A middle-aged woman presents with breathlessness, fatigue, and infrequent urination. Her skin appears pale and bruised. The most appropriate initial investigation is to check her urea and electrolytes. A man diagnosed with AKI has diarrhea, vomiting, and loss of appetite. He has oliguria and high potassium. The first step in his management should be to treat his high potassium. All of the options are indications for dialysis in a patient with chronic renal failure except pericarditis.

2. What the signs and symptoms
of chronic renal failure

3. A middle-aged woman presents with breathlessness for
the last week. She also comments that she has been
feeling more tired than usual and that she has been
passing urine infrequently. On examination you note that
her skin is pale and pigmented with several small bruises.
What is the most appropriate initial investigation?
a. Urea and electrolytes
b. Serum calcium, phosphate and uric acid
c. Full blood count
d. Renal ultrasound

4. A 51-year-old man is diagnosed with AKI. He has
recently been suffering from diarrhoea and vomiting
and has lost his appetite. He takes captopril for his
high blood pressure. He is oliguric with a urine output
of less than 300 mL/day. Routine blood tests reveal
a potassium of 6.5 mmol/L. What is the first most
appropriate step in his management?
a. Treat his high potassium
b. Fluid replacement
c. Diuretics
d. Withdraw captopril
e. Nutrition replacement

5. patient with chronic renal failure is
referred for dialysis. The following
are all indications for dialysis EXCEPT?
a. Severe metabolic acidosis
b. Uncontrollable hyperkalaemia
c. Pulmonary oedema
d. Pericarditis
e. Anaemia