COMMENTARY ‘ What we ’ ve tried, hasn ’ t worked ’ : the politics of assets b...Jim Bloyd
It is a paradox of recent epidemiology that as material inequalities grow, so
the pursuit of non-material explanations for health outcomes proliferates. At
one level, a greater recognition of psycho-social factors has deepened the
understanding of the societal determinants of health, the links between mental
and physical health and the social nature of human need. Too often however,
psycho-social factors are abstracted from the material realities of people
’
s lives
and function as an alternative to addressing questions of economic power and
privilege and their relationship to the distribution of health. The growing in
fl
u-
ence of salutogenesis and asset-based approaches is one example of this trend.
This paper re
fl
ects on the theories of public health that lie behind the dis-
course of assets, together with some of the reasons for, and consequences of,
its popularity and in
fl
uence, notably in Scotland.
The importance of public policy as a determinant of health is routinely acknowledged, but there remains a continuing absence of mainstream debate about the ways in which the politics, power and ideology, which underpin public policy influence people's health. This paper explores the possible reasons behind the absence of a politics of health and demonstrates how explicit acknowledgement of the political nature of health will lead to more effective health promotion strategy and policy, and to more realistic and evidence-based public health and health promotion practice
Porque determinantes sociales oct 2010 okRoger Zapata
This document summarizes evidence that social factors profoundly influence children's health. It notes that children are especially sensitive to social determinants, particularly in early years. Adverse early social exposures can become biologically programmed, setting off chains of risk that lead to chronic illness later in life. However, positive influences can promote better long-term health trajectories. Effectively addressing social determinants requires both direct social policies to reduce poverty and inequality, and indirect strategies that disrupt links between social risks and poor health, such as transforming child health systems to promote collaboration.
This document provides a literature review and environmental scan on population-based health communication and social determinants of health. It discusses research showing that targeting specific audiences, framing messages based on political ideology, and increasing public support for policies addressing social and environmental factors can help reduce health disparities. The review examines topics like equity, investing in prevention outside of medical care, communicating about shifting investments, and how social circumstances impact behaviors and health outcomes. It provides examples of communication strategies and considerations for population health advocates in messaging around social determinants.
The lecture focuses on the evolution of health promotion as well as of the social context of health in postmodern societies. This topic reflects the most commonly used approaches and concepts which are useful for health promotion practice. Finally, the principles and methods of health needs assessment are presented.
From diagnosis to social diagnosisAuthor Phil Brown Mercedes Lys.docxshericehewat
From diagnosis to social diagnosis
Author Phil Brown Mercedes Lyson, Tania Jenkins
Abstract
In the past two decades, research on the sociology of diagnosis has attained considerable influence within medical sociology. Analyzing the process and factors that contribute to making a diagnosis amidst uncertainty and contestation, as well as the diagnostic encounter itself, are topics rich for sociological investigation. This paper provides a reformulation of the sociology of diagnosis by proposing the concept of ‘social diagnosis’ which helps us recognize the interplay between larger social structures and individual or community illness manifestations. By outlining a conceptual frame, exploring how social scientists, medical professionals and laypeople contribute to social diagnosis, and providing a case study of how the North American Mohawk Akwesasne reservation dealt with rising obesity prevalence to further illustrate the social diagnosis idea, we embark on developing a cohesive and updated framework for a sociology of diagnosis. This approach is useful not just for sociological research, but has direct implications for the fields of medicine and public health. Approaching diagnosis from this integrated perspective potentially provides a broader context for practitioners and researchers to understand extra-medical factors, which in turn has consequences for patient care and health outcomes.
Highlights
► “Social diagnosis” recognizes interplay between social structures and illness manifestations. ► Case study shows how Mohawk Akwesasne dealt with rising obesity. ► Provides broad context for practitioners and researchers to understand extra-medical factors.
· Previous article in issue
· Next article in issue
Keywords
Diagnosis
Risk
Social movements
Environment
Public health
USA
Canada
Reservations
Introduction
Sociological analysis of diagnosis has achieved considerable influence in the last two decades, providing important insight into how we understand health, disease, and illness. It has also expanded how we view the social and cultural influences that shape our knowledge and practice on health and illness. This includes studies of diagnosis that have gone beyond the interaction between physician and patient, to take into account the larger social, structural, and temporal forces that shape diagnosis (see, for example, the categorization of homosexuality as a mental disorder and the role of gay rights activists in the American Psychiatric Association’s deliberations) (Cooksey & Brown, 1998).
Recently we have also seen the emergence of diseases whose etiologies, symptoms, and, therefore, diagnoses, are often contested or uncertain. This combination of medical and social uncertainty leads us to propose a reformulation of the concept social diagnosis as a new way of thinking about the sociology of diagnosis. This paper explores social diagnosis by first, outlining a conceptual framework of social diagnosis; second, discussing the different acto ...
COMMENTARY ‘ What we ’ ve tried, hasn ’ t worked ’ : the politics of assets b...Jim Bloyd
It is a paradox of recent epidemiology that as material inequalities grow, so
the pursuit of non-material explanations for health outcomes proliferates. At
one level, a greater recognition of psycho-social factors has deepened the
understanding of the societal determinants of health, the links between mental
and physical health and the social nature of human need. Too often however,
psycho-social factors are abstracted from the material realities of people
’
s lives
and function as an alternative to addressing questions of economic power and
privilege and their relationship to the distribution of health. The growing in
fl
u-
ence of salutogenesis and asset-based approaches is one example of this trend.
This paper re
fl
ects on the theories of public health that lie behind the dis-
course of assets, together with some of the reasons for, and consequences of,
its popularity and in
fl
uence, notably in Scotland.
The importance of public policy as a determinant of health is routinely acknowledged, but there remains a continuing absence of mainstream debate about the ways in which the politics, power and ideology, which underpin public policy influence people's health. This paper explores the possible reasons behind the absence of a politics of health and demonstrates how explicit acknowledgement of the political nature of health will lead to more effective health promotion strategy and policy, and to more realistic and evidence-based public health and health promotion practice
Porque determinantes sociales oct 2010 okRoger Zapata
This document summarizes evidence that social factors profoundly influence children's health. It notes that children are especially sensitive to social determinants, particularly in early years. Adverse early social exposures can become biologically programmed, setting off chains of risk that lead to chronic illness later in life. However, positive influences can promote better long-term health trajectories. Effectively addressing social determinants requires both direct social policies to reduce poverty and inequality, and indirect strategies that disrupt links between social risks and poor health, such as transforming child health systems to promote collaboration.
This document provides a literature review and environmental scan on population-based health communication and social determinants of health. It discusses research showing that targeting specific audiences, framing messages based on political ideology, and increasing public support for policies addressing social and environmental factors can help reduce health disparities. The review examines topics like equity, investing in prevention outside of medical care, communicating about shifting investments, and how social circumstances impact behaviors and health outcomes. It provides examples of communication strategies and considerations for population health advocates in messaging around social determinants.
The lecture focuses on the evolution of health promotion as well as of the social context of health in postmodern societies. This topic reflects the most commonly used approaches and concepts which are useful for health promotion practice. Finally, the principles and methods of health needs assessment are presented.
From diagnosis to social diagnosisAuthor Phil Brown Mercedes Lys.docxshericehewat
From diagnosis to social diagnosis
Author Phil Brown Mercedes Lyson, Tania Jenkins
Abstract
In the past two decades, research on the sociology of diagnosis has attained considerable influence within medical sociology. Analyzing the process and factors that contribute to making a diagnosis amidst uncertainty and contestation, as well as the diagnostic encounter itself, are topics rich for sociological investigation. This paper provides a reformulation of the sociology of diagnosis by proposing the concept of ‘social diagnosis’ which helps us recognize the interplay between larger social structures and individual or community illness manifestations. By outlining a conceptual frame, exploring how social scientists, medical professionals and laypeople contribute to social diagnosis, and providing a case study of how the North American Mohawk Akwesasne reservation dealt with rising obesity prevalence to further illustrate the social diagnosis idea, we embark on developing a cohesive and updated framework for a sociology of diagnosis. This approach is useful not just for sociological research, but has direct implications for the fields of medicine and public health. Approaching diagnosis from this integrated perspective potentially provides a broader context for practitioners and researchers to understand extra-medical factors, which in turn has consequences for patient care and health outcomes.
Highlights
► “Social diagnosis” recognizes interplay between social structures and illness manifestations. ► Case study shows how Mohawk Akwesasne dealt with rising obesity. ► Provides broad context for practitioners and researchers to understand extra-medical factors.
· Previous article in issue
· Next article in issue
Keywords
Diagnosis
Risk
Social movements
Environment
Public health
USA
Canada
Reservations
Introduction
Sociological analysis of diagnosis has achieved considerable influence in the last two decades, providing important insight into how we understand health, disease, and illness. It has also expanded how we view the social and cultural influences that shape our knowledge and practice on health and illness. This includes studies of diagnosis that have gone beyond the interaction between physician and patient, to take into account the larger social, structural, and temporal forces that shape diagnosis (see, for example, the categorization of homosexuality as a mental disorder and the role of gay rights activists in the American Psychiatric Association’s deliberations) (Cooksey & Brown, 1998).
Recently we have also seen the emergence of diseases whose etiologies, symptoms, and, therefore, diagnoses, are often contested or uncertain. This combination of medical and social uncertainty leads us to propose a reformulation of the concept social diagnosis as a new way of thinking about the sociology of diagnosis. This paper explores social diagnosis by first, outlining a conceptual framework of social diagnosis; second, discussing the different acto ...
Determinants of health include socioeconomic factors, physical environment, and individual characteristics and behaviors. Socioeconomic determinants like income, education, and social status significantly impact health. Environmental factors such as air pollution, natural disasters, and lack of access to clean water and sanitation also influence health outcomes. Individual lifestyle choices and access to healthcare further determine levels of health and illness. Addressing the social and economic root causes through integrated global and national policies can help reduce health inequalities worldwide.
Introduction to Public Health course for Health Officer Students kaleabtegegne
This document provides an overview of concepts in public health. It discusses definitions of health from different perspectives, determinants of health, and models of disease causation. The history of public health and key developments are described. Public health is defined as working to prevent disease, prolong life, and promote health through organized community efforts. The core activities and disciplines of public health include health promotion, epidemiology, biostatistics, environmental health, and social and behavioral sciences. Clinical medicine focuses on individual patients while public health addresses the health of entire populations.
Primary health care and the social determinants of health: essential and comp...Jorge Pacheco
Primary health care (PHC) and addressing the social determinants of health (SDH) share a focus on health equity and promoting health through multisectoral action and community participation. While they have common goals, PHC focuses on organizing the health sector to reduce inequities, while SDH examines how broader societal factors impact health equity. Both are needed to comprehensively address the social and structural drivers of health inequities. Pitting PHC against SDH is unproductive - a revitalized PHC must include action on SDH beyond just healthcare services.
Factors That Impact Population HealthIn this Discussion, ydepoerossie
Factors That Impact Population Health
In this Discussion, you bring together the concepts that have been presented throughout this course by analyzing a current population health topic from an epidemiological approach. Consider the cultural, ethical, regulatory, and legal factors that may influence your selected topic.
To prepare:
Review the case study, presented on page 411 of your course text,
Population Health: Creating a Culture of Wellness
. Consider the cultural, ethical, and legal factors presented in the case study and how they influence the Michigan Primary Care Transformation Project.
With these thoughts in mind, select a current public health initiative that has been discussed in the popular press or available at the CDC website or your state’s health department website.
Consider this initiative through the lens of an epidemiologist and identify what you think are the three most important issues related to culture, ethics, regulatory, or legal aspects of the public health initiative.
Consider how current health care legislation might impact your selected public health initiative. Conduct additional research as necessary.
By tomorrow 05/09/2018 12 pm, write a minimum of 550 words in APA format with at least 3 scholarly references from the list of required readings below. Include the level one headings as numbered below”
Post
a cohesive response that addresses the following:
1) Provide a summary of your selected public health initiative and include a reference to the article
(and URL to the article).
2) Analyze the cultural, ethical, regulatory, and legal factors that influence your specified population health topic.
3) Evaluate how current health care legislation may positively or negatively impact your selected public health initiative.
Required Readings
Nash, D. B., Fabius, R. J., Skoufalos, A., Clarke, J.
L. & Horowitz, M. R. (2016). Population health: Creating a culture of wellness (2nd ed). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.
Chapter 15
, “Risk Management and Law”
This chapter discusses the role of the U.S. legal system to foster the health of populations with emphasis on the U.S. Supreme Court’s decision on the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act.
Chapter 16
, “Making the Case for Population Health Management: The Business Value of Better Health”
This chapter explores why good health is good business, the cost of good health and the potential provide to be realized when workforce health is improved.
Chapter 3
,
“Policy Implications for Population Health: Health Promotion and Wellness”
The chapter provides an overview of the intricacies of federal policy making and the key policy components necessary to advance the health of populations.
Chapter 5,
“The Political Landscape in Relation to the Health and Wealth of Nations”
The chapter describes the relationship between national health and population health and ...
Sase and Eddy. End of Life Care. Georgetown Public Policy (2016)eriesase
This document summarizes a study examining end-of-life care for millennials caring for aging parents through a public health and human rights lens. The study analyzed key areas of end-of-life care theory and practice, finding both achievements and concerns. While concepts like patient well-being and quality of care are legally required, their lack of clear definitions creates ambiguity. Disparities also exist in availability, accessibility, acceptability and quality of care. To better support millennials and future patients, standardized services and strong public health systems are needed to ensure high quality, universal end-of-life care.
reference articel used in this essayKumar, S., & Preetha, G. (2012.pdfdavid16271
reference articel used in this essay
Kumar, S., & Preetha, G. (2012). Health Promotion: An Effective Tool for Global Health. Indian
Journal of Community Medicine: Official Publication of Indian Association of Preventive &
Social Medicine, 37(1), 5–12. http://doi.org/10.4103/0970-0218.94009
Health promotion is more significant today than any time in recent memory in tending to general
medical issues. The wellbeing situation is situated at one of a kind junction as the world is
confronting a \'triple weight of infections\' constituted by the unfinished motivation of
transferable ailments, recently rising and re-developing maladies and also the extraordinary
ascent of noncommunicable perpetual illnesses. The components which help advance and
improvement in this day and age, for example, globalization of exchange, urbanization,
simplicity of worldwide travel, propelled advances, and so forth., go about as a twofold edged
sword as they prompt to positive wellbeing results on one hand and increment the helplessness to
weakness then again as these add to stationary ways of life and unfortunate dietary examples.
There is a high pervasiveness of tobacco use alongside increment in undesirable dietary practices
and abatement in physical action adding to increment in natural hazard elements which thusly
prompts to increment in noncommunicable sicknesses.
Wellbeing, as the World Health Organization (WHO) characterizes, is the condition of finish
physical, social and mental prosperity and not only the nonattendance of sickness or ailment. The
satisfaction in most elevated achievable standard of wellbeing is considered as one of the
principal privileges of each human being.(5) Over the previous couple of decades, there is an
expanding acknowledgment that biomedical mediations alone can\'t ensure better wellbeing.
Wellbeing is intensely impacted by variables outside the area of the wellbeing part, particularly
social, financial and political strengths. These powers to a great extent shape the conditions in
which individuals develop, live, work and age and additionally the frameworks set up to manage
wellbeing needs at last prompting to disparities in wellbeing between and inside nations. Along
these lines, the achievement of the most elevated conceivable standard of wellbeing relies on
upon a thorough, comprehensive approach which goes past the conventional therapeudic mind,
including groups, wellbeing suppliers and different partners. This all encompassing methodology
ought to engage people and groups to take activities for their own wellbeing, cultivate authority
for general wellbeing, elevate intersectoral activity to fabricate sound open approaches and make
supportable wellbeing frameworks in the general public. These components catch the
quintessence of \"wellbeing advancement\", which is about empowering individuals to take
control over their wellbeing and its determinants, and in this way enhance their wellbeing. It
incorporates intercessions at the i.
Running head global health case study analysis1 global healtDIPESH30
This research proposal examines how conformity and obedience are impacted by group size and anonymity. It hypothesizes that conformity will increase as group size increases, but decrease when anonymity is removed. The study would randomly assign participants to small or large groups to rate line lengths under anonymous or identifiable conditions. Results could help understand how social influence is impacted by these factors.
Running head: THE EFFECTS OF GROUP SIZE AND ANONYMITY ON CONFORMITY
The Effects of Group Size and Anonymity on Conformity
Introduction
Conformity and obedience to authority are well
New approaches for moving upstream how state and local health departments can...Jim Bloyd, DrPH, MPH
Growing evidence shows that unequal distribution of wealth and power across race, class, and gender produces the differences in living conditions that are “upstream” drivers of health inequalities. Health educators and other public health professionals, however, still develop interventions that focus mainly on “downstream” behavioral risks. Three factors explain the difficulty in translating this knowledge into practice. First, in their allegiance to the status quo, powerful elites often resist upstream policies and programs that redistribute wealth and power. Second, public health practice is often grounded in dominant biomedical and behavioral paradigms, and health departments also face legal and political limits on expanding their scope of activities. Finally, the evidence for the impact of upstream interventions is limited, in part because methodologies for evaluating upstream interventions are less developed. To illustrate strategies to overcome these obstacles, we profile recent campaigns in the United States to enact living wages, prevent mortgage foreclosures, and reduce exposure to air pollution. We then examine how health educators working in state and local health departments can transform their practice to contribute to campaigns that reallocate the wealth and power that shape the living conditions that determine health and health inequalities. We also consider health educators’ role in producing the evidence that can guide transformative expansion of upstream interventions to reduce health inequalities.
Concept and definitions
Health education
Beliefs and approaches in health promotion
Health promotion strategies and priority actions
Public health, social movement, health inequity and millennium goals
Canadian experience in health promotion
Conclusion
The Following is another student post to wish i have to reply APA st.docxadelaider1
The Following is another student post to wish i have to reply APA style. references and less than 10 % similarity. The due date is September 6.
Dianelis Pons
Community Nursing
Professor. Lisys Camacho
Florida National University
September 2020
The development of Public Hygiene stopped during feudalism and began to resurface with the Industrial Revolution (xviii) with Raus, Ramazini and, above all, Johan Peter Frank. The latter is considered the "Father of Public Health" and established the medical police. At that time is when the State, in order to conserve the productive forces, takes greater part in controlling water and cleaning, also adding some aspects of the way of life, such as control of food and occupational diseases (Bush, 2018).
The 19th century was one of great advances in medicine due to the appearance of medical equipment and the discoveries of bacteriology made by Pasteur in 1870 and Koch in 1882 (Bush, 2018). Together with the above and the appearance of social medicine, in the second half of this century, the development of public health is encouraged, expanding health measures by the States and beginning the development of health services, as happened in Russia in 1865 and in Germany in 1883 (Coovadia et al., 2009). In the first half of the 20th century, due to an awakening of interest in health, advances were made in this field and the ministries of public health emerged. In relation to the latter there is a historical fact of great importance when the first in the world was created in Cuba, as the Ministry of Health and Welfare, and later they emerged in Germany, England, France and others (Bush, 2018).
At this time authors such as Sigerist, Rosen, Lee and Jones stand out and one of the first definitions of public health emerges, at least one of the best known, made by the North American Winslow in 1920, which due to its importance is reproduced below:
"Public Health is the art of preventing diseases, prolonging life, promoting health and efficiency through the organized effort of the community for: environmental sanitation; Control of Communicable Diseases; education in personal Hygiene; organization of medical services and nursing for the early diagnosis and preventive treatment of diseases and the development of the social mechanism that ensures each one an adequate standard of living for the preservation of health; organizing these benefits so that each citizen is in conditions of their right natural to health and longevity” (Coovadia et al., 2009).
Prevention marks the beginning of a new stage after the first epidemiological revolution, which increases with the second epidemiological revolution. Thus, public health continues to expand its field and its functions and integrates preventive care for people and that of the natural environment, the social environment, and also aspects of curative care (Coovadia et al., 2009).
There is currently a broad consensus that public health has become an integrative .
Public health ethics can make important contributions to debates around responses to COVID-19 by examining the values and principles underlying policy decisions. It considers how to balance population health with individual rights and equitable distribution of health across society. Public health ethics explores health-health and health-nonhealth trade-offs of measures, and disproportionate impacts on disadvantaged groups. While decisions are guided by science, public health ethics openly discusses value judgments and uncertainties. It also analyzes responsibilities of institutions at all levels to find fair ways through the crisis.
Over the past century in the U.S., there has been a reversal in morbidity and mortality trends due to advances in public health and healthcare. Chronic diseases are now the leading causes of death but researchers focus on prevention through community interventions. Significant accomplishments like vaccinations for diseases have led to declines in cases, hospitalizations, and costs. Applying community health education theories that target social and behavioral norms through multi-level interventions may have also contributed to reduced morbidity and mortality.
*************** resources************************8
Course Text:
Coreil, J. (Ed.). (2010).
Social and behavioral foundations of public health
(2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Chapter 1, "Why Study Social and Behavioral Factors in Public Health?"
The first chapter in the text describes the importance of studying culture and behavior. It provides a historical perspective of the field of behavioral and social sciences and sets the stage for the course with its overarching framework, the social ecology of health model. This chapter also explores the levels of social influence on health issues.
Chapter 2, "Historical Perspectives on Population and Disease"
This chapter delves deeper into the history of health, from the perspectives of disease and the cultural evolution. It also touches upon the health problems that generally occur at different stages of life.
Chapter 5, "Health and Illness Behavior"
Chapter 5 reviews the levels of prevention covered in the first course in the program (primary, secondary, and tertiary) and lays the groundwork for the course by reviewing the relationship between health and illness behavior.
Chapter 7, "Social Reactions to Disease" (pp. 134–136)
In this section of Chapter 7, you will study the concepts of medicalization and hygienization with respect to disease behavior.
Chapter 8, "Comparative Health Cultures" (pp. 145–154)
The authors introduce the concepts of ethnomedicine as well as the various "sectors" of medicine in this section of Chapter 8. The authors also explore cultural models of illness.
Article:
Healthy People. (2010). Healthy People 2020: The Road Ahead! Retrieved from
http://healthypeople.gov/2020/
You will become familiar with the Healthy People 2020 Campaign during this course. Healthy People 2020 is a national effort designed to solve unequal and unjust health treatment of populations. This website will be used for the In the News assignment as well as many other assignments in the course.
Article:
Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. (2009).
Beyond Health Care: New Directions to a Healthier America.
Retrieved from
http://www.rwjf.org/content/dam/farm/reports/reports/2009/rwjf40483
This article presents several carefully coined recommendations to build healthier society. The recommendations are based on research and statistics on the health status of adults and children.
Optional
Resources
Media
Documentary:
Moore, M. (Director). (2007).
Sicko
[Motion picture]. United States: Dog Eat Dog Films.
You may want to rent
Sicko
. It provides a fascinating and controversial view of the health care system in the United States today. The documentary also compares the American health care system with other nations, illustrating the differences in reactions to disease based on the health care system of other countries.
Readings
Course Text:
Social and Behavioral Foundations of Public Health
Chapter 10, "Reproductive Health"
Chapter 11, "Adolescent Health"
Chapter 12, "Public ...
Health refers to the overall condition of a person's mind and body, including being free from illness, injury, or pain. The World Health Organization defines health more broadly as complete physical, mental and social well-being, not just the absence of disease. Health is influenced by factors like access to healthcare, lifestyle, socioeconomic conditions, and environment. Community health examines the health characteristics of geographic areas using tools like GIS mapping to study factors that impact community well-being. Environmental health focuses on protecting human health by addressing physical, chemical, and biological factors in both the natural and built environment.
The document introduces the "Health Field Concept" which provides a framework for analyzing and understanding the health field by dividing it into four main elements: human biology, environment, lifestyle, and health care organization. These elements were identified by examining the causes of sickness and death in Canada. The concept aims to organize the many different pieces of the health field into a simple and logical pattern to help analyze health problems and determine where to focus efforts to improve health outcomes. It also shifts focus to the three elements of human biology, environment, and lifestyle - which are the main underlying causes of current health issues - rather than just focusing on the healthcare system.
1.Does BPH predispose this patient to cancer2. Why are pati.docxbraycarissa250
1.Does BPH predispose this patient to cancer?
2. Why are patients with BPH at increased risk for urinary tract infections?
3. What would you expect the patient’s PSA level to be after surgery?
4. What is the recommended screening guidelines and treatment for BPH?
5. What are some alternative treatments / natural homeopathic options for treatment?
.
1.Do you think that mass media mostly reflects musical taste, or.docxbraycarissa250
1.
Do you think that mass media mostly reflects musical taste, or does it play a major role in shaping musical taste? Do you feel that today’s music industry enhances or interferes with the relationship between the artist and their audience?
2.
Think of a song or piece of music that has been a part of your life for a long time and expresses your musical identity. Has the significance or “meaning” of that song changed over the years? If so, what has changed in your perception of the song, and what factors in your life - personal, cultural, or other – might have contributed?
The book is music of th peoples of the world
.
1.Discuss theoretical and conceptual frameworks. How are the.docxbraycarissa250
1.
Discuss theoretical and conceptual frameworks. How are they used and how do they support the use of quantitative methods?
2.
List, define, and discuss all threats associated with internal and external validity in quantitative designs. Also, list mechanisms for dealing with the threats and enhancing study validity.
3.
Nursing Paradigm represent a world view and general perspective on the complexities of the real world. The disciplined inquiry in the field of nursing is being conducted through several paradigms.
Discuss your point of view to one paradigm? Explore the aspects of the paradigms that are especially consistent with your view.
need the answer with APA style
references and citation
one of our book references :
Nursing Research- Appraising Evidence for Nursing Practice, 8th Edition by Denise F. Polit, Cheryl Tatano Beck
.
1.Discuss the medical model of corrections. Is this model of c.docxbraycarissa250
1.
Discuss the medical model of corrections. Is this model of corrections still a viable notion? Why or why not?
2.
Some critics have suggested that rehabilitation cannot work, because so many prison inmates never were habilitated to begin with. What is your reaction to this viewpoint? Explain your answer.
3.
What are some of the fundamental assumptions of career criminal programs? What limitations might these assumptions present in our efforts to identify and punish career criminals?
THE BOOK IS Essentials of Corrections Fourth Edition
G. Larry Mays | L. Thomas Winfree Jr.
and four scholarly sources
1.
Dominey, J. (2010). The higher education contribution to police and probation training: essential, desirable or an indulgence?
British Journal of Community Justice, 8
(2), 6.
2.
Schanz, Y. Y. (2013). Perceptions of undergraduate students on criminology and criminal justice education in the United States: An empirical analysis.
International Journal of Criminal Justice Sciences, 8
(2), 105-119.
.
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Determinants of health include socioeconomic factors, physical environment, and individual characteristics and behaviors. Socioeconomic determinants like income, education, and social status significantly impact health. Environmental factors such as air pollution, natural disasters, and lack of access to clean water and sanitation also influence health outcomes. Individual lifestyle choices and access to healthcare further determine levels of health and illness. Addressing the social and economic root causes through integrated global and national policies can help reduce health inequalities worldwide.
Introduction to Public Health course for Health Officer Students kaleabtegegne
This document provides an overview of concepts in public health. It discusses definitions of health from different perspectives, determinants of health, and models of disease causation. The history of public health and key developments are described. Public health is defined as working to prevent disease, prolong life, and promote health through organized community efforts. The core activities and disciplines of public health include health promotion, epidemiology, biostatistics, environmental health, and social and behavioral sciences. Clinical medicine focuses on individual patients while public health addresses the health of entire populations.
Primary health care and the social determinants of health: essential and comp...Jorge Pacheco
Primary health care (PHC) and addressing the social determinants of health (SDH) share a focus on health equity and promoting health through multisectoral action and community participation. While they have common goals, PHC focuses on organizing the health sector to reduce inequities, while SDH examines how broader societal factors impact health equity. Both are needed to comprehensively address the social and structural drivers of health inequities. Pitting PHC against SDH is unproductive - a revitalized PHC must include action on SDH beyond just healthcare services.
Factors That Impact Population HealthIn this Discussion, ydepoerossie
Factors That Impact Population Health
In this Discussion, you bring together the concepts that have been presented throughout this course by analyzing a current population health topic from an epidemiological approach. Consider the cultural, ethical, regulatory, and legal factors that may influence your selected topic.
To prepare:
Review the case study, presented on page 411 of your course text,
Population Health: Creating a Culture of Wellness
. Consider the cultural, ethical, and legal factors presented in the case study and how they influence the Michigan Primary Care Transformation Project.
With these thoughts in mind, select a current public health initiative that has been discussed in the popular press or available at the CDC website or your state’s health department website.
Consider this initiative through the lens of an epidemiologist and identify what you think are the three most important issues related to culture, ethics, regulatory, or legal aspects of the public health initiative.
Consider how current health care legislation might impact your selected public health initiative. Conduct additional research as necessary.
By tomorrow 05/09/2018 12 pm, write a minimum of 550 words in APA format with at least 3 scholarly references from the list of required readings below. Include the level one headings as numbered below”
Post
a cohesive response that addresses the following:
1) Provide a summary of your selected public health initiative and include a reference to the article
(and URL to the article).
2) Analyze the cultural, ethical, regulatory, and legal factors that influence your specified population health topic.
3) Evaluate how current health care legislation may positively or negatively impact your selected public health initiative.
Required Readings
Nash, D. B., Fabius, R. J., Skoufalos, A., Clarke, J.
L. & Horowitz, M. R. (2016). Population health: Creating a culture of wellness (2nd ed). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.
Chapter 15
, “Risk Management and Law”
This chapter discusses the role of the U.S. legal system to foster the health of populations with emphasis on the U.S. Supreme Court’s decision on the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act.
Chapter 16
, “Making the Case for Population Health Management: The Business Value of Better Health”
This chapter explores why good health is good business, the cost of good health and the potential provide to be realized when workforce health is improved.
Chapter 3
,
“Policy Implications for Population Health: Health Promotion and Wellness”
The chapter provides an overview of the intricacies of federal policy making and the key policy components necessary to advance the health of populations.
Chapter 5,
“The Political Landscape in Relation to the Health and Wealth of Nations”
The chapter describes the relationship between national health and population health and ...
Sase and Eddy. End of Life Care. Georgetown Public Policy (2016)eriesase
This document summarizes a study examining end-of-life care for millennials caring for aging parents through a public health and human rights lens. The study analyzed key areas of end-of-life care theory and practice, finding both achievements and concerns. While concepts like patient well-being and quality of care are legally required, their lack of clear definitions creates ambiguity. Disparities also exist in availability, accessibility, acceptability and quality of care. To better support millennials and future patients, standardized services and strong public health systems are needed to ensure high quality, universal end-of-life care.
reference articel used in this essayKumar, S., & Preetha, G. (2012.pdfdavid16271
reference articel used in this essay
Kumar, S., & Preetha, G. (2012). Health Promotion: An Effective Tool for Global Health. Indian
Journal of Community Medicine: Official Publication of Indian Association of Preventive &
Social Medicine, 37(1), 5–12. http://doi.org/10.4103/0970-0218.94009
Health promotion is more significant today than any time in recent memory in tending to general
medical issues. The wellbeing situation is situated at one of a kind junction as the world is
confronting a \'triple weight of infections\' constituted by the unfinished motivation of
transferable ailments, recently rising and re-developing maladies and also the extraordinary
ascent of noncommunicable perpetual illnesses. The components which help advance and
improvement in this day and age, for example, globalization of exchange, urbanization,
simplicity of worldwide travel, propelled advances, and so forth., go about as a twofold edged
sword as they prompt to positive wellbeing results on one hand and increment the helplessness to
weakness then again as these add to stationary ways of life and unfortunate dietary examples.
There is a high pervasiveness of tobacco use alongside increment in undesirable dietary practices
and abatement in physical action adding to increment in natural hazard elements which thusly
prompts to increment in noncommunicable sicknesses.
Wellbeing, as the World Health Organization (WHO) characterizes, is the condition of finish
physical, social and mental prosperity and not only the nonattendance of sickness or ailment. The
satisfaction in most elevated achievable standard of wellbeing is considered as one of the
principal privileges of each human being.(5) Over the previous couple of decades, there is an
expanding acknowledgment that biomedical mediations alone can\'t ensure better wellbeing.
Wellbeing is intensely impacted by variables outside the area of the wellbeing part, particularly
social, financial and political strengths. These powers to a great extent shape the conditions in
which individuals develop, live, work and age and additionally the frameworks set up to manage
wellbeing needs at last prompting to disparities in wellbeing between and inside nations. Along
these lines, the achievement of the most elevated conceivable standard of wellbeing relies on
upon a thorough, comprehensive approach which goes past the conventional therapeudic mind,
including groups, wellbeing suppliers and different partners. This all encompassing methodology
ought to engage people and groups to take activities for their own wellbeing, cultivate authority
for general wellbeing, elevate intersectoral activity to fabricate sound open approaches and make
supportable wellbeing frameworks in the general public. These components catch the
quintessence of \"wellbeing advancement\", which is about empowering individuals to take
control over their wellbeing and its determinants, and in this way enhance their wellbeing. It
incorporates intercessions at the i.
Running head global health case study analysis1 global healtDIPESH30
This research proposal examines how conformity and obedience are impacted by group size and anonymity. It hypothesizes that conformity will increase as group size increases, but decrease when anonymity is removed. The study would randomly assign participants to small or large groups to rate line lengths under anonymous or identifiable conditions. Results could help understand how social influence is impacted by these factors.
Running head: THE EFFECTS OF GROUP SIZE AND ANONYMITY ON CONFORMITY
The Effects of Group Size and Anonymity on Conformity
Introduction
Conformity and obedience to authority are well
New approaches for moving upstream how state and local health departments can...Jim Bloyd, DrPH, MPH
Growing evidence shows that unequal distribution of wealth and power across race, class, and gender produces the differences in living conditions that are “upstream” drivers of health inequalities. Health educators and other public health professionals, however, still develop interventions that focus mainly on “downstream” behavioral risks. Three factors explain the difficulty in translating this knowledge into practice. First, in their allegiance to the status quo, powerful elites often resist upstream policies and programs that redistribute wealth and power. Second, public health practice is often grounded in dominant biomedical and behavioral paradigms, and health departments also face legal and political limits on expanding their scope of activities. Finally, the evidence for the impact of upstream interventions is limited, in part because methodologies for evaluating upstream interventions are less developed. To illustrate strategies to overcome these obstacles, we profile recent campaigns in the United States to enact living wages, prevent mortgage foreclosures, and reduce exposure to air pollution. We then examine how health educators working in state and local health departments can transform their practice to contribute to campaigns that reallocate the wealth and power that shape the living conditions that determine health and health inequalities. We also consider health educators’ role in producing the evidence that can guide transformative expansion of upstream interventions to reduce health inequalities.
Concept and definitions
Health education
Beliefs and approaches in health promotion
Health promotion strategies and priority actions
Public health, social movement, health inequity and millennium goals
Canadian experience in health promotion
Conclusion
The Following is another student post to wish i have to reply APA st.docxadelaider1
The Following is another student post to wish i have to reply APA style. references and less than 10 % similarity. The due date is September 6.
Dianelis Pons
Community Nursing
Professor. Lisys Camacho
Florida National University
September 2020
The development of Public Hygiene stopped during feudalism and began to resurface with the Industrial Revolution (xviii) with Raus, Ramazini and, above all, Johan Peter Frank. The latter is considered the "Father of Public Health" and established the medical police. At that time is when the State, in order to conserve the productive forces, takes greater part in controlling water and cleaning, also adding some aspects of the way of life, such as control of food and occupational diseases (Bush, 2018).
The 19th century was one of great advances in medicine due to the appearance of medical equipment and the discoveries of bacteriology made by Pasteur in 1870 and Koch in 1882 (Bush, 2018). Together with the above and the appearance of social medicine, in the second half of this century, the development of public health is encouraged, expanding health measures by the States and beginning the development of health services, as happened in Russia in 1865 and in Germany in 1883 (Coovadia et al., 2009). In the first half of the 20th century, due to an awakening of interest in health, advances were made in this field and the ministries of public health emerged. In relation to the latter there is a historical fact of great importance when the first in the world was created in Cuba, as the Ministry of Health and Welfare, and later they emerged in Germany, England, France and others (Bush, 2018).
At this time authors such as Sigerist, Rosen, Lee and Jones stand out and one of the first definitions of public health emerges, at least one of the best known, made by the North American Winslow in 1920, which due to its importance is reproduced below:
"Public Health is the art of preventing diseases, prolonging life, promoting health and efficiency through the organized effort of the community for: environmental sanitation; Control of Communicable Diseases; education in personal Hygiene; organization of medical services and nursing for the early diagnosis and preventive treatment of diseases and the development of the social mechanism that ensures each one an adequate standard of living for the preservation of health; organizing these benefits so that each citizen is in conditions of their right natural to health and longevity” (Coovadia et al., 2009).
Prevention marks the beginning of a new stage after the first epidemiological revolution, which increases with the second epidemiological revolution. Thus, public health continues to expand its field and its functions and integrates preventive care for people and that of the natural environment, the social environment, and also aspects of curative care (Coovadia et al., 2009).
There is currently a broad consensus that public health has become an integrative .
Public health ethics can make important contributions to debates around responses to COVID-19 by examining the values and principles underlying policy decisions. It considers how to balance population health with individual rights and equitable distribution of health across society. Public health ethics explores health-health and health-nonhealth trade-offs of measures, and disproportionate impacts on disadvantaged groups. While decisions are guided by science, public health ethics openly discusses value judgments and uncertainties. It also analyzes responsibilities of institutions at all levels to find fair ways through the crisis.
Over the past century in the U.S., there has been a reversal in morbidity and mortality trends due to advances in public health and healthcare. Chronic diseases are now the leading causes of death but researchers focus on prevention through community interventions. Significant accomplishments like vaccinations for diseases have led to declines in cases, hospitalizations, and costs. Applying community health education theories that target social and behavioral norms through multi-level interventions may have also contributed to reduced morbidity and mortality.
*************** resources************************8
Course Text:
Coreil, J. (Ed.). (2010).
Social and behavioral foundations of public health
(2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Chapter 1, "Why Study Social and Behavioral Factors in Public Health?"
The first chapter in the text describes the importance of studying culture and behavior. It provides a historical perspective of the field of behavioral and social sciences and sets the stage for the course with its overarching framework, the social ecology of health model. This chapter also explores the levels of social influence on health issues.
Chapter 2, "Historical Perspectives on Population and Disease"
This chapter delves deeper into the history of health, from the perspectives of disease and the cultural evolution. It also touches upon the health problems that generally occur at different stages of life.
Chapter 5, "Health and Illness Behavior"
Chapter 5 reviews the levels of prevention covered in the first course in the program (primary, secondary, and tertiary) and lays the groundwork for the course by reviewing the relationship between health and illness behavior.
Chapter 7, "Social Reactions to Disease" (pp. 134–136)
In this section of Chapter 7, you will study the concepts of medicalization and hygienization with respect to disease behavior.
Chapter 8, "Comparative Health Cultures" (pp. 145–154)
The authors introduce the concepts of ethnomedicine as well as the various "sectors" of medicine in this section of Chapter 8. The authors also explore cultural models of illness.
Article:
Healthy People. (2010). Healthy People 2020: The Road Ahead! Retrieved from
http://healthypeople.gov/2020/
You will become familiar with the Healthy People 2020 Campaign during this course. Healthy People 2020 is a national effort designed to solve unequal and unjust health treatment of populations. This website will be used for the In the News assignment as well as many other assignments in the course.
Article:
Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. (2009).
Beyond Health Care: New Directions to a Healthier America.
Retrieved from
http://www.rwjf.org/content/dam/farm/reports/reports/2009/rwjf40483
This article presents several carefully coined recommendations to build healthier society. The recommendations are based on research and statistics on the health status of adults and children.
Optional
Resources
Media
Documentary:
Moore, M. (Director). (2007).
Sicko
[Motion picture]. United States: Dog Eat Dog Films.
You may want to rent
Sicko
. It provides a fascinating and controversial view of the health care system in the United States today. The documentary also compares the American health care system with other nations, illustrating the differences in reactions to disease based on the health care system of other countries.
Readings
Course Text:
Social and Behavioral Foundations of Public Health
Chapter 10, "Reproductive Health"
Chapter 11, "Adolescent Health"
Chapter 12, "Public ...
Health refers to the overall condition of a person's mind and body, including being free from illness, injury, or pain. The World Health Organization defines health more broadly as complete physical, mental and social well-being, not just the absence of disease. Health is influenced by factors like access to healthcare, lifestyle, socioeconomic conditions, and environment. Community health examines the health characteristics of geographic areas using tools like GIS mapping to study factors that impact community well-being. Environmental health focuses on protecting human health by addressing physical, chemical, and biological factors in both the natural and built environment.
The document introduces the "Health Field Concept" which provides a framework for analyzing and understanding the health field by dividing it into four main elements: human biology, environment, lifestyle, and health care organization. These elements were identified by examining the causes of sickness and death in Canada. The concept aims to organize the many different pieces of the health field into a simple and logical pattern to help analyze health problems and determine where to focus efforts to improve health outcomes. It also shifts focus to the three elements of human biology, environment, and lifestyle - which are the main underlying causes of current health issues - rather than just focusing on the healthcare system.
Similar to Assignment OverviewCyber is a relatively new word that did not .docx (18)
1.Does BPH predispose this patient to cancer2. Why are pati.docxbraycarissa250
1.Does BPH predispose this patient to cancer?
2. Why are patients with BPH at increased risk for urinary tract infections?
3. What would you expect the patient’s PSA level to be after surgery?
4. What is the recommended screening guidelines and treatment for BPH?
5. What are some alternative treatments / natural homeopathic options for treatment?
.
1.Do you think that mass media mostly reflects musical taste, or.docxbraycarissa250
1.
Do you think that mass media mostly reflects musical taste, or does it play a major role in shaping musical taste? Do you feel that today’s music industry enhances or interferes with the relationship between the artist and their audience?
2.
Think of a song or piece of music that has been a part of your life for a long time and expresses your musical identity. Has the significance or “meaning” of that song changed over the years? If so, what has changed in your perception of the song, and what factors in your life - personal, cultural, or other – might have contributed?
The book is music of th peoples of the world
.
1.Discuss theoretical and conceptual frameworks. How are the.docxbraycarissa250
1.
Discuss theoretical and conceptual frameworks. How are they used and how do they support the use of quantitative methods?
2.
List, define, and discuss all threats associated with internal and external validity in quantitative designs. Also, list mechanisms for dealing with the threats and enhancing study validity.
3.
Nursing Paradigm represent a world view and general perspective on the complexities of the real world. The disciplined inquiry in the field of nursing is being conducted through several paradigms.
Discuss your point of view to one paradigm? Explore the aspects of the paradigms that are especially consistent with your view.
need the answer with APA style
references and citation
one of our book references :
Nursing Research- Appraising Evidence for Nursing Practice, 8th Edition by Denise F. Polit, Cheryl Tatano Beck
.
1.Discuss the medical model of corrections. Is this model of c.docxbraycarissa250
1.
Discuss the medical model of corrections. Is this model of corrections still a viable notion? Why or why not?
2.
Some critics have suggested that rehabilitation cannot work, because so many prison inmates never were habilitated to begin with. What is your reaction to this viewpoint? Explain your answer.
3.
What are some of the fundamental assumptions of career criminal programs? What limitations might these assumptions present in our efforts to identify and punish career criminals?
THE BOOK IS Essentials of Corrections Fourth Edition
G. Larry Mays | L. Thomas Winfree Jr.
and four scholarly sources
1.
Dominey, J. (2010). The higher education contribution to police and probation training: essential, desirable or an indulgence?
British Journal of Community Justice, 8
(2), 6.
2.
Schanz, Y. Y. (2013). Perceptions of undergraduate students on criminology and criminal justice education in the United States: An empirical analysis.
International Journal of Criminal Justice Sciences, 8
(2), 105-119.
.
1.Discussion Question How do we perceive sacred spaceplace in Ame.docxbraycarissa250
1. Discussion Question: How do we perceive sacred space/place in American culture? Do you agree with this perception? What would you change?
2. Reading Reflection: Solid ONE-page reflection paper about your thoughts on the reading. This could include a brief summary and your opinion. There are not many guidelines or format (e.g., APA, MLS style) for these weekly reading reflection assignments. But please use 12-point font, Times New Roman, and don't get ridiculous with the margin settings.
Reading: David Chidester and Edward T. Linenthal (file uploaded)
Lecture: Religious Spaces in Modernity (file uploaded)
Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wuI47gXGUvc
.
1.Cybercriminals use many different types of malware to attack s.docxbraycarissa250
1.
Cybercriminals use many different types of malware to attack systems. Select one common type of malware listed in this article link and using your own words, explain how to defend yourself against it.
https://www.esecurityplanet.com/malware/malware-types.html#maliciousmobileapp
Post must be between 250-300 words
2.
Using the following link as your reference, select TWO and explain the differences
(viruses, worms, trojans, and bots).
https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/resources/virus_differences
Post must be between 250-300 words
3.
Describe two cryptographic applications and how they are used in Information System Security.
Post must be between 250-300 words
.
1.Define emotional intelligence. What are the benefits of emotional .docxbraycarissa250
1.Define emotional intelligence. What are the benefits of emotional intelligence? Why should
emotional intelligence be taught to children at a very young age?
2.Discuss in detail the role of self awareness in becoming emotionally intelligent. What is self
awareness and how do we become self aware? What role does honesty and transparency play
in this process?
3.Discuss in detail the role of self management in becoming emotionally intelligent. What is self
management and what does it look like when we self manage our lives? Explain how this might
be the area of emotional intelligence where we most often fail.
4.Discuss in detail the role of social awareness in emotional intelligence. What is social
awareness. How can we become more socially aware? How does this step indicate a move
outside of ourselves and begin our interaction with others?
5.Discuss in detail the role of relationship building in emotional intelligence. What does
relationship building involve? Identify several key things that can be done to build relationships
both inside and outside your family .
.
1.Define Strategic Planning and Swot Analysis2.List and define.docxbraycarissa250
1.Define Strategic Planning and Swot Analysis
2.List and define the 4 Parameters of Swat Analysis
3.Briefly describe the four steps in conducting a swot analysis.
*Short APA Word Format Attached (5 points)
Font: Times New Roman, Font Size: 12,
Spacing: Double. Justification: Left, Cited Sentences. Minimum 250 Words (excludes questions), Minimum 2-3 Pages with references*
.
1.Choose a writer; indicate hisher contribution to the Harlem Renai.docxbraycarissa250
1.Choose a writer; indicate his/her contribution to the Harlem Renaissance.2.Identify a theme associated with that writer. You may choose from those listed below or finda theme on your own.3.Provide a poem, fictional piece, or non-fiction piece (or excerpt) by your author. Choose a work not discussed in class. 4.Formulate a thesis statement about your author’s presentation of the theme.5.Establish at least three main points to develop your discussion of the author’s effective presentation of the theme.6.Use at least six illustrative quotes to support your discussion.
WRITERS:Claude McKayGwendolyn BennettArnaBontempsSterling A. BrownCounteeCullenW. E. B. Du BoisRalph Waldo EllisonJessie Redmon FausetRudolph FisherLangston HughesZora Neale HurstonCharles S. JohnsonGeorgia Douglas JohnsonJames Weldon JohnsonNella LarsenAlain LeRoy LockeClaude McKayRichard Bruce NugentJoel Augustus RogersGeorge S. SchuylerWallace ThurmanJean ToomerCarl Van VechtenDorothy Wes
SOME COMMON THEMES:•pride in African ancestry•influence of the experience of slavery •emerging African-American folk traditions on black identity •the effects of institutional racism •the dilemmas inherent in performing and writing for elite white audiences•the question of how to convey the experience of modern black life in the urban North
.
1.Being sure that one has the resources necessary to accomplish the .docxbraycarissa250
1.Being sure that one has the resources necessary to accomplish the goals is an essential step. Preparation is very important. Without all of the necessary resources one cannot succeed. I know people that are very organized with their life and the time that they have every day. The values and mission are clear and their goals and objectives align with their life course. Each hour of the day is focused on using their short-term goals to reach their long-term goal that is consistent with their mission and values. The key here is that they took the time to do the work to explore what it is they really wanted in life and what was important in all of their roles to arrive at this plan. How many of us have a well-crafted life plan?
2.Please be reminded that information in the post that is not original content should be supported with references. There is a difference between goals setting and deadlines. Deadlines indicate that a task must be completed at a certain time. The task may or may not be a part of a goal. Where as goals have time lines to assure that that are completed in a certain time. Are there other examples of the difference.
.
1.Based on how you will evaluate your EBP project, which indepen.docxbraycarissa250
1.
Based on how you will evaluate your EBP project, which independent and dependent variables do you need to collect? Why?
2.
Not all EBP projects result in statistically significant results. Define clinical significance, and explain the difference between clinical and statistical significance. How can you use clinical significance to support positive outcomes in your project?
.
1.Be organized. 2. Spend less time doing a summary, but more o.docxbraycarissa250
1.Be organized.
2. Spend less time doing a summary, but more on your thoughts, ideas, and arguments.
3. What approach can you use in doing literary analysis? Study approaches such as structuralism (look for patterns), Marxism (relation of text to society), reader response, feminist thought, deconstruction (what are the gaps and fizzures in the text, what is it really about?) , etc.
4. Focus on details. For example, discuss a particular character or scene in a story, or an image in a poem.
5. Consider doing an intertextual analysis. For example, you can compare the texts/s in class to a photograph you saw, a film you watched or another text from another culture.
.
1.After discussion with your preceptor, name one financial aspec.docxbraycarissa250
1.
After discussion with your preceptor, name one financial aspect, one quality aspect, and one clinical aspect that need to be taken into account for developing the evidence-based change proposal. Explain how your proposal will directly and indirectly impact each of the aspects.
2.
Now that you have completed a series of assignments that have led you into the active project planning and development stage for your project, briefly describe your proposed solution to address the problem, issue, suggestion, initiative, or educational need and how it has changed since you first envisioned it. What led to your current perspective and direction?
.
1.A 52-year-old obese Caucasian male presents to the clinic wit.docxbraycarissa250
1.
A 52-year-old obese Caucasian male presents to the clinic with a 2-day history of fever, chills, and right great toe pain that has gotten worse. Patient states this is the first time that this has happened, and nothing has made it better and walking on his right foot makes it worse. He has tried acetaminophen, but it did not help. He took several ibuprofen tablets last night which did give him a bit of relief. Past medical history positive or hypertension treated with hydrochlorothiazide and kidney stones. Social history negative for tobacco use but admits to drinking “a fair amount of red wine” every week. General appearance: Ill appearing male who sits with his right foot elevated. Physical exam remarkable for a temp of 101.2, pulse 108, respirations 18 and BP 160/88. Right great toe (first metatarsal phalangeal [MTP]) noticeably swollen and red. Unable to palpate to assess range of motion due to extreme pain. CBC and Complete metabolic profile revealed WBC 14,000 mm3 and uric acid 8.9 mg/dl. The APRN diagnoses the patient with acute gout.
Question 1 of 2:
Describe the pathophysiology of gout.
QUESTION 2
1. A 52-year-old obese Caucasian male presents to the clinic with a 2-day history of fever, chills, and right great toe pain that has gotten worse. Patient states this is the first time that this has happened, and nothing has made it better and walking on his right foot makes it worse. He has tried acetaminophen, but it did not help. He took several ibuprofen tablets last night which did give him a bit of relief. Past medical history positive or hypertension treated with hydrochlorothiazide and kidney stones. Social history negative for tobacco use but admits to drinking “a fair amount of red wine” every week. General appearance: Ill appearing male who sits with his right foot elevated. Physical exam remarkable for a temp of 101.2, pulse 108, respirations 18 and BP 160/88. Right great toe (first metatarsal phalangeal [MTP]) noticeably swollen and red. Unable to palpate to assess range of motion due to extreme pain. CBC and Complete metabolic profile revealed WBC 14,000 mm3 and uric acid 8.9 mg/dl. The APRN diagnoses the patient with acute gout.
Question 2 of 2:
Explain why a patient with gout is more likely to develop renal calculi. 1 points
QUESTION 3
1. Stan is a 45-year-old man who presents to the clinic complaining of intermittent fevers, joint pain, myalgias, and generalized fatigue. He noticed a rash several days ago that seemed to appear and disappear on different parts of his abdomen. He noticed the lesion below this morning and decided to come in for evaluation. He denies recent international travel and the only difference in his usual routine was clearing some underbrush from his back yard about a week ago. Past medical history non-contributory with exception of severe allergy to penicillin resulting in hives and difficulty breathing. Physical exam: Temp 101.1 ˚F, BP 128/72, pulse 102 and regular, respirations .
1.1Arguments, Premises, and ConclusionsHow Logical Are You·.docxbraycarissa250
1.1Arguments, Premises, and Conclusions
How Logical Are You?
· After a momentary absence, you return to your table in the library only to find your smartphone is missing. It was there just minutes earlier. You suspect the student sitting next to you took it. After all, she has a guilty look. Also, there is a bulge in her backpack about the size of your phone, and one of the pouches has a loose strap. Then you hear a “ring” come from the backpack—and it’s the same ringtone that you use on your phone. Which of these pieces of evidence best supports your suspicion?
Answer
The best evidence is undoubtedly the “ring” you hear coming from her backpack, which is the same ringtone as the one on your phone. The weakest evidence is probably the “guilty look.” After all, what, exactly, is a guilty look? The bulge in the backpack and the loose strap are of medium value. The loose strap supports the hypothesis that something was quickly inserted into the backpack. In this section of the chapter you will learn that evidentiary statements form the premises of arguments.
Logic may be defined as the organized body of knowledge, or science, that evaluates arguments. All of us encounter arguments in our day-to-day experience. We read them in books and newspapers, hear them on television, and formulate them when communicating with friends and associates. The aim of logic is to develop a system of methods and principles that we may use as criteria for evaluating the arguments of others and as guides in constructing arguments of our own. Among the benefits to be expected from the study of logic is an increase in confidence that we are making sense when we criticize the arguments of others and when we advance arguments of our own.
An argument, in its simplest form, is a group of statements, one or more of which (the premises) are claimed to provide support for, or reasons to believe, one of the others (the conclusion). Every argument may be placed in either of two basic groups: those in which the premises really do support the conclusion and those in which they do not, even though they are claimed to. The former are said to be good arguments (at least to that extent), the latter bad arguments. The purpose of logic, as the science that evaluates arguments, is thus to develop methods and techniques that allow us to distinguish good arguments from bad.
As is apparent from the given definition, the term argument has a very specific meaning in logic. It does not mean, for example, a mere verbal fight, as one might have with one’s parent, spouse, or friend. Let us examine the features of this definition in greater detail. First of all, an argument is a group of statements. A statement is a sentence that is either true or false—in other words, typically a declarative sentence or a sentence component that could stand as a declarative sentence. The following sentences are statements:
Chocolate truffles are loaded with calories.
Melatonin helps relieve jet lag.
Political can.
1.4 Participate in health care policy development to influence nursi.docxbraycarissa250
1.4 Participate in health care policy development to influence nursing practice and health care.
Research public health issues on the "Climate Change" or "Topics and Issues" pages of the American Public Health Association (APHA) website. Investigate a public health issue related to an environmental issue within the U.S. health care delivery system and examine its effect on a specific population.
Write a 750-1,000-word policy brief that summarizes the issue, explains the effect on the population, and proposes a solution to the issue.
Follow this outline when writing the policy brief:
Describe the policy health issue. Include the following information: (a) what population is affected, (b) at what level does it occur (local, state, or national), and (c) evidence about the issues supported by resources.
Create a problem statement.
Provide suggestions for addressing the health issue caused by the current policy. Describe what steps are required to initiate policy change. Include necessary stakeholders (government officials, administrator) and budget or funding considerations, if applicable.
Discuss the impact on the health care delivery system.
Include three peer-reviewed sources and two other sources to support the policy brief.
Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.
This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.
You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. Refer to the
LopesWrite Technical Support articles
for assistance.
.
1.5 - 2 pages single-spaced. Use 1-inch margins, 12 font, Microsoft .docxbraycarissa250
1.5 - 2 pages single-spaced. Use 1-inch margins, 12 font, Microsoft Word. Try to cite 5 things/readings from the class, but use them in an incisive way.
Cite sources according to your preference style (footnote/endnotes or in-text parenthetical citations with author last names and page numbers for academic direct quotes). Question to answer: how is statelessness related to refugeeness? How are they similar or different? Make an argument that can tie those things together. Be more specific than general (don’t just say they are both discriminated and ignored groups, show or describe to me how is works). How are they both global/local issues? Basically, people think they know who or what global refugees/stateless people are.
.
1.5 Pages on the following topics Diversity, Race and Gender Equity.docxbraycarissa250
Equity focuses on fairness and justice for all by acknowledging that we do not all start from the same place and addressing barriers that prevent equal access and treatment. Diversity recognizes individual differences such as race, gender, sexual orientation that enrich society. Promoting equity and diversity helps create a just world where all people have equal access to opportunities and resources regardless of personal attributes or characteristics outside their control.
1.0. Introduction Effective project management is consid.docxbraycarissa250
1.0. Introduction
Effective project management is considered an essential part of a company’s way to
success, as, to put it simply, its main purpose is to predict any risk that might affect a
project of a company and prepare the latter for it (Lock, 2013).
Since 2010, Netflix, world-leading subscription video on-demand streaming service,
has been producing its own content, such as series and full-length movies (Netflix,
2019). Such Original series or films could be considered as separate projects, which
are now the key to attracting new audiences and keeping existing Netflix subscribers
(Schomer, 2018). Therefore, it is critical for Netflix to make sure that all these projects
are carefully planned and are executed in a way as smooth as possible.
The aim of this report is to analyse the project management process of “Bird Box”, the
most successful Netflix movie project by far, thus gaining useful transferable
knowledge and providing recommendations for future similar projects.
1.1. Project Background
“Bird Box” is a 2018 movie produced by Netflix, which makes the film a so-called Netflix
Original, meaning it is available only on Netflix (Netflix, 2019; Netflix Media Center,
2019).
“Bird Box” is a sci-fi psychological drama thriller, which tells a story of a woman and
two children trying to survive in an apocalyptic world (Netflix, 2019). It premiered on
21st December 2018 (Netflix Media Center, 2019).
The movie is based on the eponymous novel by Josh Malerman, published in 2014
(Slauer, 2018).
Leading role in the film is performed by Sandra Bullock with the director being Susanne
Bier – both Academy Awards® winners (Netflix Media Center, 2019).
“Bird Box” became the most successful Netflix Original movie so far. Although it was
not highly appraised by critics, it generated significant amount of conversations and
feedback in social media and is the most watched Netflix Original movie at the moment
of writing (Lee, 2019).
Page 2 of 22
2.0. Project Management Landscape
According to Wysocki (2014), “a project is a sequence of unique, complex, and
connected activities that have one goal or purpose and that must be completed by a
specific time, within budget, and according to specification”. Following from this
definition, every project should have a goal and a solution.
Regarding goal, Netflix creates its own movies and series as a part of its vertical
integration strategy. Indeed, replacing licensed content with its own not only eliminates
the cost Netflix would otherwise have spent on licensing but also helps make the
service unique, thus keeping existing subscribers and attracting new ones (Ball, 2013).
Therefore, it could be stated that the goal of “Bird Box” is to support Netflix’s “worth-
to-watch, unique content” strategy and encourage more subscriptions to the service
(Nicolaou, 2019).
As for solution, firstly, the movie is based on a novel, which has alr.
1.1 What is the OSI security architecture1.2 What is the differ.docxbraycarissa250
1.1 What is the OSI security architecture?
1.2 What is the difference between passive and active security threats?
1.3 List and briefly define categories of passive and active security attacks.
1.4 List and briefly define categories of security services.
1.5 List and briefly define categories of security mechanisms.
1.6 List and briefly define the fundamental security design principles.
1.7 Explain the difference between an attack surface and an attack tree.
.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
Assignment OverviewCyber is a relatively new word that did not .docx
1. Assignment Overview:
Cyber is a relatively new word that did not gain prominence
until three short decades ago. Since then, words such
as cyberwar, cyber-attack, cyber-crime, cyberterrorism,
and cybersecurity have emerged. In April 2015, Loretta Lynch
became the nation's new attorney general. At the forefront of
the attorney general's security concerns are social media
technology, ISIS systematically exploiting the Internet, and the
threat of cyber-attack. According to Lynch, a cyber-attack by
the Islamic State is perhaps the terror group’s biggest emerging
threat. "Concern that ISIS or any of our foreign enemies might
develop that capacity … is the thing that keeps me and many of
my colleagues in law enforcement up at night,” Lynch told
ABC’s News' Pierre Thomas. Understanding cyber threats
begins with understanding the history of technology.
Assignment Task:
History and advancing technology make it imperative to
examine the cyber significance of the years 1945, 1963, 1969,
1970, 1979, 1983, and 1984 to better understand how these
advancements have historically influenced modern day
cybersecurity.
From your research, discuss how ISIS-type organizations have
exploited advancements in technology. Describe how these
historical influences have affected national security.
Key Concepts in Public Health
Determinants of Health
Contributors: Soumen Sengupta
3. (Ashton and Seymour, 1992).
Key Points
• Health is created by a complicated interaction of different
factors, only some of which can be directly
influenced by individuals.
• Social determinants tend to have a greater impact on
population health status than healthcare ser-
vices.
• Different determinants have a differential influence on
different groups of people: this can contribute
to health inequalities.
• An appreciation of the differential influence of determinants
should be used to develop and deploy a
wider array of public policy activities to promote good health.
Discussion
How different disciplines consider determinants of health is
born of their traditions and values. There are four
schools of thought (Beaglehole, 2004):
• The biomedical view – emphasis on specific causes and
discrete treatments for ill health amongst
individuals.
• The lifestyle view – emphasis on individual responsibility for
lifestyle choices.
• The broad socio-economic approach – emphasis on factors
outside the healthcare sector, especially
economic and social.
5. good health:
• Peace
• Shelter
• Education
• Food
• Income
• A stable ecosystem
• Sustainable resources
• Social justice
• Equity
Consequently, an ambitious proposition has been developed for
prioritising resources ‘upstream’, from ser-
vices targeted at the individual to policy action on the
economic, physical and social determinants of popu-
lation health. Unfortunately, most investment in health still
reflects and reinforces the biomedical worldview
(Hunter, 2003).
Social Determinants of Health
Systems theory states that a system is composed of
interdependent and interrelated parts, with change in
one part producing changes in others (von Bertalanffy, 1968). In
order to explore the impacts of and the po-
tential to influence different determinants it is thus necessary to
appreciate their interrelationships. A number
of conceptual models assist this. The most frequently cited is
the Dahlgren and Whitehead ‘rainbow’ – Figure
3.1 (Dahlgren and Whitehead, 1991).
The extent to which different determinants can be influenced
varies; certainly no individual is likely to exert
direct control over most of them. Furthermore, these
7. Simply put, these social systems are a prod-
uct of individuals and their interactions. Moreover, the choices
that individuals make should not be dismissed.
However, they are a product of the choices available and the
confidence different groups have in exercis-
ing them (i.e. the degree of self-efficacy possessed).
Circumstances and conditions that provide people with
greater control over different facets of their lives (and
consequently nurture a greater sense of self-esteem)
are associated with better health outcomes (Marmot, 2003).
Health Inequalities
Consideration of the differential influences of health
determinants is almost inextricably linked to the question
of why economically or socially disadvantaged groups
consistently experience relatively poorer health status
(Graham and Kelly, 2004). Such disadvantage can manifest in
different forms, e.g. limited aspirations, low
income and discrimination. Critically, such disadvantages tend
to gravitate towards one another, creating vi-
cious circles in which people get trapped.
In the UK, the Black Report (Townsend et al., 1992) identified
the primary reasons for worsening social gra-
dients in mortality and other indicators of ill health as material
deprivation and poverty; and its recommen-
dations highlighted economic and social policy solutions. These
conclusions were reinforced by subsequent
publications, with the Acheson Report (Acheson, 1998) stating
that: ‘the weight of scientific evidence supports
a socio-economic explanation of health inequalities. This traces
the roots of ill health to such determinants
as income, education and employment as well as material
environment and lifestyle.’ While there are clearly
overlaps, the determinants of health are not exactly the same as
9. they need to be part of a multi-dimensional package of
activities.
Cross-References
Understanding health determinants has relevance to all aspects
of public health. In using this textbook, it
would be particularly useful to cross-reference with inequalities
in health (Chapter 5); assessing public health
need (Chapter 21); planning public health initiatives (Chapter
22); health impact assessment (Chapter 24);
and collaborative and partnership working (Chapter 34).
Conclusion
Health at both individual and population levels is the product of
a complicated interaction of different factors.
Health policy is still dominated by a biomedical paradigm, yet
there is a substantial theoretical and evidence
base to support a more comprehensive perspective. It is now
widely understood that the primary determi-
nants of health are the economic, physical and social
environments within which individuals live. Few deter-
minants can be directly influenced by the individual; and most
social determinants have a greater impact on
population health status than healthcare services. Critically,
many determinants have a differential impact on
different groups of people: this can contribute to inequalities in
health. Developing an understanding of the
complex nature of the health determinants is not a merely
theoretical exercise; nor should the recognition of
that complexity act as an excuse for inaction on discrete issues.
Rather this understanding should be used to
develop and deploy a wider array of public policy activities to
promote good health.
13. knowledge base of the occupational group promoting public
health. For example, biomedicine, psychology,
social policy and education all bring different theoretical
interpretations to the subject. It has even been sug-
gested that public health is atheoretical in the sense that
practice has been largely unaffected by the explicit
application of theory (Weed, 2002). Indeed, Wills and Earle
(2007: 129) state it is possible to promote public
health ‘without any knowledge, or understanding, of the theory
that underpins practice’, although they do not
believe this will lead to effective strategies.
This chapter aims to review the value and limitations of the
traditional theory base of public health. It will also
highlight the potential importance of current emerging theories
in public health research and their implications
for promoting effective practice. As public health practitioners
have an obligation to act in the best interests of
the population they are serving, it is vital that all theories
underpinning knowledge and practice are given due
consideration.
Key Points
• Public health theory is a dynamic process.
• Public health theory has been influenced by chronological
eras, distinguished by dominant theories.
• Public health theory has important implications for public
health strategy and application to practice.
Discussion
The development of public health theory is evolutionary in
nature. It has always reflected different chronologi-
cal eras which are defined by their prevailing paradigms,
research methods and preventative practices (Nico-
15. health and public health practitioners were largely
involved in population-wide health improvements (Susser and
Susser, 1996a).
Germ Theory Era
Germ theory was the foremost theory in public health science
from the latter half of the nineteenth century
until at least the mid-twentieth century. Following the discovery
of bacteria, laboratory-based diagnosis, im-
munisation and treatment gradually marginalised miasma
theory. The dominant paradigm moved from being
population-based to being focused on disease pathology and the
treatment of individuals. This analysis be-
came even more ascendant with the growth of the medical-
industrial complex which, as MacDonald (2004:
384) states, ‘cemented the biomedical emphasis on single-
causative agents’ and led to the weakening of
population-based public health with the centralisation of power
and resources in hospital-based services. Epi-
demiology became a derivative activity rather than a creative
science in its own right as it had been earlier.
Chronic Disease Era
By the mid-twentieth century infectious-disease mortality had
started to decline in the industrialised world and
much more consideration was given to other causes of disease.
This led to a corresponding decline in germ
theory and the evolution of a new epidemiological paradigm
which came to be known as the ‘risk factor’ or
‘black box’ paradigm (Susser and Susser, 1996b). The
fundamental premise of this paradigm is that chronic
disease is multi-causal and cannot be explained by a specific
factor. Some of the theory's leading proponents
accepted the need for a multi-professional approach and
17. arrangement)
SAGE Books
Page 3 of 5
SAGE Books - Public Health Theories
ulation health, how they integrate social and biological
explanations, and thus their recommendations for ac-
tion’ (Krieger, 2001: 669). Psychosocial and social production
of disease/political economy of health theories,
place little emphasis on the biological process, whereas the
ecosocial paradigm grants it due recognition.
Ecosocial theory accepts the holistic notion that individual
human beings, societal structures, the environment
and biology are mutually significant in formulating patterns of
health, wellbeing and disease in the total popu-
lation (MacDonald, 2004). This multi-level paradigm offers
inter-disciplinary public health practitioners a way
forward with its new methodologies and practices. Its defining
characteristics are not only the environmental
standpoint but also the social concepts of collaboration and
community participation. Hence, ecosocial theory
can provide a practitioner with the knowledge base to devise
strategies which will impact on the delivery of
effective public health practice.
Case Study
Margaret is the health visitor for an isolated, council-owned,
traveller site which has recently been vandalised
and is in an insanitary condition. She is the key contact for the
traveller families and visits them regularly. One
18. of her clients is Carla, a 26-year-old mother, who lives on
benefits in a caravan. She is overweight, suffers
from depression and smokes at least 40 cigarettes a day. Her
father died at 45 from a heart attack and her
mother has a chronic chest condition. She has four children.
Mary, aged 7, and Danny, aged 6, have not re-
ceived a regular education, while Jade and Thomas, who are
both under 3, are behind in their development.
Furthermore, all the family and many other site dwellers are
suffering from impetigo.
Margaret, drawing on her knowledge of contemporary,
ecosocial, public health theory, calls a multi-agency
meeting, including traveller representatives, to discuss the
public health issues relating to the above circum-
stances. As a result of this consultation, the agencies and the
site community are able to secure financial
support for the upgrading of sanitary facilities and organise
transport to enable the children to attend school.
Furthermore, they succeed in improving access to medical and
social amenities for all site members. By view-
ing health, disease and wellbeing from an ecosocial perspective,
Margaret has formulated an effective public
health strategy at the individual, community and environmental
levels.
Conclusion
Public health theory is constantly evolving and will continue to
play an important part in promoting effective
practice. As outlined above, dominant paradigms have been
superseded as health patterns and technologies
have changed (Susser and Susser, 1996a). In the last decade
there has been a move in the level of analysis
from the individual back towards the population. This has
resulted in new methodologies and practices which
21. Modern Public Health
FionaAdshead, and AllisonThorpe
Definition
Public policy has been defined as ‘the broad framework of ideas
and values within which decisions are taken
and action, or inaction, is pursued by governments in relation to
some issue or problem’ (O'Neill and Peder-
son, 1992). As such, policy generically can be described as a
guiding principle of, not a guarantee for, action.
Public health policy more specifically reflects an increasingly
diverse agenda, developed against a context
of global forces and changing social and political environments.
An active social justice agenda and growing
evidence of the impact of the social determinants of health on
health inequalities and outcomes make more
complex an already crowded picture. In this chapter we will
look at the implications of current policy drivers
in England for public health, with a particular focus on how at a
national level policy directions are often influ-
enced by, and influence, legislative frameworks and policies
which are enacted at a European or global level.
Key Points
• Public health policy is not designed or delivered in isolation
from the social and political context – it
is linked to a wide range of social resources and infrastructures,
social capital, social interaction and
social support.
• Policy boundaries are often blurred – European directives can
both limit autonomy of action at a na-
22. tional level and ensure local activity has a resonance over a
larger population level by setting clear
parameters for action across nation states.
• Modern public health policy and practice has to be able to
respond to economic, demographic and
epidemiological transitions, while still enabling everyday action
on the ground.
• With lifestyle-related diseases rising, people's expectation of
active engagement in promoting and
protecting their own health means that the practice of public
health is becoming increasingly person-
alised. This is reflected in the policy arena.
Discussion
Policy-makers working in the field of public health today face a
very different environment to that which faced
our forebears in the nineteenth century. Then, the primary focus
of public health activity centred on sanita-
tion, slum clearance and the prevention of infectious diseases
(Gorsky, 2007). In our more modern complex
society, we face new challenges. Rising rates of diabetes linked
to obesity, escalating chronic diseases, and
global tobacco control – to name but a small selection of our
concerns – are juxtaposed with an increasingly
articulate, educated consumer society and an increasingly
engaged media and business presence. Unsur-
prisingly, against such a backdrop, it has long been remarked
that for public health ‘boundaries are fiction’
(Terry, 1964).
Determining how best to assure the health of our populations
remains an enormous agenda – and one in
which the whole of society has a shared interest, with roles for
24. The recent smoke-free legislation, which came into effect on 1
July 2007 in England, provides a tangible
demonstration of the relationship between politics, policy
development, the individual and the evidence. De-
spite evidence that second-hand smoke was a determinant of ill
health, there was considerable resistance to
the idea of taking a comprehensive legislative approach to the
issue, largely centred around the human rights
of smokers. The eventual policy decision to allow an open vote
on how to progress the legislation was the
culmination of a long campaign, which drew upon:
• policy-driven public consultations;
• high levels of popular and professional support;
• an extensive evidence base;
• examples of local-level action which was considerably ahead
of the proposed national policy direc-
tion;
• international and, in the case of Scotland and Ireland, more
local examples of the success of enacting
national legislation in other countries, with Scotland, for
example, demonstrating a drop in symptoms
in bar workers from 79 per cent to 53 per cent within one month
of implementation (Menzies et al.,
2006).
The combination of these factors raised the level of debate, and
ultimately influenced politicians to vote for
the more radical and visionary legislation which was eventually
enacted. This reinforces the need to recog-
nise that public health policy cannot be designed or delivered in
isolation from the social and political context:
political decisions have to reflect a balance between the
25. evidence and public opinion regarding what is right
– and both affordable and sustainable – for society at the given
point in time. The journey there, and the full
engagement which characterised it, critically determines the
success of the outcome.
However, the success of the policy direction does not lie solely
in the enactment of the legislation, but will
be measured by its cumulative effect on the health of the
population. In this case, enactment of the legisla-
tion is only one manifestation of the policy direction. Alongside
this policy-makers are working to build on this
historic milestone, through effective enforcement, policing and
publicity, to encourage people to take advan-
tage of health improvement initiatives, such as smoking
cessation services, which will spare thousands more
lives, and through consultations to raise the age of sale, to
ensure that more people are spared the misery of
watching their families and friends suffer with preventable
smoke-related illnesses (DH, 2007a).
This recognition of the need to take a more personalised
approach to health underpinned the Choosing Health
White Paper, reflecting a policy commitment to a broader social
contract between the state and individuals,
with choice and civic action being key elements of this contract.
In effect, it recognised that public health pol-
icy needs both to provide a direction for and support action in
relation to our key health priorities. In practice
this means that policies must facilitate partnership across
society, with joined up action at governmental, na-
tional, regional and local levels, and enable those who have an
ability to contribute to do so. In practice, this
means that policy direction must be supported by the
appropriate levers to drive delivery:
27. • Applying policy consistently across nation states sets clear
parameters for action and enables local
action to have a stronger resonance across a wider population.
Legislation provides one route to en-
sure this, but legislation alone will not deliver behavioural
change.
• Working with the population, targeting our efforts
appropriately, ensures that the effects of our policy
will be instrumental in informing a culture that is motivated,
progressive, ambitious and constantly
striving to improve services: not for the sake of it or to satisfy
‘managers’, but for the benefit of ser-
vice users.
But, as the case study demonstrated, it is not an ‘either/or’
scenario. Policy-makers today working in the field
of public health face a complex agenda – but they also have a
unique range of opportunities. It is up to the
population as a whole to ensure that we maximise their
potential.
Further Reading
FrenchJ. and BlairS. C., (2006) ‘From snake oil salesmen to
trusted policy advisors. The development of
a strategic approach to the application of social marketing in
England’, Social Marketing Quarterly, 12(3):
29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15245000600848892
HM Treasury (2002) Securing our Future: Taking a Long Term
View. London: HM Treasury.
O'Neill, M. and Pederson, A., (1992) ‘Building a methods
bridge between policy analysis and healthy public
policy’, Canadian Journal of Public Health, 83(32): 25–30.
World Health Organisation. (2006) WHO Framework
Convention on Tobacco Control. Retrieved January
21, 2007, from
29. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7ttyE7ZnupY
Consider the multidisciplinary interactions of biological and
social sciences as presented in Chapters 2 and 3 of Key
Concepts of Public Health. With this in mind, perform an
episode analysis of the information delivered in this episode
about the connection between diabetes and suburban sprawl, as
discussed in the text.
Watch the video and look at the suggestions there for improving
health in your own community. Once you are satisfied with your
review of the episode, write an essay that addresses the
following questions:
1. Begin by summarizing the episode in 100 words or less.
2. Relate the information from this episode to what you learned
in Chapters 2 and 3 of your textbook, Key Concepts in Public
Health. What specific public health disciplines mentioned in
these chapters of your textbook are related to the information
presented in the video and why?
3. Critique the information. Do you feel that the information
presented is valid and easy to understand?
4. What information does the episode offer about public health
problems? Consider, for example, whether it provides details on
how public health can be characterized and measured and
whether it describes common hazards and afflictions affecting
modern Americans and American communities.
5. What information does the episode offer about the nature of
communities? Consider whether it provides details on how
communities may be altered to improve public health.
6. What information was missing from the episode? How could
the content be improved? What would you like to see in future
episodes?
· Write a 2-page paper, not including the title and reference
pages, which are required.
· The paper must be formatted correctly using APA style.
Remember, all research material used in your paper must be
30. paraphrased and include an in-text citation
· Be sure you utilize your text appropriately as a reference and
cite at least one other credible external reference, such as a
website or journal article to support your proposed resolution of
the case.