The musculoskeletal system includes bones, muscles, and joints. It is composed of 206 bones that support the body, protect organs, and allow for movement through connection to muscles. There are over 600 muscles made of muscle cells that contract and relax, attaching to bones via tendons to enable body part movement. Joints include fixed, semi-movable, and movable types that connect bones and facilitate different ranges of motion.
The skeletal system has five main functions: providing movement through muscle attachment points on bones, supporting the body, protecting organs, making blood cells, and storing minerals. It consists of two main parts - the axial skeleton including the skull and spine, and the appendicular skeleton including the shoulders, arms, hips and legs. Bones come in four basic shapes and have a layered structure of periosteum, compact bone, spongy bone, and bone marrow. Joints allow bones to move and come in both immovable and movable types, including ball-and-socket, hinge, pivot, and gliding joints.
The document summarizes the skeletal, muscular, and integumentary systems of the human body. It describes that the skeletal system provides structure and support through bones and joints. It also outlines the three types of muscle tissue - skeletal, smooth, and cardiac - and how muscles contract. Finally, it discusses the major layers and functions of the skin, hair, and nails as part of the integumentary system.
The document discusses the musculo-skeletal system. It describes how muscles work with bones to enable locomotion through contraction of muscle fibers attached to the skeletal system. The three main types of muscle tissue - skeletal, smooth, and cardiac - are involuntary with distinct locations in the body. Locomotion results from muscle pulling on bones at joints, with ligaments connecting bones.
The document provides information about fractures of the skeletal system. It defines closed and open fractures, noting that open fractures have broken skin and are more prone to infection since the bone is exposed. It advises that if there is an open fracture with a protruding bone, one should call for help immediately while controlling bleeding with steady pressure on the wound until assistance arrives. The summary emphasizes the risks of open fractures and the importance of promptly seeking medical care for open fractures.
This document provides an overview of the muscular system, including the structure and function of muscles. It discusses the three main types of muscles - skeletal, smooth, and cardiac - and describes their characteristics and roles. Skeletal muscles, which are voluntary, enable movement and maintain posture. The major skeletal muscles and their actions are identified. The document also explains how muscles contract and work in pairs to create movement, and describes the roles of fast-twitch and slow-twitch muscle fibers and how they are used in different types of exercise.
The document discusses the three main types of muscles in the human body: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. Skeletal muscles are voluntary muscles that are attached to bones by tendons and allow for movement of bones. Smooth muscles are involuntary and control internal organs. Cardiac muscle is only found in the heart and contracts involuntarily about 70 times per minute. The document also explains how muscles work by contracting and shortening to pull bones, producing thermal energy, and needing exercise to remain large. Muscles and bones work together for movement.
1. The three main types of muscle tissue - skeletal, smooth, and cardiac - all exhibit excitability and the ability to generate action potentials.
2. Skeletal muscle is striated and controls voluntary movement by attaching to bones. Cardiac muscle is only found in the heart and pumps blood, while smooth muscle controls involuntary functions like digestion.
3. Skeletal muscle contractions can be isotonic, involving movement, or isometric, involving tension without movement. Muscle tone maintains low-level contractions for posture and joint stability.
The musculoskeletal system includes bones, muscles, and joints. It is composed of 206 bones that support the body, protect organs, and allow for movement through connection to muscles. There are over 600 muscles made of muscle cells that contract and relax, attaching to bones via tendons to enable body part movement. Joints include fixed, semi-movable, and movable types that connect bones and facilitate different ranges of motion.
The skeletal system has five main functions: providing movement through muscle attachment points on bones, supporting the body, protecting organs, making blood cells, and storing minerals. It consists of two main parts - the axial skeleton including the skull and spine, and the appendicular skeleton including the shoulders, arms, hips and legs. Bones come in four basic shapes and have a layered structure of periosteum, compact bone, spongy bone, and bone marrow. Joints allow bones to move and come in both immovable and movable types, including ball-and-socket, hinge, pivot, and gliding joints.
The document summarizes the skeletal, muscular, and integumentary systems of the human body. It describes that the skeletal system provides structure and support through bones and joints. It also outlines the three types of muscle tissue - skeletal, smooth, and cardiac - and how muscles contract. Finally, it discusses the major layers and functions of the skin, hair, and nails as part of the integumentary system.
The document discusses the musculo-skeletal system. It describes how muscles work with bones to enable locomotion through contraction of muscle fibers attached to the skeletal system. The three main types of muscle tissue - skeletal, smooth, and cardiac - are involuntary with distinct locations in the body. Locomotion results from muscle pulling on bones at joints, with ligaments connecting bones.
The document provides information about fractures of the skeletal system. It defines closed and open fractures, noting that open fractures have broken skin and are more prone to infection since the bone is exposed. It advises that if there is an open fracture with a protruding bone, one should call for help immediately while controlling bleeding with steady pressure on the wound until assistance arrives. The summary emphasizes the risks of open fractures and the importance of promptly seeking medical care for open fractures.
This document provides an overview of the muscular system, including the structure and function of muscles. It discusses the three main types of muscles - skeletal, smooth, and cardiac - and describes their characteristics and roles. Skeletal muscles, which are voluntary, enable movement and maintain posture. The major skeletal muscles and their actions are identified. The document also explains how muscles contract and work in pairs to create movement, and describes the roles of fast-twitch and slow-twitch muscle fibers and how they are used in different types of exercise.
The document discusses the three main types of muscles in the human body: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. Skeletal muscles are voluntary muscles that are attached to bones by tendons and allow for movement of bones. Smooth muscles are involuntary and control internal organs. Cardiac muscle is only found in the heart and contracts involuntarily about 70 times per minute. The document also explains how muscles work by contracting and shortening to pull bones, producing thermal energy, and needing exercise to remain large. Muscles and bones work together for movement.
1. The three main types of muscle tissue - skeletal, smooth, and cardiac - all exhibit excitability and the ability to generate action potentials.
2. Skeletal muscle is striated and controls voluntary movement by attaching to bones. Cardiac muscle is only found in the heart and pumps blood, while smooth muscle controls involuntary functions like digestion.
3. Skeletal muscle contractions can be isotonic, involving movement, or isometric, involving tension without movement. Muscle tone maintains low-level contractions for posture and joint stability.
The document provides information about the three main types of muscle in the human body: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. It summarizes their key characteristics:
- Skeletal muscle is striated, voluntary, and found in the limbs.
- Smooth muscle is not striated, involuntary, and found in internal organs.
- Cardiac muscle is striated, involuntary, and only located in the heart.
The document also outlines the structure, function and locations of various muscles throughout the body like the biceps, triceps, abdominal muscles and muscles that control breathing.
This document provides information about the skeletal muscle system. It discusses the characteristics of muscle tissue including excitability, contractility, extensibility, and elasticity. It also describes the functions of skeletal muscles in producing movement, maintaining posture and temperature. Different muscle fiber types, muscle names, and contraction modes are outlined. The benefits of strength training and ways to train specific muscles through exercises are explained. Finally, the importance of stretching and different stretching techniques are covered.
7th Grade Science "The skeletal and muscular system" kthmchl
This document discusses the skeletal system, including bones, joints, and muscles. It states that bones provide structure, protect organs, allow movement, store minerals, and produce blood cells. Bones are made of three layers including spongy bone marrow, dense compact bone, and a repairing outer layer. Joints connect bones and allow movement, with ligaments and cartilage between bones. Muscles are attached to bones and work in pairs to control voluntary and involuntary movement. There are three main types of muscles: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac.
This document discusses the three main types of muscles in the human body: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles. Skeletal muscles are voluntary muscles that are attached to bones by tendons and allow for movement of the body. Smooth muscles are involuntary and control internal organs. Cardiac muscle is only found in the heart and contracts involuntarily around 70 times per minute each day. The document explains how muscles contract to create movement and require energy from glucose to function properly.
The skeletal and muscular systems work together to support the body, protect organs, and enable movement. The skeletal system is made up of 206 bones that provide structure, protect vital organs, and allow the body to move by working with muscles. The muscular system contains 650 muscles that contract and relax to move bones and hold organs in place. Both systems require proper nutrition and exercise to stay strong and healthy.
The skeleton has four main functions: providing shape, enabling movement, protecting organs, and producing blood cells. It gives the body its shape and allows for movement through joints and muscle attachment. The skeleton protects vital organs like the heart, lungs, and brain. Bone marrow inside bones produces red and white blood cells. There are over 200 bones in the adult body that can be categorized as flat, irregular, or long bones depending on their shape.
The muscular system is composed of three types of muscle tissues: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. Skeletal muscles are voluntary muscles attached to bones that allow movement. They contain striations visible under a microscope. Smooth muscles are involuntary and found within internal organs like the stomach and intestines. They mediate automatic functions. Cardiac muscles are only found in the heart and contract rhythmically to pump blood. The basic contractile unit of muscles is the sarcomere, found within myofibrils bundled together in muscle fibers.
The document discusses the three types of muscle tissue in the human body: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle. Skeletal muscle is voluntary muscle that moves bones and is attached to bones via tendons. Smooth muscle is involuntary and found in internal organs. Cardiac muscle is only located in the heart. The document provides examples of the smallest, largest, longest, and strongest muscles as well as muscle facts about facial expressions and blinking. Diagrams identify major muscles in the arms, legs, and trunk.
The document discusses the human skeleton. It begins by stating that the skeleton is composed of around 300 bones at birth, decreasing to 206 bones in adulthood. It then discusses the main types of bones and how they are divided into the axial and appendicular skeleton. The functions of the skeleton are also summarized, including providing structure, supporting muscles and flesh, and enabling movement. The relationship between bones and muscles is described, noting how muscles help bones move and function. Finally, the document discusses bone movement through joints and different types of muscles like tendons and ligaments.
The skeletal system has several functions including support, protection, movement, mineral storage, and blood cell formation. The skeleton is made up of bones and cartilage, with 206 bones in the adult human. Bones are living tissue made up of cells, protein fibers, and mineral deposits. They develop through ossification and are remodeled throughout life. Joints connect bones and allow movement, with different types including immovable, slightly movable, and freely movable joints. Injuries can damage bones and joints.
The circulatory system carries blood throughout the body via the heart, arteries, veins and capillaries. The heart pumps oxygenated blood into the arteries, which deliver it to the capillaries where oxygen and nutrients are exchanged; deoxygenated blood then returns to the heart via the veins to repeat the cycle. The circulatory system transports blood, nutrients and waste products between tissues and organs.
The skeletal system consists of 206 bones that provide structure, protect organs, allow movement, store minerals, and form blood cells. There are five major functions of the skeleton. Bones are composed of compact bone, spongy bone, marrow, cartilage, and ligaments that connect bones at joints, which can be movable or immovable. The four types of movable joints are pivot, ball and socket, hinge, and gliding joints. Arthritis is a common joint problem that damages joints through conditions like osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.
The human body is made up of a skeleton, muscles, and joints that work together to enable both voluntary and involuntary movement. The skeleton provides structure, protects organs, and allows the body to move at joints. Muscles are attached to bones and allow movement by contracting and relaxing. Key muscles like the deltoids, abdominals, quadriceps, and gemelli help enable actions like raising arms, bending at the waist, running, and walking.
The document discusses key facts about the heart and blood. It states that the heart is located in the middle of the chest and is about the size of a clenched fist. It pumps blood to the lungs and rest of the body through two sides - the right side pumps to the lungs while the left side pumps to the body. The heart is made of special muscle that never gets tired. Blood is red due to hemoglobin, and the amount varies by person from 4-6 liters normally. There are four main blood groups that can be mixed together to differing extents.
The document provides an overview of the fundamentals of anatomy and physiology, covering the main human body systems including skeletal, muscular, digestive, respiratory, nervous, glandular, excretory and reproductive systems. It describes the skeletal system and its functions of providing support, shape, protection and serving as an attachment point for muscles. The muscular system is discussed including the three types of muscles - voluntary, involuntary and cardiac. Key aspects of the respiratory system are outlined such as the role in gas exchange, the two types of respiration and the mechanism of respiration.
This document discusses the major organs and structures of the human body. It explains that muscles contract and relax to pull on bones and help us move. It identifies the brain, heart, and lungs as vital organs that are protected by bones like the skull and ribs. The spine and ribs are located in the torso area of the body. The brain is located in the head and is responsible for thinking.
The document provides information about the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems. It discusses the key roles and functions of the skeletal system, including support, protection, movement, storage, and production of materials. It describes the types of bones, joints, and development of bones. It also covers how to keep the skeletal system healthy through diet, exercise, and avoiding injuries. For the muscular system, it discusses the types of muscles, how muscles work in pairs to facilitate movement, and maintaining muscle health through exercise. Finally, it outlines the basic functions and components of neurons and the nervous system, including the different types of neurons.
The document discusses the three types of muscular tissue: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth. Skeletal muscle is voluntarily controlled and moves bones. Cardiac muscle is only found in the heart and contracts involuntarily. Smooth muscle is located in internal organs and blood vessels and usually contracts involuntarily. Muscular tissue functions to produce movement, stabilize positions, move substances in the body, and generate heat. The properties of excitability, contractility, extensibility, and elasticity enable muscular tissue to function and contribute to homeostasis.
There are three main types of muscle tissue in the human body: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. Skeletal muscle is striated and attached to bones, enabling voluntary movement. Smooth muscle is found in internal organs and blood vessels, allowing involuntary functions. Cardiac muscle is found only in the heart, where it contracts rhythmically to pump blood throughout the body. Muscle contraction occurs via a sliding filament model, where myosin cross-bridges attach and pull actin filaments inward, shortening the sarcomere. Skeletal muscles connect to bones via tendons and work in opposing pairs to leverage bones and create movement around joints.
The document discusses the major human body systems, including:
- The digestive system breaks down food and involves the stomach, intestines, liver and pancreas.
- The skeletal system provides strength and protection and includes bones, joints, and connections like ball-and-socket joints in the shoulders.
- The muscular system controls movement using over 650 muscles connected by tendons to bones.
- The nervous system communicates through the brain, spinal cord and nerve network to control the body.
- The respiratory system brings in oxygen through the lungs and removes carbon dioxide during breathing.
The document discusses the major organ systems of the human body. It describes 10 organ systems: skeletal, muscular, circulatory, respiratory, digestive, nervous, excretory, sensory, and endocrine systems. Each system is comprised of different organs that work together to carry out important functions needed for survival such as movement, breathing, waste removal, and hormone regulation. The skeletal system includes 206 bones that provide structure, support, and protection. The muscular system contains muscles that work with bones to enable movement.
The document provides an overview of the skeletal and muscular systems. It discusses that the skeletal system includes bones, cartilage, joints, ligaments, and tendons that support, protect, and allow movement of the body. It also notes there are over 200 bones in the adult body. The document also outlines the three types of muscle tissue - skeletal, smooth, and cardiac - and their different functions. In summary, the document provides a high-level introduction to the key components and functions of the skeletal and muscular systems.
The document provides information about the three main types of muscle in the human body: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. It summarizes their key characteristics:
- Skeletal muscle is striated, voluntary, and found in the limbs.
- Smooth muscle is not striated, involuntary, and found in internal organs.
- Cardiac muscle is striated, involuntary, and only located in the heart.
The document also outlines the structure, function and locations of various muscles throughout the body like the biceps, triceps, abdominal muscles and muscles that control breathing.
This document provides information about the skeletal muscle system. It discusses the characteristics of muscle tissue including excitability, contractility, extensibility, and elasticity. It also describes the functions of skeletal muscles in producing movement, maintaining posture and temperature. Different muscle fiber types, muscle names, and contraction modes are outlined. The benefits of strength training and ways to train specific muscles through exercises are explained. Finally, the importance of stretching and different stretching techniques are covered.
7th Grade Science "The skeletal and muscular system" kthmchl
This document discusses the skeletal system, including bones, joints, and muscles. It states that bones provide structure, protect organs, allow movement, store minerals, and produce blood cells. Bones are made of three layers including spongy bone marrow, dense compact bone, and a repairing outer layer. Joints connect bones and allow movement, with ligaments and cartilage between bones. Muscles are attached to bones and work in pairs to control voluntary and involuntary movement. There are three main types of muscles: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac.
This document discusses the three main types of muscles in the human body: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles. Skeletal muscles are voluntary muscles that are attached to bones by tendons and allow for movement of the body. Smooth muscles are involuntary and control internal organs. Cardiac muscle is only found in the heart and contracts involuntarily around 70 times per minute each day. The document explains how muscles contract to create movement and require energy from glucose to function properly.
The skeletal and muscular systems work together to support the body, protect organs, and enable movement. The skeletal system is made up of 206 bones that provide structure, protect vital organs, and allow the body to move by working with muscles. The muscular system contains 650 muscles that contract and relax to move bones and hold organs in place. Both systems require proper nutrition and exercise to stay strong and healthy.
The skeleton has four main functions: providing shape, enabling movement, protecting organs, and producing blood cells. It gives the body its shape and allows for movement through joints and muscle attachment. The skeleton protects vital organs like the heart, lungs, and brain. Bone marrow inside bones produces red and white blood cells. There are over 200 bones in the adult body that can be categorized as flat, irregular, or long bones depending on their shape.
The muscular system is composed of three types of muscle tissues: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. Skeletal muscles are voluntary muscles attached to bones that allow movement. They contain striations visible under a microscope. Smooth muscles are involuntary and found within internal organs like the stomach and intestines. They mediate automatic functions. Cardiac muscles are only found in the heart and contract rhythmically to pump blood. The basic contractile unit of muscles is the sarcomere, found within myofibrils bundled together in muscle fibers.
The document discusses the three types of muscle tissue in the human body: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle. Skeletal muscle is voluntary muscle that moves bones and is attached to bones via tendons. Smooth muscle is involuntary and found in internal organs. Cardiac muscle is only located in the heart. The document provides examples of the smallest, largest, longest, and strongest muscles as well as muscle facts about facial expressions and blinking. Diagrams identify major muscles in the arms, legs, and trunk.
The document discusses the human skeleton. It begins by stating that the skeleton is composed of around 300 bones at birth, decreasing to 206 bones in adulthood. It then discusses the main types of bones and how they are divided into the axial and appendicular skeleton. The functions of the skeleton are also summarized, including providing structure, supporting muscles and flesh, and enabling movement. The relationship between bones and muscles is described, noting how muscles help bones move and function. Finally, the document discusses bone movement through joints and different types of muscles like tendons and ligaments.
The skeletal system has several functions including support, protection, movement, mineral storage, and blood cell formation. The skeleton is made up of bones and cartilage, with 206 bones in the adult human. Bones are living tissue made up of cells, protein fibers, and mineral deposits. They develop through ossification and are remodeled throughout life. Joints connect bones and allow movement, with different types including immovable, slightly movable, and freely movable joints. Injuries can damage bones and joints.
The circulatory system carries blood throughout the body via the heart, arteries, veins and capillaries. The heart pumps oxygenated blood into the arteries, which deliver it to the capillaries where oxygen and nutrients are exchanged; deoxygenated blood then returns to the heart via the veins to repeat the cycle. The circulatory system transports blood, nutrients and waste products between tissues and organs.
The skeletal system consists of 206 bones that provide structure, protect organs, allow movement, store minerals, and form blood cells. There are five major functions of the skeleton. Bones are composed of compact bone, spongy bone, marrow, cartilage, and ligaments that connect bones at joints, which can be movable or immovable. The four types of movable joints are pivot, ball and socket, hinge, and gliding joints. Arthritis is a common joint problem that damages joints through conditions like osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.
The human body is made up of a skeleton, muscles, and joints that work together to enable both voluntary and involuntary movement. The skeleton provides structure, protects organs, and allows the body to move at joints. Muscles are attached to bones and allow movement by contracting and relaxing. Key muscles like the deltoids, abdominals, quadriceps, and gemelli help enable actions like raising arms, bending at the waist, running, and walking.
The document discusses key facts about the heart and blood. It states that the heart is located in the middle of the chest and is about the size of a clenched fist. It pumps blood to the lungs and rest of the body through two sides - the right side pumps to the lungs while the left side pumps to the body. The heart is made of special muscle that never gets tired. Blood is red due to hemoglobin, and the amount varies by person from 4-6 liters normally. There are four main blood groups that can be mixed together to differing extents.
The document provides an overview of the fundamentals of anatomy and physiology, covering the main human body systems including skeletal, muscular, digestive, respiratory, nervous, glandular, excretory and reproductive systems. It describes the skeletal system and its functions of providing support, shape, protection and serving as an attachment point for muscles. The muscular system is discussed including the three types of muscles - voluntary, involuntary and cardiac. Key aspects of the respiratory system are outlined such as the role in gas exchange, the two types of respiration and the mechanism of respiration.
This document discusses the major organs and structures of the human body. It explains that muscles contract and relax to pull on bones and help us move. It identifies the brain, heart, and lungs as vital organs that are protected by bones like the skull and ribs. The spine and ribs are located in the torso area of the body. The brain is located in the head and is responsible for thinking.
The document provides information about the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems. It discusses the key roles and functions of the skeletal system, including support, protection, movement, storage, and production of materials. It describes the types of bones, joints, and development of bones. It also covers how to keep the skeletal system healthy through diet, exercise, and avoiding injuries. For the muscular system, it discusses the types of muscles, how muscles work in pairs to facilitate movement, and maintaining muscle health through exercise. Finally, it outlines the basic functions and components of neurons and the nervous system, including the different types of neurons.
The document discusses the three types of muscular tissue: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth. Skeletal muscle is voluntarily controlled and moves bones. Cardiac muscle is only found in the heart and contracts involuntarily. Smooth muscle is located in internal organs and blood vessels and usually contracts involuntarily. Muscular tissue functions to produce movement, stabilize positions, move substances in the body, and generate heat. The properties of excitability, contractility, extensibility, and elasticity enable muscular tissue to function and contribute to homeostasis.
There are three main types of muscle tissue in the human body: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. Skeletal muscle is striated and attached to bones, enabling voluntary movement. Smooth muscle is found in internal organs and blood vessels, allowing involuntary functions. Cardiac muscle is found only in the heart, where it contracts rhythmically to pump blood throughout the body. Muscle contraction occurs via a sliding filament model, where myosin cross-bridges attach and pull actin filaments inward, shortening the sarcomere. Skeletal muscles connect to bones via tendons and work in opposing pairs to leverage bones and create movement around joints.
The document discusses the major human body systems, including:
- The digestive system breaks down food and involves the stomach, intestines, liver and pancreas.
- The skeletal system provides strength and protection and includes bones, joints, and connections like ball-and-socket joints in the shoulders.
- The muscular system controls movement using over 650 muscles connected by tendons to bones.
- The nervous system communicates through the brain, spinal cord and nerve network to control the body.
- The respiratory system brings in oxygen through the lungs and removes carbon dioxide during breathing.
The document discusses the major organ systems of the human body. It describes 10 organ systems: skeletal, muscular, circulatory, respiratory, digestive, nervous, excretory, sensory, and endocrine systems. Each system is comprised of different organs that work together to carry out important functions needed for survival such as movement, breathing, waste removal, and hormone regulation. The skeletal system includes 206 bones that provide structure, support, and protection. The muscular system contains muscles that work with bones to enable movement.
The document provides an overview of the skeletal and muscular systems. It discusses that the skeletal system includes bones, cartilage, joints, ligaments, and tendons that support, protect, and allow movement of the body. It also notes there are over 200 bones in the adult body. The document also outlines the three types of muscle tissue - skeletal, smooth, and cardiac - and their different functions. In summary, the document provides a high-level introduction to the key components and functions of the skeletal and muscular systems.
The document provides an overview of the skeletal and muscular systems. It discusses that the skeletal system includes bones, cartilage, joints, ligaments and tendons. It notes there are 206 bones in the adult human body and more in infants. The document outlines the two parts of the skeletal system, named the axial and appendicular skeletons, and describes the three types of joints. It also summarizes the components and functions of the muscular system, including the three types of muscle tissue.
Human Body Systems types blood vessel mucles and glandscahayagleo
The 11 major human body systems work together to maintain homeostasis. The circulatory system transports oxygen, nutrients, and removes wastes through the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries. The digestive system breaks down food through the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine. The respiratory system intakes oxygen and removes carbon dioxide through the lungs, trachea and nose.
This document describes the key human body systems and their functions. It discusses the digestive system and the process of digestion from mouth to anus. It also outlines the circulatory system including the heart, blood and blood vessels, as well as the three types of circulation. Finally, it summarizes the skeletal, muscular and excretory systems and their roles in supporting movement, structure and waste removal.
The cardiovascular system transports oxygen and nutrients to tissues and removes carbon dioxide and waste. It includes the heart, blood vessels, blood, and lymph. The heart pumps blood through two circuits - pulmonary circulation to the lungs and systemic circulation to the body. Blood transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones and more via plasma while white and red blood cells help fight infection and carry oxygen respectively. Respiration provides oxygen for cellular respiration through the lungs where gas exchange occurs in alveoli surrounded by capillaries.
The document describes the major organs and systems of the human body. It explains that the brain allows us to think and learn, the heart pumps blood through the body, the lungs allow us to breathe and exchange gases, and the stomach and intestines aid in digestion. It also discusses the skeleton, muscles, and changes the body undergoes from childhood to old age.
The skeleton provides shape, support, protection, and allows for movement. It is made up of 206 bones that are divided into flat, irregular, long, and sesamoid bones. Muscles are attached to bones via tendons and work in pairs to enable movement via contraction and relaxation. The heart is a muscle that acts as a dual pump, circulating oxygenated and deoxygenated blood through the body and lungs via a system of valves that ensure blood flows in one direction only.
This document is an interactive slideshow presentation about the main human body systems. It includes slides on the skeletal, muscular, digestive, circulatory, respiratory, excretory, nervous, endocrine and reproductive systems. Each slide provides a brief definition and key details about the functions and components of the respective system. The presentation concludes with a review question to test understanding and a final summary of the main points about each body system.
The human anatomy document summarizes key aspects of the muscular, skeletal, and circulatory systems. It describes that the muscular system is composed of muscle fibers that contract to enable movement. It lists several major muscle groups like the deltoid, flexors, chest, abdominal, quadriceps, and biceps muscles. The skeletal system forms a rigid framework that protects organs and allows movement. It is made up of over 200 bones including the skull, ribs, humerus, and femur. The circulatory system consists of the heart and blood vessels that circulate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood through arteries, veins, and capillaries to supply the entire body with nutrients and remove waste.
Anatomy and physiology details about systems - skeletal system, muscular system its amazing facts, types of muscles, micro and macro structure, sliding filament theory of muscular contractions, types of muscles fibers, respiratory system, its functions, structure, mechanism of respiration details about amazing facts, tidal volume, vital capacity
Skeletal muscle is voluntary muscle that is attached to bones and controls movement. It comprises 40-50% of body weight and there are approximately 650 muscles. Skeletal muscle contracts and relaxes in alternating fashion using ATP to generate movement.
Cardiac muscle is involuntary muscle found only in the heart. It has a striated appearance and coordinates contractions to pump blood through the circulatory system. Cardiac muscle cells connect through intercalated discs to contract in a wave-like pattern.
Smooth muscle is involuntary muscle found in organs and passageways like the stomach, intestines, arteries and veins. It controls involuntary functions like digestion and regulates blood flow. Smooth muscle lacks striations and responds to chemical and neural stimuli for
There are three main types of muscle in the human body - skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle.
Skeletal muscle is striated and voluntary, attaching to bones to enable movement. Cardiac muscle is also striated and found only in the heart, contracting involuntarily to pump blood. Smooth muscle is non-striated and involuntary, surrounding internal organs to aid processes like digestion and blood flow. All three muscle types contract through the sliding filament mechanism of actin and myosin but differ in structure, control, and function.
This document provides an overview of the main human body systems:
- The skeletal system contains 206 bones that protect organs and allow movement. Bones come in long, short, flat, and irregular shapes.
- The digestive system breaks down food through acids, enzymes, and the small intestine so nutrients can be absorbed into blood vessels.
- The nervous system is made up of the brain, spinal cord, and network of nerves. Neurons transmit electrical signals that trigger chemical releases between cells.
- The cardiovascular system includes the heart and network of veins and arteries. The heart pumps blood through the body to supply cells with oxygen and nutrients.
- Muscles make up about 40% of body weight and include over
The musculoskeletal system includes bones, muscles, and joints. It is composed of 206 bones that support the body, protect organs, and allow for movement through connection to muscles. There are over 600 muscles made of muscle cells that contract and relax, attaching to bones via tendons to enable body part movement. Joints include fixed, semi-movable, and movable types that connect bones and facilitate different ranges of motion.
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How to effectively start market research in the health tech industry by defining objectives, crafting problem statements, selecting methods, identifying data collection sources, and setting clear timelines. This guide covers all the preliminary steps needed to lay a strong foundation for your research.
This lays foundation of scoping research project what are the
Before embarking on a research project, especially one aimed at scoping and defining parameters like the one described for health tech IT, several crucial considerations should be addressed. Here’s a comprehensive guide covering key aspects to ensure a well-structured and successful research initiative:
1. Define Research Objectives and Scope
Clear Objectives: Define specific goals such as understanding market needs, identifying new opportunities, assessing risks, or refining pricing strategies.
Scope Definition: Clearly outline the boundaries of the research in terms of geographical focus, target demographics (e.g., age, socio-economic status), and industry sectors (e.g., healthcare IT).
3. Review Existing Literature and Resources
Literature Review: Conduct a thorough review of existing research, market reports, and relevant literature to build foundational knowledge.
Gap Analysis: Identify gaps in existing knowledge or areas where further exploration is needed.
4. Select Research Methodology and Tools
Methodological Approach: Choose appropriate research methods such as surveys, interviews, focus groups, or data analytics.
Tools and Resources: Select tools like Google Forms for surveys, analytics platforms (e.g., SimilarWeb, Statista), and expert consultations.
5. Ethical Considerations and Compliance
Ethical Approval: Ensure compliance with ethical guidelines for research involving human subjects.
Data Privacy: Implement measures to protect participant confidentiality and adhere to data protection regulations (e.g., GDPR, HIPAA).
6. Budget and Resource Allocation
Resource Planning: Allocate resources including time, budget, and personnel required for each phase of the research.
Contingency Planning: Anticipate and plan for unforeseen challenges or adjustments to the research plan.
7. Develop Research Instruments
Survey Design: Create well-structured surveys using tools like Google Forms to gather quantitative data.
Interview and Focus Group Guides: Prepare detailed scripts and discussion points for qualitative data collection.
8. Sampling Strategy
Sampling Design: Define the sampling frame, size, and method (e.g., random sampling, stratified sampling) to ensure representation of target demographics.
Participant Recruitment: Plan recruitment strategies to reach and engage the intended participant groups effectively.
9. Data Collection and Analysis Plan
Data Collection: Implement methods for data gathering, ensuring consistency and validity.
Analysis Techniques: Decide on analytical approaches (e.g., statistical
Basics of Electrocardiogram
CONTENTS
●Conduction System of the Heart
●What is ECG or EKG?
●ECG Leads
●Normal waves of ECG.
●Dimensions of ECG.
● Abnormalities of ECG
CONDUCTION SYSTEM OF THE HEART
ECG:
●ECG is a graphic record of the electrical activity of the heart.
●Electrical activity precedes the mechanical activity of the heart.
●Electrical activity has two phases:
Depolarization- contraction of muscle
Repolarization- relaxation of muscle
ECG Leads:
●6 Chest leads
●6 Limb leads
1. Bipolar Limb Leads:
Lead 1- Between right arm(-ve) and left arm(+ve)
Lead 2- Between right arm(-ve) and left leg(+ve)
Lead 3- Between left arm(-ve)
and left leg(+ve)
2. Augmented unipolar Limb Leads:
AvR- Right arm
AvL- Left arm
AvF- Left leg
3.Chest Leads:
V1 : Over 4th intercostal
space near right sternal margin
V2: Over 4th intercostal space near left sternal margin
V3:In between V2 and V4
V4:Over left 5th intercostal space on the mid
clavicular line
V5:Over left 5th intercostal space on the anterior
axillary line
V6:Over left 5th intercostal space on the mid
axillary line.
Normal ECG:
Waves of ECG:
P Wave
•P Wave is a positive wave and the first wave in ECG.
•It is also called as atrial complex.
Cause: Atrial depolarisation
Duration: 0.1 sec
QRS Complex:
•QRS’ complex is also called the initial ventricular complex.
•‘Q’ wave is a small negative wave. It is continued as the tall ‘R’ wave, which is a positive wave.
‘R’ wave is followed by a small negative wave, the ‘S’ wave.
Cause:Ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization
Duration: 0.08- 0.10 sec
T Wave:
•‘T’ wave is the final ventricular complex and is a positive wave.
Cause:Ventricular repolarization Duration: 0.2 sec
Intervals and Segments of ECG:
P-R Interval:
•‘P-R’ interval is the interval
between the onset of ‘P’wave and onset of ‘Q’ wave.
•‘P-R’ interval cause atrial depolarization and conduction of impulses through AV node.
Duration:0.18 (0.12 to 0.2) sec
Q-T Interval:
•‘Q-T’ interval is the interval between the onset of ‘Q’
wave and the end of ‘T’ wave.
•‘Q-T’ interval indicates the ventricular depolarization
and ventricular repolarization,
i.e. it signifies the
electrical activity in ventricles.
Duration:0.4-0.42sec
S-T Segment:
•‘S-T’ segment is the time interval between the end of ‘S’ wave and the onset of ‘T’ wave.
Duration: 0.08 sec
R-R Interval:
•‘R-R’ interval is the time interval between two consecutive ‘R’ waves.
•It signifies the duration of one cardiac cycle.
Duration: 0.8 sec
Dimension of ECG:
How to find heart rhytm of the heart?
Regular rhytm:
Irregular rhytm:
More than or less than 4
How to find heart rate using ECG?
If heart Rhytm is Regular :
Heart rate =
300/No.of large b/w 2 QRS complex
= 300/4
=75 beats/mins
How to find heart rate using ECG?
If heart Rhytm is irregular:
Heart rate = 10×No.of QRS complex in 6 sec 5large box = 1sec
5×6=30
10×7 = 70 Beats/min
Abnormalities of ECG:
Cardiac Arrythmias:
1.Tachycardia
Heart Rate more than 100 beats/min
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The Ultimate Guide in Setting Up Market Research System in Health-TechGokul Rangarajan
How to effectively start market research in the health tech industry by defining objectives, crafting problem statements, selecting methods, identifying data collection sources, and setting clear timelines. This guide covers all the preliminary steps needed to lay a strong foundation for your research.
"Market Research it too text-booky, I am in the market for a decade, I am living research book" this is what the founder I met on the event claimed, few of my colleagues rolled their eyes. Its true that one cannot over look the real life experience, but one cannot out beat structured gold mine of market research.
Many 0 to 1 startup founders often overlook market research, but this critical step can make or break a venture, especially in health tech.
But Why do they skip it?
Limited resources—time, money, and manpower—are common culprits.
"In fact, a survey by CB Insights found that 42% of startups fail due to no market need, which is like building a spaceship to Mars only to realise you forgot the fuel."
Sudharsan Srinivasan
Operational Partner Pitchworks VC Studio
Overconfidence in their product’s success leads founders to assume it will naturally find its market, especially in health tech where patient needs, entire system issues and regulatory requirements are as complex as trying to perform brain surgery with a butter knife. Additionally, the pressure to launch quickly and the belief in their own intuition further contribute to this oversight. Yet, thorough market research in health tech could be the key to transforming a startup's vision into a life-saving reality, instead of a medical mishap waiting to happen.
Example of Market Research working
Innovaccer, founded by Abhinav Shashank in 2014, focuses on improving healthcare delivery through data-driven insights and interoperability solutions. Before launching their platform, Innovaccer conducted extensive market research to understand the challenges faced by healthcare organizations and the potential for innovation in healthcare IT.
Identifying Pain Points: Innovaccer surveyed healthcare providers to understand their difficulties with data integration, care coordination, and patient engagement. They found widespread frustration with siloed systems and inefficient workflows.
Competitive Analysis: Analyzed competitors offering similar solutions in healthcare analytics and interoperability. Identified gaps in comprehensive data aggregation, real-time analytics, and actionable insights.
Regulatory Compliance: Ensured their platform complied with HIPAA and other healthcare data privacy regulations. This compliance was crucial to gaining trust from healthcare providers wary of data security issues.
Customer Validation: Conducted pilot programs with several healthcare organizations to validate the platform's effectiveness in improving care outcomes and operational efficiency. Gathered feedback to refine features and user interface.
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3. MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
• Musculoskeletal system
gives your body structure,
protection and power.
• The 206 bones of your
skeleton are the body’s
framework.
• The 640 skeletal muscles
produce and control every
movement made by the body.
Aune Greggas
4. • The skull protects the brains.
• The backbone is made of
drum shaped bones.
• The ribs protect heart, lungs,
liver, kidneys and stomach.
• The hip bone and bones in
the feet are good for walking
and bones in the arms and
hands to grasp and to work. Skeleton has 206 bones.
http://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihmisen_luuranko
Skeleton
5. Bones
• The skeleton is made of bones. Bones are
light but very strong. They make ca. 14 % of
the body’s total weight. The deposited
minerals calcium and phosphate make
bones strong.
• The bone structure is not homogenous but
full of holes. They are provided by cress-
crossing struts each angled perfectly to
cope with stresses and strains. The more
exercise and activation the stronger the
bones. If there is lack of calcium or
phosphate in the food, the holes in the
bones will become larger and bones weaker
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/~sjjgsca/MuscleStriated.gif
Diagram of a bone. The
bones are of living material. If
there is too little calcium in the
food, the body begins to use
the calcium in the bones.
6. Bones are living tissue
• The bones are living tissue.
• The bones grow near the
end of the bone. Some
bones have jelly-like bone
marrow.
• In each bone there are
special cells called
osteoblasts that can renew
the bone structure.
If a bone breaks, it
can be healed in a
couple of months.
http://www.foothealthfacts.org/footankleinfo/Bone_Healing.htm
7. Joints
• The bones join to
each other in many
different ways.
• The basic joints
are: shoulder,
elbow, hand, hip,
knee, ankle and
spine.
http://www.scoi.com/sholanat.htm
http://www.scoi.com/elboanat.htm
http://www.scoi.com/handanat.htm
http://www.scoi.com/spinanat.htm
http://www.scoi.com/spinanat.htm
http://www.scoi.com/hip.htm
http://www.scoi.com/kneeanat.htm
http://www.scoi.com/anklanat.htm
8. Tendons
• Tendons are cords that tie a
muscle to a bone or muscle
to another muscle. Most
are rope-like bundles of
fibers.
• Finger movements are also
based on movements in the
forearm connected with
long tendons to the fingers.
Muscles and tendons
in the hand.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand
9. Achilles tendon
• The most known
tendon is Achilles
tendon, which pulls up
the heel at the back.
• Also the toes are
connected to the feet
muscles with long
tendons.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles_tendon
Achilles tendon
10. Ligaments
• Ligaments are cords attached
to bones on either side of a
joint to strengthen it.
• They are made up of bundles of
collagen and a stretchy
substance called elastin.
• Ligaments also support various
organs, including the liver,
bladder and uterus (womb).
Ligaments
connect bones to
other bones to
form a joint. In the
picture ligaments
in the knee.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knee
11. Durability
• When the human
being dies and the
muscles, tendons and
ligaments decay, all
what will be left of her
are the loose bones
and teeth.
TimothyD.Whute,PieterA.Folkens,AcademicPress
12. Cartilage
• Cartilage is a rubbery substance. There are
three different types of cartilage in the body:
• Hyalin cartilage is used in joints between bones
to cushion them against impacts.
• Fibrous cartilage is really tough and it is found
between the bones of the spine and in knee.
• Elastic cartilage is very flexible and it is used in
airways, nose and ears.
13. Muscles
• Muscles are
special fibers
that contract
(tightens) and
relax to move
parts of the
body.
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/~sjjgsca/MuscleStriated.gif
Diagram of a muscle.
14. Flexor and extensor muscles
• Muscles can shorten
themselves, but they
cannot make themselves
longer, so the flexor
muscle that bends a joint
is always paired with an
extensor muscle to
straighten it again.
http://scienceblogs.com/clock/upload/
2006/06/muscle%20contraction.jpg
Muscles can only shorten.
15. Different types of muscles
There are three types of muscles:
• skeletal muscles
• smooth muscles
• cardiac muscles.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle
16. Skeletal muscles 1
• There are 640
skeletal muscles in
the body.
• The skeletal muscles
are voluntary
muscles.
• Most skeletal muscles
are arranged in pairs.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Muscles_anterior_labeled.png
18. Smooth muscles
• Smooth muscles are involuntary muscles. They
work automatically.
• The muscles of intestines are smooth muscles.
They move the food forward in the intestines.
• Even if the smooth muscles cannot be affected
by will, they become slower with depression.
• Caffeine has an opposite effect to the intestine
muscles.
19. Cardiac (heart) muscle
• The cardiac muscle has
muscle cells that work in a
similar way to nerve cells,
transmitting the signals for
muscle contraction to
sweep through it.
• The heart is an involuntary
muscle.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart
Heart
20. Energy production
The energy needed to contract the muscle can
be received by:
• anaerobic alactate energy production
• anaerobic lactate energy production
• aerobic energy production.
21. Anaerobic alactate
• In anaerobic alactate
energy production the
body is using the
adenosine triphosphates
(ATP) which have been
collected to the muscle
cells. Their amount is not
large enough to continue
the work for a long time.
Adenosine triphosphate
(ATP)
22. Anaerobic lactate
• In anaerobic lactate
energy production ATP is
produced from
carbohydrates, glycogen
or glucose. However it
leaves in the body milk
acid which makes that the
muscles become tired and
begin to ach.
Glycogen can storage as
many as 30.000 glucose
units for energy production
in the body.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycogen
23. Aerobic
• In aerobic energy
production the energy (ATP)
is produced from carbon
hydrates, fats and proteins
with the help of oxygen.
• It can continue as long as
there are energy storages
and oxygen. However the
production ability is limited.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walking
24. Aerobic exercise
• Aerobic exercises improve
blood circulation and lower
blood pressure.
• They help in making heart
stronger. By pumping more
blood in the heart they
reduce the risk of heart
attacks. They also increase
the red blood count.
Aerobic
exercises:
- Walking
- Hiking
- Running
- Cycling
- Swimming
- Playing tennis
25. BLOOD CIRCULATION
• Each of the body’s 600
billion cells need
oxygen. They get it
through blood.
• Blood circulates
continuously round
and round the body
through blood vessels.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=ABTvNR59K5Q&feature=player_detailpage
You can look at the video of blood
circulation in YouTube by
MingMingchen
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=ABTvNR59K5Q&NR=1
26. Blood vessels
• Blood vessels are an
intricate series of tubes.
On the other side there
is the heart with its large
veins and arteries and
on the other side there
are small capillary
vessels.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_system
27. Heart
• The heart is a powerful
pump. It is made of a
muscle.
• It has two sides, weaker
right side and stronger
left side.
• Both of them has two
chambers: a ventricle
and an atrium.
Heart
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_system
28. Pulmonary circulation
• In the blood circulation
there are two different
parts. The smaller of them
is the pulmonary
• circulation.
• In it the blood (blue) which comes from
different parts of the body is sent
through the right ventricle and right
atrium to the pulmonary arteries.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_circulation
29. Exchange of gases
• Pulmonary arteries take the blood to the
lungs where the red blood cells give away
carbon dioxide and get oxygen.
• Carbon dioxide is a product of energy
consumption in the body.
• The blood with carbon dioxide is bluish.
When carbon dioxide is changed to oxygen,
the color of the blood becomes red.
30. Systemic circulation
• The larger unit is the systemic circulation.
• In it the blood with high oxygen from the
lungs goes through the left ventricle and left
atrium and from there intrudes with a high
pressure through the aorta and larger arteries
to the heart, to the brain, to the intestines, to
the hands and to the feet and to the muscles
all the way to the most distant
capillary arteries.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capillary
31. Pulse
• The heart pulse is ca. 60-70 times a minute.
• On an average it takes less that 90 seconds for
the blood to circulate through all the blood
vessels in the body.
• If the heart stops, first the cells in the brain and
then the cells all over the body begin to die.
• After some minutes it is not any more possible
to resuscitate a person.
32. Blood
• Blood is the liquid that
circulates around the
body.
• It contains different
types of cells:
• red cells
• white cells
• and platelets.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_blood_cell
There are three different
types of cells in the blood:
red cells, white cells and
platelets.
33. Blood cells
• Red cells are the carriers
of oxygen and carbon
dioxide. They include iron.
• White cells are important
when the body fights
against infections.
• Platelets make blood clots
to stop bleeding.
http://en.wikipedia.org
/wiki/Red_blood_cell
http://en.wikipedia.org/w
iki/Platelet
Red blood cell, platelet
and white blood cell.
Red
blood
cells.
34. Blood groups
There are four
blood groups:
• A, B, AB, O.
• Each one of
them can be
either Rh
positive (+) or
Rh negative (-). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_type
35. HEALTH PROMOTION
• Physical work and physical
training help to keep the
body in a good condition.
• Exercise and low fat food
keep the blood vessels open.
• Also vegetarian food with
plenty of fruits, nuts, seeds
and beans helps in
maintaining good health.
Aune Greggas
36. Main death reasons
• In the western world one of the
most usual death reasons are the
heart and blood vessel diseases.
• Obesity, diabetes and smoking
increases their possibility.
• The possibility for a teen age
smoker to die in heart attack (if he
continues to smoke) is three times
larger than for the nonsmoker.
Mortality rate by a
heart disease seen
according to the
age smoking
started.
Less
than
15
years
old
15
-20
years
Over
20
years
Non
smoker
Hideo Ichiki
37. Smoking and blood circulation
• Nicotine in tobacco
contracts arteries,
especially capillary
arteries.
• Smoking also increases
fat and cholesterol
formation on the walls
of the veins.
Effect of the tobacco smoking to
the temperature of the hand (red
warmest, yellow middle, blue
coldest; smoker to the left,
nonsmoker to the right).
Hideo Ichiki
38. Necrosis as a result of smoking
• Fat and cholesterol
formations in the
veins and the
contraction of arteries
cause that less blood
reaches distant areas
as for example hands
and feet and might
result in necrosis.
Hideo Ichiki
Most of the amputations
done because of the weak
blood circulation in the feet
are made to smokers.
39. Skin wrinkles
• The blood circulation
is also less in the cells
on the skin of the
face.
• A smoker looks much
more older than a
non smoker, because
the smoker has much
more wrinkles.
These are 42 year old twíns?
Which is a smoker and which
do not smoke?
Hideo Ichiki
40. Changes in the veins
• Smoking can be
seen quite
quickly in the
veins.
• The veins of the
smoker collect
much more fat
and they do not
look healthy.
These veins belong to persons who
died in a car accident. The 32 old was a
smoker, the 34 old was a nonsmoker.
Archaive/ETRA-liitto
41. Blood pressure
• The fat cholesterol deposits in the veins and
constriction in the capillary arteries increase
the blood pressure.
• The higher the blood pressure the more
power is needed to get blood to the body.
• Also caffeine and salt increase blood pressure.
• High blood pressure in itself is a danger and
increases heart attacks and strokes.
42. Classification of blood pressure
Category systolic, mmHg diastolic, mmHg
Hypotension < 90 < 60
Normal 90 – 120 and 60 – 80
Prehypertension 121 – 139 or 81 – 89
Stage 1
Hypertension 140 – 159 or 90 – 99
Stage 2
Hypertension ≥ 160 or ≥ 100
43. Exercise
• Exercise is health
promoting.
• Even if the blood
pressure is high while
the exercise continues,
the blood pressure
after the exercise tend
to be lower than
without exercise. Aune Greggas
44. Why smokers are less fit
than non-smokers?
• To achieve peak performance, your heart and
lungs need oxygen-rich blood. When you
inhale tobacco smoke, you introduce carbon
monoxide into your system.
• This decrease in oxygen will reduce your
physical endurance, making it more difficult
for you not only to do well in sports but also
to do everyday things, such as walking up the
stairs or hillsides.
http://my.clevelandclinic.org/healthy_living/smoking/hic_smoking_and_physical_activity.aspx
45. Smokers and decline in fitness
• Decline in physical fitness and lung function
amonghealthy middle aged men was
considerably greater among smokersthan
among nonsmokers and could not be explained
by differencesin age and physical activity.
• Even initial fitness was substantially lower
among 347smokers than among 791 non-
smokers (1349 J/kg v 1618J/kg), as was initial
forced expiratory volume (3341 ml v 3638ml).
http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/311/7007/715
46. Learn to raise heavy things
• Bow your knees
and do the work
with your feet, not
with your back.
http://www2.edu.fi/materiaalipankki/index.php?id=74
47. … to work low in the right way
• Bow your knees
and stay down
when you work
with something
which is low.
http://www2.edu.fi/materiaalipankki/index.php?id=74
48. ... to work on the right height
• Try to arrange
that your working
table is on the
right height.
http://www2.edu.fi/materiaalipankki/index.php?id=74
49. Know your body
• In the human being there are more than 200
bones and 600 muscles. They make about 40
% of the weight of the man. How many of
them do you know by name?
Bones:
· Skull
· Clavicle
· Ribs
· Hip-bone
· Thigh-bone
· Shin-bone and tibia
Muscles:
· Deltoid
· Biceps femoris
· Quadriceps femoris
· Soleus
· Tibialis anterior
· Tibialis posterior
50. Train your body
• Training program can help you to get a better
condition.
• Choose a place where you can run 80 meters.
• Take time and also pulse.
• Write them daily on a paper and look how
your strength and oxygen transport capacity
grows when the training program continues.
51. Active life makes you
happier and healthier.
Do not distroy your health
with tobacco or drugs.
You can decide of your own life!.
AuneGreggas
52. We thank
• The Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Finland
• ADRA Finland, ETRA Association, Finlands Svenska
Adventkyrka, Aune Greggas, Finland
• Scheer Memorial Hospital, Banepa, Kavre, Sundar Thapa,
Uma Thapa, Pratigya Ranjit, UPPP team, Nepal
• Pictures: Wikipedia, Wikimedia, Red Cross (Finland),
Cleveland Clinic, SCOI (Southern California Orthopedic
Institute), UCL (London Global University), American
College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons, Scienceblogs.com,
Hideo Ichiki, MingMingchen, T.D. Whute, P. A. Folkens