conservation planning and implementation. In Somodo watershed more than five years different soil and water conservation technologies were implemented and satisfactory result was not recorded. In this aspect, it is important to consider further watershed management planning., This study therefore investigated soil erosion risk assessment using GIS and USLE model for soil and water conservation in Somodo watershed southwestern Ethiopia with the aim of estimating soil erosion rate and identify soil erosion hot pot areas through prioritization of sub watershed in Somodo watershed by the help of GIS based USLE model. Both primary and secondary data sources were used for model input. These data were computed at a grid level with 30*30m resolution and then overlaid to generate mean annual soil loss by the help of raster calculator in Arc GIS tool. Results of the study showed that, the mean annual soil loss of the watershed was 18.69 ton ha-1 year-1 ranging from 0 to 131.21. More than 75% of the watershed have soil loss greater than 20 ton ha-1 year-1 and only 25% of the area have soil loss less than 10 ton ha-1 year-1 .On the bases of mean annual soil loss SW-4, SW-6 and SW-7 were under slight (0-10 ton ha-1 year-1) erosion severity level, while the remaining SW-2, SW-3 and SW-8 were under moderate (10-20 ton ha-1 year-1) level. And SW-1 was in high (20-30 ton ha-1 year-1) erosion severity level, where as SW-5 and SW-9 were found in very high (>30 ton ha-1 year-1) erosion severity level. Since large area of the watershed has soil loss more than tolerable level (11 ton ha-1 year-1) attention should be given to identify erosion hot spot areas to minimize the on-site and off-site problems. Therefore, the study suggested that for effective watershed management and soil conservation planning, these sub-watershed priorities should be used in the watershed.
Evapotranspiration partitioning components in an irrigated winter wheat field...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The arid and semi-arid regions constitute roughly one third of the total earth’s surface. In these regions water scarcity is one of the main limiting factors for economic growth. The impact of such water scarcity is amplified by inefficient irrigation practices, especially since about 85% of available water is used for irrigation in these regions. Therefore, a sound and efficient irrigation practice is an important step for achieving sustainable management of water resources in these regions. In this regard, a better understanding of the water balance is essential to explore water-saving techniques. In the context CRP project, experimental setups were conceived to monitor seasonal water consumption on the wheat crop irrigated by flood irrigation in Sidi Rahal station (middle of morocco. The partitioning of evapotranspiration compounds shows that transpiration dominates the evaporation about 68 % for three days (22, 23 and 24 February 2012). In addition the wheat absorbs the soil water from 10 cm to 20 cm (90%) at this growing stage according to the multiple-source mass balance assessment.
Hospital patients' emotions are influenced by their experiences. Examining the possible impacts of a queue management system on patient satisfaction in emergency hospital waiting areas was the aim of the current study. Process engineering or plain queue management techniques like demand control, queue prioritization, or staffing the emergency department are generally used to address the problem of emergency room congestion (ED). Standing in line is a necessary and inevitable part of daily life. But you can do something pleasurable with the time you waste standing in lines. E-queue aspires to reinvent the experience of standing in line by offering a practical, thorough, and pleasurable replacement. A thorough queue management system that tracks people in lines and provides real-time data on the amount of time patients must wait to see their doctors or nurses is one method of resolving this issue. Thus, patients can make better use of the time they would otherwise squander waiting in line by using e-Queue. Numerous queuing-related concerns were taken into consideration while analyzing the current queuing systems. In order to give patients important queuing information, E-Queue combines the usage of a Smartphone application, a cloud-based database, and information sharing over the internet. In addition, it offers hospitals the chance to effectively control their wait times.
In 2012-2017, the activity of bacteria, ray fungi and microscopic fungi from microorganisms was studied in field experiments with the aim of studying the effect of micronutrients on the productivity of winter wheat in moderately eroded gray mountain-brown soils. The regularity of the activity of the microorganisms that play a major role during the vegetation period of wheat was studied. It was found that the micronutrients given to the soil increased the activity of groups of microorganisms in all variants of the experiment. Thus, the effect of micronutrients on the activity of bacteria was greater. Likewise, micronutrients also increased the activity of fungi and fungi. has increased. The activity of bacteria and fungi has increased. Also, does this group of microorganisms develop better, especially in conditions without humidity? From these 5-6 years of research carried out by us, we can draw the conclusion that microelements significantly revive the microbiological process in eroded soils, as a result of which decomposition and synthesis of decay in the soil is significantly improved, and the process of humus formation is accelerated.
Antimicrobial activity of Lactobacillus spp. especially (L. planetarium and L. acidophilus) against S. aureus were tested using agar-plug, agar well diffusion methods to select the best isolate that could inhibit the growth of multidrug resistance isolates. Further identification for the presence of bacteriocin was done using ELISA kit. Results showed that Lactobacillus spp isolates were bacteriocin producers with different degrees and that L. planetarium (L7) was the most efficient in bacteriocin production. Therefore, L. planetarium (L7) was selected for purification using 70% saturated ammonium sulfate and gel chromatography. The effect of purified bacteriocin was tested on 16 bacterial isolates using micro-titer plate method and well diffusion method. The results showed the ability of the bacteriocin to inhibit bacteria only at concentrations 1866U/ml (50%), 3732U/ml (100%) with a diameter of inhibition zones ranges between (11-23 mm) respectively. The anti-biofilm activity of purified bacteriocin at concentration 100% was investigated and the results showed that biofilm formation was reduced by 100% in the presence of bacteriocin.
Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) belongs to the solanaceae which is one of commercial crop produced mainly in northern and central rift valley areas of Ethiopia. It is affected by many biotic and abiotic factors especially fungal diseases mainly powdery mildew is the main challenging factor on tomato production in irrigated agriculture. Powdery mildew (Leveillula taurica) is a major pathogen of tomato. The experiment was conducted at Debre Zeit Agricultural Research Centre in 2020/21 using Galilae tomato variety. Mascot (Metalaxyl 8% + Mancozeb 64% WP) was used as test product and Ridomol gold 68% was used at standard check. High progress was observed on control, while lower were obtained on treated plots by Mascot (Metalaxyl 8% + Mancozeb 64% WP) and Ridomil gold 68WP. More diseased leaf number (5.70) were observed on control, conversely more healthy leaf were found from treated plots by Ridomil gold 68 WP and mascot (Metalaxyl 8% + Mancozeb 64% WP). Good yield 18 t/ha is obtained on Ridomil gold 68% WP. Good yield advantage 13.5 t/kg is obtained from Ridomil gold 68% WP and Mascot has revealed 13 t/ha. Higher AUDPC; about 395% has been obtained on control, while lowest were 165% and 170% from mascot (Metalaxyl 8% + Mancozeb 64% WP) and Ridomil gold 68% WP, respectively. Plots treated with mascot (Metalaxyl 8% + Mancozeb 64% WP) and Ridomil gold 68% WP have showed lowest TDS 4.00% and 5.00%. Variation in powdery mildew infection rate due to the prevention level of the treatment was clearly observed with this regards; fungicides appropriate for the environment need to be tested to use as alternative fungicide and reduce the fungicide resistance.
Staphylococcus aureusis a major hospital and community pathogen that is attributed to a wide variety of infections in humans and bio film production is one of the most important virulence factors of S. aureus that contributes to its multiple drug resistance. Therefore, searching for a valuable alternative to the used antibiotics is considered an important goal for study. For this reason one hundred and fifty different clinical samples were collected from various clinical sources and healthcare workers in Al-Imame in Al-Kadhimae in Medical City,Al-Numan Teaching Hospital, Medical City/Teaching laboratories and Central Child Teaching Hospital during the period from1/10/2020to 1/2/2021 in Baghdad City. Isolates were identified by conventional methods (cultural, microscopic and biochemical tests) in addition to the identification by the VITEK® 2Compact, and fifty isolates were recorded as Staphylococcus aureus.
Rainwater harvesting (RWH) considering as a technique system is being exploited of the variance topographic nature of the earth's surface, such as the use of valleys, depressions and oases , or through the berms or small dams from stone or cisterns building , to collect then reserve and store rainwater and floods during winter periods in various ways that differs in the purpose of collecting them depending on their rainfall rates and reuse when needed, whether for drinking, supplementary agricultural irrigation or to feed groundwater. Iraq in general and Nineveh Governorate in particular have been experiencing severe environmental conditions in the past two years, (2020/2021) & (2021/2022), and the most important of which is the rainfall lowing and the increasing demographic growth offset by significant water consumption, so as to ensure continued food production, increased irrigation projects have become urgent. Iraq is one of the countries that suffers from water scarcity in general and the amount of rainfall ranges (99.8 billion cubic meters/year) fluctuating and irregular distribution, so it requires investing this quantity and managing its use rationally by the system of rainwater harvesting .Northern of Iraq, including Nineveh Governorate is characterize by cereal winter crops production by depends mainly on rain fall to produce winter crops such as Wheat and Barley by rainfed agriculture method with rain requirements of more than (400mm/year), the rate of rainfall for a period (1970-2011) reached (170.3 mm/year).The rainy season in Nineveh Governorate extends from November to the end of May with fluctuating falls and small amounts that do not meet the needs of agricultural crops. This current study was prepared to activate the potential for harvesting rainwater for agricultural uses in the rain-fed areas prevailing in Nineveh Governorate. The agricultural system in semi-dry areas, including Nineveh Governorate, suffers from drought due to lack of rain and lack of yield in winter crops, including wheat and barley, which attracts the attention of researchers and stakeholders in finding a strategic solution to this problem, which lies in the activation of rainwater harvesting techniques, which is an integrated system for water management in rain lands in semi-dry areas to meet the lack of water need for agricultural crops. This system includes facilitating the flow of rainwater through canyons according to the decline of the land towards depressions, valleys and water basins prepared for this purpose to conduct supplementary irrigation with sprinkler irrigation techniques to activate the productivity of agricultural crops ,improve the performance capacity of rainfed farming systems, sustain green cover, reduce biodiversity extinction and address the problem of environmental drought to achieve agricultural sustainability.
Clinical examinations demonstrated that many probiotic strains (Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB)) can inhibit Helicobacter pylori infection so that when patients were treated with probiotics, Helicobacter pylori were diminished. So probiotics used as helpful in the treating of Helicobacter pylori infection. Various studies support the hypothesis that probiotics inhibit Helicobacter pylori growth owing to the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and/or bacteriocins. These studies have been carried out mostly in vitro. High lactic acid-producer strains of Lactobacillus were shown to decrease Helicobacter pylori density in the stomach. The release of bacteriocins active against Helicobacterpylori has been studied chiefly in Lactobacillus. The supernatant of a culture of Lactobacillus acidophilus was shown to inhibit both the urease activity and growth of Helicobacter pylori free or adherent to epithelial cells. The properties of LAB, decreasing the luminal pH through the creation of unpredictable short chain unsaturated fats (SCFA) like acidic, lactic or propionic corrosive. Rendering particular supplements inaccessible to pathogens, decreasing the redox capability of the luminal condition, producing hydrogen peroxide under anaerobic conditions and/or creating particular inhibitory mixes like bacteriocins.
Within the framework of the theory of plane steady filtration of an incompressible fluid according to Darcy’s law, two limiting schemes modeling the filtration flows under the Joukowski tongue through a soil massive spread over an impermeable foundation or strongly permeable confined water bearing horizon are considered.
In 2012-2017, the activity of bacteria, ray fungi and microscopic fungi from microorganisms was studied in field experiments with the aim of studying the effect of micronutrients on the productivity of winter wheat in moderately eroded gray mountain-brown soils. The regularity of the activity of the microorganisms that play a major role during the vegetation period of wheat was studied. It was found that the micronutrients given to the soil increased the activity of groups of microorganisms in all variants of the experiment. Thus, the effect of micronutrients on the activity of bacteria was greater. Likewise, micronutrients also increased the activity of fungi and fungi. has increased. The activity of bacteria and fungi has increased. Also, does this group of microorganisms develop better, especially in conditions without humidity? From these 5-6 years of research carried out by us, we can draw the conclusion that microelements significantly revive the microbiological process in eroded soils, as a result of which decomposition and synthesis of decay in the soil is significantly improved, and the process of humus formation is accelerated.
Biosurfactants which are amphiphilic compounds synthesized from microorganisms and plants have properties such as low toxicity and high biodegradability and are great alternatives in domestic and industrial uses. A lot of research has gone into production, characterization and uses of biosurfactants because of its eco-friendly properties in remediation of the environment. Crude oil and its products causes deleterious harm to the environment which needs to be cleaned up with environmentally friendly substances such as biosurfactants, so as not to cause more harm to the environment in the bid to get it cleaned up. Biosurfactants are cheaply available because the substrates used in their production are low cost and readily available. Biosurfactants display an accomplished and well-ordered application in various ways such as food, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, petroleum and agricultural industries. This review describes synthetic and biosurfactants classification, mechanism of action and applications. It also focuses on organisms that produce biosurfactants and why they do.
In this age of digitization and automation, the usage of the internet has invaded every part of our lives. It provides a space for wirelessly connected, programmable devices via a network infrastructure, or "internet of things" (IoT). An IoT-based smart home is proposed in this study. The smart house can be controlled manually or automatically thanks to the technology. The relay mode and the mode selector, which can be used to choose the mode, are the two main components of the proposed system. Hardware implementation can be used to test the proposed system effectively. It may be automatically controlled with a virtual switch through an Android app. When the manual mode is selected, the automated mode is turned off, and vice versa.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
1. UJRRA │Volume 2│Issue 1│Jan-Mar 2023 Page | 44
Article Type: Research Article Available online: www.tmp.twistingmemoirs.com ISSN: 2583-7214
COTTON PLANT OF MUGHAN – SALYAN ECONOMIC
DISTRICT ANCIENT WATERED TUND USED
UNDERNEATHEFFECT OF EROSION PROCESS ON
AGROCHEMICAL INDICATORS AND STRUCTURE-
AGGREGATE COMPOSITION OF GRAY-GRASS SOILS
*Prof. Z.H.Aliyev
*Institute of soil science and Agrochemistry of ANAS, Azerbaijan
ABSTRACT
The changes happening in the structural-aggregate composition and agrochemical indications of
soil on separate genetic layers of the dark gray-meadow soils profile have been determined on the
basis of the field-soil and cameral-laboratory materials performed in the experimental area of the
zone of state Sort-Test Station in the part of the Salyan district in the structure of Mughan-Salyan
economic region. The agrochemical indications and structural-aggregate composition in the
experimental area were studied as a result of the analysis of the soil samples taken from genetic
layers of the section with structural-aggregate composition and agrochemical indices in the
experimental area. An amount of the dry and wet atructural-aggregate particles larger than 0.25
mm, and also humus, nitrogen phosphorus which are basic-fertility indices on genetic layers of
Dark-grey-meadow soils was investigated. A result of the laboratory analyzes rendered that the
humus quantity on the upper layer of the section was 3.6% and it gradually decreases towards the
lower layers. It is 1.8%. An amount of total nitrogen gradually decreases towards lower layers and
changes by 0.113-0.225%. The highest index (0.225%) is at the first layer, the lowest indication
(0.113%) is in the last layer. A sum of dry structural particles more than 0.25 mm is 97.9-98.75%,
but a sum of the wet structural particles changes by 75.00-81.68%. A sum of the dry structural
oarticles more than 0.25 mm doesn`t differ in the separate genetic layers of profile, the lowest
index (97.49%) was observed at the first layer, the highest index (98.75%) at the second layer, but
in the wet structural particles the lowest index is (75.00%) at the last layer, the highest index
(81.18) is at the first layer.
Keywords: soil, section, dark-grey-meadow, humus, nitrogen, structure.
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Name: Prof. Z.H.Aliyev
Affiliation: Institute of Soil Science and Agrochemistry of ANAS, Baku, Azerbaijan
Email: zakirakademik@mail.ru
TMP UNIVERSAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND REVIEW ARCHIVES
VOLUME 2 │ISSUE 1│YEAR 2023│JAN - MAR 2023
RECEIVED DATE REVISED DATE ACCEPTED DATE
15/12/2022 31/01/2023 27/02/2023
2. COTTON PLANT OF MUGHAN – SALYAN ECONOMIC DISTRICT ANCIENT WATERED TUND USED
UNDERNEATHEFFECT OF EROSION PROCESS ON AGROCHEMICAL INDICATORS AND STRUCTURE-
AGGREGATE COMPOSITION OF GRAY-GRASS SOILS
UJRRA │Volume 2│Issue 1│Jan-Mar 2023 Page | 45
INTRODUCTION
The current 1,451million ha of irrigated land under cultivation in Azerbaijan has been subject to
irrigation erosion to one degree or another, due to traditional surface irrigation, and it is a real fact
that it is forced to lose its productivity. So that,.the fact that the territory of Salyan region, which
is our research object, has a flat relief, that the soil and climate conditions are very favorable for
the development of cotton cultivation, and that the Kura River, which is the source of irrigation,
crosses the territory, is one of the regions of Azerbaijan where irrigation agriculture has been
developed since ancient times.caused it to become one.
This historical tradition is continued at the present time. Irrigation works in this region were
carried out spontaneously from the past, irrigation norms and methods were not properly
followed, progressive irrigation methods were not applied.
Therefore, pomegranate particles washed from the fertile upper snows of the beginning
and middle parts of the irrigated lands are deposited in the lower parts of the fields. The cause of
this process is irrigation erosion. Taking this into account, we considered it appropriate to study
irrigation erosion under the cotton plant in Salyan region in 2020-2024.
MATERIAL AND METHOD
The research object is an experimental area located at the base of the Salyan State Sort-Testing
Station in the territory of the Kura Garagashli Village Municipality of the Salyan region.
While determining the degree of soil erosion in the research facility, K.A. The comparative
geographical methodology proposed by Alekbarov 8 was used. Modern methods were used in
the laboratory analysis of soil samples taken from the genetic layers of the planted cuttings: the
amount of humus and total nitrogen - I.V. By Tyurin's method, activated phosphorus (P2O5) – by
Machig's method, absorbed and – D.V. By Ivanov's method, carbonation (CO2) in a calcimeter
device - by Scheibler's method, soil acidity-potentiometric method, structure-aggregate
composition - N.I. Determined according to Savinov.
Analysis And Discussion
The Salyan region, which is the object of the study, is located in the territory of the Mugan-Salyan
economic region, and its administrative territory is formed by the east and north of the Mugan
plain, the north of the Salyan plain and the western part of the South-Eastern Shirvan plain. The
area is located 20-28 m below the ocean level.
In the western part of the territory, the absolute height is minus 20 m, gradually decreases towards
the east and reaches minus 28 m on the coast of the Caspian Sea. The relief of the area was
formed due to the alluvial-proluvial sediments brought by the Kura and Araz rivers on the ancient
terraces of the Caspian Sea.
General background of the areait is dominated by sloping meso- and micro-valleys with weakly
noticeable relief. In the central, western and southern parts of the territory, the relief consists of
alluvial-lacustrine depressions of the Halocene age, and in the Kuryan lowland part, it consists of
terraced alluvial plains of the IV period.
In irrigated lowland areas, climatic parameters - the amount of precipitation and possible surface
evaporation - play an important role in the application of irrigation. Salyan region, where
irrigation is applied, is one of the hottest and driest regions of Azerbaijan. G.A. Hajiyev and V.A.
3. COTTON PLANT OF MUGHAN – SALYAN ECONOMIC DISTRICT ANCIENT WATERED TUND USED
UNDERNEATHEFFECT OF EROSION PROCESS ON AGROCHEMICAL INDICATORS AND STRUCTURE-
AGGREGATE COMPOSITION OF GRAY-GRASS SOILS
UJRRA │Volume 2│Issue 1│Jan-Mar 2023 Page | 46
Rahimov 9 distinguished the climate type of temperate-hot semi-desert and dry steppes with
dry summer in the territory of Salyan region.
There are 2 meteorological stations in the region. The climate indicators of these meteorological
stations differ from each other. Meteorological stations of Salyan and Karachala are located in the
west of the region. The eastern part of the territory is drier than the western part. In the western
part of the territory (Salyan), the amount of multi-year average annual precipitation is 283 mm, it
varies between 7-38 mm in individual months. Most of the precipitation falls in winter (85 mm),
spring (81 mm) and autumn (91 mm). The total amount of precipitation in these three seasons is
257 mm, which is 90.81% of the annual precipitation. Summer is very dry. The amount of
precipitation in summer is 26 mm (9.19% of annual precipitation).
The least precipitation occurs in July (7 mm) and August (8 mm), and the most precipitation
occurs in October (37 mm) and November (38 mm). The annual possible evaporation in the area
is 962 mm. The most evaporation is observed in the summer months (June – 144 mm, July – 172
mm, August – 153 mm) and is 469 mm. This is 48.75% of the annual possible evaporation. In
general, the amount of summer precipitation (26 mm) is 443 mm or 17.04 times less than possible
evaporation (469 mm). Compared to precipitation (81 mm in spring and 91 mm in autumn),
surface evaporation is high in spring and autumn, 201 mm in spring and 211 mm in autumn,
which is 120 mm more than precipitation in both spring and autumn.
In the eastern part of the territory (Karachala), the amount of annual precipitation is 261 mm, and
possible evaporation is 974 mm. Here, the main part of precipitation falls in winter (79 mm),
spring (74 mm) and autumn (79 mm), making up 232 mm or 88.89% of the annual precipitation.
Summer is dry. 30 mm or 11.11% of the annual precipitation falls in summer. The highest
evaporation is observed in the summer months (June-145 mm, July-175 mm, August-162 mm)
and is 482 mm or 49.49% of the annual possible evaporation. Surface evaporation is 452 mm or
16.07 times more than the amount of summer precipitation (30 mm).
Compared to precipitation in spring and autumn (74 mm in spring and 79 mm in autumn), surface
evaporation is high and amounts to 212 mm in spring, 204 mm in autumn and 204 mm, which is
138 mm more than precipitation in spring and 125 mm in autumn. Only in winter, the amount of
precipitation (79 mm) was slightly higher than surface evaporation (76 mm). In winter,
precipitation (30 mm) exceeded evaporation (23 mm) only in January. Surface evaporation is
more than precipitation in December and February (25 mm in December and 24 mm in February),
27 mm in December and 26 mm in February. That is, in the eastern part of the Salyan region, the
climate is drier due to the high surface evaporation from the precipitation that falls in 11 months
of the year (from February to December), so artificial irrigation is needed.
Soil and soil-erosion studies were conducted by researchers [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,10,11]
in the territory of
Mugan-Salyan economic district, which includes Salyan district, which is the object of research.
Soil erosion studies in the area were conducted for the first time by Z.H.Aliyev[1].
E.A.Gurbanov [11] in the Mughan plain. In 1981-1983, he studied the characteristics of irrigation
erosion in the irrigated gray-grass, grass-gray and gray-brown soils used under cotton and grain
crops in Bilasuvar and Saatli districts in the foothills of the Mughan plain, and its effects on the
water-physical properties of the soil and plants. studied the effect on productivity as well as soil
leaching. has drawn up maps of the area's surface inclination, resistance to erosion, potential
danger of irrigation erosion, irrigation techniques against erosion on a scale of 1:100,000, and
prepared soil-protecting irrigation techniques taking into account possible leaching.
E.A. Gurbanov chose 4 experimental plots (I, II, III under cotton, IV under winter buckwheat) in
the territory of the collective farm named after Kirov of Bilasuvar region, 2 experimental plots (V
4. COTTON PLANT OF MUGHAN – SALYAN ECONOMIC DISTRICT ANCIENT WATERED TUND USED
UNDERNEATHEFFECT OF EROSION PROCESS ON AGROCHEMICAL INDICATORS AND STRUCTURE-
AGGREGATE COMPOSITION OF GRAY-GRASS SOILS
UJRRA │Volume 2│Issue 1│Jan-Mar 2023 Page | 47
field under cotton, VI under winter wheat) in the territory of the collective farm named after the
XXI Party Congress of Saatli region. Experimental fields were irrigated by furrow (cotton) and
strip (wheat) methods. Irrigation erosion was studied taking into account surface slope, furrow
length and irrigation rate.
The latest results of the scientific-research works conducted by us in the direction of studying the
long-term irrigation erosion in the irrigated lands of different regions of Azerbaijan show that the
water in the irrigated areas If the norms and rules of RMA are not properly followed, the fertile
top layer of the beginning and middle parts of the field is gradually washed away and deposited in
the lower part of the field. In order to prove that irrigation erosion has occurred in the research
object, on September 22, 2021, 1 complete cutting was placed at the end of both the experimental
area and the general area of the State Sort-Testing Station, for agrochemical and agrophysical
analyzes from separate genetic layers of the cutting. soil samples were taken, relevant analyzes
were carried out in the analytical laboratory.
In this article, we will investigate the agrochemical parameters and structural-aggregate
composition of the ancient irrigated dark gray-meadow soils that have not been eroded in the
research object.
In the next research years (2022-2024), additional sections will be placed in the research
facility to determine the degree of erosion of the gray-grass soils in the territory of the State Sort-
Test Area, and the erosion process of the gray-grass soils will be determined. the effect on both
agrochemical and agrophysical indicators will be investigated. As the amount of humus and basic
nutrients (N, P, K) in the soil is high, its fertility is also high, it can seriously resist the destructive
effects of rain and irrigation water, surface washing does not occur, high yield from both
cultivated and wild plants. is taken.
The summary of the chemical analysis of the soil samples taken from the genetic layers of the
cutting and the mathematical calculations of the analysis results is given in table No. 1. We give
an analysis of that table below.
The amount of humus in the upper layer of dark gray-meadow soils, which has been
irrigated since ancient times, is 3.6%, and in the profile of the section, it varies between 1.8-3.6%.
The indicators of humus in separate genetic layers of the profile do not differ sharply from each
other. So, the difference between the indicators of the first (0-21) layer and the second (21-40 cm)
layer is 0.9%, between the second (21-40cm) and the third (40-61cm) is 0.4%, the third (40-61cm)
and the fourth (61-78cm) is 0.5%.
The reason for the slight difference between the indicators of the genetic layers is due to
the ancient irrigation of these lands. The humus in the upper layer migrates to the lower layers
together with water as a solution in rain, snow, and irrigation water that soaks into the soil and
settles there. Gradually, the amount of humus in the lower layers increases.
According to the amount of humus, the amount of total nitrogen fluctuates between
0.225% and 0.113-0.225%, respectively. The amount of phosphorus varies between 18.90-23.33
mg/kg in the 0-61 cm layer of the cut. The amount of phosphorus also decreases gradually from
the upper layer to the lower layers. The amount of phosphorus was the highest (23.33 mg/kg) in
the first layer (0-21 cm), and the least (18.90 mg/kg) was observed in the third layer (40-61 cm).
Soil acidity (pH) varies from 7.83 to 8.09 in the cutting profile. The lowest (7.83) indicator is
observed in the first layer (0-21cm), and the highest indicator (8.09) is observed in the last layer
(61-78cm). The acidity (pH) indicator does not change sharply for individual genetic layers, it
gradually increases slightly from the upper layer to the lower layers. The soil is a weak alkaline
5. COTTON PLANT OF MUGHAN – SALYAN ECONOMIC DISTRICT ANCIENT WATERED TUND USED
UNDERNEATHEFFECT OF EROSION PROCESS ON AGROCHEMICAL INDICATORS AND STRUCTURE-
AGGREGATE COMPOSITION OF GRAY-GRASS SOILS
UJRRA │Volume 2│Issue 1│Jan-Mar 2023 Page | 48
soil. Uneroded, anciently irrigated dark gray-meadow soils are carbonate soils. The amount of
carbonates in the profile of the cut varies from 9.87 to 12.44%.
The total amount of absorbed bases ( and ) in the old, irrigated dark gray-meadow soils that have
not undergone erosion is 26.5-33.00 mg eq. in the profile of the cut. varies between Among the
absorbed bases, calcium cation prevailed and was 15.5-20.5 mg equiv. varying between 58.49-
62.12% of the absorbed bases.
Magnesium cation is much less than calcium cation and makes up 37.88-41.51% of the total
absorbed bases. The structure is one of the most important agrophysical indicators of the soil and
plays an important role in preventing irrigation erosion in irrigated areas. Well-structured soils are
highly resistant to water erosion and prevent soil erosion. According to its structure, dark gray-
meadow soils, which have not been eroded and irrigated since ancient times, occupy an average
position among the soil types common in Azerbaijan and have a ball-like structure.
In 2021, table No. 2 was compiled as a summary of mathematical calculations of the results of dry
and wet structure-aggregate analyzes of soil samples taken from the genetic layers of 1 complete
section placed in the experimental field. Below we give an analysis of the table.
The analysis results of cut No. 1 show that the total of dry structural particles larger than 0.25 mm
in the profile of the cut is 97.49-98.75% for individual genetic layers, and the total of waterproof
wet structural particles is 75.00-81, It varies between 68%. The highest indicator (98.75%) of dry
structure particles was observed in the second layer (21-40cm), and the lowest indicator (97.49%)
was observed in the first layer (0-21cm).
The highest index of waterproof structural particles larger than 0.25 mm (81.68%) is in the first
layer (0-21cm), and the lowest index (75.00%) is in the last-fourth layer (61-78cm).
Dry structure the total number of particles (larger than 0.25 mm) is less in the top layer than in the
bottom three layers, and in the bottom three layers there is no sharp difference in indicators,
almost the same, very slight.
Thus, in the second layer (21-40 cm) it reaches the highest indicator (98.75%), the
indicator of the third layer (40-61 cm) (98.69%) is much lower than the second layer (0.06%), the
indicator of the fourth layer (61-78 cm) (98.42%) is slightly less than the indicators of both the
second and third layer (0.33% less than the indicator of the second layer, 0.27% less than the
indicators of the third layer).
On the contrary, the amount of water-resistant structural particles (larger than 0.25 mm)
gradually decreases from the top layer to the bottom layers.
The total amount of dry structural particles in the first layer (0-21 cm) is 1.26% less than the
second layer (21-40 cm), 1.20% less than the third layer (40-61 cm), and 0.93% less than the
fourth layer (61-78 cm) in this case, the total number of wet structural parts in the first layer was
2.77% more than the second one, 5.67% more than the third one, and 6.68% more than the fourth
one.
6. UJRRA │Volume 2│Issue 1│Jan-Mar 2023 Page | 49
Table 1.Agrochemical parameters of non-eroded, anciently irrigated dark-grey-meadow soils
Serial
number of
the cut
Depth,
in cm
Humus, in
%
Total
nitrogen, in
%
Phosphorus,
in mg/kg
pH CO2,
in %
CaCO3 in
% of CO2
Absorbed base.100g
of soil. main.total
with mgekv
Absorbed
main.total
mgekv-le
Absorbed
main.from total. %-
with
a
C
g
M
a
C
g
M
1
0-21 3,6 0,225 23,33 7,83 4,34 9,87 18,0 11,5 29,5 61,02 38,98
21-40 2,7 0,169 21,10 7,97 4,34 9,87 15,5 11,0 26,5 58,49 41,51
40-61 2,3 0,144 18,90 8,04 4,53 10,30 20,0 12,5 32,5 61,54 38,46
61-78 1,8 0,113 təy.olmay. 8,09 5,47 12,44 20,5 12,5 33,00 62,12 37,88
Table 2.Dry (in velocity) and wet (in denominator) of non-eroding, historically irrigated dark gray-grass soilsstructure-aggregate composition
Serial
number of
the cut
Depth, in
cm
Size of particles in mm, amount in %
1
>7 7-5 5-3 3-1 1-0,5 0,5-0,25 <0,25 >1,0 >0.25
0-21
52
,
8
31
,
73
56
,
11
44
,
6
88
,
20
73
,
5
68
,
17
94
,
3
56
,
9
36
,
5
48
,
13
71
,
2
32
,
18
51
,
2
64
,
58
42
,
89
68
,
81
49
,
97
21-40
88
,
10
44
,
63
40
,
9
73
,
10
35
,
13
43
,
11
00
,
15
02
,
6
28
,
14
47
,
5
00
,
16
66
,
1
09
,
21
25
,
1
63
,
48
62
,
91
91
,
78
75
,
98
40-61
41
,
11
93
,
72
00
,
9
17
,
9
24
,
14
08
,
8
00
,
13
38
,
4
52
,
11
33
,
3
84
,
16
80
,
0
99
,
23
31
,
1
65
,
47
56
,
94
01
,
76
69
,
98
61-78
64
,
8
52
,
74
32
,
11
29
,
6
00
,
8
62
,
6
16
,
16
36
,
5
60
,
15
94
,
3
28
,
15
69
,
1
00
,
25
58
,
1
12
,
42
79
,
92
00
,
75
42
,
98
7. COTTON PLANT OF MUGHAN – SALYAN ECONOMIC DISTRICT ANCIENT WATERED TUND USED
UNDERNEATHEFFECT OF EROSION PROCESS ON AGROCHEMICAL INDICATORS AND STRUCTURE-
AGGREGATE COMPOSITION OF GRAY-GRASS SOILS
UJRRA │Volume 2│Issue 1│Jan-Mar 2023 Page | 50
RESULT
The amount of dry structural particles larger than one mm varies from 89.42 to 94.56% of the
profile length, and from 42.12 to 58.64% with wet structural particles. The highest index of dry
structural particles (94.56%) is in the third layer (40-61cm), the lowest (89.42%) in the first layer
(0-21cm), and the highest in wet structural particles (58.64%) ) was observed in the first layer, the
least (42.12%) in the last layer (61-78cm).
Among the dry structural particles, particles larger than 7 mm prevail and vary between 63.44-
74.52% in the profile. Among wet structural particles, 3-1 mm size particles are dominant and
fluctuate between 13.00-17.68%. Among wet structural particles, the second place is occupied by
particles with a size of 0.5-0.25 mm and the length of the profile increases by 13.48-16.84%.
SI according to the sum of dry and wet structural particles larger than 0.25 mm. Dolgov and P.I.
According to the scale of Bakhtin [12], the ancient irrigated dark gray-meadow soils distributed in
the experimental area have excellent structure.
CONCLUSION
As a result of the field-field and camera-laboratory scientific-research work conducted in the
territory of the State Sort-Test Station of Salyan region, which is the object of research, we have
come to the following conclusions:
1. Due to the fact that the gray-grass lands spread in the territory of Mugan-Salyan economic
region were not used efficiently, they were subjected to the erosion process.
2. The results of the laboratory analysis of soil samples taken from the genetic layers of the
cuttings placed in the remaining part of the territory of the State Sort-Testing Station showed
that dark gray-grass soils, which have been irrigated since ancient times, are spread in the
remaining part of the territory.
3. As a result of improper compliance with irrigation norms and rules, the soil particles of
pomegranate washed from the beginning and middle parts of the field become more fertile
than the beginning and middle part as a result of sedimentation in the remaining part due to
the development of irrigation erosion.
4. The results of dry and wet sieving of soil samples taken from the genetic layers of the
ancient irrigated dark gray-meadow soils spread in the remaining part of the site show that it
has an excellent structure in terms of the sum of dry and wet structural particles larger than
0.25 mm.
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8. COTTON PLANT OF MUGHAN – SALYAN ECONOMIC DISTRICT ANCIENT WATERED TUND USED
UNDERNEATHEFFECT OF EROSION PROCESS ON AGROCHEMICAL INDICATORS AND STRUCTURE-
AGGREGATE COMPOSITION OF GRAY-GRASS SOILS
UJRRA │Volume 2│Issue 1│Jan-Mar 2023 Page | 51
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