Early pregnancy bleeding can have several causes, including abortions, molar pregnancies, and ectopic pregnancies. Abortions are classified as threatened, inevitable, incomplete, complete, missed, or septic depending on symptoms and signs. Molar pregnancies involve abnormal placental development and carry risks of subsequent choriocarcinoma. Ectopic pregnancies implant outside the uterus, most often in the fallopian tubes, and present with vaginal bleeding and pelvic pain. Timely diagnosis and treatment are important to prevent complications like infection, hemorrhage, and infertility.
This document summarizes several common gynaecological emergencies presented in emergency departments. It discusses ectopic pregnancy, miscarriage, dysfunctional uterine bleeding, pelvic inflammatory disease, and ovarian pathology. For each condition, it covers presentations, signs, investigations, management options, and complications. Ectopic pregnancy is a potentially life-threatening condition if not diagnosed early. Miscarriage is common and can be threatened, inevitable, incomplete or complete. Dysfunctional uterine bleeding involves irregular bleeding without identifiable cause. Pelvic inflammatory disease is usually caused by untreated STDs and can lead to infertility. Ovarian cysts and cystadenomas are common cystic masses that may cause pain.
This document discusses types of miscarriage and management options. There are five types of miscarriage based on clinical presentation: threatened, inevitable, incomplete, complete, and missed. Management options depending on the situation include expectant management (watchful waiting), medical treatment using prostaglandins or mifepristone, or surgical treatment like dilation and curettage. Risks of surgical treatment include cervical trauma, subsequent cervical incompetence, uterine perforation and intrauterine adhesions.
Obstetric hemorrhages of the 1st half of pregnancy.pptTARUNKUMAR472866
1. The main causes of hemorrhages in the first half of pregnancy are spontaneous abortion, ectopic pregnancy, and hydatidiform mole.
2. Spontaneous abortions can be threatened, initial, inevitable, complete, incomplete, or missed depending on clinical signs and symptoms.
3. Ectopic pregnancies occur when implantation happens outside of the uterus, most commonly in the fallopian tubes, and can cause life-threatening hemorrhage if ruptured.
4. Hydatidiform mole results in an abnormal conceptus without an embryo or fetus and causes symptoms of vaginal bleeding and elevated hCG levels.
This document discusses hemorrhage in early pregnancy, miscarriage, ectopic pregnancy, and hydatidiform mole. It provides definitions, risk factors, clinical features, management, and pathogenesis for each condition. Key points include:
- Miscarriage (spontaneous abortion) occurs in 10-20% of pregnancies and is often due to fetal chromosomal abnormalities or maternal factors like age. Management depends on severity from expectant to surgical evacuation.
- Recurrent miscarriage is defined as 2 or more losses and can be caused by genetic, endocrine, immune, or inherited factors.
- Ectopic pregnancies implant outside the uterus, most commonly in the fallopian tubes. Risk factors
This document provides information on bleeding in early pregnancy. It defines early pregnancy bleeding as any vaginal bleeding before 20 weeks of gestation. Causes of bleeding include abortion, ectopic pregnancy, molar pregnancy, and cervical lesions. Abortion is described as the termination of pregnancy before 20 weeks or 500g birth weight, and can be spontaneous, threatened, inevitable, incomplete, missed, or septic. Ectopic pregnancy is implantation outside the uterus, usually in the fallopian tubes. Molar pregnancy refers to hydatidiform mole, which is an abnormal proliferation of placental tissue. The document discusses symptoms, signs, management, and complications of various causes of early pregnancy bleeding.
This document summarizes several common gynaecological emergencies presented in emergency departments. It discusses ectopic pregnancy, miscarriage, dysfunctional uterine bleeding, pelvic inflammatory disease, and ovarian pathology. For each condition, it covers presentations, signs, investigations, management options, and complications. Ectopic pregnancy is a potentially life-threatening condition if not diagnosed early. Miscarriage is common and can be threatened, inevitable, incomplete or complete. Dysfunctional uterine bleeding involves irregular bleeding without identifiable cause. Pelvic inflammatory disease is usually caused by untreated STDs and can lead to infertility. Ovarian cysts and cystadenomas are common cystic masses that may cause pain.
This document discusses types of miscarriage and management options. There are five types of miscarriage based on clinical presentation: threatened, inevitable, incomplete, complete, and missed. Management options depending on the situation include expectant management (watchful waiting), medical treatment using prostaglandins or mifepristone, or surgical treatment like dilation and curettage. Risks of surgical treatment include cervical trauma, subsequent cervical incompetence, uterine perforation and intrauterine adhesions.
Obstetric hemorrhages of the 1st half of pregnancy.pptTARUNKUMAR472866
1. The main causes of hemorrhages in the first half of pregnancy are spontaneous abortion, ectopic pregnancy, and hydatidiform mole.
2. Spontaneous abortions can be threatened, initial, inevitable, complete, incomplete, or missed depending on clinical signs and symptoms.
3. Ectopic pregnancies occur when implantation happens outside of the uterus, most commonly in the fallopian tubes, and can cause life-threatening hemorrhage if ruptured.
4. Hydatidiform mole results in an abnormal conceptus without an embryo or fetus and causes symptoms of vaginal bleeding and elevated hCG levels.
This document discusses hemorrhage in early pregnancy, miscarriage, ectopic pregnancy, and hydatidiform mole. It provides definitions, risk factors, clinical features, management, and pathogenesis for each condition. Key points include:
- Miscarriage (spontaneous abortion) occurs in 10-20% of pregnancies and is often due to fetal chromosomal abnormalities or maternal factors like age. Management depends on severity from expectant to surgical evacuation.
- Recurrent miscarriage is defined as 2 or more losses and can be caused by genetic, endocrine, immune, or inherited factors.
- Ectopic pregnancies implant outside the uterus, most commonly in the fallopian tubes. Risk factors
This document provides information on bleeding in early pregnancy. It defines early pregnancy bleeding as any vaginal bleeding before 20 weeks of gestation. Causes of bleeding include abortion, ectopic pregnancy, molar pregnancy, and cervical lesions. Abortion is described as the termination of pregnancy before 20 weeks or 500g birth weight, and can be spontaneous, threatened, inevitable, incomplete, missed, or septic. Ectopic pregnancy is implantation outside the uterus, usually in the fallopian tubes. Molar pregnancy refers to hydatidiform mole, which is an abnormal proliferation of placental tissue. The document discusses symptoms, signs, management, and complications of various causes of early pregnancy bleeding.
The document discusses the differential diagnosis and workup for first trimester bleeding. It describes various types of first trimester pregnancy loss including abortion (spontaneous or induced), ectopic pregnancy, trophoblastic disease, and cervical or vaginal lesions. It provides details on history, examination, investigations, diagnosis and management for each type of early pregnancy bleeding/loss.
An ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg implants somewhere other than the uterus, usually in one of the fallopian tubes. Symptoms can include abdominal or pelvic pain and vaginal bleeding. Risk factors include previous ectopic pregnancy, IUD use, STDs, smoking, and infertility treatments. Diagnosis is made through pelvic exam, transvaginal ultrasound, and blood tests. Treatment options depend on individual factors but may include observation, laparoscopy, laparotomy, or medication. Most women can have normal pregnancies in the future even if a fallopian tube is removed.
This document discusses ectopic pregnancy, which occurs when a fertilized egg implants outside the uterus, most commonly in the fallopian tubes. It defines ectopic pregnancy and outlines the various sites it can occur. It identifies risk factors like STIs, previous pelvic infections or surgeries. Signs and symptoms depend on whether the ectopic pregnancy has ruptured or not. Diagnosis involves blood tests, ultrasound and laparoscopy. Treatment options include expectant management for early, stable ectopics or surgery like salpingectomy if ruptured or unstable. The goal is to resolve the ectopic pregnancy while preserving future fertility when possible.
Abortion is a leading cause of maternal mortality, accounting for 13% of maternal deaths worldwide and 32% in Ethiopia. Complications from unsafe abortion, which is defined as procedures done without proper skills or in unsanitary conditions, can cause severe infections and hemorrhaging. Post-abortion care aims to treat complications from both spontaneous and induced abortions, provide contraceptive services to prevent future unintended pregnancies, and offer counseling and referrals for other health needs. Recurrent spontaneous abortion, defined as 3 or more consecutive early pregnancy losses, can have causes such as chromosomal abnormalities, uterine anomalies, or immunological factors.
This document discusses high risk pregnancies and abnormal pregnancies. It covers various causes of bleeding in early pregnancy like miscarriage, ectopic pregnancy, molar pregnancy and their signs and symptoms. It also discusses disorders caused by or associated with pregnancy like preeclampsia. Other high risk conditions discussed include infections, cardiac/renal problems, fibroids and pelvic abnormalities. Types of miscarriages like threatened, inevitable, incomplete and septic abortions are explained along with their management. Recurrent miscarriages and investigations for their causes are also summarized.
This presentation focuses on common obstetrics emergencies. These include early pregnancy complications such as miscarriages and ectopic pregnancy. As well as abdominal pain. Other include haemorrhage, hypertensive state, and sepsis.
This document defines different types of abortion and provides information about their causes, symptoms, and management. The main types discussed are:
- Spontaneous abortion, which can be threatened, inevitable, complete, incomplete, missed, or septic depending on the progression. Common causes include genetic abnormalities and infections.
- Induced abortion, which is the deliberate termination of a pregnancy. It can be done through medical or surgical means.
- Incomplete abortion occurs when not all pregnancy tissue is expelled, requiring evacuation to prevent complications like bleeding or infection.
- Missed abortion describes a nonviable intrauterine pregnancy where the fetus has died but remains in the uterus. Ultrasound is usually needed to
This document discusses various causes of antepartum hemorrhage (APH), including placenta previa, abruption placentae, and vasa previa. Placenta previa, where the placenta implants in the lower uterine segment, accounts for about one-third of APH cases. Risk factors include advancing maternal age, multiparity, prior cesarean delivery, and smoking. Management depends on gestational age and severity of bleeding, ranging from bed rest to cesarean delivery. Abruptio placentae is the premature separation of a normally implanted placenta and can cause concealed or revealed bleeding. It is associated with increased risks of fetal and maternal complications. Vasa previa
This document discusses various types of ectopic pregnancies. It begins by defining an ectopic pregnancy as implantation outside the uterine cavity, most commonly in the fallopian tubes. It then discusses the signs, symptoms, risk factors, diagnosis and treatment of tubal, abdominal, ovarian, angular, cornual and cervical ectopic pregnancies. Medical treatments include methotrexate, while surgical treatments include laparoscopy or laparotomy to remove the ectopic pregnancy. Complications can include rupture and internal bleeding. The document provides detailed information on the locations, causes and management of different ectopic pregnancy types.
This document provides an overview of ectopic pregnancy. It begins with an introduction defining ectopic pregnancy and reviewing anatomy and physiology related to implantation. It then covers epidemiology, risk factors, clinical presentation, diagnostic tools like beta-hCG and ultrasound, and management options including expectant, medical, and surgical approaches. The focus is on tubal ectopic pregnancy as the most common type. Key points include the discriminatory hCG level for diagnosing ectopic versus intrauterine pregnancy and criteria for medical management with methotrexate versus surgical intervention.
Placenta previa is an abnormal implantation of the placenta in the lower uterus near or over the cervical os. Risk factors include prior c-sections and advanced maternal age. A client with placenta previa may present with painless vaginal bleeding. Ultrasound is used to diagnose placenta previa. Management involves expectant care like bed rest or active management with cesarean delivery.
Induction of labour and prolonged pregnancyHashem Yaseen
Lecture under the tittle (Induction of labour and prolonged pregnancy) presented for the fifth year medical students in faculty if medicine in Mutah University
This document discusses abortion, also known as miscarriage. Abortion is defined as the termination of a pregnancy by removing the fetus or embryo before it can survive outside the uterus. The document covers the incidence, classification, etiology, signs and symptoms, investigations, and management of different types of miscarriages such as threatened, inevitable, incomplete, missed, septic, and recurrent miscarriages. Nursing management involves close monitoring of symptoms and vital signs and notifying the healthcare provider immediately if bleeding is noticed.
1. Abortion is defined as delivery occurring before 28 weeks of gestation and can be spontaneous or induced. Common causes include genetic abnormalities, infection, endocrine or immunological factors.
2. Ectopic pregnancies occur when a fertilized egg implants outside the uterus, most commonly in the fallopian tubes. Rupture of an ectopic pregnancy can be life-threatening due to hemorrhage. Diagnosis is made through symptoms, ultrasound identification of an adnexal mass, and positive beta-hCG tests.
3. Hyperemesis gravidarum is a condition of prolonged, severe nausea and vomiting during pregnancy that can cause dehydration, weight loss, and electrolyte
An ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg implants outside of the uterus, usually in the fallopian tubes. Ectopic pregnancies are not viable and can be life-threatening if the embryo ruptures the fallopian tube, causing internal bleeding. Common symptoms include abdominal pain and vaginal bleeding. Treatment involves either medication with methotrexate or surgery, depending on the severity of the case. Prognosis depends on the treatment method, with fertility rates generally better when only part of the fallopian tube is removed.
This document defines abortion and describes the different types, including spontaneous abortions like threatened, inevitable, incomplete, complete and missed, as well as induced abortions. It discusses the causes of abortion and management approaches for different types, including complications like sepsis. Post-abortion care is also summarized, including counseling, contraception and follow up. Ectopic pregnancy and advanced abdominal pregnancy are briefly covered at the end.
Ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg implants outside the uterus, usually in the fallopian tubes. Risk factors include previous pelvic inflammatory disease, tubal surgery, or an intrauterine contraceptive device. Patients often present with abdominal pain and vaginal bleeding. Diagnosis is confirmed through ultrasound and beta-hCG levels. Treatment depends on severity but may include surgery through laparoscopy or laparotomy, or medication with methotrexate. Location of ectopic pregnancy such as ovaries, abdomen, or cervix determine specific surgical approaches required.
The document summarizes information about early pregnancy disorders, with a focus on molar pregnancies. It describes a case of a 24-year-old woman who is 12 weeks pregnant but experiencing vaginal spotting and passage of vesicles. The most likely diagnosis is a molar pregnancy, as indicated by the enlarged yet doughy uterus and absence of fetal parts. Molar pregnancies can be complete or partial, depending on microscopic features and karyotype. Complete moles have no fetal tissue and usually require suction evacuation and curettage for treatment, with beta-HCG monitoring to watch for persistent trophoblastic disease.
The document defines abortion and discusses its classification, incidence, etiology, and management. It notes that abortion is the expulsion of an embryo or fetus weighing 500 grams or less before 22 weeks of gestation. Abortions are classified as spontaneous, threatened, inevitable, complete, incomplete, missed, or septic. The incidence of abortion in India is estimated at 10-20% of pregnancies. Complications of abortion include hemorrhage, infection, and future obstetric or gynecological issues. The role of nurses is to assess for complications, provide support and education, and monitor for issues like shock.
The document discusses the differential diagnosis and workup for first trimester bleeding. It describes various types of first trimester pregnancy loss including abortion (spontaneous or induced), ectopic pregnancy, trophoblastic disease, and cervical or vaginal lesions. It provides details on history, examination, investigations, diagnosis and management for each type of early pregnancy bleeding/loss.
An ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg implants somewhere other than the uterus, usually in one of the fallopian tubes. Symptoms can include abdominal or pelvic pain and vaginal bleeding. Risk factors include previous ectopic pregnancy, IUD use, STDs, smoking, and infertility treatments. Diagnosis is made through pelvic exam, transvaginal ultrasound, and blood tests. Treatment options depend on individual factors but may include observation, laparoscopy, laparotomy, or medication. Most women can have normal pregnancies in the future even if a fallopian tube is removed.
This document discusses ectopic pregnancy, which occurs when a fertilized egg implants outside the uterus, most commonly in the fallopian tubes. It defines ectopic pregnancy and outlines the various sites it can occur. It identifies risk factors like STIs, previous pelvic infections or surgeries. Signs and symptoms depend on whether the ectopic pregnancy has ruptured or not. Diagnosis involves blood tests, ultrasound and laparoscopy. Treatment options include expectant management for early, stable ectopics or surgery like salpingectomy if ruptured or unstable. The goal is to resolve the ectopic pregnancy while preserving future fertility when possible.
Abortion is a leading cause of maternal mortality, accounting for 13% of maternal deaths worldwide and 32% in Ethiopia. Complications from unsafe abortion, which is defined as procedures done without proper skills or in unsanitary conditions, can cause severe infections and hemorrhaging. Post-abortion care aims to treat complications from both spontaneous and induced abortions, provide contraceptive services to prevent future unintended pregnancies, and offer counseling and referrals for other health needs. Recurrent spontaneous abortion, defined as 3 or more consecutive early pregnancy losses, can have causes such as chromosomal abnormalities, uterine anomalies, or immunological factors.
This document discusses high risk pregnancies and abnormal pregnancies. It covers various causes of bleeding in early pregnancy like miscarriage, ectopic pregnancy, molar pregnancy and their signs and symptoms. It also discusses disorders caused by or associated with pregnancy like preeclampsia. Other high risk conditions discussed include infections, cardiac/renal problems, fibroids and pelvic abnormalities. Types of miscarriages like threatened, inevitable, incomplete and septic abortions are explained along with their management. Recurrent miscarriages and investigations for their causes are also summarized.
This presentation focuses on common obstetrics emergencies. These include early pregnancy complications such as miscarriages and ectopic pregnancy. As well as abdominal pain. Other include haemorrhage, hypertensive state, and sepsis.
This document defines different types of abortion and provides information about their causes, symptoms, and management. The main types discussed are:
- Spontaneous abortion, which can be threatened, inevitable, complete, incomplete, missed, or septic depending on the progression. Common causes include genetic abnormalities and infections.
- Induced abortion, which is the deliberate termination of a pregnancy. It can be done through medical or surgical means.
- Incomplete abortion occurs when not all pregnancy tissue is expelled, requiring evacuation to prevent complications like bleeding or infection.
- Missed abortion describes a nonviable intrauterine pregnancy where the fetus has died but remains in the uterus. Ultrasound is usually needed to
This document discusses various causes of antepartum hemorrhage (APH), including placenta previa, abruption placentae, and vasa previa. Placenta previa, where the placenta implants in the lower uterine segment, accounts for about one-third of APH cases. Risk factors include advancing maternal age, multiparity, prior cesarean delivery, and smoking. Management depends on gestational age and severity of bleeding, ranging from bed rest to cesarean delivery. Abruptio placentae is the premature separation of a normally implanted placenta and can cause concealed or revealed bleeding. It is associated with increased risks of fetal and maternal complications. Vasa previa
This document discusses various types of ectopic pregnancies. It begins by defining an ectopic pregnancy as implantation outside the uterine cavity, most commonly in the fallopian tubes. It then discusses the signs, symptoms, risk factors, diagnosis and treatment of tubal, abdominal, ovarian, angular, cornual and cervical ectopic pregnancies. Medical treatments include methotrexate, while surgical treatments include laparoscopy or laparotomy to remove the ectopic pregnancy. Complications can include rupture and internal bleeding. The document provides detailed information on the locations, causes and management of different ectopic pregnancy types.
This document provides an overview of ectopic pregnancy. It begins with an introduction defining ectopic pregnancy and reviewing anatomy and physiology related to implantation. It then covers epidemiology, risk factors, clinical presentation, diagnostic tools like beta-hCG and ultrasound, and management options including expectant, medical, and surgical approaches. The focus is on tubal ectopic pregnancy as the most common type. Key points include the discriminatory hCG level for diagnosing ectopic versus intrauterine pregnancy and criteria for medical management with methotrexate versus surgical intervention.
Placenta previa is an abnormal implantation of the placenta in the lower uterus near or over the cervical os. Risk factors include prior c-sections and advanced maternal age. A client with placenta previa may present with painless vaginal bleeding. Ultrasound is used to diagnose placenta previa. Management involves expectant care like bed rest or active management with cesarean delivery.
Induction of labour and prolonged pregnancyHashem Yaseen
Lecture under the tittle (Induction of labour and prolonged pregnancy) presented for the fifth year medical students in faculty if medicine in Mutah University
This document discusses abortion, also known as miscarriage. Abortion is defined as the termination of a pregnancy by removing the fetus or embryo before it can survive outside the uterus. The document covers the incidence, classification, etiology, signs and symptoms, investigations, and management of different types of miscarriages such as threatened, inevitable, incomplete, missed, septic, and recurrent miscarriages. Nursing management involves close monitoring of symptoms and vital signs and notifying the healthcare provider immediately if bleeding is noticed.
1. Abortion is defined as delivery occurring before 28 weeks of gestation and can be spontaneous or induced. Common causes include genetic abnormalities, infection, endocrine or immunological factors.
2. Ectopic pregnancies occur when a fertilized egg implants outside the uterus, most commonly in the fallopian tubes. Rupture of an ectopic pregnancy can be life-threatening due to hemorrhage. Diagnosis is made through symptoms, ultrasound identification of an adnexal mass, and positive beta-hCG tests.
3. Hyperemesis gravidarum is a condition of prolonged, severe nausea and vomiting during pregnancy that can cause dehydration, weight loss, and electrolyte
An ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg implants outside of the uterus, usually in the fallopian tubes. Ectopic pregnancies are not viable and can be life-threatening if the embryo ruptures the fallopian tube, causing internal bleeding. Common symptoms include abdominal pain and vaginal bleeding. Treatment involves either medication with methotrexate or surgery, depending on the severity of the case. Prognosis depends on the treatment method, with fertility rates generally better when only part of the fallopian tube is removed.
This document defines abortion and describes the different types, including spontaneous abortions like threatened, inevitable, incomplete, complete and missed, as well as induced abortions. It discusses the causes of abortion and management approaches for different types, including complications like sepsis. Post-abortion care is also summarized, including counseling, contraception and follow up. Ectopic pregnancy and advanced abdominal pregnancy are briefly covered at the end.
Ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg implants outside the uterus, usually in the fallopian tubes. Risk factors include previous pelvic inflammatory disease, tubal surgery, or an intrauterine contraceptive device. Patients often present with abdominal pain and vaginal bleeding. Diagnosis is confirmed through ultrasound and beta-hCG levels. Treatment depends on severity but may include surgery through laparoscopy or laparotomy, or medication with methotrexate. Location of ectopic pregnancy such as ovaries, abdomen, or cervix determine specific surgical approaches required.
The document summarizes information about early pregnancy disorders, with a focus on molar pregnancies. It describes a case of a 24-year-old woman who is 12 weeks pregnant but experiencing vaginal spotting and passage of vesicles. The most likely diagnosis is a molar pregnancy, as indicated by the enlarged yet doughy uterus and absence of fetal parts. Molar pregnancies can be complete or partial, depending on microscopic features and karyotype. Complete moles have no fetal tissue and usually require suction evacuation and curettage for treatment, with beta-HCG monitoring to watch for persistent trophoblastic disease.
The document defines abortion and discusses its classification, incidence, etiology, and management. It notes that abortion is the expulsion of an embryo or fetus weighing 500 grams or less before 22 weeks of gestation. Abortions are classified as spontaneous, threatened, inevitable, complete, incomplete, missed, or septic. The incidence of abortion in India is estimated at 10-20% of pregnancies. Complications of abortion include hemorrhage, infection, and future obstetric or gynecological issues. The role of nurses is to assess for complications, provide support and education, and monitor for issues like shock.
Similar to 3. EARLY PREGNANCY BLEEDING 2018 (3).ppt (20)
Clinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa Central19various
Clinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa Central Clinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa CentralClinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa CentralClinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa CentralClinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa Central
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/uFdc9F0rlP0
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Travel vaccination in Manchester offers comprehensive immunization services for individuals planning international trips. Expert healthcare providers administer vaccines tailored to your destination, ensuring you stay protected against various diseases. Conveniently located clinics and flexible appointment options make it easy to get the necessary shots before your journey. Stay healthy and travel with confidence by getting vaccinated in Manchester. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT or Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that serves a range of roles in the human body. It is sometimes referred to as the happy chemical since it promotes overall well-being and happiness.
It is mostly found in the brain, intestines, and blood platelets.
5-HT is utilised to transport messages between nerve cells, is known to be involved in smooth muscle contraction, and adds to overall well-being and pleasure, among other benefits. 5-HT regulates the body's sleep-wake cycles and internal clock by acting as a precursor to melatonin.
It is hypothesised to regulate hunger, emotions, motor, cognitive, and autonomic processes.
3. DEFINITION
Bleeding from the lower genital tract during the first two
trimesters of pregnancy (ie before fetal viability).
The concept of viability
baby can survive out of the womb with or without support.
Generally 28 weeks in our context
9. THREATENED ABORTION
•Symptoms:
• Painless vaginal bleeding
•Signs:
• Vital signs are normal
• No abdominal tenderness
• Cervical os is closed
• Uterine size = Gestational Age
13. INCOMPLETE ABORTION
•Symptoms:
• Severe lower abdominal pains
• Very severe vaginal bleeding
• ± Symptoms of hypovolemia
•Signs:
• Severe lower abdominal tenderness
• Cervical os is open
• Products of conception are visible
• Uterine size < gestational age of pregnancy
15. COMPLETE ABORTION
•Symptoms
• None or mild per vagina bleeding
•Signs:
• No or mild pv bleeding
• Cervical os closed
• Uterine size normal
• ± Normal vital signs
24. 2. MOLAR PREGNANCIES
Symptoms:
1. Exagerated symptoms of pregnancy
2. Accelerated increase in uterine size
3. Painless vaginal bleeding
4. Passage of vesicular substances through the vagina
25. MOLAR PREGNANCIES
(CONT’D)
Signs:
Uterine size > Gestational age
Signs of dehydration and electrolyte imbalance
Elevated B.P.
Vesicular materials emanating from cervix on speculum
examination.
Proteinuria
26. MOLAR PREGNANCIES
(CONT’D)
Management:
Hospitalisation and uterine evacuation
Medical treatment with Methotrexate should be
considered in order to prevent subsequent
invasive mole and choriocarcinoma
Avoid pregnancy for at least 12 months with
serial ß-hCG estimations
29. INTRODUCTION
Definition:
◦Any pregnancy where the fertilised ovum gets implanted &
develops in a site other than uterine cavity.
Ectopic - out of the normal site of implantation
Extrauterine - at any site other than the endometrial cavity
Heterotopic – one in normal site and the other extrauterine
Incidence: 0,5 à 1,25%
30. RISK FACTORS cont.
•Past history of ectopic
•Pelvic infection: Chlamydiae
•Narrowing of the tube - Congenital defects, such as diverticuli, Benign tubal
tumors and cysts, Uterine fibroids at the utero-tubal junction, Endometriosis of
the tube, Peritubal adhesions secondary to appendicitis, pelvic or abdominal
surgery, Surgical repair of the tube (tuboplasty).
Transmigration of the fertilized ovum:IVF
Intrauterine Device (IUD) usage
Hormonal factors: Progestin oral contraceptives
32. ETIOPATHOGENY
Localisation of extrauterine pregnancies
•Tubal (95 – 98%) :
• Ampulla : 70 – 75% (ruptures at 8-12wks)
• Isthmic : 10 – 20% (rupture à 6-8 wks)
• Interstitial : 4% (rupture 12-16 wks)
• Infundibular : 5%
•Ovarian : 0.5 – 1%
•Abdominal : 1 – 2% (diagnosis is often late. Could be primary or
secondary.
33. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF ECTOPIC
PREGNANCY
Bleeding: Metrorragia, spotting. May occur at the time of the
expected menses and interpreted as menses
Missing period - amenorrhea
Pain: Usually unilateral pelvic pain, which may be Knife-like and
stabbing Or dull and less well defined
Signs of pregnancy might be present
34. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF ECTOPIC
PREGNANCY
Physical exam:
◦ Hypotension/normal; Tachycardia
◦ Pale conjunctivae
◦ Abdominal tenderness; localised or generalised
◦ Speculum: bluish color of cervix
◦ V/E: uterus might be increase slightly; annexial mass;
cervicalmotion tenderness unilat
35. DIAGNOSIS
Ectopic pregnancy is suspected in pregnant patients:
◦ Who present with abnormal bleeding and pelvic pain or
◦ Who have one of the above risk factors esp PID or Pelvic surgery
etc
36. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
patient with amenorrhea, symptoms of pregnancy, pelvic pain, and
bleeding can also have:
◦ Adnexal torsion or
◦ Acute appendicitis
◦ Abortion of intrauterine pregnancy (external bleeeding is much more
severe than the pain)
◦ Bleeding corpus luteum of a normal intrauterine pregnancy (pain and
shock are usually less severe than in ectopic. Uterine bleeding is absent).
◦ PID/ Tubo ovarian abscess
42. SURGICAL TREATMENT OF EP
Laparotomy:
◦ Indications: ruptured ectopic pregnancy, unruptured EP with
contraindications to (or unavailability of) laparoscopy or medical
treatment
◦ Radical: salpingectomy, salpingo-oophorectomy (rare)
◦ Or conservative: salpingostomy, fimbrial evacuation by digital
expression ; segmental resection of the tube (in view of anastomosis
of tubal ends)
43. CONCLUSION
Ectopic pregnancy is a complication of pregnancy in our
milieu
The risk factors are known and must be identified.
Early diagnosis, less invasive management
Diagnosis is sometimes quite cunning!!!!!!!!