This document discusses key challenges facing small island developing economies (SILDEs) related to trade, climate change, and building resilience. It identifies that SILDEs have small populations and limited resources, making them highly open to trade but also vulnerable to external shocks. The document outlines policy options for SILDEs to enhance resilience, such as export and market diversification, improving infrastructure and technological capacity, strengthening domestic and foreign business linkages, investing in human capital, and ensuring good social and political institutions. The conclusion is that while SILDEs face significant challenges, many have achieved growth, and policies can help build resilience if properly implemented.
Global business strategy is influenced by several key global factors. These include access to international markets, trade blocs, methods of international growth like acquisitions and becoming a multinational corporation, and the PEST factors of political, economic, social and technological considerations. Strategic decisions must account for these global realities to determine how competitive a business can be internationally and which new markets to enter or expand into.
Globalization is a process where businesses develop international influence and operate on a global scale, enabled by advances in transportation and telecommunications. It provides both advantages like increased trade, information sharing, and reduced conflict, as well as disadvantages like unemployment, environmental issues, and economic codependence among countries. Internationalization is the process where companies increase involvement in foreign markets by identifying and entering new international markets, bringing benefits such as job creation, investment, and meeting needs, but also risks like supporting undemocratic systems and causing cultural and political issues.
The document discusses globalization and multinational corporations. It describes how globalization is driven by market, cost, government, and competitive factors. It also outlines the size and growth of multinational corporations, their diversity in terms of business models, locations, and organizational structures. The benefits and challenges of multinational investment for both host countries and corporations are presented.
Risk distribution and threats to democracyteppoeskelinen
This document discusses how the distribution of risks in the economy can threaten democracy by narrowing the democratic policy space. It argues that the increasing role of finance has externalized many risks from their originators onto governments and individuals. This has restricted policy options and encouraged antidemocratic tendencies as governments feel compelled to avoid risks materializing. The document calls for analyzing risk distribution through theories of justice and making these political choices around risk more explicit. Remedies proposed include re-regulating finance and shifting power from civil servants back to politicians.
The document discusses various topics related to international business including:
- The key aspects of international business such as trade across borders and enterprises expanding activities globally.
- The differences between domestic and international business including currencies, geographical conditions, legal systems, and political barriers.
- The importance of international business for expansion, managing product lifecycles, accessing new opportunities and technologies, utilizing resources efficiently, and earning foreign exchange.
- Trends in international business like regional trade agreements, developing country trade, air cargo, global production networks, intra-firm trade, and e-commerce.
- Theories of international trade such as mercantilism, absolute cost advantage, and comparative cost advantage.
This document provides an overview of a chapter on governmental influence on trade. It discusses the rationales governments have for influencing trade, including economic reasons like fighting unemployment, protecting infant industries, developing an industrial base, and improving economic relations with other countries. It also discusses non-economic rationales like maintaining essential industries, dealing with unfriendly countries, and maintaining spheres of influence. The objectives of the chapter are explained and examples are given of different government trade policies and their potential effects.
Chapter 1 introduction to globalizationFloreannBasco
This document discusses globalization and defines key terms. It provides 3 definitions of globalization: as a new perspective on relationships with other nations, primarily as an economic process, and as organizations having a global rather than local focus. It also discusses factors driving globalization like cash flowing globally and less market boundaries. Various ways of measuring globalization are presented, including economic, social, and political indexes. Countries are ranked in these categories, with many European nations scoring highly.
Global business strategy is influenced by several key global factors. These include access to international markets, trade blocs, methods of international growth like acquisitions and becoming a multinational corporation, and the PEST factors of political, economic, social and technological considerations. Strategic decisions must account for these global realities to determine how competitive a business can be internationally and which new markets to enter or expand into.
Globalization is a process where businesses develop international influence and operate on a global scale, enabled by advances in transportation and telecommunications. It provides both advantages like increased trade, information sharing, and reduced conflict, as well as disadvantages like unemployment, environmental issues, and economic codependence among countries. Internationalization is the process where companies increase involvement in foreign markets by identifying and entering new international markets, bringing benefits such as job creation, investment, and meeting needs, but also risks like supporting undemocratic systems and causing cultural and political issues.
The document discusses globalization and multinational corporations. It describes how globalization is driven by market, cost, government, and competitive factors. It also outlines the size and growth of multinational corporations, their diversity in terms of business models, locations, and organizational structures. The benefits and challenges of multinational investment for both host countries and corporations are presented.
Risk distribution and threats to democracyteppoeskelinen
This document discusses how the distribution of risks in the economy can threaten democracy by narrowing the democratic policy space. It argues that the increasing role of finance has externalized many risks from their originators onto governments and individuals. This has restricted policy options and encouraged antidemocratic tendencies as governments feel compelled to avoid risks materializing. The document calls for analyzing risk distribution through theories of justice and making these political choices around risk more explicit. Remedies proposed include re-regulating finance and shifting power from civil servants back to politicians.
The document discusses various topics related to international business including:
- The key aspects of international business such as trade across borders and enterprises expanding activities globally.
- The differences between domestic and international business including currencies, geographical conditions, legal systems, and political barriers.
- The importance of international business for expansion, managing product lifecycles, accessing new opportunities and technologies, utilizing resources efficiently, and earning foreign exchange.
- Trends in international business like regional trade agreements, developing country trade, air cargo, global production networks, intra-firm trade, and e-commerce.
- Theories of international trade such as mercantilism, absolute cost advantage, and comparative cost advantage.
This document provides an overview of a chapter on governmental influence on trade. It discusses the rationales governments have for influencing trade, including economic reasons like fighting unemployment, protecting infant industries, developing an industrial base, and improving economic relations with other countries. It also discusses non-economic rationales like maintaining essential industries, dealing with unfriendly countries, and maintaining spheres of influence. The objectives of the chapter are explained and examples are given of different government trade policies and their potential effects.
Chapter 1 introduction to globalizationFloreannBasco
This document discusses globalization and defines key terms. It provides 3 definitions of globalization: as a new perspective on relationships with other nations, primarily as an economic process, and as organizations having a global rather than local focus. It also discusses factors driving globalization like cash flowing globally and less market boundaries. Various ways of measuring globalization are presented, including economic, social, and political indexes. Countries are ranked in these categories, with many European nations scoring highly.
The document discusses various concepts related to global business environment including definitions of multinational, global, international and transnational companies. It also discusses factors that contribute to complexity in global strategic planning and different strategies companies can adopt to compete globally such as cost leadership, differentiation, focus and best cost strategies. The document further elaborates on reasons for competing internationally and factors affecting decisions related to country selection and entry strategies.
The document discusses various aspects of global business environment including the nature of globalization, reasons why companies go global, manifestations of globalization, strategic responses to the environment, competitive environment, and Porter's five forces model for competitive analysis. Specifically, it notes that globalization has integrated developing economies, reduced trade barriers, and allowed companies to compete globally. Companies go global to access new markets, lower costs, and recover R&D expenditures. Globalization is also manifest in areas like privatization, infrastructure resources at international prices, and regional economic blocks. Businesses must respond strategically to opportunities and threats in the dynamic environment. Porter's five forces model is used to analyze industry competition from suppliers, buyers, new entrants, substitutes
Globalization refers to the increasing integration and interdependence of world economies through increased cross-border trade and investment. It includes the globalization of markets, where national markets are merging into a huge global marketplace, and the globalization of production, where companies source goods and services globally to take advantage of lower costs. Global institutions like the WTO, IMF, and World Bank help manage and regulate the global economy. Technological advances in transportation and communication have reduced costs and barriers to global trade and investment. While globalization offers benefits like lower prices and more economic growth, critics argue it can also result in job losses and greater inequality between nations.
This document discusses the global business environment and key considerations for global managers. It covers topics such as regional trading blocs like the European Union, NAFTA, and Asia; political, economic, legal and technological risks faced by global companies; and strategies for managing risks like adaptation, dependency, and hedging against political risks through insurance. Global e-business and the shift toward more knowledge-based work are also transforming the global business landscape.
International forces in business environmentDr.B.B. Tiwari
For IAS, PCS, SSC, IBPS, Bank-PO,RBI, and Other One day Exams
MBA, BBA, M A , M Com
International forces in Business Environment
International Business
Trade
MNCs
Factor's Influencing International Business
Types of Environment: Micro and Macro
Types of Macro Environment:
Foreign Environment
Geographical Environment
Economic Environment
Socio- Cultural Environment
Political Environment
Legal Environment
Technical Environment
Evaluating Benefits and Costs of Globalisationtutor2u
This is a streamed version of a colour coded answer to a past exam question on the economics of globalisation. Each colour in the answer refers to a specific exam skill - knowledge, application, analysis and evaluation. I hope this approach might be interesting to students who want to configure their answer to get high marks in the A level exam. The crucial point is that contextual examples can make a huge different to the quality of your answer.
Waves of change: the shifting insurance landscape in rapid-growth marketsEY
This report from EY:
• Analyzes 21 rapid-growth markets (RGMs) for overall outlook for and attractiveness to insurers
• Develops an opportunity-risk matrix
• Criteria for evaluation:
o Projected insurance premium growth
o Regulatory change
o Macroeconomic volatility
o Potential for liquidity risks
o Corruption risk
Full report available at: http://www.ey.com/GL/en/Industries/Financial-Services/Insurance/EY-Waves-of-change
The document provides an overview of international economics relationships and international trade and development. It discusses the definition of international economics relationships and why countries engage in them. Countries generally participate in international economics relationships through trade, finance, investment, labor/human capital, and science/technology. The document also examines different international trade theories and the role of international trade in economic development. It outlines some benefits and risks of international trade, as well as common trade barriers like tariffs, quotas, subsidies, and embargoes. The World Trade Organization and its role in facilitating international trade is also summarized.
GLOBALIZATION CHAPTER 1 INTERNATIONAL BUSSINES BBA 5TH UOGRashid Gorsi
This document provides an overview of globalization and international business. It discusses the benefits of international business such as increased profits and employment opportunities. However, it also notes hurdles such as differing laws and regulations between countries. Globalization is defined as the interdependence and interrelation of the world economy. Key factors driving globalization include the fall of trade barriers, advances in telecommunications and transportation technologies, and the rise of the internet. Several global institutions that promote globalization are also discussed, including the WTO, IMF, World Bank, and UN.
Globalization refers to the increasing integration of economies around the world through cross-border trade and financial flows. It allows businesses to expand internationally to access new markets, raw materials, lower costs, and talent. While globalization increases productivity and living standards, it also results in job losses and increased competition. For businesses and countries to benefit from globalization, they require an open policy environment, infrastructure, government support, resources and competitiveness. Multinational companies play a major role in globalization by operating in multiple countries.
The Most Challenging economy in Decades Qamar Farooq
This chapter discusses macroeconomic concepts and the factors that influence the stability of an economy. It begins by defining microeconomics as the study of small economic units like individuals and businesses, while macroeconomics examines a nation's overall economy. It then explains the four types of market structures and compares the main economic systems of capitalism, socialism, and mixed economies. The chapter concludes by analyzing how monetary and fiscal policy can be used to manage economic performance and the major global economic challenges faced in the 21st century.
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to global business management including production, marketing, finance, and human resources. It discusses factors in selecting global production locations, scales of operations, make-or-buy decisions, global supply chain management, international marketing strategies, product development challenges, pricing strategies, and international human resource management challenges. Key aspects of international financial management are also summarized such as country risk analysis, sources of funds, and managing foreign exchange rate risk.
This document discusses barriers to economic development in less developed countries and debates around international trade organizations. It examines factors that inhibit development like social conditions, disease, and foreign debt. It also outlines the roles of the IMF and World Bank in providing loans with conditions for reforms. Both organizations face criticism for exacerbating poverty and prioritizing repayments over social spending. The document also considers debates around the benefits and criticisms of free trade and organizations like the WTO.
Risk analysis is a technique used to identify and assess factors that may jeopardize the success of a project or achieving a goal. There are several types of risk that should be analyzed including: political, economic, social, technological, cultural, reputational, natural, and operational risks. Examples of each type of risk are provided such as how changes in political decisions in a host country or shifts in social attitudes can impact a business, and how failures in operations or a lack of understanding of a foreign culture can damage business operations or reputation.
this module describes aout the hr role and Excess of consumption and expenditure over revenue resulting in heavy govt. borrowings.
Growing inefficiency on the use of resources.
Over protection to industries.
Mismanagement of the firm and the economy.
Increase in losses for public sector enterprises.
Various distortion like poor technological development, shortage of foreign exchange and borrowing from abroad.
Low foreign exchange reserves.
Inflation
OCR F585 Economics - Extract 1 - Globalisation and Tradetutor2u
Globalization is a process of increasing economic integration between countries through trade and financial flows. It has led to rising trade as a percentage of GDP for most countries as global supply chains have developed. Smaller and poorer countries like Malawi have seen particularly large increases in trade as a share of their economy, reflecting their specialization in just a few primary exports and dependence on imports. While globalization can boost growth, it also exposes smaller economies to volatility from global markets.
This document provides an overview and outline of key topics in international economics. It introduces international economics as the study of economic interactions between independent nations, noting the increased importance of global trade and financial flows. The main sections are on what international economics encompasses, including the gains from trade, patterns of trade, levels of trade, and international policy issues. International economics has both a trade component focusing on real transactions of goods/resources, and a monetary component concerning financial transactions and exchange rates.
The document discusses globalization and multinational corporations. It defines globalization as increasing global economic interdependence and outlines the key drivers of globalization including market forces, costs, government policies, and competition. It then examines the size and diversity of multinational corporations and why businesses choose to become multinational, such as reducing costs, accessing new markets and government support. The document also explores the impact of multinational investment on both developed and developing host countries.
The document discusses strategies for small island states to compete internationally in agriculture. It argues that they must identify distinctive local products to brand and protect through intellectual property rights. This allows consumers worldwide to identify the genuine product sources. It also describes several commodity clusters that Jamaica has developed successful value chains in, such as coffee, rum, spices and poultry. Through branding, certification, and clustering producers, these chains allow Jamaica to compete globally in niche markets.
Background document on e-agriculture strategies in the ACPNawsheen Hosenally
This document discusses the state of e-Agriculture strategies in ACP countries. It finds that while the importance of e-Agriculture is very high, there has been low understanding and interest in developing e-Agriculture strategies. Some countries have initiated e-Agriculture strategy development processes, but the agricultural sector still lags behind other sectors. The document then reviews e-strategies in health, education, and governance to understand what differences they are making. It provides examples of the status of e-Agriculture strategies in various countries and the challenges faced in developing these strategies. It concludes by recommending orientations, target areas, and actions to strengthen e-Agriculture strategies in ACP countries.
The document discusses various concepts related to global business environment including definitions of multinational, global, international and transnational companies. It also discusses factors that contribute to complexity in global strategic planning and different strategies companies can adopt to compete globally such as cost leadership, differentiation, focus and best cost strategies. The document further elaborates on reasons for competing internationally and factors affecting decisions related to country selection and entry strategies.
The document discusses various aspects of global business environment including the nature of globalization, reasons why companies go global, manifestations of globalization, strategic responses to the environment, competitive environment, and Porter's five forces model for competitive analysis. Specifically, it notes that globalization has integrated developing economies, reduced trade barriers, and allowed companies to compete globally. Companies go global to access new markets, lower costs, and recover R&D expenditures. Globalization is also manifest in areas like privatization, infrastructure resources at international prices, and regional economic blocks. Businesses must respond strategically to opportunities and threats in the dynamic environment. Porter's five forces model is used to analyze industry competition from suppliers, buyers, new entrants, substitutes
Globalization refers to the increasing integration and interdependence of world economies through increased cross-border trade and investment. It includes the globalization of markets, where national markets are merging into a huge global marketplace, and the globalization of production, where companies source goods and services globally to take advantage of lower costs. Global institutions like the WTO, IMF, and World Bank help manage and regulate the global economy. Technological advances in transportation and communication have reduced costs and barriers to global trade and investment. While globalization offers benefits like lower prices and more economic growth, critics argue it can also result in job losses and greater inequality between nations.
This document discusses the global business environment and key considerations for global managers. It covers topics such as regional trading blocs like the European Union, NAFTA, and Asia; political, economic, legal and technological risks faced by global companies; and strategies for managing risks like adaptation, dependency, and hedging against political risks through insurance. Global e-business and the shift toward more knowledge-based work are also transforming the global business landscape.
International forces in business environmentDr.B.B. Tiwari
For IAS, PCS, SSC, IBPS, Bank-PO,RBI, and Other One day Exams
MBA, BBA, M A , M Com
International forces in Business Environment
International Business
Trade
MNCs
Factor's Influencing International Business
Types of Environment: Micro and Macro
Types of Macro Environment:
Foreign Environment
Geographical Environment
Economic Environment
Socio- Cultural Environment
Political Environment
Legal Environment
Technical Environment
Evaluating Benefits and Costs of Globalisationtutor2u
This is a streamed version of a colour coded answer to a past exam question on the economics of globalisation. Each colour in the answer refers to a specific exam skill - knowledge, application, analysis and evaluation. I hope this approach might be interesting to students who want to configure their answer to get high marks in the A level exam. The crucial point is that contextual examples can make a huge different to the quality of your answer.
Waves of change: the shifting insurance landscape in rapid-growth marketsEY
This report from EY:
• Analyzes 21 rapid-growth markets (RGMs) for overall outlook for and attractiveness to insurers
• Develops an opportunity-risk matrix
• Criteria for evaluation:
o Projected insurance premium growth
o Regulatory change
o Macroeconomic volatility
o Potential for liquidity risks
o Corruption risk
Full report available at: http://www.ey.com/GL/en/Industries/Financial-Services/Insurance/EY-Waves-of-change
The document provides an overview of international economics relationships and international trade and development. It discusses the definition of international economics relationships and why countries engage in them. Countries generally participate in international economics relationships through trade, finance, investment, labor/human capital, and science/technology. The document also examines different international trade theories and the role of international trade in economic development. It outlines some benefits and risks of international trade, as well as common trade barriers like tariffs, quotas, subsidies, and embargoes. The World Trade Organization and its role in facilitating international trade is also summarized.
GLOBALIZATION CHAPTER 1 INTERNATIONAL BUSSINES BBA 5TH UOGRashid Gorsi
This document provides an overview of globalization and international business. It discusses the benefits of international business such as increased profits and employment opportunities. However, it also notes hurdles such as differing laws and regulations between countries. Globalization is defined as the interdependence and interrelation of the world economy. Key factors driving globalization include the fall of trade barriers, advances in telecommunications and transportation technologies, and the rise of the internet. Several global institutions that promote globalization are also discussed, including the WTO, IMF, World Bank, and UN.
Globalization refers to the increasing integration of economies around the world through cross-border trade and financial flows. It allows businesses to expand internationally to access new markets, raw materials, lower costs, and talent. While globalization increases productivity and living standards, it also results in job losses and increased competition. For businesses and countries to benefit from globalization, they require an open policy environment, infrastructure, government support, resources and competitiveness. Multinational companies play a major role in globalization by operating in multiple countries.
The Most Challenging economy in Decades Qamar Farooq
This chapter discusses macroeconomic concepts and the factors that influence the stability of an economy. It begins by defining microeconomics as the study of small economic units like individuals and businesses, while macroeconomics examines a nation's overall economy. It then explains the four types of market structures and compares the main economic systems of capitalism, socialism, and mixed economies. The chapter concludes by analyzing how monetary and fiscal policy can be used to manage economic performance and the major global economic challenges faced in the 21st century.
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to global business management including production, marketing, finance, and human resources. It discusses factors in selecting global production locations, scales of operations, make-or-buy decisions, global supply chain management, international marketing strategies, product development challenges, pricing strategies, and international human resource management challenges. Key aspects of international financial management are also summarized such as country risk analysis, sources of funds, and managing foreign exchange rate risk.
This document discusses barriers to economic development in less developed countries and debates around international trade organizations. It examines factors that inhibit development like social conditions, disease, and foreign debt. It also outlines the roles of the IMF and World Bank in providing loans with conditions for reforms. Both organizations face criticism for exacerbating poverty and prioritizing repayments over social spending. The document also considers debates around the benefits and criticisms of free trade and organizations like the WTO.
Risk analysis is a technique used to identify and assess factors that may jeopardize the success of a project or achieving a goal. There are several types of risk that should be analyzed including: political, economic, social, technological, cultural, reputational, natural, and operational risks. Examples of each type of risk are provided such as how changes in political decisions in a host country or shifts in social attitudes can impact a business, and how failures in operations or a lack of understanding of a foreign culture can damage business operations or reputation.
this module describes aout the hr role and Excess of consumption and expenditure over revenue resulting in heavy govt. borrowings.
Growing inefficiency on the use of resources.
Over protection to industries.
Mismanagement of the firm and the economy.
Increase in losses for public sector enterprises.
Various distortion like poor technological development, shortage of foreign exchange and borrowing from abroad.
Low foreign exchange reserves.
Inflation
OCR F585 Economics - Extract 1 - Globalisation and Tradetutor2u
Globalization is a process of increasing economic integration between countries through trade and financial flows. It has led to rising trade as a percentage of GDP for most countries as global supply chains have developed. Smaller and poorer countries like Malawi have seen particularly large increases in trade as a share of their economy, reflecting their specialization in just a few primary exports and dependence on imports. While globalization can boost growth, it also exposes smaller economies to volatility from global markets.
This document provides an overview and outline of key topics in international economics. It introduces international economics as the study of economic interactions between independent nations, noting the increased importance of global trade and financial flows. The main sections are on what international economics encompasses, including the gains from trade, patterns of trade, levels of trade, and international policy issues. International economics has both a trade component focusing on real transactions of goods/resources, and a monetary component concerning financial transactions and exchange rates.
The document discusses globalization and multinational corporations. It defines globalization as increasing global economic interdependence and outlines the key drivers of globalization including market forces, costs, government policies, and competition. It then examines the size and diversity of multinational corporations and why businesses choose to become multinational, such as reducing costs, accessing new markets and government support. The document also explores the impact of multinational investment on both developed and developing host countries.
The document discusses strategies for small island states to compete internationally in agriculture. It argues that they must identify distinctive local products to brand and protect through intellectual property rights. This allows consumers worldwide to identify the genuine product sources. It also describes several commodity clusters that Jamaica has developed successful value chains in, such as coffee, rum, spices and poultry. Through branding, certification, and clustering producers, these chains allow Jamaica to compete globally in niche markets.
Background document on e-agriculture strategies in the ACPNawsheen Hosenally
This document discusses the state of e-Agriculture strategies in ACP countries. It finds that while the importance of e-Agriculture is very high, there has been low understanding and interest in developing e-Agriculture strategies. Some countries have initiated e-Agriculture strategy development processes, but the agricultural sector still lags behind other sectors. The document then reviews e-strategies in health, education, and governance to understand what differences they are making. It provides examples of the status of e-Agriculture strategies in various countries and the challenges faced in developing these strategies. It concludes by recommending orientations, target areas, and actions to strengthen e-Agriculture strategies in ACP countries.
Keynote FAO: E-agriculture - Lessons learnt about ICT4D CIAT
The document provides a 10 year review of the implementation of the World Summit on Information Society's Action Line C7 on ICT Applications for e-agriculture, outlining the origins and definition of e-agriculture, developments over the past 10 years, current and future challenges, and recommendations to advance e-agriculture through improved access, partnerships, technologies, and sustainability. It also describes the global e-Agriculture Community of Practice, a knowledge sharing platform with over 13,000 members from 170 countries.
A baseball player was born in Ontario, CA in May 1984. He was drafted 7th in the 1st round by the Brewers in 2002 and debuted with them in 2005. He has had success in the MLB, including being named an All-Star in 2007, 2009, 2011 and winning the 2011 All-Star MVP, has a family with two children, and his father was also a former MLB baseball player.
The document is a series of repetitive copyright notices for JohnLesko.Biz spanning multiple dates in May 2012. It does not contain any other substantive information beyond asserting the copyright of its content belongs to JohnLesko.Biz.
Advanced literature search skills for agriculture, engineering and the sciencesDiane Clark
This powerpoint describes how the order of precedence can interfere when searching for papers, conference proceedings, reviews, books or book chapters in Scopus, Web of Science and Medline. Advanced search techniques are provided to help find relevant citations in agriculture, engineering and the sciences (STEM).
This document discusses research methodology and includes sections on koinophilia, quantitative and qualitative research methods, population samples, and descriptive and experimental research. It describes quantitative research as converting observations into analyzable data while qualitative research relies on description and narration. The document also differentiates between population parameters that can be measured with statistics from samples and explores descriptive research that never interferes with the field of study versus experimental research that has some degree of control.
Tillage and cultivation are important mechanical soil processes for crop growth. Primary tillage, like plowing, is more aggressive and leaves the soil rough, while secondary tillage works the soil shallowly to level, firm, and control weeds. Common primary tillage implements include moldboard plows and chisel plows, while common secondary tillage implements are disc harrows and cultivators. Tillage machines can be mounted, semi-mounted, or trailed depending on how they attach to tractors.
Economic Environment - International Business - Manu Melwin Joymanumelwin
Economic conditions, economic policies and the economic system are the important external factors that constitute the economic environment of a business. The economic conditions of a country-for example, the nature of the economy, the stage of development of the economy, economic resources, and the level of income, the distribution of income and assets, etc- are among the very important determinants of business strategies.
The major challenges faced by multinational corporations in the context of globalization include inconsistent government policies, underinvestment in human capital and infrastructure, and trade policies that favor developed nations. Specifically, poor macroeconomic policies have led to fiscal instability. Low priority on healthcare and education results in a lack of skilled workers. Insufficient infrastructure like roads and communication isolates countries. Some trade policies, like tariff escalation, discourage value-addition in developing country exports. Strict intellectual property rights also increase technology costs.
The Future of Trade 2022 is the fourth edition of DMCC’s biennial flagship report on the changing nature of global trade. In it, we examine the impact of technology, global economic trends, and geopolitics on the future of trade,
with a focus on trade growth, supply chains, trade finance, infrastructure, and sustainability. The report presents updated scenarios for how trade will develop in 2022 and
beyond, relevant for any reader involved in trade, trade policy, international investment, and the operation of businesses with global value chains.
ENV GLOBAL FORUM OCT 2016 - Opening Session - A. Markandya OECD Environment
This document summarizes the key questions and findings around how natural capital and environmental services have contributed to economic growth in the past and are expected to contribute in the future. It discusses several areas of research on this topic, including the environmental Kuznets curve, weak vs strong sustainability, the resource curse hypothesis, and estimates of the economic costs of climate change. While the contribution of natural capital to past growth is unclear due to lack of data, protecting natural capital is seen as important for sustaining long-term economic growth into the future.
Underpinning the MENA Democratic Transition alexwschulman
The document discusses strategies to improve stability during democratic transitions in the Middle East and North Africa region by increasing resilience to climate, energy, and resource pressures. It provides context on risks from high youth unemployment, inequality, and dependence on vulnerable sectors. It then makes four strategic recommendations: 1) improve resilience to shocks through energy subsidy reform and improved water and food security, 2) economic diversification into resilient industries, 3) build resilient infrastructure, and 4) rationalize external support to focus on stability and development.
This document presents information on trade and economic growth. It discusses how trade promotes growth by enabling more efficient use of resources and access to goods from efficient suppliers. Trade also spurs economic growth and reduces poverty. The document then discusses how trade acts as an engine of economic growth by opening foreign markets, increasing exports and utilization of existing production capacities, and providing more employment opportunities. Specialization and competition from global trade also leads to innovations and efficient use of resources, further fueling growth. The sources, positive and negative effects of economic growth on small and large countries are also examined. The document also discusses trade liberalization, its positive impacts like lower costs and prices, and its potential negative consequences.
The document provides an overview of international business management. It defines international business as commercial transactions that cross national borders and involve two or more countries. It discusses the nature of international business, including involvement of multiple countries and currencies. The objectives of international business are outlined as integrating economies, offering new markets, and facilitating the exchange of ideas, services, and capital globally. The document also examines factors like political systems, economic environments, socio-cultural differences, and the natural/technological landscape that comprise the international business environment.
The document provides an overview of a World Bank report on improving investment climates. It discusses key points made in the report, including that governments should aim to create investment climates that benefit all firms and society. The report emphasizes reducing business costs, addressing gaps between policies and implementation, and tackling issues like corruption. It also discusses the report's perspectives on international rules and standards, and ways the international community can help developing countries improve their investment climates.
The document analyzes constraints to inclusive growth in Zambia based on a report by MCA-Zambia. It finds that low productivity and poor health are binding constraints due to their negative impact on employability. Poor infrastructure, especially in electricity, roads, and water, also constrain private investment and competitiveness. Coordination failures further limit export sophistication. The issues discussed include whether high finance costs, railway transport, exchange rates, and export diversification versus sophistication are truly binding constraints to growth in Zambia.
Slide deck for the Public Lecture by Deshal de Mel on "What's wrong with the Sri Lankan Economy". #1 talk from a series of talks hosted by the Advocata Institute.
Challenges for Asia’s Trade and EnvironmentOlivier Serrat
This document summarizes a presentation on the challenges for Asia's trade and environment. It discusses several key topics: (1) the effects of rapid economic growth and trade expansion in Asia have come at a high environmental cost; (2) trade policy can indirectly influence the environment through economic growth and production, but targeted environmental policies are more effective; and (3) international cooperation will be important to address issues related to trade and the environment, but more research is still needed.
The document discusses several topics related to globalization including its definition, forces driving it, and both positive and negative effects. It also covers international trade, foreign direct investment, protectionism, and the role of the World Bank. Globalization refers to the increasing global integration of economic, political, and cultural systems. The main drivers include improvements in transportation and communication networks as well as liberalization of cross-border trade. Potential benefits include increased economic growth and competition, while risks involve outsourcing jobs and increasing inequality between rich and poor nations.
Tanzania manufacturing: Sector opportunity scan - Part II (2019)aadamali
Sector prioritization to inform selection process, assessing key manufacturing sectors using country-level, sector-specific data, combined with qualitative assessment of each sector’s performance on key competitiveness measures.
A developed country is characterized by industrialization, economic performance, stability, quality of life, good infrastructure, and simple export regulations. Countries can develop by diversifying their industrial base, improving agriculture, and implementing free market strategies. However, market failures and structural issues must be addressed. Economic development models aim to increase savings and investment to lower the capital-output ratio and increase growth.
White Paper: Low cost country sourcing – navigating unchartered opportunitiesGEP
An increasing number of enterprises are developing newer and more innovative procurement strategies to position themselves for supply management success. One such strategy is for businesses to expand their strategic scope beyond familiar shores to capitalize on growing opportunities abroad through Low Cost Country Sourcing (LCCS).
Catalyzing small business engagement in climate change adaptation. Presentation by Lisa Dougherty-Choux and Pieter Terpstra, World Resources Institute.
The document discusses key indicators of a country's macro environment including gross domestic product, GDP deflator, consumer price index, sectoral shares of the economy, savings and investment rates, inflation rates, money supply, foreign trade, foreign exchange reserves, economic infrastructure, and social indicators; it also discusses factors that influence a country's competitiveness globally such as availability of skilled managers, total quality management practices, and treatment of labor.
Rao 3b the role of agriculture in growth & poverty alleviationSizwan Ahammed
The document discusses the role of agriculture in economic growth and poverty alleviation. It notes an apparent paradox where agriculture declines with economic growth, yet neglecting agriculture can stunt growth. It argues that in the early stages of development, faster agricultural growth is complementary to overall economic growth. However, agriculture tends to grow more slowly than the rest of the economy over the long run, implying a structural transformation. The document also examines how agricultural growth can reduce poverty through employment, incomes, and demand. It discusses variations across developing countries and scenarios around income levels, agricultural structures, and technological potentials.
The document discusses market environment factors that affect companies. It describes the macro and micro market environments. The macro environment includes broad economic factors that influence all markets, such as gross domestic product, demographics, employment, taxes, and consumer spending. The micro environment surrounds a specific business and includes suppliers, intermediaries, customers, partners, competitors, and the public. It also provides a case study of Naked Wines, an online wine retailer, and how it ensured a robust supply chain during the COVID-19 pandemic.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against developing mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.
The document announces the SME Best Business Plan Competition 2013 organized by the Small and Medium Enterprises Development Authority. Participants must submit an entry form by June 14th and a business plan by August 15th. Business plans will be assessed based on innovation, research, management, viability, and social impact. The winner of the competition will receive Rs. 100,000, while the first and second runners up will receive Rs. 60,000 and Rs. 40,000 respectively. The objectives are to promote entrepreneurship and reward innovative business plans.
Tweets FARA Regional Youth Workshop on CAADP implementation - Day 2Nawsheen Hosenally
This document summarizes tweets from Day 2 of the FARA Regional Youth Workshop on CAADP. It includes tweets discussing the event, trends from the event (#farayouth, #youth, etc.), and presentations/discussions around engaging youth in agriculture and the CAADP process. Key points included recognizing the potential role of youth, challenges like negative perceptions of agriculture and lack of support, and a draft communiqué calling for full youth empowerment in CAADP implementation.
Tweets FARA Regional Youth Workshop on CAADP implementation - Day 1Nawsheen Hosenally
This document provides a summary of tweets from Day 1 of the FARA Regional Youth Workshop on CAADP in Accra. Key discussion points included:
- Whether youth issues should be cross-cutting or focused on a particular theme
- Recommendations that youth participate in national CAADP task teams
- The need to build youth capacities and skills for agricultural leadership
- Gaps in national youth policies regarding agriculture in various countries
This document describes YPARD, a global platform for young agricultural professionals under age 40. Its goals are to 1) facilitate knowledge exchange among members from different disciplines, professions, ages and regions, 2) broaden opportunities for members to contribute to agricultural policy debates, and 3) promote agriculture among youth. YPARD has over 5,000 members from 146 countries and coordination offices in several African and Asian countries. Benefits of membership include access to funding/job opportunities, networking, and participation in capacity building activities. YPARD works to achieve its goals through online platforms, enabling members' participation in events, and conducting research on declining youth interest in agriculture.
This document summarizes a regional workshop on engaging youth in the implementation of CAADP (Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme). The workshop objectives were to define the best role for youth and propose a strategy for enabling their participation. Participants discussed questions around youth involvement and desired outcomes. Presentations covered developing effective strategies and establishing the youth's fit within the agricultural value chain. Groups then analyzed country policies, gaps in attracting youth, and recommendations to incorporate youth engagement in CAADP and FARA plans and objectives. The workshop aimed to define a strategy for preparing and equipping African youth to contribute to agricultural development goals.
1. The document proposes an organic poultry farming method that was successfully tested on chickens, with no mortalities.
2. The method involves giving the chickens adequate space to roam and forage on a diet of organic feed, herbs, green foliage, and insects.
3. Based on the successful test, the document outlines plans to develop a large-scale organic and eco-friendly farm in Namibia that will produce eggs, citrus, olives, and poultry through organic and sustainable practices.
This document outlines the Forum for Agricultural Research in Africa's (FARA) new strategic plan and medium-term operational plan (MTOP) for 2014-2018. The plan was developed in response to changes in FARA's operating environment and the ending of its previous MTOP in 2013. The new strategy prioritizes visioning Africa's agricultural transformation, developing capacities for change, and creating an enabling policy environment. It defines FARA's core functions and outlines key results around stakeholder engagement, capacity strengthening, and policy support to achieve its goals of reducing food insecurity and poverty through agricultural growth in Africa.
The document discusses the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) framework and country implementation process. It provides an overview of CAADP's vision and goals to improve agricultural productivity, integrate farmers into markets, and improve livelihoods through evidence-based country strategies and investments. It outlines the key steps in the country implementation process, including stakeholder engagement, analysis, development of investment programs, and monitoring. It describes FARA's role in providing technical support through human and institutional capacity building, advocacy, and partnerships to ensure countries benefit from agricultural research and innovation under CAADP.
Summary of findings - e-agriculture strategies in the ACPNawsheen Hosenally
This document summarizes the findings of a study on e-Agriculture policies and strategies in selected ACP and non-ACP countries. The study found that while a few countries like Ghana, Ivory Coast, Rwanda, Mali, Burkina Faso, and Bolivia have initiated e-Agriculture strategies or policies, most ACP countries have not developed or do not understand the need for such strategies. It identifies challenges around stakeholder engagement, infrastructure, and capacity. The document recommends that CTA and partners create task forces, develop policy toolkits, provide awareness and capacity building support, and ensure local leadership and relevance to farmers to help more ACP countries develop effective national e-Agriculture policies
The document summarizes an upcoming meeting organized by CTA to discuss strengthening e-Agriculture strategies in ACP countries. The meeting will bring together participants from government, farmers organizations, private sector, and international organizations to review the need for ICT strategies in agriculture and identify actions to strengthen their formulation and implementation. It will also discuss innovative tools and projects supporting the implementation of these strategies. A preparatory online discussion will identify issues regarding developing inclusive and efficient ICT strategies for agriculture and review existing processes in ACP countries.
Final background report - e-agriculture strategies in ACPNawsheen Hosenally
The document provides a background report on e-Agriculture policies and strategies in selected ACP and non-ACP countries. Some key findings include:
1) Most ACP countries have not developed e-Agriculture strategies, though some initiatives exist in Ghana, Rwanda, Ivory Coast, Mali, and Burkina Faso.
2) Ghana and Rwanda have developed or are developing e-Agriculture strategies, while Ivory Coast recently approved an e-Agriculture policy.
3) Challenges faced include lack of stakeholder involvement, understanding of ICT's role in agriculture, interest in e-Agriculture policies, and collaboration between agriculture and ICT
This document outlines the agenda for a two-day workshop on strengthening e-agriculture strategies in African, Caribbean, and Pacific countries. The workshop included presentations on current ICT policies and initiatives in agriculture, case studies from various countries, and discussions on tools, infrastructure needs, and multi-stakeholder collaboration. Participants also engaged in breakout sessions to discuss how to strengthen the formulation, implementation and evaluation of e-agriculture strategies to ensure inclusion of smallholder farmers, women and youth. The workshop concluded with discussions on challenges, next steps, and identifying potential collaborative actions going forward.
M-Farm provides price information, group selling, and group buying services to farmers in Kenya. However, providing price information faces several challenges, including being underfunded, expensive to deliver, competing with the government, issues with non-standard units, perishability of market data, and difficulty measuring impact. M-Farm also facilitates collective marketing and collective buying to help farmers sell and purchase goods as a group.
This document summarizes CARDI's activities and strategic plans. CARDI is an agricultural research institution established in 1975 serving 12 Caribbean member states. It uses three strategic axes: sustainable science and technology innovation, strategic partnerships, and institutional capacity building. The document discusses how ICTs can enhance agricultural research and knowledge sharing. It outlines CARDI's ICT challenges and early initiatives. Current projects use ICTs like Google Docs and Dgroups to engage stakeholders. CARDI's plans include strengthening ICT infrastructure, policies, and monitoring impact. A project will study ICT uses in roots/tubers and small ruminants value chains to identify models that can be shared across regions.
The document discusses agricultural extension in Jamaica. It notes that Jamaica's agriculture is diverse, with 80% of farmers occupying less than 2 hectares of land. The agriculture sector contributes 5.9% to GDP. There are 120 extension officers. RADA is trying to increase use of ICT like mobile phones and tablets to provide farmers real-time information on topics like weather and best practices. However, there are challenges like the age of farmers and high internet costs. The presentation recommends targeting women and youth to adopt technology and increasing private sector support and ICT infrastructure to drive e-agriculture.
ICT access needs and challenges for agricultural stakeholdersICT access needs and challenges for agricultural stakeholders by Stella Kamuyu Wanjau - EAFF
Satta matka fixx jodi panna all market dpboss matka guessing fixx panna jodi kalyan and all market game liss cover now 420 matka office mumbai maharashtra india fixx jodi panna
Call me 9040963354
WhatsApp 9040963354
KALYAN CHART SATTA MATKA DPBOSS KALYAN MATKA RESULTS KALYAN MATKA MATKA RESULT KALYAN MATKA TIPS SATTA MATKA MATKA COM MATKA PANA JODI TODAY BATTA SATKA MATKA PATTI JODI NUMBER MATKA RESULTS MATKA CHART MATKA JODI SATTA COM INDIA SATTA MATKA MATKA TIPS MATKA WAPKA ALL MATKA RESULT LIVE ONLINE MATKA RESULT KALYAN MATKA RESULT DPBOSS MATKA 143 MAIN MATKA KALYAN MATKA RESULTS KALYAN CHART
japanese language course in delhi near meheyfairies7
Next is the Nihon Language Academy in East Delhi, renowned for its comprehensive curriculum and interactive teaching methods. They boast a faculty of experienced educators with a blend of both Indian and Japanese nationals. The academy provides extensive support for JLPT exam preparation along with personalized tutoring sessions if needed. Nihon Language Academy also arranges exchange programs with partner institutes in Japan, which provides students an opportunity to experience Japanese culture and language first-hand.
Adani Group's Active Interest In Increasing Its Presence in the Cement Manufa...Adani case
Time and again, the business group has taken up new business ventures, each of which has allowed it to expand its horizons further and reach new heights. Even amidst the Adani CBI Investigation, the firm has always focused on improving its cement business.
High-Quality IPTV Monthly Subscription for $15advik4387
Experience high-quality entertainment with our IPTV monthly subscription for just $15. Access a vast array of live TV channels, movies, and on-demand shows with crystal-clear streaming. Our reliable service ensures smooth, uninterrupted viewing at an unbeatable price. Perfect for those seeking premium content without breaking the bank. Start streaming today!
https://rb.gy/f409dk
63662490260Kalyan chart, satta matta matka 143, satta matka jodi fix , matka boss OTC 420, Indian Satta, India matka, matka ank, spbossmatka, online satta matka game play, live satta matka results, fix fix fix satta namber, free satta matka games, Kalyan matka jodi chart, Kalyan weekly final anl matka 420
Unlocking WhatsApp Marketing with HubSpot: Integrating Messaging into Your Ma...Niswey
50 million companies worldwide leverage WhatsApp as a key marketing channel. You may have considered adding it to your marketing mix, or probably already driving impressive conversions with WhatsApp.
But wait. What happens when you fully integrate your WhatsApp campaigns with HubSpot?
That's exactly what we explored in this session.
We take a look at everything that you need to know in order to deploy effective WhatsApp marketing strategies, and integrate it with your buyer journey in HubSpot. From technical requirements to innovative campaign strategies, to advanced campaign reporting - we discuss all that and more, to leverage WhatsApp for maximum impact. Check out more details about the event here https://events.hubspot.com/events/details/hubspot-new-delhi-presents-unlocking-whatsapp-marketing-with-hubspot-integrating-messaging-into-your-marketing-strategy/
SATTA MATKA DPBOSS KALYAN MATKA RESULTS KALYAN CHART KALYAN MATKA MATKA RESULT KALYAN MATKA TIPS SATTA MATKA MATKA COM MATKA PANA JODI TODAY BATTA SATKA MATKA PATTI JODI NUMBER MATKA RESULTS MATKA CHART MATKA JODI SATTA COM INDIA SATTA MATKA MATKA TIPS MATKA WAPKA ALL MATKA RESULT LIVE ONLINE MATKA RESULT KALYAN MATKA RESULT DPBOSS MATKA 143 MAIN MATKA KALYAN MATKA RESULTS KALYAN CHART
➒➌➎➏➑➐➋➑➐➐ Satta Matka Dpboss Matka Guessing Indian Matka Satta Matta Matka KALYAN MATKA | MATKA RESULT | KALYAN MATKA TIPS | SATTA MATKA | MATKA.COM | MATKA PANA JODI TODAY | BATTA SATKA | MATKA PATTI JODI NUMBER | MATKA RESULTS | MATKA CHART | MATKA JODI | SATTA COM | FULL RATE GAME | MATKA GAME | MATKA WAPKA | ALL MATKA RESULT LIVE ONLINE | MATKA RESULT | KALYAN MATKA RESULT | DPBOSS MATKA 143 | MAIN MATKA
➒➌➎➏➑➐➋➑➐➐ Satta Matka Dpboss Matka Guessing Indian Matka KALYAN MATKA | MATKA RESULT | KALYAN MATKA TIPS | SATTA MATKA | MATKA.COM | MATKA PANA JODI TODAY | BATTA SATKA | MATKA PATTI JODI NUMBER | MATKA RESULTS | MATKA CHART | MATKA JODI | SATTA COM | FULL RATE GAME | MATKA GAME | MATKA WAPKA | ALL MATKA RESULT LIVE ONLINE | MATKA RESULT | KALYAN MATKA RESULT | DPBOSS MATKA 143 | MAIN MATKA
SATTA MATKA DPBOSS KALYAN MATKA RESULTS KALYAN CHART KALYAN MATKA MATKA RESULT KALYAN MATKA TIPS SATTA MATKA MATKA COM MATKA PANA JODI TODAY BATTA SATKA MATKA PATTI JODI NUMBER MATKA RESULTS MATKA CHART MATKA JODI SATTA COM INDIA SATTA MATKA MATKA TIPS MATKA WAPKA ALL MATKA RESULT LIVE ONLINE MATKA RESULT KALYAN MATKA RESULT DPBOSS MATKA 143 MAIN MATKA KALYAN MATKA RESULTS KALYAN CHART
➒➌➎➏➑➐➋➑➐➐ Satta Matka Dpboss Matka Guessing Indian Matka Satta Matta Matka KALYAN MATKA | MATKA RESULT | KALYAN MATKA TIPS | SATTA MATKA | MATKA.COM | MATKA PANA JODI TODAY | BATTA SATKA | MATKA PATTI JODI NUMBER | MATKA RESULTS | MATKA CHART | MATKA JODI | SATTA COM | FULL RATE GAME | MATKA GAME | MATKA WAPKA | ALL MATKA RESULT LIVE ONLINE | MATKA RESULT | KALYAN MATKA RESULT | DPBOSS MATKA 143
➒➌➎➏➑➐➋➑➐➐ Satta Matka Dpboss Matka Guessing Indian Matka
KALYAN MATKA | MATKA RESULT | KALYAN MATKA TIPS | SATTA MATKA | MATKA.COM | MATKA PANA JODI TODAY | BATTA SATKA | MATKA PATTI JODI NUMBER | MATKA RESULTS | MATKA CHART | MATKA JODI | SATTA COM | FULL RATE GAME | MATKA GAME | MATKA WAPKA | ALL MATKA RESULT LIVE ONLINE | MATKA RESULT | KALYAN MATKA RESULT | DPBOSS MATKA 143 | MAIN MATKA
➒➌➎➏➑➐➋➑➐➐ Satta Matka Dpboss Matka Guessing Indian Matka
KALYAN MATKA | MATKA RESULT | KALYAN MATKA TIPS | SATTA MATKA | MATKA.COM | MATKA PANA JODI TODAY | BATTA SATKA | MATKA PATTI JODI NUMBER | MATKA RESULTS | MATKA CHART | MATKA JODI | SATTA COM | FULL RATE GAME | MATKA GAME | MATKA WAPKA | ALL MATKA RESULT LIVE ONLINE | MATKA RESULT | KALYAN MATKA RESULT | DPBOSS MATKA 143 | MAIN MATKA
➒➌➎➏➑➐➋➑➐➐ Satta Matka Dpboss Matka Guessing Indian Matka
KALYAN MATKA | MATKA RESULT | KALYAN MATKA TIPS | SATTA MATKA | MATKA.COM | MATKA PANA JODI TODAY | BATTA SATKA | MATKA PATTI JODI NUMBER | MATKA RESULTS | MATKA CHART | MATKA JODI | SATTA COM | FULL RATE GAME | MATKA GAME | MATKA WAPKA | ALL MATKA RESULT LIVE ONLINE | MATKA RESULT | KALYAN MATKA RESULT | DPBOSS MATKA 143 | MAIN MATKA
➒➌➎➏➑➐➋➑➐➐ Satta Matka Dpboss Matka Guessing Indian Matka
3. Read robert
1. Building Resilience in SIDS for
Trade & Climate Change Policies
Robert Read
Lancaster University Management School, UK
2. Key Elements of the Size-Growth
Relationship
Key economic characteristics of small size:
• Small populations – diseconomies of scale/higher costs; limits
on developing large-scale industries, agglomeration and firm
clusters; limited competition.
• Limited Resources – limited natural resources and labour supply
– reliance on human capital-intensive activities instead of
large-scale labour-intensive industrialisation.
• Constrained diversification – a high degree of specialisation in
production and exports.
• Openness to trade – ‘structural’ trade openness, exposure to
exogenous shocks, constrained domestic policy-making.
3. Key Growth Sectors in Small Economies
Empirical analyses of the growth of small economies, notably by
Armstrong & Read, consistently find that three sectors are key to
economic growth success and higher incomes:
• Tourism
• Financial Services
• Natural Resources
The contribution of Manufacturing is consistently insignificant
while a greater dependence upon Agriculture is associated with
significantly lower growth and incomes.
4. ‘Structural’ Openness to Trade in Small
Economies
Small economies are highly open to international trade because
of their limited ability to produce a broad range of goods and
services domestically. This ‘structural’ openness has important
implications:
• Economic growth: trade openness has strong positive growth
effects based upon underlying comparative advantage.
• Growth volatility: more open economies are exposed to greater
volatility in their growth – need for greater resilience.
• Domestic policy-making: openness limits policy autonomy,
particularly with respect to the exchange rate.
5. Structural Sources of Growth Volatility
Openness to trade gives rise to several structural sources of
growth volatility in small economies:
• Export concentration: the high reliance on limited range of
exported goods and services.
• Exposure to export price and earnings volatility: greater
exposure to trade shocks in export prices and earnings.
• Geographic export concentration: reliance on a few key
trading partners with exposure to specific trade shocks.
• Strategic import dependence: high dependency upon
strategic imports and exposure to specific trade shocks.
• Remoteness: greater risk of supply disruption exacerbating
co-ordination and effects of trade shocks.
6. The Impact of Growth Volatility
Large-scale studies of the impact of growth volatility, irrespective
of its causes, find that volatility tends to reduce the long-run
average rate of economic growth, notably because of the
‘negative ratchet’ effect. The adverse growth effects of volatility
tend to be greatest for:
• Low income countries (limited resilience capacity).
• Countries with weak institutional structures and poor
governance.
There is also some degree of correlation between low incomes
and weak institutions/poor governance.
7. Trade Openness & Growth Volatility in
Small Economies
Analyses of the impact of growth volatility on small economies is
more limited but the available evidence (notably, Easterly &
Kraay, 2000; Cavallo, 2007) suggests that:
• Greater trade openness gives rise to greater exposure to
destabilising terms of trade shocks.
• Greater trade openness enhances their growth.
• The stabilising effects of integration with the global economy
more than compensates for the destabilising effects of terms
of trade shocks.
• Reducing openness to limit growth volatility can therefore be
expected to reduce growth and incomes.
8. Policy Remedies for Structural Growth
Volatility
• Export diversification: standard solution to export
concentration and export price and earnings volatility but
highly constrained in small economies. Niche income elastic
exports often have lower price and earnings volatility.
• Export market diversification: improving market
knowledge, marketing and distribution logistics, possibly
aided by inflows of FDI.
• Strategic production and inter-temporal management:
output almost regardless of cost together with effective
supply management (smoothing using stocks).
• Improved infrastructural co-ordination: national or
regional co-operation in transportation logistics.
9. Environmental Vulnerability in Small Island
& Littoral Developing Economies (SILDEs)
Small island and littoral economies are among the most
vulnerable environments to the effects of natural disasters and
the long-term effects of climate change because of their size,
location and topography. Further, developing ones (SILDEs)
probably have the least resource capacity (resilience) to deal with
their consequences. In addition, they tend to specialise in sectors
particularly affected by long-term climate change: agriculture,
fisheries and tourism.
Although it is conceptually difficult to quantify environmental
vulnerability, it is very clear that additional resilience capacity and
policy strategies are required for SILDEs, over and above those
for dealing with economic volatility.
10. The Environmental Vulnerability Index
(EVI), SIDS & SILDEs
The EVI has environmental vulnerability data for 235 states
(www.vulnerability.index.net), classifying them as Extremely Vulnerable
(EV), Highly Vulnerable (HV), Vulnerable (V), At Risk (AR) and
Resilient (R).
• SIDS comprise 20% of states but almost 50% (17/35) classed
as Extremely Vulnerable and 27% (17/62) as Highly Vulnerable.
• SILDEs comprise 19% of states but 29% are Extremely
Vulnerable and 21% Highly Vulnerable.
(SIDS comprise several non-sovereign states included in the
EVI and which tend to be smaller and even more vulnerable.)
11. Regional Patterns of Environmental
Vulnerability in SILDEs
The EVI has three components – Hazards, Risks and Resilience –
only the latter is state-specific. Therefore expect some semblance
of a regional pattern of geology and climatic conditions.
• East Asia & Pacific: 13 states; 5-EV, 4-HV, 3-V, 1-AR.
• Indian Ocean: 4 states; 1-EV; 3-HV.
• Caribbean: 16 states; 4-EV, 6-HV, 1-V, 3-AR, 2-R.
• Sub-Saharan Africa: 11 states; 5-V, 3-AR, 3-R.
This exercise using EVI data suggests that SILDEs in the
Indian and Pacific Oceans are more vulnerable/less resilient
than those in the Caribbean or Sub-Saharan Africa.
12. Growth & Resilience in Small Economies
Resilience refers to the resource capacity of economies to deal
with and ameliorate the impact of their vulnerability to economic
and natural shocks:
• Exposure to growth volatility is expected to be greatest for
economies that have achieved the greatest growth success.
• Specialisation in high growth sectors appears to reduce the
impact of growth volatility.
• Growth success increases resilience capacity.
Growth volatility and resilience capacity is therefore primarily a
critical challenge for poorer less well-managed small economies.
13. Enhancing Resilience:
Improving Technological Capacity
Resilience can be enhanced by developing local capabilities to
close the ‘knowledge gap’ to aid diversification, improve
productivity and increase value added. In the context of climate
change, this includes the incorporation of adaptation and
mitigation technologies into domestic productive activities.
• Specialisation in SILDEs implies a need for only a narrow
range of climate-change related technologies.
• A strong services bias means that SILDEs are generally more
amenable to carbon reduction requirements and climate
change adaptation.
14. Improving Local Technological Capacity
The challenge of enhancing resilience by improving local
technological capacity in small economies is daunting:
• They generally lack critical mass to generate domestic R&D
and their human capital has limited absorptive capacity.
• They primarily rely upon external sources of technology.
• Issue of whether the private sector can perform this role
alone – FDI is a critical potential source of advanced
technology.
• Public/private support: co-operation and transfer of ‘best-
practice’ technology; active government policy to upgrade
technology.
15. Improving Technological Capacity in
Services
Services provides a relatively scale neutral means for
diversification in small economies. A critical distinction needs to
be made between the environmental implication of activities
within the service sector:
• Financial services, data processing and other ICT-based
activities are relatively ‘clean’. They offer high growth
potential and have a high local ‘carrying capacity’, dependent
upon local human capital and support infrastructure (e.g.,
optical fibre links and capacity).
• Tourism – mass tourism in particular – is a prime cause of
environmental degradation and threatens social development
owing to limited ‘carrying capacity’.
16. Enhancing Resilience:
Improving Domestic Linkages
Growth, international competitiveness and resilience can be
enhanced by improving the depth and quality of domestic
linkages – up- and down-stream – to develop local supply chains:
• Raise domestic productivity.
• Increase domestic value added.
• Reduce import dependence.
• Improve the balance of payments position.
• Generate new high value product/export niches.
• Reduce food mileages.
17. Improving Domestic Linkages in
Small Economies
Narrow/shallow economic structures and a lack of absorptive
capacity can severely constrain linkage development in small
economies. Many have also failed to maximise potential linkages,
reflecting institutional and/or policy weaknesses. Linkage
creation is likely to be confined to specific sectors, notably:
• Agriculture: the development of downstream processing to
improve employment and value added. Also diversification
into certified organic production.
• Tourism: often highly import dependent with low levels of
local (retained) value added. The greatest potential linkages
are in local sourcing of food, support services and niche
(handicraft) manufacturing.
18. Enhancing Resilience:
Openness, FDI & Local Linkages
Foreign direct investment (FDI) offers an important additional
means to enhance supply-side capabilities and resilience in small
economies because inflows embody technology, know-how and
market access.
Inflows of FDI to small economies are unexpectedly high given
their size, primarily because of their high openness to trade –
openness to trade and FDI inflows are strongly related. Evidence
suggests that the fundamental policy issue for small economies is
not attracting FDI inflows but rather maximising their local
growth effects.
19. Enhancing Resilience:
Promoting Human Capital Formation
People are small economies’ most important asset. They are the
principal determinant of their international competitiveness and
a key component in building resilience. Human capital formation
through education and training is essential to improve absorptive
capacity and facilitate the assimilation of new technologies. Many
small economies have invested heavily in their human capital but
several critical issues arise:
• High levels of migratory outflows, particularly of key skills.
• High dependence upon worker remittances.
• Need to create appropriate local employment opportunities
to match skill creation to reverse ‘brain drain’ .
• Climate change pressure for further out-migration.
20. Enhancing Resilience:
Improving Social Capital & Governance
Good governance and social capital are key to optimal policy-
making and building resilience capacity generally. Khan (2007)
identifies three key institutional-building and objectives:
• Facilitating rapid and effective market and non-market
transfers of assets and resources to more productive sectors.
• Managing incentives and needs for achieving rapid and
effective productivity improvements through technological
acquisition (innovation or up-grading), enhanced learning and
knowledge absorption.
• Maintaining political stability in a context of rapid social and
economic transformation.
21. Social Capital & Governance in
Small Economies
Arguably, small economies are well-placed with respect to their
social capital and good governance:
• They have a strong sense of identity.
• Many have achieved very high HDI scores.
• Their policy-makers and constituents are in close proximity.
• They must be highly flexible in responding to external growth
opportunities and threats.
• They have limited scope to implement/sustain mis-specified
growth policies.
Small economies however, are not homogenous and some suffer
from internal strife.
22. Achieving Sustainable Growth in
Small Economies
On the plus side is their sectoral structure, generally reliant –with
the exception of some natural resource processing activities – on
‘cleaner’ technologies. This includes crop rather than large-scale
livestock production in agriculture, small manufacturing sectors
and large service sectors although attention needs to be paid to
the ‘carrying capacity’ for tourism. To this can be added bio-
diversity which is a natural resource asset in its own right.
On the negative side are the pressures of social and economic
development on fragile environments susceptible to the long-
term effects of climate change.
23. Concluding Comments
• Small economies face a range of challenges but many have
achieved growth and high incomes.
• Their high ‘structural’ openness to trade and vulnerability to
natural disasters exposes them to greater growth volatility.
• Trade is critical to growth and building resilience capacity.
• Reducing trade openness will reduce growth, incomes and
resilience capacity but increase growth volatility.
• A range of policies may enhance growth, reduce growth
volatility and build resilience capacity, particularly with
respect to environmental vulnerability
• Sustainable development is dependent upon effective policy-
making founded upon social capital and good governance.