2.Compare and contrast the roles of the federal, state and local lev.pdf
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2.Compare and contrast the roles of the federal, state and local levels of government and their impact on health policy Solution The federal government acts in six main areas related to population health: (1) policy making, (2) financing, (3) public health protection, (4) collecting and disseminating information about U.S. health and health care delivery systems, (5) capacity building for population health, and (6) direct management of services (Boufford and Lee, 2001) State and local government have the primary responsibility for the health under the U.S constitution. In order to achieve this responsibilities state and local engage on the following activities: monitoring diseases and injury of population, identifying groups that have conditions of public health importance, counselling and education. State and local governments also engage in a broad array of regulatory activities. They seek to ensure that businesses conduct themselves in ways that are safe and sanitary. They seek to ensure that businesses conduct themselves in ways that are safe and sanitary (through the institution of measures such as inspections, licenses, and nuisance abatements) and they oversee the quality of health care provided in the public and private sectors. Reference: The Future of the Public\'s Health in the 21st Century (2003).
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end health dend health dend health dend health disparities in the United Statesisparities in the United Statesisparities in the United Statesisparities in the United States
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3 National Association of State Offices of Minority Health; USA
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Disclaimer
WCSDH/BCKGRT/13/2011
This draft background paper is one of several in a series commissioned by the World Health Organization for the
World Conference on Social Determinants of Health, held 19-21 October 2011, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The goal
of these papers is to highlight country experiences on implementing action on social determinants of health.
Copyright on these papers remains with the authors and/or the Regional Office of the World Health Organization
from which they have been sourced. All rights reserved. The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed in
this paper are entirely those of the author(s) and should not be attributed in any manner whatsoever to the World
Health Organization.
All papers are available at the symposium website at www.who.int/sdhconference. Correspondence for the authors
can be sent by email to [email protected]
The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of
any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country,
territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines
on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific
companies or of certain manufacturers' products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the
World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions
excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. The published material is
being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation
and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall the World Health Organization be liable for damages ...
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2 Association of State and Territorial Health Officials; USA
3 National Association of State Offices of Minority Health; USA
4 National Rural Health Association; USA
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Disclaimer
WCSDH/BCKGRT/13/2011
This draft background paper is one of several in a series commissioned by the World Health Organization for the
World Conference on Social Determinants of Health, held 19-21 October 2011, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The goal
of these papers is to highlight country experiences on implementing action on social determinants of health.
Copyright on these papers remains with the authors and/or the Regional Office of the World Health Organization
from which they have been sourced. All rights reserved. The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed in
this paper are entirely those of the author(s) and should not be attributed in any manner whatsoever to the World
Health Organization.
All papers are available at the symposium website at www.who.int/sdhconference. Correspondence for the authors
can be sent by email to [email protected]
The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of
any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country,
territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines
on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific
companies or of certain manufacturers' products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the
World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions
excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. The published material is
being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation
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CHAPTER 1History of the U.S. Healthcare SystemLEARNING OBJECTI.docx
CHAPTER 1
History of the U.S. Healthcare System
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
The student will be able to:
■ Describe five milestones of medicine and medical education and their importance to health care.
■ Discuss five milestones of the hospital system and their importance to health care.
■ Identify five milestones of public health and their importance to health care.
■ Describe five milestones of health insurance and their importance to health care.
■ Explain the difference between primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention.
■ Explain the concept of the iron triangle as it applies to health care.
DID YOU KNOW THAT?
■ When the practice of medicine first began, tradesmen such as barbers practiced medicine. They often used the same razor to cut hair as to perform surgery.
■ In 2014, the United States spent 17.5% of the gross domestic product on healthcare spending, which is the highest in the world.
■ As a result of the Affordable Care Act, the number of uninsured is projected to decline to 23 million by 2023.
■ The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services predicts national health expenditures will account for over 19% of the U.S. gross domestic product.
■ The United States is the only major country that does not have universal healthcare coverage.
■ In 2002, the Joint Commission issued hospital standards requiring them to inform their patients if their results were not consistent with typical care results.
▶ Introduction
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In this Discussion, you bring together the concepts that have been presented throughout this course by analyzing a current population health topic from an epidemiological approach. Consider the cultural, ethical, regulatory, and legal factors that may influence your selected topic.
To prepare:
Review the case study, presented on page 411 of your course text,
Population Health: Creating a Culture of Wellness
. Consider the cultural, ethical, and legal factors presented in the case study and how they influence the Michigan Primary Care Transformation Project.
With these thoughts in mind, select a current public health initiative that has been discussed in the popular press or available at the CDC website or your state’s health department website.
Consider this initiative through the lens of an epidemiologist and identify what you think are the three most important issues related to culture, ethics, regulatory, or legal aspects of the public health initiative.
Consider how current health care legislation might impact your selected public health initiative. Conduct additional research as necessary.
By tomorrow 05/09/2018 12 pm, write a minimum of 550 words in APA format with at least 3 scholarly references from the list of required readings below. Include the level one headings as numbered below”
Post
a cohesive response that addresses the following:
1) Provide a summary of your selected public health initiative and include a reference to the article
(and URL to the article).
2) Analyze the cultural, ethical, regulatory, and legal factors that influence your specified population health topic.
3) Evaluate how current health care legislation may positively or negatively impact your selected public health initiative.
Required Readings
Nash, D. B., Fabius, R. J., Skoufalos, A., Clarke, J.
L. & Horowitz, M. R. (2016). Population health: Creating a culture of wellness (2nd ed). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.
Chapter 15
, “Risk Management and Law”
This chapter discusses the role of the U.S. legal system to foster the health of populations with emphasis on the U.S. Supreme Court’s decision on the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act.
Chapter 16
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Chapter 3
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Disclaimer
WCSDH/BCKGRT/13/2011
This draft background paper is one of several in a series commissioned by the World Health Organization for the
World Conference on Social Determinants of Health, held 19-21 October 2011, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The goal
of these papers is to highlight country experiences on implementing action on social determinants of health.
Copyright on these papers remains with the authors and/or the Regional Office of the World Health Organization
from which they have been sourced. All rights reserved. The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed in
this paper are entirely those of the author(s) and should not be attributed in any manner whatsoever to the World
Health Organization.
All papers are available at the symposium website at www.who.int/sdhconference. Correspondence for the authors
can be sent by email to [email protected]
The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of
any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country,
territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines
on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific
companies or of certain manufacturers' products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the
World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions
excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. The published material is
being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation
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This draft background paper is one of several in a series commissioned by the World Health Organization for the
World Conference on Social Determinants of Health, held 19-21 October 2011, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The goal
of these papers is to highlight country experiences on implementing action on social determinants of health.
Copyright on these papers remains with the authors and/or the Regional Office of the World Health Organization
from which they have been sourced. All rights reserved. The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed in
this paper are entirely those of the author(s) and should not be attributed in any manner whatsoever to the World
Health Organization.
All papers are available at the symposium website at www.who.int/sdhconference. Correspondence for the authors
can be sent by email to [email protected]
The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of
any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country,
territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines
on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific
companies or of certain manufacturers' products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the
World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions
excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. The published material is
being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation
and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall the World Health Organization be liable for damages ...
CHAPTER 1History of the U.S. Healthcare SystemLEARNING OBJECTI.docx
CHAPTER 1
History of the U.S. Healthcare System
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
The student will be able to:
■ Describe five milestones of medicine and medical education and their importance to health care.
■ Discuss five milestones of the hospital system and their importance to health care.
■ Identify five milestones of public health and their importance to health care.
■ Describe five milestones of health insurance and their importance to health care.
■ Explain the difference between primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention.
■ Explain the concept of the iron triangle as it applies to health care.
DID YOU KNOW THAT?
■ When the practice of medicine first began, tradesmen such as barbers practiced medicine. They often used the same razor to cut hair as to perform surgery.
■ In 2014, the United States spent 17.5% of the gross domestic product on healthcare spending, which is the highest in the world.
■ As a result of the Affordable Care Act, the number of uninsured is projected to decline to 23 million by 2023.
■ The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services predicts national health expenditures will account for over 19% of the U.S. gross domestic product.
■ The United States is the only major country that does not have universal healthcare coverage.
■ In 2002, the Joint Commission issued hospital standards requiring them to inform their patients if their results were not consistent with typical care results.
▶ Introduction
It is important as a healthcare consumer to understand the history of the U.S. healthcare delivery system, how it operates today, who participates in the system, what legal and ethical issues arise as a result of the system, and what problems continue to plague the healthcare system. We are all consumers of health care. Yet, in many instances, we are ignorant of what we are actually purchasing. If we were going to spend $1,000 on an appliance or a flat-screen television, many of us would research the product to determine if what we are purchasing is the best product for us. This same concept should be applied to purchasing healthcare services.
Increasing healthcare consumer awareness will protect you in both the personal and professional aspects of your life. You may decide to pursue a career in health care either as a provider or as an administrator. You may also decide to manage a business where you will have the responsibility of providing health care to your employees. And last, from a personal standpoint, you should have the knowledge from a consumer point of view so you can make informed decisions about what matters most—your health. The federal government agrees with this philosophy.
As the U.S. population’s life expectancy continues to lengthen—increasing the “graying” of the population—the United States will be confronted with more chronic health issues because, as we age, more chronic health conditions develop. The U.S. healthcare system is one of the most expensive systems in the world. According to 2014 statistics, the ...
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Factors That Impact Population Health
In this Discussion, you bring together the concepts that have been presented throughout this course by analyzing a current population health topic from an epidemiological approach. Consider the cultural, ethical, regulatory, and legal factors that may influence your selected topic.
To prepare:
Review the case study, presented on page 411 of your course text,
Population Health: Creating a Culture of Wellness
. Consider the cultural, ethical, and legal factors presented in the case study and how they influence the Michigan Primary Care Transformation Project.
With these thoughts in mind, select a current public health initiative that has been discussed in the popular press or available at the CDC website or your state’s health department website.
Consider this initiative through the lens of an epidemiologist and identify what you think are the three most important issues related to culture, ethics, regulatory, or legal aspects of the public health initiative.
Consider how current health care legislation might impact your selected public health initiative. Conduct additional research as necessary.
By tomorrow 05/09/2018 12 pm, write a minimum of 550 words in APA format with at least 3 scholarly references from the list of required readings below. Include the level one headings as numbered below”
Post
a cohesive response that addresses the following:
1) Provide a summary of your selected public health initiative and include a reference to the article
(and URL to the article).
2) Analyze the cultural, ethical, regulatory, and legal factors that influence your specified population health topic.
3) Evaluate how current health care legislation may positively or negatively impact your selected public health initiative.
Required Readings
Nash, D. B., Fabius, R. J., Skoufalos, A., Clarke, J.
L. & Horowitz, M. R. (2016). Population health: Creating a culture of wellness (2nd ed). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.
Chapter 15
, “Risk Management and Law”
This chapter discusses the role of the U.S. legal system to foster the health of populations with emphasis on the U.S. Supreme Court’s decision on the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act.
Chapter 16
, “Making the Case for Population Health Management: The Business Value of Better Health”
This chapter explores why good health is good business, the cost of good health and the potential provide to be realized when workforce health is improved.
Chapter 3
,
“Policy Implications for Population Health: Health Promotion and Wellness”
The chapter provides an overview of the intricacies of federal policy making and the key policy components necessary to advance the health of populations.
Chapter 5,
“The Political Landscape in Relation to the Health and Wealth of Nations”
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Understanding Linkages between Governance and Health: Concepts and Evidence
There is a lack of evidence and understanding of the dynamics of interventions and contexts in which improved health system governance can contribute to improved health outcomes. As donors and governments increase their emphasis on improving the accountability and transparency of health systems, there is an ever increasing need for this evidence. Governance interventions could then more effectively contribute to measurable improvements in health
outcomes such as reduction in maternal or child mortality, or increased coverage of HIV/AIDS treatment.
On September 14, 2016 the USAID Health Finance and Governance Project (HFG) supported the USAID Office of Health Systems (OHS) and WHO to co-sponsor a workshop to launch a major initiative to marshal the evidence of how health governance contributes to health system performance and ultimately health outcomes. The marshaling of evidence activity will culminate in a high level international event in June 2017 to share knowledge and foster dialogue between donors, researchers, health governance practitioners, and policy makers.
The event brings together important USAID and WHO initiatives to elevate the importance of health governance. The HFG workshop included 35 health and governance professionals from across USAID (OHS, the Center of Excellence for Democracy, Rights and Governance, and the Bureau for Economic Growth, Education and Environment), the WHO, World Bank, academic partners, and implementing partners to launch the marshaling the evidence effort.
Sahil2
Role of Public Health in Health and social Care
Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION.. 4
TASK-1. 5
1.1 Role of different agencies in identifying levels in health and disease in communities. 5
1.2 Statistics on the incidence and spread of infectious disease. Explain the epidemiology of one infectious and non-infectious disease and relevance of statistics in context to public health. 7
1.3 Evaluate the effectiveness of different approaches and strategies to control the incidence of disease in communities. 8
TASK-2 Be able to investigate the implications of illness and disease in communities for the provision of health and social care services. 9
2.1 Determine what are the current approaches to the provision of services for the people with disease or illness. 9
2.2 Explain the relationship between the prevalence of different diseases and the requirements of services to support individuals with the health and social care service
Law and ethics in public health
Programs for public health practitioners in the field, due to the profession is so dispersed in its work—from employment in private managed care organizations and clinics. The main purpose of this study is to analysis the relationship between law and ethics with public healthcare performance. The present study used a quantitative research design, specifically the descriptive survey design. This is because such design accurately and objectively describes the characteristics of a situation or phenomenon being investigated in a given study. It provides a description of the variables in a particular situation and, sometimes, the relationship among these variables rather than focusing on the cause-and effect relationships. Thus, this study used a questionnaire which was developed from previous research in order to measure the relationships among the investigated variables. This study was carried out in different healthcare centers located in Erbil, the total of 81 participants participated in this study. The researcher developed research hypothesis as follow; there is a positive and significant relationship between law and healthcare performance in Erbil. The finding of this study showed that the value of beta for law and ethics factor is .749 with the P-value .000 this means that the law and ethics will have positive and significant influence on healthcare performance; accordingly the main research hypothesis is supported.
1. The federal government developed Healthy People as a set of natio.docx
1. The federal government developed Healthy People as a set of national health objectives that are periodically evaluated to measure progress in the nation’s health goals and healthcare services. HP 2020 has a renewed focus on identifying, measuring, tracking, and reducing health disparities through a determinants-of-health approach.
This week, please briefly discuss a Healthy People 2020 objective under the topic area of your choice. Go to www.healthypeople.gov and select any one of the objectives under the topic area of your interest. Using the local, national, or international news, describe actions you, as a community health nurse, could take in formulating policy changes to help promote the objective you have selected. Cite references to support your views.
2. Healthy People 2020 identified four Foundation Health Measures (FHM) that reflect the major health concerns in the United States. The third FHM is
Determinants of Health
. The description of Determinants of Health is:
"A range of personal, social, economic, and environmental factors that influence health status are known as determinants of health. Determinants of health include such things as biology, genetics, individual behavior, access to health services, and the environment in which people are born, live, learn, play, work, and age" (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, n.d., About Determinants of Health section, para. 1).
Go to the "Learn More About Determinants of Health" (
http://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/about/DOHAbout.aspx
) and choose one of the five Determinants of Health that you feel is most important for community health. In your posting, share the determinant of health and the rationale for your choice. Remember to cite any references used for developing your rationale.
.
Public Health and Health Care
Public health is defined as “the approach to medicine that is concerned with the health of the community as a whole” ("Definition of Public Health", 2013). Without public health, health care would be in vain. A person could be in perfect health one day, come in contact with a person with a contagious disease, and be dead within twenty-four hours. This paper will discuss the local health department.
Assessing and Identifying Health Needs: Theories and Frameworks for Practice
Assessing and Identifying Health Needs: Theories and Frameworks for PracticeKashan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services
The assessment and identification of health need is a process that helps:
Inform planning of health care for individuals and their families, communities and the wider population.
It can be a powerful learning tool for local service providers, presenting them with the rationale for re-designing services to better target assessed needs of the local population.
Running Head POLITICS AND HEALTH CASE SYSTEMS IN USPOLITICS A.docx
Running Head: POLITICS AND HEALTH CASE SYSTEMS IN US
POLITICS AND HEALTH CARE SYSTEM IN US. 12
Politics and Healthcare System in US
Student’s Name
Institution
Date
Abstract
It should be noted that the U.S health care delivery system is constantly undergoing transformation through new legislation or improvement and amendments of the existing legislations. Some of the most common areas that are often improved concern the financing sector, insurance sector, delivery sector and quality sector. New laws are often introduced in these sectors with the purpose of ensuring that the resultant health care is of high quality and that it is cheaper and accessible to many. Affordability is another crucial component of health care delivery system. The four basic functional components of the U.S. health care delivery system include financing, insurance, delivery and quality would be discussed.
The paper will explore and analyze the association between the politics and the health care reforms in the United States. The analysis will try to find out the role of politics in the key healthcare reforms such as Medicare, Medicaid, Managed care and even the most current act called Affordable Care Act. The paper will demonstrate that politicians have been using gaps in the healthcare system to campaign for their consideration for being elected as Congress or senetors. It will also demonstrate that some politicians such as Clinton plan to initiate reforms to suit their political interest. The paper will conclude by indicating how the politics and politicians manipulate the health care reform as their campaign strategies of winning voters.
Politics and healthcare system in USA
A closer look at the health care reform in United States reveals that any reform is politically orchestrated. In fact it is as if one of the campaign strategies of most of the politicians is to come up with a reform that can improve cost of care, quality of care and access to care. A closer look at the history of the United States reveals that politics started intervening in health care between 1930s and 1960s (Patel & Rushefsky, 1999). During this time, there was depression, unemployment insurance and hence the government was in pressure to provide cheaper if not free medical care or reimbursement for its cost (Patel & Rushefsky, 1999).
In 1935, the Social Security Act of 1935 was formed to provide for unemployment compensation, old-age pensions and other benefits (Patel & Rushefsky, 1999). It should be noted that the political party in leadership had to be careful on how it handles the issue of health care lest it lose the confidence in people. Before the idea of insurance was introduced, the American Medical Association was strongly opposing it. On the other hand, the politicians and the ruling political government had to force it happen because that was the only option in which politicians could help its citizens and p.
Dr. Anju Goel, Public Health: An Overview
A Public Health Overview by Dr. Anju Goel - Public Health Officer for San Benito County.
Public Health Policy Marcia Stanhope, PhD, RN, FAAN Dr. .docx
Public Health Policy
Marcia Stanhope, PhD, RN, FAAN
Dr. Marcia Stanhope is currently an Associate of the Tufts and Associates Search Firm, Chicago, Ill. She is
also a consultant for the nursing program at Berea College, Kentucky. She has practiced commu nity and
home health nu rs ing, has served as an administrator and consultant in home health, and has been involved
in the development of tw o nurse-managed centers . At one t ime in her career, she held a public policy fel-
lowship and worked in the office of a U.S. senator. She has taught commun ity health, public health, epide-
miology, policy, primary care nursing, and administration courses . Dr. Stanhope formerly directed the Division
of Community Health Nursing and Adm inistration and served as Associate Dean of the College of Nursing
at the University of Ke ntucky. She has been responsible for both undergraduate and graduate courses in
population-centered nursing. She has also ta ught at the University of Virgin ia and the University of Alabama ,
Birmingham . During her career at the University of Kentuc ky she was appointed to the Good Samaritan
Foundation Chair and Professorship in Community Health Nu rs ing, and was honored w ith the University
Provost's Public Scholar award. Her presentations and publications have been in the areas of home health,
community health, and community-focused nursing practice, as well as primary care nursing.
ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
@ Evolve website http://evolve.elsevier.com/Stanhope • Case Studies
• Healthy People 2020 • Glossary
• WebLinks • Answers to Practice Application
• Quiz
OBJECTIVES
- -··-· - -~-"" ·----~ ~ -·· ------ ---------------------------
After reading this chapter, the student should be able to do the
following:
1. Discuss the structure of the U.S. government and health
care roles.
2. Identify the functions of key governmental and quasi-
governmental agencies that affect public health systems and
nursing, both around the world and in the United States.
KEY TERMS
3. Differentiate between the primary bodies of law that affect
nursing and health care.
4. Define key terms related to policy and politics.
5. State the relationships between nursing practice, health
policy, and politics.
6. Develop and implement a plan to communicate with
policy makers on a chosen public health issue.
... ---== . ----'"" "- -- .., - ··-----~ ---- - ---- --~---- -------- -------- --------
advanced practice nurses, p. 182
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, p. 174
American Association of Colleges of Nursing, p. 184
American Nurses Association, p. 172
block grants, p. 169
boards of nursing, p. 177
categorical funding, p. 176
constitutional law, p. 176
devolution, p. 169
health policy, p. 168
judicial law, p. 177
law,p.168
legislation, p. 177
legislative staff, p. 179
licensure, p. 179
National Institute of Nursing Research, p. 174
nurse practice act, p. 177
Occupational Safety and Health Adminis ...
Healthcare systems
Healthcare is a major part of every country's development platform. By healthcare we are in fact protecting the most important driver of development. Healthcare systems are primarily safe guarding the development core engine and are the best means of sustainable development.
You should respond to at least two of your peers by extending- refutin.docx
You should respond to at least two of your peers by extending, refuting/correcting, or adding additional nuance to their posts.
Post #1
Jenna Horgan
NUR 420
Professor Roberts
January 12, 2023
Who are the clients in Community Health nursing?
Individuals, families, and groups who live in a specific geographic area and may be at risk for health problems or in need of health services are considered clients in community health nursing. People of all ages, from infants to the elderly, as well as those with physical, mental, or social challenges, may be included. The purpose of community health nursing is to promote the health and well-being of the entire community by addressing the health needs of its individual members (Rector & Stanley, 2021). Community health nurses work with clients to identify and address health risks, provide health and wellness education, and connect clients to suitable health services.
What government resources might they be eligible for?
Individuals and families may be eligible for a variety of government resources depending on their circumstances. Some of these resources are intended specifically for people with low incomes or who are experiencing financial hardship, while others are open to anyone who meets certain criteria. Among the resources available to them are (ISPOR, n.d):
1. Medicaid: It is a federal-state partnership program that provides health insurance to low-income individuals and families. Individuals must meet income and asset limits, as well as other requirements, to be eligible.
2. Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP): It is a federally funded program that provides health insurance to low-income children that are not eligible for Medicaid but cannot afford private health insurance. It provides coverage for a variety of medical services, such as preventive care, doctor visits, hospital stays, and prescription medications. Eligibility is determined by income and family size.
3. Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP): It is also known as food stamps and it provides financial assistance to low-income individuals and families in order for them to purchase food. Income and assets, as well as other factors, determine SNAP eligibility.
4. Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF): This program helps low-income families with children by providing financial assistance as well as other services such as job training and childcare. Income and assets, as well as other factors, determine TANF eligibility.
5. Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program (LIHEAP): It is program funded by the federal government that provides low-income households with financial assistance to help them pay for home energy costs such as heating and cooling. The Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) administers the program, which is intended to assist households that are struggling to pay their energy bills and may face having their service disconnected. Eligibility is determined by income and family size.
What ag.
Assignment OverviewCyber is a relatively new word that did not .docx
Assignment Overview:
Cyber is a relatively new word that did not gain prominence until three short decades ago. Since then, words such as cyberwar, cyber-attack, cyber-crime, cyberterrorism, and cybersecurity have emerged. In April 2015, Loretta Lynch became the nation's new attorney general. At the forefront of the attorney general's security concerns are social media technology, ISIS systematically exploiting the Internet, and the threat of cyber-attack. According to Lynch, a cyber-attack by the Islamic State is perhaps the terror group’s biggest emerging threat. "Concern that ISIS or any of our foreign enemies might develop that capacity … is the thing that keeps me and many of my colleagues in law enforcement up at night,” Lynch told ABC’s News' Pierre Thomas. Understanding cyber threats begins with understanding the history of technology.
Assignment Task:
History and advancing technology make it imperative to examine the cyber significance of the years 1945, 1963, 1969, 1970, 1979, 1983, and 1984 to better understand how these advancements have historically influenced modern day cybersecurity.
From your research, discuss how ISIS-type organizations have exploited advancements in technology. Describe how these historical influences have affected national security.
Key Concepts in Public Health
Determinants of Health
Contributors: Soumen Sengupta
Edited by: Frances Wilson & Mzwandile Mabhala
Book Title: Key Concepts in Public Health
Chapter Title: "Determinants of Health"
Pub. Date: 2009
Access Date: February 16, 2020
Publishing Company: SAGE Publications Ltd
City: London
Print ISBN: 9781412948807
Online ISBN: 9781446216736
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781446216736.n4
Print pages: 16-20
© 2009 SAGE Publications Ltd All Rights Reserved.
This PDF has been generated from SAGE Knowledge. Please note that the pagination of the online
version will vary from the pagination of the print book.
javascript:void(0);
javascript:void(0);
http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781446216736.n4
Determinants of Health
SoumenSengupta
Definition
Health is classically defined as ‘a state of complete physical, social and mental health, and not merely the
absence of disease or infirmity’ (WHO, 1948). As such, health is as much a social construct as a biological
characteristic. It is the product of a complex interaction of different factors: this is true at both individual and
population levels. These determinants include not just an individual's particular characteristics and behav-
iours but also their economic, physical and social environments (Ashton and Seymour, 1992).
Key Points
• Health is created by a complicated interaction of different factors, only some of which can be directly
influenced by individuals.
• Social determinants tend to have a greater impact on population health status than healthcare ser-
vices.
• Different determinants have a differential influence on different groups of people: this can contribute
t ...
Assignment OverviewCyber is a relatively new word that did not .docx
Assignment Overview:
Cyber is a relatively new word that did not gain prominence until three short decades ago. Since then, words such as cyberwar, cyber-attack, cyber-crime, cyberterrorism, and cybersecurity have emerged. In April 2015, Loretta Lynch became the nation's new attorney general. At the forefront of the attorney general's security concerns are social media technology, ISIS systematically exploiting the Internet, and the threat of cyber-attack. According to Lynch, a cyber-attack by the Islamic State is perhaps the terror group’s biggest emerging threat. "Concern that ISIS or any of our foreign enemies might develop that capacity … is the thing that keeps me and many of my colleagues in law enforcement up at night,” Lynch told ABC’s News' Pierre Thomas. Understanding cyber threats begins with understanding the history of technology.
Assignment Task:
History and advancing technology make it imperative to examine the cyber significance of the years 1945, 1963, 1969, 1970, 1979, 1983, and 1984 to better understand how these advancements have historically influenced modern day cybersecurity.
From your research, discuss how ISIS-type organizations have exploited advancements in technology. Describe how these historical influences have affected national security.
Key Concepts in Public Health
Determinants of Health
Contributors: Soumen Sengupta
Edited by: Frances Wilson & Mzwandile Mabhala
Book Title: Key Concepts in Public Health
Chapter Title: "Determinants of Health"
Pub. Date: 2009
Access Date: February 16, 2020
Publishing Company: SAGE Publications Ltd
City: London
Print ISBN: 9781412948807
Online ISBN: 9781446216736
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781446216736.n4
Print pages: 16-20
© 2009 SAGE Publications Ltd All Rights Reserved.
This PDF has been generated from SAGE Knowledge. Please note that the pagination of the online
version will vary from the pagination of the print book.
javascript:void(0);
javascript:void(0);
http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781446216736.n4
Determinants of Health
SoumenSengupta
Definition
Health is classically defined as ‘a state of complete physical, social and mental health, and not merely the
absence of disease or infirmity’ (WHO, 1948). As such, health is as much a social construct as a biological
characteristic. It is the product of a complex interaction of different factors: this is true at both individual and
population levels. These determinants include not just an individual's particular characteristics and behav-
iours but also their economic, physical and social environments (Ashton and Seymour, 1992).
Key Points
• Health is created by a complicated interaction of different factors, only some of which can be directly
influenced by individuals.
• Social determinants tend to have a greater impact on population health status than healthcare ser-
vices.
• Different determinants have a differential influence on different groups of people: this can contribute
t.
Health determinants
"what are the determinats of health differences. it includes issues related to health services inequity".
Group 1 Final Presentation The Bioterrorism Act
Georgetown Public Policy Institute Policy Decision Making final presentation for Fall 2008 Class
write Ocaml programe to add all numbers in a list the solution .pdf
write Ocaml programe to add all numbers in a list ?
the solution :
let rec sum list =
match list with
[ ] -> 0
| x:: tail -> x + (sum tail);;
let a = [2;4;5;6;1;9;10 ];;
sum a;;
question is :-Write a Ocaml Program to multiply each element in a list by 2. a= [2;4;5;6;1;9;10 ]
Solution
let rec intmult : int list * int -> int list =
function ([],_) -> [0]
| ([x] ,al) -> [x * al]
| (x::xs,al) -> x * al :: intmult (xs, al);;
Also, you can use the map function as I mentioned below,
let intmult (l,m)= List.map (fun x -> x * m) l.
why is lifelong learning important for Engineers Give an example to.pdf
why is lifelong learning important for Engineers? Give an example to support your argument.
please help me with this ..
Solution
A decade ago, a group of experts estimated the half-life of an engineer\'s technical skills--how
long it would take for half of everything an engineer knew about his or her field to become
obsolete. For mechanical engineers it was 7.5 years. For electrical engineers it was 5. And for
software engineers, it was a mere 2.5 years, less time than it takes to get an undergraduate
degree. Today, those numbers are surely even smaller.
Technology is rushing headlong into the future at a pace that takes one\'s breath away. Personal
computers, the Internet, genetic engineering, advanced materials, new forms of chemical
synthesis--all these things and more are changing our world swiftly, profoundly, and, in most
cases, for the better. But the excitement and the progress come at a cost. Rapid change is not
always comfortable, and no one knows this better than the people whose job it is to stoke the
technological juggernaut.
Think about it. In some specialties, engineers must update half of everything they know every
couple of years, all the while working full-time to design products according to the best
standards of the moment--which might change next month. In even the slower-paced fields,
engineers must reinvent themselves at least once a decade.
There\'s more. A generation ago, an engineer could expect to carve out a niche in one well-
defined area-- automotive steering systems, say, or chemical plant instrumentation--and remain
there for a lifetime. No longer. As technological change accelerates and product lines rise and
fall in ever-diminishing life cycles, engineers find themselves switching jobs more often, to the
point that those starting out today may hold half a dozen jobs over their careers, even if they
manage to remain with the same company throughout. So besides staying abreast of
developments in their own specialties, engineers must be prepared to switch nimbly to a new
field when the old one peters out.
And, to complicate things further, these professional demands come at a time of upheaval in the
employment landscape. Global competition has sparked a wave of downsizings in technology
firms, destroying much of the job security that engineers used to take for granted and pushing
companies to contract out more and more of their design work. Today, service firms such as
Andersen Consulting are the largest recruiters of engineering graduates on some college
campuses, eclipsing the big manufacturing companies in the number of hires.
The bottom line: A large and growing percentage of engineers now work as contract technical
experts, hiring out for a particular job at a particular company, then moving on when it is
finished. They may be independent consultants or they may work for consulting firms, but either
way they don\'t have the long-term stability that joining a traditional manufacturing firm used to
provide.
I.
More Related Content
Similar to 2.Compare and contrast the roles of the federal, state and local lev.pdf
Sahil2
Role of Public Health in Health and social Care
Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION.. 4
TASK-1. 5
1.1 Role of different agencies in identifying levels in health and disease in communities. 5
1.2 Statistics on the incidence and spread of infectious disease. Explain the epidemiology of one infectious and non-infectious disease and relevance of statistics in context to public health. 7
1.3 Evaluate the effectiveness of different approaches and strategies to control the incidence of disease in communities. 8
TASK-2 Be able to investigate the implications of illness and disease in communities for the provision of health and social care services. 9
2.1 Determine what are the current approaches to the provision of services for the people with disease or illness. 9
2.2 Explain the relationship between the prevalence of different diseases and the requirements of services to support individuals with the health and social care service
Law and ethics in public health
Programs for public health practitioners in the field, due to the profession is so dispersed in its work—from employment in private managed care organizations and clinics. The main purpose of this study is to analysis the relationship between law and ethics with public healthcare performance. The present study used a quantitative research design, specifically the descriptive survey design. This is because such design accurately and objectively describes the characteristics of a situation or phenomenon being investigated in a given study. It provides a description of the variables in a particular situation and, sometimes, the relationship among these variables rather than focusing on the cause-and effect relationships. Thus, this study used a questionnaire which was developed from previous research in order to measure the relationships among the investigated variables. This study was carried out in different healthcare centers located in Erbil, the total of 81 participants participated in this study. The researcher developed research hypothesis as follow; there is a positive and significant relationship between law and healthcare performance in Erbil. The finding of this study showed that the value of beta for law and ethics factor is .749 with the P-value .000 this means that the law and ethics will have positive and significant influence on healthcare performance; accordingly the main research hypothesis is supported.
1. The federal government developed Healthy People as a set of natio.docx
1. The federal government developed Healthy People as a set of national health objectives that are periodically evaluated to measure progress in the nation’s health goals and healthcare services. HP 2020 has a renewed focus on identifying, measuring, tracking, and reducing health disparities through a determinants-of-health approach.
This week, please briefly discuss a Healthy People 2020 objective under the topic area of your choice. Go to www.healthypeople.gov and select any one of the objectives under the topic area of your interest. Using the local, national, or international news, describe actions you, as a community health nurse, could take in formulating policy changes to help promote the objective you have selected. Cite references to support your views.
2. Healthy People 2020 identified four Foundation Health Measures (FHM) that reflect the major health concerns in the United States. The third FHM is
Determinants of Health
. The description of Determinants of Health is:
"A range of personal, social, economic, and environmental factors that influence health status are known as determinants of health. Determinants of health include such things as biology, genetics, individual behavior, access to health services, and the environment in which people are born, live, learn, play, work, and age" (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, n.d., About Determinants of Health section, para. 1).
Go to the "Learn More About Determinants of Health" (
http://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/about/DOHAbout.aspx
) and choose one of the five Determinants of Health that you feel is most important for community health. In your posting, share the determinant of health and the rationale for your choice. Remember to cite any references used for developing your rationale.
.
Public Health and Health Care
Public health is defined as “the approach to medicine that is concerned with the health of the community as a whole” ("Definition of Public Health", 2013). Without public health, health care would be in vain. A person could be in perfect health one day, come in contact with a person with a contagious disease, and be dead within twenty-four hours. This paper will discuss the local health department.
Assessing and Identifying Health Needs: Theories and Frameworks for Practice
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The assessment and identification of health need is a process that helps:
Inform planning of health care for individuals and their families, communities and the wider population.
It can be a powerful learning tool for local service providers, presenting them with the rationale for re-designing services to better target assessed needs of the local population.
Running Head POLITICS AND HEALTH CASE SYSTEMS IN USPOLITICS A.docx
Running Head: POLITICS AND HEALTH CASE SYSTEMS IN US
POLITICS AND HEALTH CARE SYSTEM IN US. 12
Politics and Healthcare System in US
Student’s Name
Institution
Date
Abstract
It should be noted that the U.S health care delivery system is constantly undergoing transformation through new legislation or improvement and amendments of the existing legislations. Some of the most common areas that are often improved concern the financing sector, insurance sector, delivery sector and quality sector. New laws are often introduced in these sectors with the purpose of ensuring that the resultant health care is of high quality and that it is cheaper and accessible to many. Affordability is another crucial component of health care delivery system. The four basic functional components of the U.S. health care delivery system include financing, insurance, delivery and quality would be discussed.
The paper will explore and analyze the association between the politics and the health care reforms in the United States. The analysis will try to find out the role of politics in the key healthcare reforms such as Medicare, Medicaid, Managed care and even the most current act called Affordable Care Act. The paper will demonstrate that politicians have been using gaps in the healthcare system to campaign for their consideration for being elected as Congress or senetors. It will also demonstrate that some politicians such as Clinton plan to initiate reforms to suit their political interest. The paper will conclude by indicating how the politics and politicians manipulate the health care reform as their campaign strategies of winning voters.
Politics and healthcare system in USA
A closer look at the health care reform in United States reveals that any reform is politically orchestrated. In fact it is as if one of the campaign strategies of most of the politicians is to come up with a reform that can improve cost of care, quality of care and access to care. A closer look at the history of the United States reveals that politics started intervening in health care between 1930s and 1960s (Patel & Rushefsky, 1999). During this time, there was depression, unemployment insurance and hence the government was in pressure to provide cheaper if not free medical care or reimbursement for its cost (Patel & Rushefsky, 1999).
In 1935, the Social Security Act of 1935 was formed to provide for unemployment compensation, old-age pensions and other benefits (Patel & Rushefsky, 1999). It should be noted that the political party in leadership had to be careful on how it handles the issue of health care lest it lose the confidence in people. Before the idea of insurance was introduced, the American Medical Association was strongly opposing it. On the other hand, the politicians and the ruling political government had to force it happen because that was the only option in which politicians could help its citizens and p.
Dr. Anju Goel, Public Health: An Overview
A Public Health Overview by Dr. Anju Goel - Public Health Officer for San Benito County.
Public Health Policy Marcia Stanhope, PhD, RN, FAAN Dr. .docx
Public Health Policy
Marcia Stanhope, PhD, RN, FAAN
Dr. Marcia Stanhope is currently an Associate of the Tufts and Associates Search Firm, Chicago, Ill. She is
also a consultant for the nursing program at Berea College, Kentucky. She has practiced commu nity and
home health nu rs ing, has served as an administrator and consultant in home health, and has been involved
in the development of tw o nurse-managed centers . At one t ime in her career, she held a public policy fel-
lowship and worked in the office of a U.S. senator. She has taught commun ity health, public health, epide-
miology, policy, primary care nursing, and administration courses . Dr. Stanhope formerly directed the Division
of Community Health Nursing and Adm inistration and served as Associate Dean of the College of Nursing
at the University of Ke ntucky. She has been responsible for both undergraduate and graduate courses in
population-centered nursing. She has also ta ught at the University of Virgin ia and the University of Alabama ,
Birmingham . During her career at the University of Kentuc ky she was appointed to the Good Samaritan
Foundation Chair and Professorship in Community Health Nu rs ing, and was honored w ith the University
Provost's Public Scholar award. Her presentations and publications have been in the areas of home health,
community health, and community-focused nursing practice, as well as primary care nursing.
ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
@ Evolve website http://evolve.elsevier.com/Stanhope • Case Studies
• Healthy People 2020 • Glossary
• WebLinks • Answers to Practice Application
• Quiz
OBJECTIVES
- -··-· - -~-"" ·----~ ~ -·· ------ ---------------------------
After reading this chapter, the student should be able to do the
following:
1. Discuss the structure of the U.S. government and health
care roles.
2. Identify the functions of key governmental and quasi-
governmental agencies that affect public health systems and
nursing, both around the world and in the United States.
KEY TERMS
3. Differentiate between the primary bodies of law that affect
nursing and health care.
4. Define key terms related to policy and politics.
5. State the relationships between nursing practice, health
policy, and politics.
6. Develop and implement a plan to communicate with
policy makers on a chosen public health issue.
... ---== . ----'"" "- -- .., - ··-----~ ---- - ---- --~---- -------- -------- --------
advanced practice nurses, p. 182
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, p. 174
American Association of Colleges of Nursing, p. 184
American Nurses Association, p. 172
block grants, p. 169
boards of nursing, p. 177
categorical funding, p. 176
constitutional law, p. 176
devolution, p. 169
health policy, p. 168
judicial law, p. 177
law,p.168
legislation, p. 177
legislative staff, p. 179
licensure, p. 179
National Institute of Nursing Research, p. 174
nurse practice act, p. 177
Occupational Safety and Health Adminis ...
Healthcare systems
Healthcare is a major part of every country's development platform. By healthcare we are in fact protecting the most important driver of development. Healthcare systems are primarily safe guarding the development core engine and are the best means of sustainable development.
You should respond to at least two of your peers by extending- refutin.docx
You should respond to at least two of your peers by extending, refuting/correcting, or adding additional nuance to their posts.
Post #1
Jenna Horgan
NUR 420
Professor Roberts
January 12, 2023
Who are the clients in Community Health nursing?
Individuals, families, and groups who live in a specific geographic area and may be at risk for health problems or in need of health services are considered clients in community health nursing. People of all ages, from infants to the elderly, as well as those with physical, mental, or social challenges, may be included. The purpose of community health nursing is to promote the health and well-being of the entire community by addressing the health needs of its individual members (Rector & Stanley, 2021). Community health nurses work with clients to identify and address health risks, provide health and wellness education, and connect clients to suitable health services.
What government resources might they be eligible for?
Individuals and families may be eligible for a variety of government resources depending on their circumstances. Some of these resources are intended specifically for people with low incomes or who are experiencing financial hardship, while others are open to anyone who meets certain criteria. Among the resources available to them are (ISPOR, n.d):
1. Medicaid: It is a federal-state partnership program that provides health insurance to low-income individuals and families. Individuals must meet income and asset limits, as well as other requirements, to be eligible.
2. Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP): It is a federally funded program that provides health insurance to low-income children that are not eligible for Medicaid but cannot afford private health insurance. It provides coverage for a variety of medical services, such as preventive care, doctor visits, hospital stays, and prescription medications. Eligibility is determined by income and family size.
3. Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP): It is also known as food stamps and it provides financial assistance to low-income individuals and families in order for them to purchase food. Income and assets, as well as other factors, determine SNAP eligibility.
4. Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF): This program helps low-income families with children by providing financial assistance as well as other services such as job training and childcare. Income and assets, as well as other factors, determine TANF eligibility.
5. Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program (LIHEAP): It is program funded by the federal government that provides low-income households with financial assistance to help them pay for home energy costs such as heating and cooling. The Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) administers the program, which is intended to assist households that are struggling to pay their energy bills and may face having their service disconnected. Eligibility is determined by income and family size.
What ag.
Assignment OverviewCyber is a relatively new word that did not .docx
Assignment Overview:
Cyber is a relatively new word that did not gain prominence until three short decades ago. Since then, words such as cyberwar, cyber-attack, cyber-crime, cyberterrorism, and cybersecurity have emerged. In April 2015, Loretta Lynch became the nation's new attorney general. At the forefront of the attorney general's security concerns are social media technology, ISIS systematically exploiting the Internet, and the threat of cyber-attack. According to Lynch, a cyber-attack by the Islamic State is perhaps the terror group’s biggest emerging threat. "Concern that ISIS or any of our foreign enemies might develop that capacity … is the thing that keeps me and many of my colleagues in law enforcement up at night,” Lynch told ABC’s News' Pierre Thomas. Understanding cyber threats begins with understanding the history of technology.
Assignment Task:
History and advancing technology make it imperative to examine the cyber significance of the years 1945, 1963, 1969, 1970, 1979, 1983, and 1984 to better understand how these advancements have historically influenced modern day cybersecurity.
From your research, discuss how ISIS-type organizations have exploited advancements in technology. Describe how these historical influences have affected national security.
Key Concepts in Public Health
Determinants of Health
Contributors: Soumen Sengupta
Edited by: Frances Wilson & Mzwandile Mabhala
Book Title: Key Concepts in Public Health
Chapter Title: "Determinants of Health"
Pub. Date: 2009
Access Date: February 16, 2020
Publishing Company: SAGE Publications Ltd
City: London
Print ISBN: 9781412948807
Online ISBN: 9781446216736
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781446216736.n4
Print pages: 16-20
© 2009 SAGE Publications Ltd All Rights Reserved.
This PDF has been generated from SAGE Knowledge. Please note that the pagination of the online
version will vary from the pagination of the print book.
javascript:void(0);
javascript:void(0);
http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781446216736.n4
Determinants of Health
SoumenSengupta
Definition
Health is classically defined as ‘a state of complete physical, social and mental health, and not merely the
absence of disease or infirmity’ (WHO, 1948). As such, health is as much a social construct as a biological
characteristic. It is the product of a complex interaction of different factors: this is true at both individual and
population levels. These determinants include not just an individual's particular characteristics and behav-
iours but also their economic, physical and social environments (Ashton and Seymour, 1992).
Key Points
• Health is created by a complicated interaction of different factors, only some of which can be directly
influenced by individuals.
• Social determinants tend to have a greater impact on population health status than healthcare ser-
vices.
• Different determinants have a differential influence on different groups of people: this can contribute
t ...
Assignment OverviewCyber is a relatively new word that did not .docx
Assignment Overview:
Cyber is a relatively new word that did not gain prominence until three short decades ago. Since then, words such as cyberwar, cyber-attack, cyber-crime, cyberterrorism, and cybersecurity have emerged. In April 2015, Loretta Lynch became the nation's new attorney general. At the forefront of the attorney general's security concerns are social media technology, ISIS systematically exploiting the Internet, and the threat of cyber-attack. According to Lynch, a cyber-attack by the Islamic State is perhaps the terror group’s biggest emerging threat. "Concern that ISIS or any of our foreign enemies might develop that capacity … is the thing that keeps me and many of my colleagues in law enforcement up at night,” Lynch told ABC’s News' Pierre Thomas. Understanding cyber threats begins with understanding the history of technology.
Assignment Task:
History and advancing technology make it imperative to examine the cyber significance of the years 1945, 1963, 1969, 1970, 1979, 1983, and 1984 to better understand how these advancements have historically influenced modern day cybersecurity.
From your research, discuss how ISIS-type organizations have exploited advancements in technology. Describe how these historical influences have affected national security.
Key Concepts in Public Health
Determinants of Health
Contributors: Soumen Sengupta
Edited by: Frances Wilson & Mzwandile Mabhala
Book Title: Key Concepts in Public Health
Chapter Title: "Determinants of Health"
Pub. Date: 2009
Access Date: February 16, 2020
Publishing Company: SAGE Publications Ltd
City: London
Print ISBN: 9781412948807
Online ISBN: 9781446216736
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781446216736.n4
Print pages: 16-20
© 2009 SAGE Publications Ltd All Rights Reserved.
This PDF has been generated from SAGE Knowledge. Please note that the pagination of the online
version will vary from the pagination of the print book.
javascript:void(0);
javascript:void(0);
http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781446216736.n4
Determinants of Health
SoumenSengupta
Definition
Health is classically defined as ‘a state of complete physical, social and mental health, and not merely the
absence of disease or infirmity’ (WHO, 1948). As such, health is as much a social construct as a biological
characteristic. It is the product of a complex interaction of different factors: this is true at both individual and
population levels. These determinants include not just an individual's particular characteristics and behav-
iours but also their economic, physical and social environments (Ashton and Seymour, 1992).
Key Points
• Health is created by a complicated interaction of different factors, only some of which can be directly
influenced by individuals.
• Social determinants tend to have a greater impact on population health status than healthcare ser-
vices.
• Different determinants have a differential influence on different groups of people: this can contribute
t.
Health determinants
"what are the determinats of health differences. it includes issues related to health services inequity".
Group 1 Final Presentation The Bioterrorism Act
Georgetown Public Policy Institute Policy Decision Making final presentation for Fall 2008 Class
Similar to 2.Compare and contrast the roles of the federal, state and local lev.pdf (20)
1. The federal government developed Healthy People as a set of natio.docx
1. The federal government developed Healthy People as a set of natio.docx
Assessing and Identifying Health Needs: Theories and Frameworks for Practice
Assessing and Identifying Health Needs: Theories and Frameworks for Practice
Running Head POLITICS AND HEALTH CASE SYSTEMS IN USPOLITICS A.docx
Running Head POLITICS AND HEALTH CASE SYSTEMS IN USPOLITICS A.docx
Public Health Policy Marcia Stanhope, PhD, RN, FAAN Dr. .docx
Public Health Policy Marcia Stanhope, PhD, RN, FAAN Dr. .docx
You should respond to at least two of your peers by extending- refutin.docx
You should respond to at least two of your peers by extending- refutin.docx
Assignment OverviewCyber is a relatively new word that did not .docx
Assignment OverviewCyber is a relatively new word that did not .docx
Assignment OverviewCyber is a relatively new word that did not .docx
Assignment OverviewCyber is a relatively new word that did not .docx
More from rajeshjangid1865
write Ocaml programe to add all numbers in a list the solution .pdf
write Ocaml programe to add all numbers in a list ?
the solution :
let rec sum list =
match list with
[ ] -> 0
| x:: tail -> x + (sum tail);;
let a = [2;4;5;6;1;9;10 ];;
sum a;;
question is :-Write a Ocaml Program to multiply each element in a list by 2. a= [2;4;5;6;1;9;10 ]
Solution
let rec intmult : int list * int -> int list =
function ([],_) -> [0]
| ([x] ,al) -> [x * al]
| (x::xs,al) -> x * al :: intmult (xs, al);;
Also, you can use the map function as I mentioned below,
let intmult (l,m)= List.map (fun x -> x * m) l.
why is lifelong learning important for Engineers Give an example to.pdf
why is lifelong learning important for Engineers? Give an example to support your argument.
please help me with this ..
Solution
A decade ago, a group of experts estimated the half-life of an engineer\'s technical skills--how
long it would take for half of everything an engineer knew about his or her field to become
obsolete. For mechanical engineers it was 7.5 years. For electrical engineers it was 5. And for
software engineers, it was a mere 2.5 years, less time than it takes to get an undergraduate
degree. Today, those numbers are surely even smaller.
Technology is rushing headlong into the future at a pace that takes one\'s breath away. Personal
computers, the Internet, genetic engineering, advanced materials, new forms of chemical
synthesis--all these things and more are changing our world swiftly, profoundly, and, in most
cases, for the better. But the excitement and the progress come at a cost. Rapid change is not
always comfortable, and no one knows this better than the people whose job it is to stoke the
technological juggernaut.
Think about it. In some specialties, engineers must update half of everything they know every
couple of years, all the while working full-time to design products according to the best
standards of the moment--which might change next month. In even the slower-paced fields,
engineers must reinvent themselves at least once a decade.
There\'s more. A generation ago, an engineer could expect to carve out a niche in one well-
defined area-- automotive steering systems, say, or chemical plant instrumentation--and remain
there for a lifetime. No longer. As technological change accelerates and product lines rise and
fall in ever-diminishing life cycles, engineers find themselves switching jobs more often, to the
point that those starting out today may hold half a dozen jobs over their careers, even if they
manage to remain with the same company throughout. So besides staying abreast of
developments in their own specialties, engineers must be prepared to switch nimbly to a new
field when the old one peters out.
And, to complicate things further, these professional demands come at a time of upheaval in the
employment landscape. Global competition has sparked a wave of downsizings in technology
firms, destroying much of the job security that engineers used to take for granted and pushing
companies to contract out more and more of their design work. Today, service firms such as
Andersen Consulting are the largest recruiters of engineering graduates on some college
campuses, eclipsing the big manufacturing companies in the number of hires.
The bottom line: A large and growing percentage of engineers now work as contract technical
experts, hiring out for a particular job at a particular company, then moving on when it is
finished. They may be independent consultants or they may work for consulting firms, but either
way they don\'t have the long-term stability that joining a traditional manufacturing firm used to
provide.
I.
Which of the following is true of aldol reactions1.The thermodyna.pdf
Which of the following is true of aldol reactions?
1.The thermodynamics and kinetics of aldol reactions can be controlled by base selection.
2.Aldol reactions can be completed by reacting an aldehyde and a ketone in the presence of a
base.
3.The yields of aldol reactions involving only one type of a hydrogen are generally higher than
the yields of those involving multiple types of a hydrogens.
4.Aldol reactions are used to create carbon–carbon bonds.
5.All of the above are true of aldol reactions.
Solution
Answer:
5.All of the above are true of aldol reactions.
Explanation:
Aldol reaction is the reaction between two cabonyl compounds with one carbonyl compound
contains one alpha -hydrogen in the presence of base to give beta hydroxy carbonyl compound.
So option 1 is correct.
The kinetic prodduct is the formation of C-C bond on the less substituted alpha carbon atom, can
be acheived by the bulky base LDA and thermodynamic product is the formation of C-C bond on
the more substituted alpha carbon to the carbonyl carbon can be achieved by the less bulky base
like NaOC2H5. so option 2 is correct.
If there are more kinds of active hydrogens gives mixed aldol product that gives less yield and
the compound with one kind of active hydrogen gives only one product with more yield. So
option 4 is correct.
In aldol reaction there is a formation of c-c bond. so option 4 is also correct..
Using at least two examples (whenever applicable), concisely discuss .pdf
Using at least two examples (whenever applicable), concisely discuss the following terms. You
are strongly recommended to at least visit and study the posted article on websites listed in the
reference section. Programming paradigm Procedural programming OOP or Object-Oriented
Programming Abstract Data Type or ADT Four basic principles of object orientation
Abstraction Encapsulation/Information hiding Inheritance Polymorphism Benefits of OOP
Object-Oriented Design & Analysis or OODA or OODA UML for OOD Attributes and
behaviors of an object C++ classes and objects Instance and instantiation of an object State of
an object
Solution
1) Programming paradigm is a way or style of writing programming languages.
For example in python, blocks are represented using blocks. In python intendation is important.
IN java, flower/open braces are used.
2)
Procedural programming
This is style of routines and subroutines.
Declaring the subroutine, top of program declaring prototype declaring and bottom of program
writing the implementation of methods.
Also subroutine is accssible is depends on public accessifiers.
3)
OOPS programming language where all variables and methods are accessed via object.
Object is real entity which stores the data.
Java, python,c++ are examples of OOPS programming languages.
4)
Abstract data type is representing the hidden object. It hides the implementation.
Example: We can see the car physically but cannot see the internal strucure.
Seeing the machine physically but doesn\'t bother about internal strucure..
Transforming Cultures from Consumerism to Sustainability - Essay.pdf
Transforming Cultures from Consumerism to Sustainability - Essay
Solution
Some 60 percent of ecosystem services are being despoiled or used unsustainably. The damage is
the consequence of cultural systems which give confidence to people to describe their happiness
in addition to success in terms of how much they consume. This propensity, together with
unsustainable population growth rates, is overpowering our finite planet, intimidating to cause
noteworthy disruptions to Earth\'s climate and ecosystems, and consequently to human
civilization. Consumerism has engulfed human cultures and Earth’s ecosystems and if left
unaddressed, we threat global disaster. However if we direct this wave, deliberately changing our
cultures to center on sustainability, we will not only put off disaster, however may steer in an era
of sustainability—one which allows all people to prosper whilst protecting, even restoring, Earth.
World watch Institute\'s Transforming Cultures plan turns a critical eye to how we can transfer
today\'s consumer cultures in the direction of cultures of sustainability. The solution to this
revolution will lie in harnessing institutions which play a vital role in shaping society— like
media, educational services, business, governments, traditions, as well as social movements—to
inspire this new cultural course.
The plan also seeks to bring women into educational, economic, political as well as health parity
with men. This will necessitate the wearing away of cultural norms which endorse early and
frequent childbearing while intensifying women\'s capability to decide when to bear children.
Studies explain that such advances slow and ultimately end population growth, allowing for
more sustainable growth all-inclusive..
Trane has 145 marbles. He gives 20 to Katie, 52 to Gwen, and 31 to Yu.pdf
Trane has 145 marbles. He gives 20 to Katie, 52 to Gwen, and 31 to Yusef. He keeps the rest.
Who has the most marbles? Trane Katie Gwen Yusef
Solution
Trane has 145 marbles , he gave 20 to Katie and 52 to Gwen , and 31 to Yusef.
It means now
Katie has = 20 ,
Gwen has = 52
Yusef has = 31
and Trane has =145 -20 -52 -31 = 42
It means Gwen has the most marbles , that is 52.
This project should be done in C# using Visual Studio - Windows Form.pdf
This project should be done in C# using Visual Studio - Windows Forms.
This is a puzzle game of Wheel of Fortune. I need the puzzle to be \"Back to the Future\", and it
should not matter if the player guesses a upper or lowercase letter. If possible I could use step by
step instructions for creating the windows form and then entering the code to make the program
run. All the requirements for the game will be in pictures below.
The example uses the puzzle \"pulp fiction\", but again I need my puzzle to be \"Back to the
Future\". Thanks! You are to create the classic game of Wheel of Fortune. Your application
should consist of 3 players, underlines to represent letters in the puzzle, and the available letters.
The initial screen should look something like:
Solution
form1 designer:
namespace Wheel_Of_Fortune
{
partial class Form1
{
///
/// Required designer variable.
///
private System.ComponentModel.IContainer components = null;
///
/// Clean up any resources being used.
///
/// true if managed resources should be disposed; otherwise, false.
protected override void Dispose(bool disposing)
{
if (disposing && (components != null))
{
components.Dispose();
}
base.Dispose(disposing);
}
#region Windows Form Designer generated code
///
/// Required method for Designer support - do not modify
/// the contents of this method with the code editor.
///
private void InitializeComponent()
{
this.label1 = new System.Windows.Forms.Label();
this.labelLetters = new System.Windows.Forms.Label();
this.panel1 = new System.Windows.Forms.Panel();
this.label2 = new System.Windows.Forms.Label();
this.textBox1 = new System.Windows.Forms.TextBox();
this.textBox2 = new System.Windows.Forms.TextBox();
this.textBox3 = new System.Windows.Forms.TextBox();
this.textBox4 = new System.Windows.Forms.TextBox();
this.textBox5 = new System.Windows.Forms.TextBox();
this.textBox6 = new System.Windows.Forms.TextBox();
this.textBox7 = new System.Windows.Forms.TextBox();
this.textBox8 = new System.Windows.Forms.TextBox();
this.textBox9 = new System.Windows.Forms.TextBox();
this.textBox10 = new System.Windows.Forms.TextBox();
this.textBox11 = new System.Windows.Forms.TextBox();
this.textBox12 = new System.Windows.Forms.TextBox();
this.textBox13 = new System.Windows.Forms.TextBox();
this.textBox14 = new System.Windows.Forms.TextBox();
this.textBox15 = new System.Windows.Forms.TextBox();
this.buttonSpin = new System.Windows.Forms.Button();
this.buttonSolve = new System.Windows.Forms.Button();
this.label3 = new System.Windows.Forms.Label();
this.label4 = new System.Windows.Forms.Label();
this.label5 = new System.Windows.Forms.Label();
this.textBoxP1 = new System.Windows.Forms.TextBox();
this.textBoxP2 = new System.Windows.Forms.TextBox();
this.textBoxP3 = new System.Windows.Forms.TextBox();
this.labelPrompt = new System.Windows.Forms.Label();
this.panel1.SuspendLayout();
this.SuspendLayout();
//
// label1
//
this.label1.AutoSize = true;
this.label1.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(68, 13.
The table below gives the probabilities of combinations of religion a.pdf
The table below gives the probabilities of combinations of religion and political parties in a
major U.S. city. Reli Political parties Protestant (A) Catholic (B) Democrat (3 Republican (
Independent- 0.35 0.27 0.05 0.10 0.09 0.03 What is the probability that a randomly selected
person would be a Democrat who was not Jewish? 0 a. 0.07 O b.0.47 O c. 0.93 O d. 0.50 O e.
None of these Check My Work 0- Icon Key xit Submit Assignment for Grading Question 47 o
Solution
Probability that the person is democrat but not jewish. It also means that the person is democrat
and he can be Protestant, Catholic or other.
Therefore probability of a democrat not being jewish= 0.10+0.35+0.02= 0.47
b. 0.47 is correct.
The effects Poverty in SocietySolution Poor children are at gre.pdf
The effects Poverty in Society
Solution
Poor children are at greater risk and Anti social behavior. Poverty result in un hygienic
practices such as poor sanitation,improper dumping of waste etc. Which results in growth and
spread of diseases. Poverty greatly influences Unemployment and criminal behavior. Poverty
affects Economic prosperity of a community which causes decrease Economic out put. Issues
like hunger,thirst etc.are major affects of poverty. Poverty greatly impacts on the development of
child due to malnutrition features of poverty such as poor health,lack of water ,or housing,child
abuse greatly influences the life of people. Poverty encourages child trafficking. Due to poverty,
children, elderly Individual, pregnant women face the problem of malnutrition which indirectly
increases the death rate and decreases birth rates. Improper disposal of waste, improper sewage
system,a an over crowding in the slum regions causes.Environmental pollution which adversely
affect the healthy life of Individuals..
Suppose 1.01g of FeCl3 is placed in a 10.0ml volumetric glass, water.pdf
Suppose 1.01g of FeCl3 is placed in a 10.0ml volumetric glass, water is added, the mixture is
shaken to disolve the solid and then water is added to the calibration mark of the flask. Calculate
the molarity of of each ion present in the solution.
Please walk me through the steps I\'m trying to help my daughter with her chem. homework and
I don\'t know any chem.
Solution
molarity = mass of the compound FeCl3/ molar mass of FeCl3 *volume of the solution (L)
here mass of the compound = 1.01 gms
molar mass of FeCl3 = 162.2 gms/mol
volume of the solution = 10ml = 0.01L
molar mass of FECl3 Â Â = 162.2 gm/mol
molarity = 1.01/162.2*0.01 =0.622M.
Specialized regions on the cell surface through which cells are joine.pdf
Specialized regions on the cell surface through which cells are joined to each other or to the
extracellular matrix. (two words)
Solution
Answer is cell junction.
Cell junctions are especially important in enabling communication between neighbouring cells
via specialised proteins called communicating protein..
Section 404 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act requires auditors of a public .pdf
Section 404 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act requires auditors of a public company to analyze and
report on the effectiveness of the client\'s internal controls over financial reporting. Describe the
responsibilities that auditors of public companies have to discover and report (a) significant
deficiencies in internal controls and (b) material weaknesses in internal controls. Include a
definition of each item in your answer. Under what condition or conditions can auditors issue an
unqualified or clean opinion on the effectiveness of a client\'s internal controls over financial
reporting?
Solution
Note: Please note, that there is no specific definition of \"Internal Control Deficiency\" and
\"Significant Control deficiency\" in the audit subject. Definition of Material Weakness has been
added. In case of any further clarification please let me know.
Definiton of Internal Control: \"Internal Control\" means the planning of an organisation and all
the policies and procedures adopted by an organisation\'s management to ensure orderly and
efficient conduct of business.
Defintion of Material Weakness: \"Material Weakness\" is a weakness or deficiency in internal
control due to which there is a possibility that the material misstatement in financial statement
will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.
It is not the responsibility of the auditorto identify each and every deficieny in Internal Control
and express an opinion on it. His responsibility is \"To communicate any significant deficiency
in internal control identified during audit to management/Those Charged With
Governance(TCWG)/Audit Committee.
Auditor can issue an unqualified or clean opinion on the effectiveness of a client\'s internal
controls if their internal controls are seems effective to the auditor, if significant related party
transactions are scrutinized by the management/TCWG, if Management fraud prevented by
Internal Control, if non compliance of Laws & Regulations are prevented and properly followed
by management, if Internal Control designed and implemented in a way so that it can prevent or
detect and correct misstatements in Financial Statement on timely basis..
Reiji and Tuneko Okazaki conducted a now classic experiment in 1968 .pdf
Reiji and Tuneko Okazaki conducted a now classic experiment in 1968 in which they discovered
a population of short fragments synthesized during DNA replication. They introduced a short
pulse of 3H -thymidine into a culture of E. coli and extracted DNA from the cells at various
intervals. In analyzing the DNA after centrifugation in denaturing gradients, they noticed that as
the interval between the time of 3H -thymidine introduction and the time of centrifugation
increased, the proportion of short strands decreased and more labeled DNA was found in larger
strands. What would account for this observation?
a. the ligation of Okazaki fragments by DNA ligase
b. the degradation of Okazaki fragments by DNA polymerase I
c. the accumulation of Okazaki fragments produced on the lagging strand
d. the mutation affecting the activity of DNA ligase
Solution
Answer C: The accumulation of Okazaki fragments produced on the lagging strand
Replication of DNA on lagging strand is discontinuous and replications occur in small sections.
These new stretches of DNA are called Okazaki fragments and each one requires its own RNA
primer. During DNA replication, each Okazaki fragment is separated by their own RNA primers
and are unligated until RNA primers are removed, followed by enzyme ligase connecting
(ligating) an Okazaki fragment onto the (now continuous) newly synthesized complementary
strand. After the introduction of 3H -thymidine (radioactive thymidine) into a culture of E. coli,
3H –thymidine gradually incorporated into both complimentary strands of leading and lagging
strands of DNA during replication. With time, each Okazaki fragment ligated with adjacent
fragment with the help of DNA ligase result in the increase of the length of the complementary
strand. Due to accumulation and ligation of Okazaki fragments produced on the lagging strand,
the proportion of short strands decreased and more labeled DNA was found in larger strands..
Problem 2-1A Suppose the following items are taken from the 2017 bala.pdf
Problem 2-1A Suppose the following items are taken from the 2017 balance sheet of Windsor,
Inc. (All dollars are in millions.) Goodwill Common stock Equipment Accounts payable Patents
Stock investments (long-term) Accounts receivable Prepaid rent Debt investments (short-term)
Retained earnings Cash Notes payable (long-term) Unearned sales revenue Accumulated
depreciation-equipment $4,060 6,060 1,560 150 210 3,230 1,200 230 1,300 6,580 2,330 720 410
200 Prepare a classified balance sheet for Windsor, Inc. as of December 31, 2017. (List current
assets in order of liquidity.)
Solution
Balance sheet :AssetsCurrent assetsCash2330Account receivable1200Prepaid rent230Debt
investment (short term)1300Total current assets5060Long term investmentStock investment
(long term)3230Property,plant and equipmentEquipment1560Less: Accumlated depreciation-
2001360Other assetsGoodwill4060Patents2104270Total Assets13920Liabilities &
Stockholder\'s equityCurrent liabilitiesAccount payable150Unearned sales revenue410Total
current liabilities560Long term liabilitiesNotes payable720Total liabilities1280Stockholder\'s
equityCommon Stock6060Retained earnings6580Total Stockholder\'s equity12640Total
liabilities & Stockholder\'s equity13920.
Prepare a 2017 income statement for Shanta Corporation based on the f.pdf
Prepare a 2017 income statement for Shanta Corporation based on the following information:
Cost of goods sold Operating expenses Other expenses and losses $490,000 100,000 30,000
700,000 30% Sales revenue Tax rate SHANTA CORPORATION Income Statement For the
Year Ended December 31, 2017
Solution
Sales revenue 700000 Cost of goods sold 490000 Gorss profit 210000 Operating
expenses 100000 Operating income 110000 Other expenses and losses 30000 Income
before income taxes 80000 Income taxes 24000 Net income 56000.
Organizations need to have a pool of managerial talent to take on jo.pdf
Organizations need to have a pool of managerial talent to take on jobs from senior managers and
new management jobs that may be created. One way is to hire from outside, another way is to
\"grow your own manager talent pool\" from within.
Create a 700 to 1050 word recommendation that describes how you will grow the manager talent
pool at your organization.
How will you select candidates for your manager development program? For example: select
from existing staff or hire them in? How would you assess their potential so you know who to
pick? For example: interviews, tests. What might you need to do so that you consider all
potential candidates and do not unfairly discrimminate?
How would you develop these candidates and over what time period? What different
jobs/experiences should they have so that at the end of say 2-3 years they are ready for a
management slot? What formal training might they need?
So after all the training and job experience, how will you assess who is ready to move up to the
position of manager? Again, consider how you would make sure you individuals are chosen
fairly and objectively.
What support should be provided to new managers to ensure their success?
Solution
It is clear that there is need for consideration of the managerial talent which is an entire role and
responsibility of the HR management in the context of ensuring an organization retains its
employees and ensuring effectiveness through competition which is an organization strategy to
effectively compete in the market.
.
Selecting candidates for a managerial development program
The main consideration that in selecting various candidates existing in the organization for the
managerial development programs includes;
The process will involve internal selection in the context that the process is less costly as
compared with external hiring where the process is costly due to lack of experience based on our
organizational operations which will require more resources to integrate employees with our
organizational operations. In this regards, to this angle the main assessment considerations will
be based on;
Past performance of potential candidate for the managerial development program in the context
that the candidate should be among the top performers in the organization operations. This is in
regards that if the current performance of an employee is poor this has great prediction for the
future managerial position.
The potential of the candidate which will be based on considerations such as current performance
by the employee, lateral potential in that an employee is able to move into other positions at the
same level, potential of an employee to supervise and relate with other employees and high
potential based on that the employee can be promoted to the managerial position within 1 year or
making multiple move upwards in the next couple of years.
There will also be consideration of the requisite knowledge and ability through clearly outlining
the knowledge and ski.
Objective Manipulate the Linked List Pointer.Make acopy of LList..pdf
Objective: Manipulate the Linked List Pointer.
Make acopy of LList.java and rename it to LListr.java. Add a reverse function in LListr.java to
reverse the order of the linked list.
You can either use the gamescore.txt to test the reverse function.
Llist.Java File:
/** Source code example for \"A Practical Introduction to Data
Structures and Algorithm Analysis, 3rd Edition (Java)\"
by Clifford A. Shaffer
Copyright 2008-2011 by Clifford A. Shaffer
*/
// Doubly linked list implementation
class LList implements List {
private DLink head; // Pointer to list header
private DLink tail; // Pointer to last element in list
protected DLink curr; // Pointer ahead of current element
int cnt; // Size of list
//Constructors
LList(int size) { this(); } // Ignore size
LList() {
curr = head = new DLink(null, null); // Create header node
tail = new DLink(head, null);
head.setNext(tail);
cnt = 0;
}
public void clear() { // Remove all elements from list
head.setNext(null); // Drop access to rest of links
curr = head = new DLink(null, null); // Create header node
tail = new DLink(head, null);
head.setNext(tail);
cnt = 0;
}
public void moveToStart() // Set curr at list start
{ curr = head; }
public void moveToEnd() // Set curr at list end
{ curr = tail.prev(); }
/** Insert \"it\" at current position */
public void insert(E it) {
curr.setNext(new DLink(it, curr, curr.next()));
curr.next().next().setPrev(curr.next());
cnt++;
}
/** Append \"it\" to list */
public void append(E it) {
tail.setPrev(new DLink(it, tail.prev(), tail));
tail.prev().prev().setNext(tail.prev());
cnt++;
}
/** Remove and return current element */
public E remove() {
if (curr.next() == tail) return null; // Nothing to remove
E it = curr.next().element(); // Remember value
curr.next().next().setPrev(curr);
curr.setNext(curr.next().next()); // Remove from list
cnt--; // Decrement the count
return it; // Return value removed
}
/** Move curr one step left; no change if at front */
public void prev() {
if (curr != head) // Can\'t back up from list head
curr = curr.prev();
}
// Move curr one step right; no change if at end
public void next()
{ if (curr != tail.prev()) curr = curr.next(); }
public int length() { return cnt; }
// Return the position of the current element
public int currPos() {
DLink temp = head;
int i;
for (i=0; curr != temp; i++)
temp = temp.next();
return i;
}
// Move down list to \"pos\" position
public void moveToPos(int pos) {
assert (pos>=0) && (pos<=cnt) : \"Position out of range\";
curr = head;
for(int i=0; i. The vertical
* bar represents the current location of the fence. This method
* uses toString() on the individual elements.
* @return The string representation of this list
*/
public String toString()
{
// Save the current position of the list
int oldPos = currPos();
int length = length();
StringBuffer out = new StringBuffer((length() + 1) * 4);
moveToStart();
out.append(\"< \");
for (int i = 0; i < oldPos; i++) {
if (getValue()!=null)
{
out.append(getValue());
out.append(\.
Militarism Alliances Imperialism Nationalism Class, the powder keg.pdf
Militarism Alliances Imperialism Nationalism
Class, the powder keg that ignited Europe was the assassination of the Archduke Franz
Ferdinand. Nationalist Serbs- the Black Hand assassinated him. They believed in Pan Slavism.
What is Pan Slavism? Why did Russia enter WWI? Who fought on which sides during WWI?
Solution
Pan-Slavism, a development which solidified in the mid-nineteenth century, is the political
philosophy worried about the headway of respectability and solidarity for the Slavic-talking
people groups. Its fundamental effect happened in the Balkans, where non-Slavic domains had
ruled the South Slavs for a considerable length of time. These were chiefly the Byzantine
Empire, Austria-Hungary (both as discrete entities for the vast majority of the period), the
Ottoman Empire, and Venice.
The Pan-Slavism development soon went up against political hints, and in June 1848, while the
Austrian Empire was debilitated by transformation, the Czech history specialist František
Palacký assembled a Slav congress in Prague. Comprising of agents of every Slav nationality
controlled by the Austrians, the congress was proposed to compose agreeable endeavors among
them to compel the Emperor to change his government into an alliance of equivalent people
groups under a vote based Habsburg run the show.
In spite of the fact that the congress had minimal commonsense impact, the development stayed
dynamic, and by the 1860s it turned out to be especially mainstream in Russia, to which
numerous Pan-Slavs searched for authority and also for insurance from Austro-Hungarian and
Turkish run the show. Russian Pan-Slavists, be that as it may, changed the hypothetical bases of
the development. Embracing the Slavophile thought that western Europe was profoundly and
socially bankrupt and that it was Russia\'s noteworthy mission to revive Europe by increasing
political strength over it, the Pan-Slavists included the idea that Russia\'s central goal couldn\'t be
satisfied without the help of other Slav people groups, who must be freed from their Austrian and
Turkish experts and joined into a Russian-ruled Slav confederation.In spite of the fact that the
Russian government did not authoritatively bolster this view, some essential individuals from its
remote division, including its agents at Constantinople and Belgrade, were fervent Pan-Slavists
and prevailing with regards to drawing both Serbia and Russia into wars against the Ottoman
Empire in 1876– 77. At the point when endeavors were made in the mid twentieth century to call
new Pan-Slav congresses and resuscitate the development, the nationalistic contentions among
the different Slav people groups kept their successful cooperation.
Russia entered WW1 due to following reasons:
Russia was drawn into WW1 by similar stumbles and habits that tormented her neighboring
European nations, radical rivalry, harmful patriotism, military haughtiness, and insufficient trust
in tact and dependence on collusions. While Russia enter.
In the subject of cryptography, what policy or organizational challe.pdf
In the subject of cryptography, what policy or organizational challenges might impede or prevent
the deployment of a worldwide universal Public-Key Infrastructure?
Solution
Below challenges may present the deployment of Universal PKI :
1. Token Logistics:
There are many advantages of implementing PKI on a hardware token, such as a
smart card. These include security, portability and ease of use to add
other user specific applications and visual information.
However, the logistics of managing security tokens requires a considerable effort and cost
to a Public-Key Infrastructure implementation.
2. Network Issues:
The implementation of PKI will surely add to the network load. The potential additional traffic
that should be
considered are:
i. Certificate issuance
ii. Email Usage
iii. Directory Replication.
3. Network Issues - Encryption:
Usually the organisations implement anti-virus software and on regular basis perform inspection
on servers at
the perimeter of their networks. Some organizations has security policies that rejects or
quarantines
encrypted traffic.
To provide user-to-user confidentiality, the messages will traverse networks with their payload
hidden from inspection by virus and content checking.
Possible solutions include:
· Performing virus & content checking at the client machine.
· Storing user confidentiality private keys on a secure key server.
· Co-encrypting messages to a Gateway which then decrypts and checks the message before it is
delivered.
4. Email Address in Certificate:
Usually employees change their email addresses more frequently than the certificate. Until
unless a solution is built which allows the employees to keep the same email
address for a long period, certificates would have to be re-issued every time an employee
changes their email address.
5. Availability and storage of reliable user information
6. Certificate Validity Checking
7. PIN management:
smart Card PIN management may cause some problem to the employees..
is Google making us stupid Nicholas Carr Summarize Article. https.pdf
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https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2008/07/is-google-making-us-stupid/306868/
Solution
The articles talks about the modernisation of the technology and internet , putting traditional
methods of reading and interpretation in contrast. It refers to loosing out essence of
understanding and using the knowledge , using online and convinient form. The type of lifestyle
ie the the type of ease we have now baecause of google and its tool is seperating our roots from
orginality and real wisdom. The simplicity we seek in internet now a days , curbs our way of
going deeper into text and interpretation..
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