This article describes a technique for making maxillofacial prostheses using CAD-CAM technology and rapid prototyping. A 3D laser scanner was used to create a digital image of an existing ear. The image was copied, mirrored, and used by a rapid prototyping machine to manufacture a solid ear cast. This cast was then used to make a wax ear prosthesis through conventional procedures. This technique provides a time and cost effective method for creating ear prostheses if the required technology is available for free. The laser scanning and rapid prototyping avoids the need for manual sculpting and reduces costs compared to other described methods.
Automatic 3D view Generation from a Single 2D Image for both Indoor and Outdo...ijcsa
This document discusses algorithms for automatically generating 3D video views from a single 2D image of both indoor and outdoor scenes. For indoor scenes, it segments the floor to determine the termination point for video generation. For outdoor scenes, it detects the vanishing point, which is used to calculate the distance to the termination point. The algorithms crop the input image to generate frames as it navigates up to the termination point, creating the effect of a 3D video view from a single 2D image with no need for human intervention. Experimental results on over 250 images demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed methods.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
This document summarizes research applying the fuzzy c-means (FCM) technique to iris eye segmentation. FCM is used to segment 25 iris images from the iris region of interest. The accuracy of segmentation is evaluated using misclassification ratio (MCR) calculations at different FCM levels. Results show segmentation improves with increasing FCM levels, with blue irises showing clearer segmentation than other colors. MCR values decrease from 28.25% at FCM level 1 to 6.11% at FCM level 3 for one image, demonstrating increased segmentation accuracy with multiple applications of FCM.
Segmentation of Tracheal Rings in Videobronchoscopysicvc
Videobronchoscopy is a medical imaging technique that allows interactive navigation inside the respiratory pathways and minimal invasive interventions. Tracheal procedures are ordinary interventions that require measurement of the percentage of obstructed pathway for injury (stenosis) assessment. Visual assessment of stenosis in videobronchoscopic sequences requires high expertise of trachea anatomy and is prone to human error. Accurate detection of tracheal rings is the basis for automated estimation of the size of stenosed trachea. Processing of videobronchoscopic images acquired at the operating room is a challenging task due to the wide range of artifacts and acquisition conditions. We present a model of the geometric-appearance of tracheal rings for its detection in videobronchoscopic videos. Experiments on sequences acquired at the operating room, show a performance close to inter-observer variability
3Dme: AI & Cloud based Dental CAD SolutionYoungjun Kim
3Dme provides AI and cloud-based dental CAD software solutions to help dental practices transition to digital dentistry. Their platform uses technologies like 3D scanning, CAD algorithms, landmark detection, mesh segmentation, and 3D modeling to automate dental tasks like impression taking, dental lab work, and prosthesis design. They are seeking business partnerships to bring their go-digital dentistry solutions to more dental practices.
AI & Digital Dentistry / June 2021 / Youngjun Kim (Imagoworks Inc.)Youngjun Kim
The document discusses applications of artificial intelligence and deep learning in digital dentistry. It describes how AI can be used for tasks like automated processing of patient data from X-rays and 3D scans, assisting with diagnosis and treatment planning, and automated design of dental appliances. Deep learning has applications in areas such as detecting lesions in X-rays, segmenting anatomical structures from CT and CBCT scans, and automatically generating 3D tooth models.
Design and development of an early optical disease recognition system using f...Dinesh N Shenoy
This document describes the design and development of an early optical disease recognition system using fundus imaging on an FPGA. The system aims to extract exudates from fundus images of eyes to detect diabetic retinopathy. It involves image acquisition, color space conversion, segmentation of the optic disc, masking of the optic disc, extraction of exudates, and area calculation of exudates. The system is implemented using Simulink and also allows for content-based image retrieval for comparison of test images to database images. Future work proposed includes better optic disc segmentation, displaying medication information, and developing handheld ophthalmoscopes.
An introduction to image processing in addition to explaining the concept of group operations.
Find me on:
AFCIT
http://www.afcit.xyz
YouTube
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCuewOYbBXH5gwhfOrQOZOdw
Google Plus
https://plus.google.com/u/0/+AhmedGadIT
SlideShare
https://www.slideshare.net/AhmedGadFCIT
LinkedIn
https://www.linkedin.com/in/ahmedfgad/
ResearchGate
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ahmed_Gad13
Academia
https://www.academia.edu/
Google Scholar
https://scholar.google.com.eg/citations?user=r07tjocAAAAJ&hl=en
Mendelay
https://www.mendeley.com/profiles/ahmed-gad12/
ORCID
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1978-8574
StackOverFlow
http://stackoverflow.com/users/5426539/ahmed-gad
Twitter
https://twitter.com/ahmedfgad
Facebook
https://www.facebook.com/ahmed.f.gadd
Pinterest
https://www.pinterest.com/ahmedfgad/
This document discusses digital stereoscopic imaging techniques. It presents a system for capturing multiple orientation stereo views of museum objects using a high resolution digital camera. Key aspects covered include the superior image quality of high-end digital cameras compared to film and lower-end digital cameras. It also examines various parameters that must be considered when capturing stereoscopic views, such as camera settings, image capture geometry, and background selection, in order to obtain high quality stereoscopic images.
Automatic 3D view Generation from a Single 2D Image for both Indoor and Outdo...ijcsa
This document discusses algorithms for automatically generating 3D video views from a single 2D image of both indoor and outdoor scenes. For indoor scenes, it segments the floor to determine the termination point for video generation. For outdoor scenes, it detects the vanishing point, which is used to calculate the distance to the termination point. The algorithms crop the input image to generate frames as it navigates up to the termination point, creating the effect of a 3D video view from a single 2D image with no need for human intervention. Experimental results on over 250 images demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed methods.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
This document summarizes research applying the fuzzy c-means (FCM) technique to iris eye segmentation. FCM is used to segment 25 iris images from the iris region of interest. The accuracy of segmentation is evaluated using misclassification ratio (MCR) calculations at different FCM levels. Results show segmentation improves with increasing FCM levels, with blue irises showing clearer segmentation than other colors. MCR values decrease from 28.25% at FCM level 1 to 6.11% at FCM level 3 for one image, demonstrating increased segmentation accuracy with multiple applications of FCM.
Segmentation of Tracheal Rings in Videobronchoscopysicvc
Videobronchoscopy is a medical imaging technique that allows interactive navigation inside the respiratory pathways and minimal invasive interventions. Tracheal procedures are ordinary interventions that require measurement of the percentage of obstructed pathway for injury (stenosis) assessment. Visual assessment of stenosis in videobronchoscopic sequences requires high expertise of trachea anatomy and is prone to human error. Accurate detection of tracheal rings is the basis for automated estimation of the size of stenosed trachea. Processing of videobronchoscopic images acquired at the operating room is a challenging task due to the wide range of artifacts and acquisition conditions. We present a model of the geometric-appearance of tracheal rings for its detection in videobronchoscopic videos. Experiments on sequences acquired at the operating room, show a performance close to inter-observer variability
3Dme: AI & Cloud based Dental CAD SolutionYoungjun Kim
3Dme provides AI and cloud-based dental CAD software solutions to help dental practices transition to digital dentistry. Their platform uses technologies like 3D scanning, CAD algorithms, landmark detection, mesh segmentation, and 3D modeling to automate dental tasks like impression taking, dental lab work, and prosthesis design. They are seeking business partnerships to bring their go-digital dentistry solutions to more dental practices.
AI & Digital Dentistry / June 2021 / Youngjun Kim (Imagoworks Inc.)Youngjun Kim
The document discusses applications of artificial intelligence and deep learning in digital dentistry. It describes how AI can be used for tasks like automated processing of patient data from X-rays and 3D scans, assisting with diagnosis and treatment planning, and automated design of dental appliances. Deep learning has applications in areas such as detecting lesions in X-rays, segmenting anatomical structures from CT and CBCT scans, and automatically generating 3D tooth models.
Design and development of an early optical disease recognition system using f...Dinesh N Shenoy
This document describes the design and development of an early optical disease recognition system using fundus imaging on an FPGA. The system aims to extract exudates from fundus images of eyes to detect diabetic retinopathy. It involves image acquisition, color space conversion, segmentation of the optic disc, masking of the optic disc, extraction of exudates, and area calculation of exudates. The system is implemented using Simulink and also allows for content-based image retrieval for comparison of test images to database images. Future work proposed includes better optic disc segmentation, displaying medication information, and developing handheld ophthalmoscopes.
An introduction to image processing in addition to explaining the concept of group operations.
Find me on:
AFCIT
http://www.afcit.xyz
YouTube
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCuewOYbBXH5gwhfOrQOZOdw
Google Plus
https://plus.google.com/u/0/+AhmedGadIT
SlideShare
https://www.slideshare.net/AhmedGadFCIT
LinkedIn
https://www.linkedin.com/in/ahmedfgad/
ResearchGate
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ahmed_Gad13
Academia
https://www.academia.edu/
Google Scholar
https://scholar.google.com.eg/citations?user=r07tjocAAAAJ&hl=en
Mendelay
https://www.mendeley.com/profiles/ahmed-gad12/
ORCID
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1978-8574
StackOverFlow
http://stackoverflow.com/users/5426539/ahmed-gad
Twitter
https://twitter.com/ahmedfgad
Facebook
https://www.facebook.com/ahmed.f.gadd
Pinterest
https://www.pinterest.com/ahmedfgad/
This document discusses digital stereoscopic imaging techniques. It presents a system for capturing multiple orientation stereo views of museum objects using a high resolution digital camera. Key aspects covered include the superior image quality of high-end digital cameras compared to film and lower-end digital cameras. It also examines various parameters that must be considered when capturing stereoscopic views, such as camera settings, image capture geometry, and background selection, in order to obtain high quality stereoscopic images.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
As a part of a growing information society, security and the authentication of individuals become nowadays more than ever an asset of great significance in almost every field. Iris recognition system provides identification and verification automatically of an individual based on characteristics and unique features in iris structure. Accurate iris recognition system based on iris segmentation method and how localized the inner and outer iris boundaries that can be damaged by irrelevant parts such as eyelashes and eyelid, to achieve this aim, the proposed method applied using [Iris Segmentation Based on Brightness Correction ISBC] to edge detection then circle distribution "CD" transformation on an eye image passed through preprocessing operations. The proposed iris normalization is done by using the important information that resulted from iris segmentation such as center and radius of iris to convert iris region in the original image from the Cartesian coordinates (x, y) to the normalized polar coordinates (r, θ). The proposed approach tested conducted on the iris CASIA (Chinese Academy of Science and Institute of Automation) data set (CASIA v1.0 and CASIA v4.0-interval ) iris image database and the results indicated that proposed approach has 100% accuracy rate with (CASIA v1.0), and has 100% accuracy rate with (CASIA v4.0- interval) .
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Foveated Rendering: An Introduction to Present and Future ResearchBIPUL MOHANTO [LION]
This document provides an introduction to foveated rendering techniques. It discusses how the human visual system has high resolution in the fovea but lower resolution in the periphery. Foveated rendering aims to save computation by rendering the foveal region at full resolution and lower resolutions in the peripheral regions based on visual acuity. The document outlines different approaches to foveated rendering including fixed, dynamic, coarse pixel shading, and kernel-based. It also discusses applications for visualization, video compression, and challenges in the field.
Intelligent indoor mobile robot navigation using stereo visionsipij
Majority of the existing robot navigation systems, which facilitate the use of laser range finders, sonar
sensors or artificial landmarks, has the ability to locate itself in an unknown environment and then build a
map of the corresponding environment. Stereo vision,while still being a rapidly developing technique in the
field of autonomous mobile robots, are currently less preferable due to its high implementation cost. This
paper aims at describing an experimental approach for the building of a stereo vision system that helps the
robots to avoid obstacles and navigate through indoor environments and at the same time remaining very
much cost effective. This paper discusses the fusion techniques of stereo vision and ultrasound sensors
which helps in the successful navigation through different types of complex environments. The data from
the sensor enables the robot to create the two dimensional topological map of unknown environments and
stereo vision systems models the three dimension model of the same environment.
This document discusses stereoscopy, which refers to the illusion of depth perception achieved through binocular vision of two slightly different images. It provides an overview of stereoscopy techniques including anaglyph and polarized methods. Applications of stereoscopy in medicine are described, particularly in ophthalmology, mammography, and vascular imaging. The document also discusses techniques and applications of stereoscopy in dentistry, including for implant planning, orthodontics, and localization of teeth or root fragments. Both advantages and limitations of stereoscopic viewing technologies are presented.
Quick textured mesh generation for massive 3D digitization of museum artifacts3D ICONS Project
Gonizzi Barsanti, S., Micoli, L.L., Guidi, G., "Quick textured mesh generation for massive 3D digitization of museum artifacts", 2013 Digital Heritage International Congress (DigitalHeritage), Vol. 1, pp. 197-201, IEEE, 2013. ISBN 978-1-4799-3169-9.
Object detection for KRSBI robot soccer using PeleeNet on omnidirectional cameraTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Kontes Robot Sepak Bola Indonesia (KRSBI) is an annual event for contestants to compete their design and robot engineering in the field of robot soccer. Each contestant tries to win the match by scoring a goal toward the opponent's goal. In order to score a goal, the robot needs to find the ball, locate the goal, then kick the ball toward goal. We employed an omnidirectional vision camera as a visual sensor for a robot to perceive the object’s information. We calibrated streaming images from the camera to remove the mirror distortion. Furthermore, we deployed PeleeNet as our deep learning model for object detection. We fine-tuned PeleeNet on our dataset generated from our image collection. Our experiment result showed PeleeNet had the potential for deep learning mobile platform in KRSBI as the object detection architecture. It had a perfect combination of memory efficiency, speed and accuracy.
The paper explores iris recognition for personal identification and verification. In this paper a new iris recognition technique is proposed using (Scale Invariant Feature Transform) SIFT. Image-processing algorithms have been validated on noised real iris image database. The proposed innovative technique is computationally effective as well as reliable in terms of recognition rates.
Digital Image Processing and Edge DetectionSeda Yalçın
This presentation is an introduction for digital image processing and edge detection which covers them on four topic; example of fields that use digital image processing, visibility that depends on human perception, fundamental definition of an image, analysis of edge detection algorithms such as Roberts, Prewitt, Sobel and Laplacian of a Gaussian.
3D scanning captures three-dimensional attributes and details of an object, including color and texture. This allows manufacturers to save time, costs, and efforts compared to traditional techniques. While 2D scanning provides images and is effective for barcode scanning, 3D scanning supports applications like reverse engineering, rapid prototyping, and quality inspection by generating detailed models and point clouds of objects. The Asia-Pacific region is showing strong growth in 3D scanning usage, especially in industries like automotive, aerospace, medical, and entertainment.
This document discusses the use of the Data Uncertainty Engine (DUE) software by national mapping and cadastral agencies to estimate positional accuracy and areas. It provides an overview of the DUE software, which can estimate positional accuracy of points and areas by accounting for uncertainties in data. It then gives examples of using DUE to analyze the positional accuracy of points digitized from an analog cadastral map compared to laser scanning data, and to estimate uncertainties in cadastral lot areas.
This article describes a technique for fabricating an implant-retained maxillofacial prosthesis using CAD/CAM technology and rapid prototyping. The technique involves scanning the healthy and defective sides without making impressions. The lost ear is digitally mirrored and positioned on the computer screen. A rapid prototyping machine is then used to create the mold, eliminating the need for diagnostic waxing or stone mold fabrication. The advantages are allowing positioning of the prosthesis directly on the computer, and streamlining the mold fabrication process.
This document presents a method for enhancing latent fingerprint images acquired using optical coherence tomography (OCT). OCT produces 3D volume data of fingerprints that is processed into 2D images, but these images suffer from speckle noise. The paper proposes using a wavelet transform algorithm based on phase preservation to denoise the images. Experimental results on fingerprints collected from 20 individuals show that applying the denoising algorithm improves feature extraction accuracy compared to non-denoised images, with a lower equal error rate and false match rate. This demonstrates that the denoising method enhances fingerprint image quality and improves the performance of fingerprint recognition.
This document summarizes a project aimed at developing a method to remove tool marks from optically polished surfaces using computer-controlled polishing (CCP). CCP uses a computerized small tool to create precise, controlled strokes on an optical surface. The project involved measuring an optical surface using interferometry, developing stroke patterns in MATLAB to remove errors, running the patterns on a CNC machine using different polishing chemicals, and remeasuring the surface to analyze the results. Indian ink provided the best results with minimal scratching. Future work will refine the stroke patterns and measurement process.
This document describes a new technique called Photonic Nanojet Interferometry (PJI) that uses microspheres to achieve super-resolution in 3D label-free imaging. PJI was able to laterally resolve sub-100nm features on a Blu-ray disc by taking advantage of photonic nanojets from microspheres. PJI measurements of a Blu-ray disc agreed with measurements from atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, validating that PJI can achieve super-resolution below the diffraction limit.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a method for lossless visible watermarking using spread spectrum techniques. The method embeds various types of visible watermarks (opaque, monochrome, translucent) into images using reversible one-to-one compound mappings of pixel values. This allows the original image to be recovered losslessly from the watermarked image. The watermark is spread across the image spectrum, providing security against attacks by making any changes imperceptible or requiring changes across the entire spectrum. Algorithms for the watermark embedding and removal processes are described.
This document provides an overview of the CAD CAM process for dental restorations from full mouth cases to single teeth. It discusses digital smile design, digital prep guides, virtual planning and tooth preparation, digital impressions and scanning, CAD and CAM software, milling strategies and units, sintering processes, and delivery of the final prosthesis. Key steps include digital planning and design, intraoral scanning, virtual tooth preparation, CAD of the restoration, CAM milling from a solid block, shading/layering, and cementation. Accuracy of different intraoral scanners is also compared based on mesh and scan body position comparisons.
This document provides an overview of digital impressions compared to conventional impressions. It discusses several digital impression systems, including CEREC, Lava C.O.S., and iTero. These systems use different technologies like active triangulation, active wavefront sampling, and parallel confocal imaging to create digital impressions without physical impression materials. The document notes benefits of digital impressions like elimination of tray selection, separation from trays, and distortion issues; while still requiring proper isolation of margins. It provides details on the operating procedures and components of some example digital impression systems.
This document describes a method for detecting fake currency notes using image processing. The method involves acquiring an image of the note under UV light, preprocessing the image, extracting features through edge detection and segmentation, and analyzing feature intensities to determine authenticity. Features extracted include the security thread, serial number, portrait, and identification mark. The extracted features and their intensities are compared to thresholds to classify a note as genuine or counterfeit. Experimental results on 500 and 2000 denomination notes demonstrate the technique's ability to correctly identify original and fake notes based on feature analysis.
2.VIRTUAL IMPRESSIONS AND VIRTUAL AND STEREOLITHOGRAPHIC MODELS.pptxSusovanGiri6
This document discusses virtual impressions and stereolithographic models in dentistry. It provides a brief history of dental impressions, describes recent digital impression technologies like iTero and CEREC, and discusses how digital impressions can eliminate lab steps and provide benefits like accuracy. It also covers virtual model technologies like stereolithography, how they work using layer-by-layer additive manufacturing, and their applications in areas like implant planning and prosthodontics. The conclusion reiterates that while digital technologies provide benefits, traditional impressions still have roles and digital methods have limitations like equipment costs.
This document reviews recent trends in the use of 3D printing in dentistry. It discusses several common 3D printing technologies including stereolithography, fused deposition modeling, selective laser sintering, photopolymer jetting, and powder binder printing. For each technology, it describes the basic printing process and provides examples of dental applications such as producing drill guides, dental models, and frameworks. The document concludes that 3D printing is becoming increasingly important in fields like orthodontics, restorative dentistry, and maxillofacial surgery by enabling the construction of customized anatomical models and guides to assist with complex treatment planning and surgical procedures.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
As a part of a growing information society, security and the authentication of individuals become nowadays more than ever an asset of great significance in almost every field. Iris recognition system provides identification and verification automatically of an individual based on characteristics and unique features in iris structure. Accurate iris recognition system based on iris segmentation method and how localized the inner and outer iris boundaries that can be damaged by irrelevant parts such as eyelashes and eyelid, to achieve this aim, the proposed method applied using [Iris Segmentation Based on Brightness Correction ISBC] to edge detection then circle distribution "CD" transformation on an eye image passed through preprocessing operations. The proposed iris normalization is done by using the important information that resulted from iris segmentation such as center and radius of iris to convert iris region in the original image from the Cartesian coordinates (x, y) to the normalized polar coordinates (r, θ). The proposed approach tested conducted on the iris CASIA (Chinese Academy of Science and Institute of Automation) data set (CASIA v1.0 and CASIA v4.0-interval ) iris image database and the results indicated that proposed approach has 100% accuracy rate with (CASIA v1.0), and has 100% accuracy rate with (CASIA v4.0- interval) .
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Foveated Rendering: An Introduction to Present and Future ResearchBIPUL MOHANTO [LION]
This document provides an introduction to foveated rendering techniques. It discusses how the human visual system has high resolution in the fovea but lower resolution in the periphery. Foveated rendering aims to save computation by rendering the foveal region at full resolution and lower resolutions in the peripheral regions based on visual acuity. The document outlines different approaches to foveated rendering including fixed, dynamic, coarse pixel shading, and kernel-based. It also discusses applications for visualization, video compression, and challenges in the field.
Intelligent indoor mobile robot navigation using stereo visionsipij
Majority of the existing robot navigation systems, which facilitate the use of laser range finders, sonar
sensors or artificial landmarks, has the ability to locate itself in an unknown environment and then build a
map of the corresponding environment. Stereo vision,while still being a rapidly developing technique in the
field of autonomous mobile robots, are currently less preferable due to its high implementation cost. This
paper aims at describing an experimental approach for the building of a stereo vision system that helps the
robots to avoid obstacles and navigate through indoor environments and at the same time remaining very
much cost effective. This paper discusses the fusion techniques of stereo vision and ultrasound sensors
which helps in the successful navigation through different types of complex environments. The data from
the sensor enables the robot to create the two dimensional topological map of unknown environments and
stereo vision systems models the three dimension model of the same environment.
This document discusses stereoscopy, which refers to the illusion of depth perception achieved through binocular vision of two slightly different images. It provides an overview of stereoscopy techniques including anaglyph and polarized methods. Applications of stereoscopy in medicine are described, particularly in ophthalmology, mammography, and vascular imaging. The document also discusses techniques and applications of stereoscopy in dentistry, including for implant planning, orthodontics, and localization of teeth or root fragments. Both advantages and limitations of stereoscopic viewing technologies are presented.
Quick textured mesh generation for massive 3D digitization of museum artifacts3D ICONS Project
Gonizzi Barsanti, S., Micoli, L.L., Guidi, G., "Quick textured mesh generation for massive 3D digitization of museum artifacts", 2013 Digital Heritage International Congress (DigitalHeritage), Vol. 1, pp. 197-201, IEEE, 2013. ISBN 978-1-4799-3169-9.
Object detection for KRSBI robot soccer using PeleeNet on omnidirectional cameraTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Kontes Robot Sepak Bola Indonesia (KRSBI) is an annual event for contestants to compete their design and robot engineering in the field of robot soccer. Each contestant tries to win the match by scoring a goal toward the opponent's goal. In order to score a goal, the robot needs to find the ball, locate the goal, then kick the ball toward goal. We employed an omnidirectional vision camera as a visual sensor for a robot to perceive the object’s information. We calibrated streaming images from the camera to remove the mirror distortion. Furthermore, we deployed PeleeNet as our deep learning model for object detection. We fine-tuned PeleeNet on our dataset generated from our image collection. Our experiment result showed PeleeNet had the potential for deep learning mobile platform in KRSBI as the object detection architecture. It had a perfect combination of memory efficiency, speed and accuracy.
The paper explores iris recognition for personal identification and verification. In this paper a new iris recognition technique is proposed using (Scale Invariant Feature Transform) SIFT. Image-processing algorithms have been validated on noised real iris image database. The proposed innovative technique is computationally effective as well as reliable in terms of recognition rates.
Digital Image Processing and Edge DetectionSeda Yalçın
This presentation is an introduction for digital image processing and edge detection which covers them on four topic; example of fields that use digital image processing, visibility that depends on human perception, fundamental definition of an image, analysis of edge detection algorithms such as Roberts, Prewitt, Sobel and Laplacian of a Gaussian.
3D scanning captures three-dimensional attributes and details of an object, including color and texture. This allows manufacturers to save time, costs, and efforts compared to traditional techniques. While 2D scanning provides images and is effective for barcode scanning, 3D scanning supports applications like reverse engineering, rapid prototyping, and quality inspection by generating detailed models and point clouds of objects. The Asia-Pacific region is showing strong growth in 3D scanning usage, especially in industries like automotive, aerospace, medical, and entertainment.
This document discusses the use of the Data Uncertainty Engine (DUE) software by national mapping and cadastral agencies to estimate positional accuracy and areas. It provides an overview of the DUE software, which can estimate positional accuracy of points and areas by accounting for uncertainties in data. It then gives examples of using DUE to analyze the positional accuracy of points digitized from an analog cadastral map compared to laser scanning data, and to estimate uncertainties in cadastral lot areas.
This article describes a technique for fabricating an implant-retained maxillofacial prosthesis using CAD/CAM technology and rapid prototyping. The technique involves scanning the healthy and defective sides without making impressions. The lost ear is digitally mirrored and positioned on the computer screen. A rapid prototyping machine is then used to create the mold, eliminating the need for diagnostic waxing or stone mold fabrication. The advantages are allowing positioning of the prosthesis directly on the computer, and streamlining the mold fabrication process.
This document presents a method for enhancing latent fingerprint images acquired using optical coherence tomography (OCT). OCT produces 3D volume data of fingerprints that is processed into 2D images, but these images suffer from speckle noise. The paper proposes using a wavelet transform algorithm based on phase preservation to denoise the images. Experimental results on fingerprints collected from 20 individuals show that applying the denoising algorithm improves feature extraction accuracy compared to non-denoised images, with a lower equal error rate and false match rate. This demonstrates that the denoising method enhances fingerprint image quality and improves the performance of fingerprint recognition.
This document summarizes a project aimed at developing a method to remove tool marks from optically polished surfaces using computer-controlled polishing (CCP). CCP uses a computerized small tool to create precise, controlled strokes on an optical surface. The project involved measuring an optical surface using interferometry, developing stroke patterns in MATLAB to remove errors, running the patterns on a CNC machine using different polishing chemicals, and remeasuring the surface to analyze the results. Indian ink provided the best results with minimal scratching. Future work will refine the stroke patterns and measurement process.
This document describes a new technique called Photonic Nanojet Interferometry (PJI) that uses microspheres to achieve super-resolution in 3D label-free imaging. PJI was able to laterally resolve sub-100nm features on a Blu-ray disc by taking advantage of photonic nanojets from microspheres. PJI measurements of a Blu-ray disc agreed with measurements from atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, validating that PJI can achieve super-resolution below the diffraction limit.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a method for lossless visible watermarking using spread spectrum techniques. The method embeds various types of visible watermarks (opaque, monochrome, translucent) into images using reversible one-to-one compound mappings of pixel values. This allows the original image to be recovered losslessly from the watermarked image. The watermark is spread across the image spectrum, providing security against attacks by making any changes imperceptible or requiring changes across the entire spectrum. Algorithms for the watermark embedding and removal processes are described.
This document provides an overview of the CAD CAM process for dental restorations from full mouth cases to single teeth. It discusses digital smile design, digital prep guides, virtual planning and tooth preparation, digital impressions and scanning, CAD and CAM software, milling strategies and units, sintering processes, and delivery of the final prosthesis. Key steps include digital planning and design, intraoral scanning, virtual tooth preparation, CAD of the restoration, CAM milling from a solid block, shading/layering, and cementation. Accuracy of different intraoral scanners is also compared based on mesh and scan body position comparisons.
This document provides an overview of digital impressions compared to conventional impressions. It discusses several digital impression systems, including CEREC, Lava C.O.S., and iTero. These systems use different technologies like active triangulation, active wavefront sampling, and parallel confocal imaging to create digital impressions without physical impression materials. The document notes benefits of digital impressions like elimination of tray selection, separation from trays, and distortion issues; while still requiring proper isolation of margins. It provides details on the operating procedures and components of some example digital impression systems.
This document describes a method for detecting fake currency notes using image processing. The method involves acquiring an image of the note under UV light, preprocessing the image, extracting features through edge detection and segmentation, and analyzing feature intensities to determine authenticity. Features extracted include the security thread, serial number, portrait, and identification mark. The extracted features and their intensities are compared to thresholds to classify a note as genuine or counterfeit. Experimental results on 500 and 2000 denomination notes demonstrate the technique's ability to correctly identify original and fake notes based on feature analysis.
2.VIRTUAL IMPRESSIONS AND VIRTUAL AND STEREOLITHOGRAPHIC MODELS.pptxSusovanGiri6
This document discusses virtual impressions and stereolithographic models in dentistry. It provides a brief history of dental impressions, describes recent digital impression technologies like iTero and CEREC, and discusses how digital impressions can eliminate lab steps and provide benefits like accuracy. It also covers virtual model technologies like stereolithography, how they work using layer-by-layer additive manufacturing, and their applications in areas like implant planning and prosthodontics. The conclusion reiterates that while digital technologies provide benefits, traditional impressions still have roles and digital methods have limitations like equipment costs.
This document reviews recent trends in the use of 3D printing in dentistry. It discusses several common 3D printing technologies including stereolithography, fused deposition modeling, selective laser sintering, photopolymer jetting, and powder binder printing. For each technology, it describes the basic printing process and provides examples of dental applications such as producing drill guides, dental models, and frameworks. The document concludes that 3D printing is becoming increasingly important in fields like orthodontics, restorative dentistry, and maxillofacial surgery by enabling the construction of customized anatomical models and guides to assist with complex treatment planning and surgical procedures.
The document describes the Digital Denture process which allows for both digital and conventional steps in denture fabrication. Key steps include taking an initial impression and bite registration, scanning these to create virtual models, designing the dentures digitally including defining the occlusal plane and esthetic lines, and milling customized trays and a positioning jig. The denture teeth are then bonded to the milled denture base using the positioning jig before final milling and polishing.
This document discusses various impression techniques used in fixed prosthodontics (FPD). It describes 12 different techniques including putty-wash, dual-phase, mono-phase, hydrocolloid laminate, copper-band, vacuum-adapted splints, preformed crown shells, dual-arch, functional check bite, matrix system, cast impression coping, and digital impressions. For each technique, it explains the materials and steps involved and notes advantages and disadvantages. It concludes that the accuracy of an impression depends on the material, tray, and technique used and the operator should select what best suits the clinical situation.
This document outlines the key steps in a 3D scanning pipeline used to transform partial scan data into a complete 3D model. The pipeline includes planning acquisition, registering multiple scans together using algorithms like ICP, merging scans into a single mesh while managing holes and quality, simplifying large meshes for optimization, and managing data complexity through multi-resolution encoding and view-dependent rendering. The steps are demonstrated using the open-source MeshLab software developed by the Visual Computing Lab, which has had over 300k downloads.
This document summarizes an article from the International Journal of Computer Engineering and Technology (IJCET) that assesses and compares different techniques for reversible image watermarking. It discusses several reversible watermarking techniques including Histogram Shifting, Difference Expansion, Prediction Error Expansion, Integer Transform, Least Significant Bit, Interpolation, and Wavelet Transforms. It evaluates the performance of these techniques using metrics like PSNR, MSE, BER, RMSE, and MAE. The document also covers the properties, applications and related work of reversible watermarking, highlighting its use in areas like medical imaging, remote sensing, and military applications.
Computer Vision Based 3D Reconstruction : A ReviewIJECEIAES
3D reconstruction are used in many fields starts from the object reconstruction such as site, and cultural artifacts in both ground and under the sea levels. The scientist are beneficial for these task in order to learn and keep the environment into 3D data due to the extinction. In this paper explained vision setup that is commonly used such as single camera, stereo camera, Kinect / Structured Light/ Time of Flight camera and fusion approach. The prior works also explained how the 3D reconstruction perform in many fields and using various algorithms.
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
AN OVERVIEW OF THE CEREC 3D CAD/CAM SYSTEM / dental implant courses by Indian...Indian dental academy
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
EXTENDED WAVELET TRANSFORM BASED IMAGE INPAINTING ALGORITHM FOR NATURAL SCENE...cscpconf
This paper proposes an exemplar based image inpainting using extended wavelet transform. The
Image inpainting modifies an image with the available information outside the region to be
inpainted in an undetectable way. The extended wavelet transform is in two dimensions. The
Laplacian pyramid is first used to capture the point discontinuities, and then followed by a
directional filter bank to link point discontinuities into linear structures. The proposed model
effectively captures the edges and contours of natural scene images
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
This document discusses various copy milling (CAM) systems and CAD CAM systems used for ceramic restorations. It describes the Celay, Cercon, and Ceramill copy milling systems which involve scanning a wax or resin pattern and using that to mill a ceramic restoration from a blank. It also summarizes common direct CAD CAM systems like CEREC which does intraoral scanning and milling, as well as indirect systems like Procera, DCS President, and CICERO which involve extraoral scanning and centralized milling. Materials, procedures, advantages and disadvantages are described for some of the main systems.
Este documento proporciona instrucciones paso a paso para escanear un objeto 3D utilizando la técnica de escaneado con proyector. Explica cómo configurar el equipo necesario como una cámara, proyector y computadora, y cómo usar el programa Decode2 para capturar fotos del objeto con líneas proyectadas, generar un modelo 3D y exportarlo.
The first step into the new approaches, developments, discoveries and tools of technology is to believe in yourself. In your own creativity power. The next, comes alone [for free].
1) El documento presenta la segunda edición del manual de Grasshopper para la versión 0.6.0007 del plugin. 2) Explica que la nueva versión de Grasshopper incluye cambios sustanciales en cómo almacena los datos que pueden hacer obsoletas algunas definiciones anteriores. 3) El lanzamiento del manual coincide con una conferencia sobre arquitectura paramétrica.
Moulds and casting can be used for art, industry, and medicine. For art, moulds are used to create sculpture casts from an original clay model and can be made of flexible materials like silicone to produce multiple copies. In industry, moulding techniques like injection moulding are used to mass produce identical plastic and ceramic parts through the injection of molten material into a mould. In medicine, moulds provide a framework to reconstruct body parts, as seen in their use to reshape malformed outer ears through cartilage grafts guided by a silicone mould.
The document discusses various computer-controlled machining techniques including: turning, drilling, planning, milling, grinding, electrical discharge machining (EDM), laser cutting, hot wire cutting, and CNC milling. Specific examples of machines that use these techniques are provided from around the world, such as the Omax waterjet cutter, Xact wire EDM, foamlinx hot wire cutter, Epilog laser cutter, Roland modela milling machine, Shopbot CNC milling machine, and Mantis CNC milling machine. Applications from Peru are also highlighted including prototypes fabricated using a MultiCam CNC milling machine.
The document summarizes research on replicating refractive micro-optical components made with Deep Lithography with Protons (DLP). DLP allows fabrication of 3D micro-optical elements in PMMA but is impractical for mass production. The researchers made DLP compatible with injection molding and vacuum casting to allow low-cost mass replication of high-quality micro-optical modules in plastics like PMMA, PC, and COC. They demonstrated replication of micro-prisms and micro-lens arrays and discussed challenges like shrinkage that must be addressed to achieve good replication, especially for components with thin walls.
This document summarizes a study on developing a new method for manufacturing porous hydroxyapatite (HA) implants with designed internal architectures. Key points:
1. A lost-mold technique was used involving negative molds made via stereolithography and a highly loaded curable HA suspension. This allowed implants with designed channel patterns to be successfully built.
2. Characterization showed the designed channels in the sintered HA implants had diameters between 366-968 μm with standard deviations of 50 μm or less and porosities between 26-52%.
3. The new technique provides controlled pore structure compared to traditional methods and could produce implants tailored for specific bone defect sites.
This document describes a simple method for fabricating plastic microlens arrays with controllable shape and high fill-factor using 3D diffuser lithography and plastic replication. A diffuser is inserted into the conventional lithography process to randomize the UV light paths and form lens-like 3D latent images in thick photoresist. Microlens molds are then replicated by casting liquid PDMS onto the photoresist patterns. The focal length of the fabricated hemispherical microlenses ranges from 13-88 μm depending on UV exposure dose. Curing PDMS at 85°C produces smoother molds with surface roughness of 2.6 nm compared to room temperature curing.
This document summarizes a research paper that presents an approach for a reconfigurable 3D shape search system using a client-server architecture. It focuses on representing 3D models on the server side through a new skeletal graph representation. The skeletal graph preserves geometry and topology while being smaller than traditional representations and insensitive to minor shape perturbations. It also captures major shape features. The representation aims to be compatible with human cognitive shape representation. Search requirements like sensitivity, similarity metrics, efficiency and effectiveness are discussed. The paper presents the shape representation approach, with indexing to be covered in a subsequent paper.
Exposure of Javier Solano, PhD Professor in Computational Physics and System Engineering, National University of Engineering Lima - Peru. Concept, definition and representation of algorithms. Tree constructs, Unified Modeling Languaje (UML).
This document provides an overview of CAD (computer-aided design), CAM (computer-aided manufacturing), and CAE (computer-aided engineering). It discusses the history and definitions of these terms. CAD involves using computers to assist in the creation, modification, analysis, or optimization of a design. CAM bridges the gap between conceptual design and manufacturing. CAE uses software to simulate engineering problems like stress analysis. The document then discusses CAD topics like boundary representation, constructive solid geometry, function representation, parametric design, and examples of 2D and 3D CAD software.
We are attaching a .ppt related to 'how to add an image to your post' in order to update it in the main page of fablablima.com.
We do it because we have realized that when you post something, there´s a black image.
This document provides an overview of digital fabrication principles and practices including:
1. Computer aided design, manufacturing, and modeling techniques for 2D and 3D design.
2. Computer controlled cutting, milling, and machining tools for electronics, wood, and metalworking.
3. 3D scanning, printing, molding, and casting processes.
1. CAD-CAM generated ear cast by means of a laser scanner and rapid
prototyping machine
Leonardo Ciocca, DDS, PhD,a
and Roberto Scotti, MD, DDSb
Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Sculpting a wax ear cast for use when making a definitive prosthesis for a patient who has had auricle ablative
surgery, is challenging. It requires a skilled anaplastologist along with complex instrumentation able to
perform facial laser scans and reproduce anatomic details. The aim of this article is to present a technique to
create a cast by laser scanning a stone cast of the existing ear. A 3D laser scanner develops an integrated 3D
digital image of the unaffected ear, which is copied and then mirrored. A rapid prototyping machine collects
the necessary data to manufacture the definitive resin ear. This procedure is time and cost effective only if the
technology is free of charge. (J Prosthet Dent 2004;92:591-5.)
The surgical ablative treatment of maxillofacial
cancer may cause facial disfigurement and consequently
psychologic disturbances. The involvement of facial
organs often causes great difficulties in terms of social
relationships and economic consequences.1
Patients
may be restored using modern microvascular flaps, but
some patients may not receive such surgery because of
age or general medical condition. In such circumstances,
a facial prosthesis could serve as a viable definitive
alternative.2
When sculpting a wax ear cast, an anaplastologist
faces the challenge of reproducing correct anatomic
morphology. Furthermore, this type of rehabilitation
often represents an additional cost for patients. Recent
studies3-7
have focused on computer-assisted rapid pro-
totyping machines to sculpture facial prostheses. Several
techniques have been reported to fabricate a mirror-im-
age wax cast for maxillofacial prostheses,4,8,9
however,
these techniques are costly and may require more time
than manual fabrication. Nusinov and Gay8
used a verti-
cal camera capable of reproducing 3-dimensional
objects to transfer parallel lines to casts for positioning.
Mankovich et al9
presented a technique for fabricating
a prosthetic scalp using a computerized tomography
(CT) scanner. Runte et al6
investigated the use of an op-
tical impression technique, based on a 3-dimensional
optical data acquisition system, to circumvent impres-
sion problems when fabricating a facial prosthesis.
Furthermore, the technical equipment and high cost re-
presented problems in these clinical procedures.
Other studies have focused on the materials used to
make impressions by optimizing the definitive cast and
minimizing soft tissue distortion,10,11
whereas Cheah
et al12,13
presented a manufacturing approach to achieve
automated fabrication of spatially and anatomically accu-
rate extraoral prostheses using the computer-aided de-
sign–computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM)
technique. In the first part of the present article, the au-
thors outline a protocol for the fabrication of a prosthesis
replica which includes a laser scan of the face and the
rapid prototyping of the prosthesis. The authors devel-
oped a method to eliminate the use of conventional im-
pressions and the necessity to depend on the artistic skills
of an anaplastologist. In the second part, the authors
present the design and production steps of negative
molds used in the definitive prosthesis using CAD, rapid
prototyping, and rapid tooling techniques. This article
describes a technique to rapidly create a wax cast by laser
scanning a plaster cast of the existing ear.
TECHNIQUE
Data acquisition
1. Randomlypositionacast ofthe existingear on aplat-
form with colored pins (Ballpin; Buffetti, Milan,
Italy) (diameter 2.5 mm) around it. (Fig. 1, A)
2. Use a laser scanner (Minolta VIVID 900; Minolta,
Osaka, Japan) connected to a personal computer
(Asus, Pentium 4 /2.8, 1 GB Ram, HD 80 GB)
to acquire the 3D spatial coordinates using software
(Polygon Editing Tool v1.03;.Minolta). Make the
first measurement after positioning the stone cast
in front of the laser scanner. (Fig. 1, B)
3. Place the cast of the ear in 8 random positions
(Fig. 2) to obtain 8 laser measurements of the sur-
face from different angles to detect all undercuts.
4. Record these patterns with the software (Polygon
Editing Tool v1.03) of the laser scanner.
5. Represent the surface by 8 clouds (the entire num-
ber of the 3D points representing a volume surface)
of 50,000 points, each with 3D point coordinates.
6. Adjust these digitalized surfaces as explained in
steps 7 to 14 of this technique, then merge them
to combine the 3D clouds of points, using software
(Inus Rapidform 2004 CAD v2004; INUS Techn,
Seoul, Korea) to locate the same 3D points in each
digital image. Overlap the center of each colored
spherical pin with the corresponding pin in the
a
Clinical Assistant Professor of Maxillofacial Prosthesis, Section of Oral
and Maxillofacial Rehabilitation, Department of Oral Science.
b
Dean and Professor of Prosthodontics, Section of Oral and
Maxillofacial Rehabilitation, Department of Oral Science.
DECEMBER 2004 THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY 591
2. other diverse angled image scans and integrate all
measurements (Fig. 3).
Data elaboration
7. Use the ‘‘Register 2 Shells’’ function for the recom-
bination and alignment of the pairs of scans through
3D translations.
8. Use the ‘‘Register Fine’’ function to permit the en-
tire surface to be recombined by using an automatic
algorithm.
9. Use the ‘‘Merge Mesh’’ function to blend the dif-
ferent surfaces into 1 virtual model and to construct
a surface with the 3D values of each corresponding
point of the different scans.
10. Use the ‘‘Clean Abnormal Face’’ function to elimi-
nate surface abnormalities of the previously elabo-
rated shell.
11. Use the ‘‘Smooth’’ function to smooth the surface
of the image.
12. Use the ‘‘Remesh’’ command to allow for the orga-
nization of the triangulated mesh of the points.
13. Use the ‘‘Decimate’’ function to reduce the magni-
tude of the computerized file.
14. Use the ‘‘Fill Holes’’ function to automatically or
manually eliminate surface gaps that remain after
data elaboration.
15. Develop an STL-integrated 3D digital file with the
software, using the ‘‘Export as STL file’’ function.
16. Copy and mirror the existing surface (Fig. 4) using
the ‘‘Divide/Mirror’’ tool to permit visualization of
the defective ear as it appeared before ablative sur-
gery.
CAD-CAM technology and rapid prototyping
procedure
17. Process the STL file using the computer system (Z
Printer 310; Z Corp, Burlington, Mass) to manu-
facture the definitive acrylic ear cast in a single step.
By using the Z Printer 310 machine, provide a layer
of sealant (Z Corp Sealant; Z Corp) with a layer of
resin powder (Z Corp Powder; Z Corp) and de-
velop the entire volume through layer-by-layer
manufacturing.
18. Allow 60 minutes for the acrylic resin to polymerize.
19. Extract the cast from the powder and then infiltrate
the surface of the manufactured ear with cyanoacry-
Fig. 1. A, Colored pins for repositioning diverse angled
images. B, Minolta Vivid 900 laser scanner.
Fig. 2. Eight random positions of laser scanner.
THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY CIOCCA AND SCOTTI
592 VOLUME 92 NUMBER 6
3. late (496; Loctite Italia, Brugherio, Italy) to further
harden the acrylic resin ear (Fig. 5).
Prosthesis production
20. Use a vinyl polysiloxane material (Zetalabor
Platinum; Zhermack, Badia Polesine, Italy) to
transform the acrylic resin cast into a wax ear.
21. Make a mold with the silicone, leaving an opening
in the mold all around the base of the prototyped
ear.
22. Split the vinyl polysiloxane mold during the re-
moval of the resin cast and recompose it using the
cyanoacrylate before pouring the mold with the
wax (Tenatex; Associated Dental Products,
Imadent, Turin, Italy).
23. Once the wax hardens, separate the 2 parts of the
mold and extract the wax cast from the silicone
mold.
24. Adapt the margins of the mirrored section to the
post surgical face asymmetries. The mirror projec-
tion of the corresponding surface will not initially
fit in the resection cavity (Fig. 6).
25. Perform conventional processing procedures as de-
scribed by Beumer et al14
to obtain the definitive
prosthesis (Fig. 7).
26. Use a spectrophotometer to determine the intrinsic
color of the ear (SpectroShade Office; MHT,
Verona, Italy)
27. Apply extrinsic colors (Extrinsic; Factor II, Lakeside,
Ariz), and use acetoxy silicone adhesive (A-564;
Factor II) to seal the coloration onto the silicone.
Fig. 3. Reproduction of overlapping process.
Fig. 4. Digitalized image is copied and mirrored.
THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRYCIOCCA AND SCOTTI
DECEMBER 2004 593
4. DISCUSSION
Several research protocols have proposed technical
computer-assisted solutions, however, this article de-
scribes a simple, inexpensive, and repeatable method
of obtaining a definitive wax cast of a maxillofacial
prosthesis. Using a pin system around the ear cast
prior to duplication, 8 laser measurements of the sur-
face from new angles allow for the detection of all un-
dercuts. Each colored sphere at the top of the pin
permits the detection the center point from every an-
gle it is observed and subsequently the recombination
of the different angled images which overlap with the
corresponding colored pin center of the other diverse
image scans (Fig. 3). The software blends the differ-
ent surfaces of the ear into 1 virtual 3D model using
the sphere around the cast, whose perimeters and ce-
nters may be easily detected and overlapped with the
corresponding one in the other images of the different
scans. Other recent studies7,12
have proposed scan-
ning methods which used custom-made laser scanners
or expensive rapid prototyping devices. This tech-
nique requires only a conventional laser scanner and
a commercial 3D printer.
This technique is also faster and less expensive than
the work of an anaplastologist which is done by hand.
However, it should be noted that the authors had use
of equipment at the Architectural Department of the
Engineering Department at the University of Bologna,
Italy, free of charge. The equipment needed is similar
to that used for the rapid prototyping process in archi-
tectural modeling. If access to such a computerized sys-
tem is available, the only cost is the powder and the
sealant of the 3D printer. Using this equipment, the
procedure takes no more than 8 hours, the majority of
which is spent on data elaboration.
This technique, used for computer-generated facial
prosthesis construction, has several advantages. The la-
ser scanner and the rapid prototyping machine used for
reproducing a mirrored cast of an existing ear with this
technique are commonly available. Data acquisition
and elaboration is less time consuming and expensive
than with previously described methods or fabricating
the wax prosthesis manually. Surface data may be corrected
Fig. 5. A, Rapid prototyping in acrylic of undercuts. B, Frontal view of acrylic final result (on left).
Fig. 7. Definitive result.
Fig. 6. Initial trial of wax ear obtained through silicone
duplication on patient.
THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY CIOCCA AND SCOTTI
594 VOLUME 92 NUMBER 6
5. and adapted to more accurately reconstruct the prosthesis.
The definitive resin cast may be saved in a maxillofacial
prosthetic computerized library and reproduced when
the prosthesis requires repair or duplication.
A disadvantage of this clinical procedure is the lack of
detailed color information. The use of a spectrophotom-
eter is necessary to obtain precise color matching.15
If
clinicians do not have a specialized, cost-free laboratory
at their disposal, the price of the recommended technical
equipment may be a disadvantage.
Future developments might include a color map of
the definitive prosthesis by means of a spectrophotome-
ter-assisted color calibration of the surface. The integra-
tion of the 2 systems, color and volume, would be
required. Moreover, future developments may include
details of the undercuts and the adaptation of the acrylic
resin cast to the resection margins. In addition, the sys-
tem for the fabrication of a maxillofacial prosthesis might
be used as a presurgical template for the craniofacial
implant positioning diagnosis by means of a CT scan.
SUMMARY
This article describes a technique for making maxillo-
facial prostheses using CAD-CAM technology and
a rapid prototyping machine. A laser scanner was used
to develop an integrated 3D digital image of the existing
ear of a patient subjected to auricle ablative surgery. The
image was mirrored and used to manufacture the solid
ear cast by means of a rapid prototyping machine. This
procedure is time and cost effective if the technology is
available free of charge. Subsequently, the definitive
prosthesis was obtained through conventional pro-
cedures.
The authors thank Professor Roberto Mingucci and Mr. Giovanni
Bacci, technician, of the Department of Architecture and Engineer-
ing at the University of Bologna, for their attention to protocol
development and for use of the informatic instrumentation of the
SILAB laboratory.
The authors also thank ZCorp’s Italian distributor, Dr. Guanluca
Pieri, for technical assistance during the manufacturing protocol of
the resin rapid-prototyped models.
REFERENCES
1. Beumer J, Curtis TA, Marunick MT. Maxillofacial rehabilitation: prosthetic
and surgical consideration. St Louis: Medico Dental Media International;
1996. p. 18.
2. Hecker DM. Maxillofacial rehabilitation of a large facial defect resulting
from an arteriovenous malformation utilizing a two-piece prosthesis.
J Prosthet Dent 2003;89:109-13.
3. Girod S, Keeve E, Girod B. Advances in interactive craniofacial surgery
planning by 3D simulation and visualization. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg
1995;24:120-5.
4. Coward TJ, Watson RM, Wilkinson IC. Fabrication of a wax ear by rapid-
process modeling using stereolithography. Int J Prosthodont 1999;12:
20-7.
5. Penkner K, Santler G, Mayer W, Pierer G, Lorenzoni M. Fabricating auric-
ular prostheses using three-dimensional soft tissue models. J Prosthet Dent
1999;82:482-4.
6. Runte C, Dirksen D, Delere` H, et al. Optical data acquisition for com-
puter-assisted design of facial prostheses. Int J Prosthodont 2002;15:
129-32.
7. Reitemeier B, Notni G, Heinze M, Schone C, Schmidt A, Fichtner D.
Optical modeling of extraoral defects. J Prosthet Dent 2004;91:80-4.
8. Nusinov NS, Gay WD. A method for obtaining the reverse image of an
ear. J Prosthet Dent 1980;44:68-71.
9. Mankovich NJ, Curtis DA, Kagawa T, Beumer J 3rd. Comparison of com-
puter-based fabrication of alloplastic cranial implants with conventional
techniques. J Prosthet Dent 1986;55:606-9.
10. Lemon JC, Okay DJ, Powers JM, Martin JW, Chambers MS. Facial mou-
lage: the effect of a retarder on compressive strength and working and set-
ting times of irreversible hydrocolloid impression material. J Prosthet Dent
2003;90:276-81.
11. Kubon TM, Anderson JD. An implant-retained auricular impression tech-
nique to minimize soft tissue distortion. J Prosthet Dent 2003;89:97-101.
12. Cheah CM, Chua CK, Tan KH, Teo CK. Integration of laser surface digitiz-
ing with CAD/CAM techniques for developing facial prosthesis. Part 1: de-
sign and fabrication of prosthesis replicas. Int J Prosthodont 2003;16:
435-41.
13. Cheah CM, Chua CK, Tan KH, Teo CK. Integration of laser surface digitiz-
ing with CAD/CAM techniques for developing facial prosthesis. Part 2: de-
velopment of molding techniques for casting prosthetic parts. Int J
Prosthodont 2003;16:543-8.
14. Beumer J, Curtis TA, Marunick MT. Maxillofacial rehabilitation: prosthetic
and surgical considerations. St Louis: Medico Dental Media International;
1996. p. 377-453.
15. Taylor TD. Clinical maxillofacial prosthetics. Chicago: Quintessence;
2000. p. 245-64.
0022-3913/$30.00
Copyright Ó 2004 by The Editorial Council of The Journal of Prosthetic
Dentistry
doi:10.1016/j.prosdent.2004.08.021
THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRYCIOCCA AND SCOTTI
DECEMBER 2004 595