This is authentic Slides and materials collected from different forensic Books.

1. FORENSIC SEROLOGY &
DNA TYPING.
M.PHOOL BADSHAH

2. Gulab Devi Educational
Complex, Lahore.

3. LECTURE-2
FORENSIC SEROLOGY
CONCEPTS & TECHNIQUES

4. INTRODUCTION
Examining and analyzing biological fluids
especially blood in the context of criminal
investigations is the practice of forensic serology.
 Identification of persons, classification of injuries, and provision
of evidence for legal processes are all critical functions of this
field.
 Here are some key concepts and techniques in forensic
serology:

5. 1- Blood Typing:
o The two main blood types used in forensic serology are Rh and ABO. Blood
is divided into four categories according to the ABO system: A, B, AB, and
O. Rh-positive or Rh-negative blood is determined by the Rh factor.
o Individuals may be excluded or included as possible sources of a specific
bloodstain depending on their blood type.
2- Presumptive Tests:
o These assays are employed to suggest the potential for blood present.
Hemastix test strips, luminol testing, and the Kastle-Meyer test
(phenolphthalein test) are a few examples.
o Despite their sensitivity, presumed tests are not blood-specific, necessitating
additional confirmation testing.

6. 3- Confirmatory Tests:
o Tests that confirm the presence of blood are more precise and offer solid proof
of it. The confirmatory precipitin test is one widely used technique.
o The precipitin test determines if human or animal blood is present by seeing
how particular antibodies react with blood.
4- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbant Assay (ELISA):
o Antibodies are used in the sensitive ELISA method to identify and measure a
variety of materials, including blood antigens.
o It can be applied to distinguish between different blood components, like
hemoglobin and other proteins.
5-Serological Tests for Semen:
o The existence of semen can be verified with tests like the prostate-specific
antigen (PSA) test and the acid phosphatase test.
o These tests are useful in identifying male biological material in stains or in
situations of sexual assault.

7. 6- Forensic DNA Analysis:
o In forensic serology, DNA analysis is now a potent tool. Individuals can be
identified based on their DNA profiles using methods like Short Tandem
Repeat (STR) analysis and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR).
o Bloodstains, saliva, semen, and other biological materials can all be subjected
to DNA analysis.
7- Species Identification:
o When determining the source of blood (such as separating human blood from
animal blood), serological techniques can be employed to pinpoint particular
proteins or markers that differentiate between different species.

8. 8- Bloodstain Pattern Analysis:
o This method of reconstructing the circumstances surrounding a crime through
bloodstain analysis is not strictly speaking a serological approach.
o In order to offer insights about the dynamics of an incident, it takes into
account the size, shape, and distribution of bloodstains.
9- Immunoelectrophoresis:
o Proteins in a sample can be separated and identified using
Immunoelectrophoresis based on the interactions between the antigen and the
antibody.
o It is useful for identifying particular proteins in blood and other biological
fluids.
10- Microscopic Examination:
o The appearance and properties of blood cells can be revealed by microscopic
analysis of bloodstains.
o It can assist in identifying the kind of wound and the type of bloodstain.

9.  Note:
o As molecular biology, immunology, and other scientific
fields are integrated, forensic serology techniques keep
evolving.
o Forensic investigations require a variety of procedures in
addition to in-depth analysis to produce accurate and
trustworthy conclusions.