The document discusses several fundamental cloud architectures, including workload distribution architecture, resource pooling architecture, and dynamic scalability architecture. Workload distribution architecture uses load balancing to distribute workloads across identical IT resources. Resource pooling architecture groups identical IT resources into pools that are automatically synchronized. Dynamic scalability architecture dynamically allocates IT resources from pools based on predefined scaling conditions in response to usage demand fluctuations.
This document describes several fundamental cloud computing architectures: workload distribution architecture, resource pooling architecture, dynamic scalability architecture, elastic resource capacity architecture, service load balancing architecture, cloud bursting architecture, and elastic disk provisioning architecture. Each architecture utilizes different cloud computing mechanisms like load balancers, automated scaling listeners, and resource replication to dynamically distribute workloads, pool resources, scale resources in response to demand, and bill customers only for resources used.
This chapter introduces and describes several of the more common foundational cloud architectural models, each exemplifying a common usage and characteristic of contemporary cloud-based environments. The involvement and importance of different combinations of cloud computing mechanisms in relation to these architectures are explored.
This document discusses various cloud computing architectures including workload distribution, cloud bursting, elastic disk provisioning, resource pooling, dynamic failure detection and recovery, and capacity planning architectures. It also covers cloud mechanisms like automated scaling listeners, load balancers, pay-per-use monitors, audit monitors, service level agreements (SLAs), and fail-over systems that are important components of cloud architectures. The key cloud architectures aim to optimize resource utilization, enable horizontal and vertical scaling, provide high availability, and implement billing and monitoring functions.
The document discusses automated scaling listeners, which are cloud services that monitor workloads and dynamically scale resources. It describes three applications of automated scaling listeners: dynamic scalability architecture, elastic resource capacity architecture, and cloud bursting architecture. Dynamic scalability architecture scales resources in and out based on workload thresholds. Elastic resource capacity architecture vertically scales the capacity of individual resources. Cloud bursting architecture bursts workloads to external cloud resources during peak demand periods. Automated scaling listeners provide the benefits of dynamic scaling and optimized resource utilization.
Cloud Computing Mechanisms
Chapter 7 – Infrastructure
Chapter 8 – Specialized
Chapter 9 – Management
Chapter 10 – Security (Will be discussed doing the security module)
What is a mechanism?
a system of parts working together in a machine; a piece of machinery.
Learning Outcomes
Understand basic concepts and terminology relating to cloud computing
Understand virtualization technology
Cloud Characteristics mentioned in Chapter 4
The following six specific characteristics are common to the majority of cloud environments:
• on-demand usage
• ubiquitous access
• multitenancy (and resource pooling)
• elasticity
• measured usage
• resiliency
Cloud CharacteristicsCloud Mechanisms
On – Demand UsageHypervisorVirtual ServerReady-Made EnvironmentResource ReplicationRemote Administration EnvironmentResource Management SystemSLA Management SystemBilling Management SystemUbiquitous AccessLogical Network PerimeterMulti-Device Broker
Multitenancy / Resource PoolingLogical Network PerimeterHypervisorResource ReplicationResource ClusterResource Management System
ElasticityHypervisorCloud Usage MonitorAutomated Scaling ListenerResource ReplicationLoad BalancerResource Management System
Measured UsageHypervisorCloud Usage MonitorSLA MonitorPay-Per-Use MonitorAudit MonitorSLA Management SystemBilling Management System
ResiliencyHypervisorResource ReplicationFailover SystemResource ClusterRemote Management System
Cloud Infrastructure Mechanisms
Chapter 7
Cloud Infrastructure Mechanisms
7.1 Logical Network Perimeter
7.2 Virtual Server
7.3 Cloud Storage Device
7.4 Cloud Usage Monitor
7.5 Resource Replication
7.6 Ready-Made Environment
7.1 Logical Network Perimeter
Logical Network Perimeter
Defined as the isolation of a network environment from the rest of a communications network, the logical network perimeter establishes a virtual network boundary that can encompass and isolate a group of related cloud-based IT resources that may be physically distributed
This mechanism can be implemented to:
isolate IT resources in a cloud from non-authorized users
isolate IT resources in a cloud from non-users
isolate IT resources in a cloud from cloud consumers
control the bandwidth that is available to isolated IT resources
Logical Network Perimeter
Logical network perimeters are typically established via network devices that supply and control the connectivity of a data center and are commonly deployed as virtualized IT environments that include:
• Virtual Firewall – An IT resource that actively filters network traffic to and from the isolated network while controlling its interactions with the Internet.
• Virtual Network – Usually acquired through VLANs, this IT resource isolates the network environment within the data center infrastructure.
7.2 Virtual Server
Virtual Server
A virtual server is a form of virtualization software that emulates a physical server. Virtual servers are used by cloud providers to share the sa.
This document discusses cloud computing and related concepts. It begins by defining cloud computing according to NIST and describing its key characteristics of on-demand self-service, broad network access, resource pooling, rapid elasticity, and measured service. It then explains enabling technologies like grid computing, utility computing, and virtualization. The document outlines cloud service models of IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS. It also covers deployment models, benefits of cloud computing, and challenges for both consumers and providers. Finally, it briefly discusses open source tools for cloud computing and factors driving adoption of cloud services.
1) The document discusses various cloud computing architectures including workload distribution, cloud bursting, disk provisioning, resource pooling, dynamic failure detection and recovery architectures.
2) It also covers cloud mechanisms like automated scaling listeners, load balancers, pay-per-use monitors, audit monitors, SLA monitors and fail-over systems that are important components of cloud architectures.
3) Key aspects of cloud computing stack like composability, virtualization, platforms, communication protocols and applications are also summarized.
Cloud infrastructure mechanisms are foundational building blocks of cloud environments that establish primary artifacts to form the basis of fundamental cloud technology architecture.
This document describes several fundamental cloud computing architectures: workload distribution architecture, resource pooling architecture, dynamic scalability architecture, elastic resource capacity architecture, service load balancing architecture, cloud bursting architecture, and elastic disk provisioning architecture. Each architecture utilizes different cloud computing mechanisms like load balancers, automated scaling listeners, and resource replication to dynamically distribute workloads, pool resources, scale resources in response to demand, and bill customers only for resources used.
This chapter introduces and describes several of the more common foundational cloud architectural models, each exemplifying a common usage and characteristic of contemporary cloud-based environments. The involvement and importance of different combinations of cloud computing mechanisms in relation to these architectures are explored.
This document discusses various cloud computing architectures including workload distribution, cloud bursting, elastic disk provisioning, resource pooling, dynamic failure detection and recovery, and capacity planning architectures. It also covers cloud mechanisms like automated scaling listeners, load balancers, pay-per-use monitors, audit monitors, service level agreements (SLAs), and fail-over systems that are important components of cloud architectures. The key cloud architectures aim to optimize resource utilization, enable horizontal and vertical scaling, provide high availability, and implement billing and monitoring functions.
The document discusses automated scaling listeners, which are cloud services that monitor workloads and dynamically scale resources. It describes three applications of automated scaling listeners: dynamic scalability architecture, elastic resource capacity architecture, and cloud bursting architecture. Dynamic scalability architecture scales resources in and out based on workload thresholds. Elastic resource capacity architecture vertically scales the capacity of individual resources. Cloud bursting architecture bursts workloads to external cloud resources during peak demand periods. Automated scaling listeners provide the benefits of dynamic scaling and optimized resource utilization.
Cloud Computing Mechanisms
Chapter 7 – Infrastructure
Chapter 8 – Specialized
Chapter 9 – Management
Chapter 10 – Security (Will be discussed doing the security module)
What is a mechanism?
a system of parts working together in a machine; a piece of machinery.
Learning Outcomes
Understand basic concepts and terminology relating to cloud computing
Understand virtualization technology
Cloud Characteristics mentioned in Chapter 4
The following six specific characteristics are common to the majority of cloud environments:
• on-demand usage
• ubiquitous access
• multitenancy (and resource pooling)
• elasticity
• measured usage
• resiliency
Cloud CharacteristicsCloud Mechanisms
On – Demand UsageHypervisorVirtual ServerReady-Made EnvironmentResource ReplicationRemote Administration EnvironmentResource Management SystemSLA Management SystemBilling Management SystemUbiquitous AccessLogical Network PerimeterMulti-Device Broker
Multitenancy / Resource PoolingLogical Network PerimeterHypervisorResource ReplicationResource ClusterResource Management System
ElasticityHypervisorCloud Usage MonitorAutomated Scaling ListenerResource ReplicationLoad BalancerResource Management System
Measured UsageHypervisorCloud Usage MonitorSLA MonitorPay-Per-Use MonitorAudit MonitorSLA Management SystemBilling Management System
ResiliencyHypervisorResource ReplicationFailover SystemResource ClusterRemote Management System
Cloud Infrastructure Mechanisms
Chapter 7
Cloud Infrastructure Mechanisms
7.1 Logical Network Perimeter
7.2 Virtual Server
7.3 Cloud Storage Device
7.4 Cloud Usage Monitor
7.5 Resource Replication
7.6 Ready-Made Environment
7.1 Logical Network Perimeter
Logical Network Perimeter
Defined as the isolation of a network environment from the rest of a communications network, the logical network perimeter establishes a virtual network boundary that can encompass and isolate a group of related cloud-based IT resources that may be physically distributed
This mechanism can be implemented to:
isolate IT resources in a cloud from non-authorized users
isolate IT resources in a cloud from non-users
isolate IT resources in a cloud from cloud consumers
control the bandwidth that is available to isolated IT resources
Logical Network Perimeter
Logical network perimeters are typically established via network devices that supply and control the connectivity of a data center and are commonly deployed as virtualized IT environments that include:
• Virtual Firewall – An IT resource that actively filters network traffic to and from the isolated network while controlling its interactions with the Internet.
• Virtual Network – Usually acquired through VLANs, this IT resource isolates the network environment within the data center infrastructure.
7.2 Virtual Server
Virtual Server
A virtual server is a form of virtualization software that emulates a physical server. Virtual servers are used by cloud providers to share the sa.
This document discusses cloud computing and related concepts. It begins by defining cloud computing according to NIST and describing its key characteristics of on-demand self-service, broad network access, resource pooling, rapid elasticity, and measured service. It then explains enabling technologies like grid computing, utility computing, and virtualization. The document outlines cloud service models of IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS. It also covers deployment models, benefits of cloud computing, and challenges for both consumers and providers. Finally, it briefly discusses open source tools for cloud computing and factors driving adoption of cloud services.
1) The document discusses various cloud computing architectures including workload distribution, cloud bursting, disk provisioning, resource pooling, dynamic failure detection and recovery architectures.
2) It also covers cloud mechanisms like automated scaling listeners, load balancers, pay-per-use monitors, audit monitors, SLA monitors and fail-over systems that are important components of cloud architectures.
3) Key aspects of cloud computing stack like composability, virtualization, platforms, communication protocols and applications are also summarized.
Cloud infrastructure mechanisms are foundational building blocks of cloud environments that establish primary artifacts to form the basis of fundamental cloud technology architecture.
“The chapter is organized into two primary sections that explore cloud delivery model issues pertaining to cloud providers and cloud consumers respectively.”
This document discusses cloud delivery models from the perspectives of both cloud providers and consumers. It covers Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), and Software as a Service (SaaS). For IaaS, it describes how providers build environments, scale resources, monitor usage, and ensure security and reliability. For PaaS, it discusses equipping development environments and scaling applications. For SaaS, it examines optimizing multi-tenant environments and specialized monitoring. Finally, it reviews how consumers interact with and use services from each model.
A cross referenced whitepaper on cloud computingShahzad
The document defines cloud computing and its basic elements including SaaS, PaaS, IaaS, and utility computing. It discusses essential cloud characteristics like on-demand self-service, broad network access, resource pooling, rapid elasticity, and measured service. The document also covers cloud deployment models, platforms, applications, and criticism of cloud computing.
Resource pooling_Sharing and resource provisioning.pptxVasavi Bande
Resource pooling refers to aggregating computing resources like storage, processing power, and memory to serve multiple users efficiently. It enables dynamic allocation of resources based on demand, optimizing overall usage and minimizing idle time. A resource pooling architecture combines pools of identical resources, with physical resources like servers, networks, and storage configured to support virtual machines and virtualized components that are allocated to consumers on demand. This increases utilization through flexible provisioning and multi-tenancy while maintaining performance isolation between tenants.
The document is a question bank for the cloud computing course CS8791. It contains 26 multiple choice or short answer questions related to key concepts in cloud computing including definitions of cloud computing, characteristics of clouds, deployment models, service models, elasticity, horizontal and vertical scaling, live migration techniques, and dynamic resource provisioning.
The document provides an overview of cloud computing, including definitions, comparisons to other computing models, key characteristics, service models, deployment models, cloud architectures, and some examples of cloud platforms like Windows Azure and Amazon Web Services. It discusses cloud computing concepts such as elastic compute units, Amazon S3 storage, operating systems supported on EC2, persistent storage options, elastic IP addresses, auto scaling, and monitoring with CloudWatch. The document also outlines some issues with cloud computing around privacy, open standards, security, sustainability, and potential for abuse.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This chapter discusses the rise of big data due to increases in data processing capabilities, data storage, and communication technologies. It defines big data as extremely large data sets that are difficult to process using traditional methods. Big data comes from a variety of sources and requires real-time analysis. It also outlines the key players in the big data value chain including data collectors, aggregators, and users.
The document provides recommendations for books on cloud computing concepts and technologies. It then discusses the history and drivers of the Fourth Industrial Revolution powered by cloud, social, mobile, IoT, and AI technologies. The document defines cloud computing and discusses characteristics such as on-demand access to computing resources, utility computing models, and service delivery of infrastructure, platforms, and applications. It also outlines some major cloud platform providers including Eucalyptus, Nimbus, OpenNebula, and the CloudSim simulation framework.
This document contains a question bank for the cloud computing course OIT552. It includes questions about topics like cloud definitions, characteristics, service models (IaaS, PaaS, SaaS), deployment models, virtualization, cloud architecture, storage, and challenges. The questions range from short definitions to longer explanations and comparisons of cloud concepts.
An Efficient Queuing Model for Resource Sharing in Cloud Computingtheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Research Paper Find a peer reviewed article in the following dat.docxaudeleypearl
Research Paper: Find a peer reviewed article in the following databases provided by the UC Library and write a 250-word paper reviewing the literature concerning Data Center Technology. Choose one of the technologies discussed in Chapter 5, Section 5.2 (Erl, 2014).
1- Virtualization -- <I prefer this one> provide some flow chat also.
2- Standardization and Modularity
3- Automation
4- Remote Operation and Management
5- High Availability
6- Security-Aware Design, Operation, and Management
7- Facilities
Etc…
You may choose any scholarly peer reviewed articles and papers.
Use the following databases for your research:
· ACM Digital Library
· IEEE/IET Electronic Library
· SAGE Premier
Section 5.2 <From here we can choose one topic)
5.2. DATA CENTER TECHNOLOGY
Grouping IT resources in close proximity with one another, rather than having them geographically dispersed, allows for
power sharing, higher efficiency in shared IT resource usage, and improved accessibility for IT personnel. These are the
advantages that naturally popularized the data center concept. Modern data centers exist as specialized IT infrastructure
Chapter 5. Cloud-Enabling Technology - Cloud Computing: Concepts, Technology & Architecture
https://www.safaribooksonline.com/library/view/cloud-computing-concepts/9780133387568/ch05.html[11/15/2017 5:49:24 PM]
used to house centralized IT resources, such as servers, databases, networking and telecommunication devices, and
software systems.
Data centers are typically comprised of the following technologies and components:
Virtualization
Data centers consist of both physical and virtualized IT resources. The physical IT resource layer refers to the facility
infrastructure that houses computing/networking systems and equipment, together with hardware systems and their
operating systems (Figure 5.7). The resource abstraction and control of the virtualization layer is comprised of operational
and management tools that are often based on virtualization platforms that abstract the physical computing and
networking IT resources as virtualized components that are easier to allocate, operate, release, monitor, and control.
Chapter 5. Cloud-Enabling Technology - Cloud Computing: Concepts, Technology & Architecture
https://www.safaribooksonline.com/library/view/cloud-computing-concepts/9780133387568/ch05.html[11/15/2017 5:49:24 PM]
Figure 5.7. The common components of a data center working together to provide virtualized IT resources
supported by physical IT resources.
Virtualization components are discussed separately in the upcoming Virtualization Technology section.
Standardization and Modularity
Data centers are built upon standardized commodity hardware and designed with modular architectures, aggregating
multiple identical building blocks of facility infrastructure and equipment to support scalability, growth, and speedy
hardware replacements. Modularity and standardization are key requirements for reducing investment and operation ...
This document discusses distributed computing and virtualization. It begins with an overview of distributed computing and parallel computing architectures. It then defines distributed computing as a method for making multiple computers work together to solve problems. As an example, it describes telephone and cellular networks as classic distributed networks. The document also defines parallel computing as performing tasks across multiple processors to improve speed and efficiency. It then discusses different types of virtualization techniques including hardware, operating system, server, and storage virtualization. Finally, it provides overviews of x86 virtualization, virtualization technology, virtual storage area networks (VSANs), and virtual local area networks (VLANs).
Cloud computing is a model for enabling convenient, on-demand access to configurable computing resources like servers, storage, databases and software that can be provisioned over the internet. CloudStack is an open source software that coordinates virtualized servers, networking and storage to deliver cloud computing by enabling on-demand self-service, broad network access, resource pooling and rapid elasticity. It allows for public, private and hybrid cloud deployment models.
Multicloud Deployment of Computing Clusters for Loosely Coupled Multi Task C...IOSR Journals
This document discusses deploying a computing cluster across multiple cloud providers (Amazon EC2, Elastic Hosts) for loosely coupled multi-task computing applications. It presents an experimental framework using a local data center and three cloud sites. Nine cluster configurations with varying numbers of nodes from each site are evaluated. Performance is analyzed by measuring throughput as jobs/second. Results show hybrid configurations scale linearly and have similar performance to single-site configurations. Cost is also analyzed per job, showing hybrid and local-only configurations have lower cost than cloud-only configurations. A performance-cost analysis indicates for large organizations, a local data center with cloud supplementation can be more cost effective than cloud-only configurations.
Research Paper Find a peer reviewed article in the following d.docxeleanorg1
Research Paper:
Find a peer reviewed article in the following databases provided by the UC Library and write a 500
-word
paper reviewing the literature concerning
Data Center Technology. Choose one of the technologies discussed in Chapter 5, Section 5.2 (Erl, 2014).
Abstract <>
Introduction <>
1-
Virtualization --
provide some flow chat also.
(Note:- But you can take anyone from 1 to 7)
2- Standardization and Modularity
3- Automation
4- Remote Operation and Management
5- High Availability
6- Security-Aware Design, Operation, and Management
7- Facilities
Etc…
======This is must
Use the following databases for your research:
· ACM Digital Library
· IEEE/IET Electronic Library
· SAGE Premier
=======
Conclusion<>
You may choose any scholarly peer reviewed articles and papers.
FYI -- PDF BOOK
Section 5.2
5.2. DATA CENTER TECHNOLOGY
Grouping IT resources in close proximity with one another, rather than having them geographically dispersed, allows for
power sharing, higher efficiency in shared IT resource usage, and improved accessibility for IT personnel. These are the
advantages that naturally popularized the data center concept. Modern data centers exist as specialized IT infrastructure
Chapter 5. Cloud-Enabling Technology - Cloud Computing: Concepts, Technology & Architecture
https://www.safaribooksonline.com/library/view/cloud-computing-concepts/9780133387568/ch05.html[11/15/2017 5:49:24 PM]
used to house centralized IT resources, such as servers, databases, networking and telecommunication devices, and
software systems.
Data centers are typically comprised of the following technologies and components:
Virtualization
Data centers consist of both physical and virtualized IT resources. The physical IT resource layer refers to the facility
infrastructure that houses computing/networking systems and equipment, together with hardware systems and their
operating systems (Figure 5.7). The resource abstraction and control of the virtualization layer is comprised of operational
and management tools that are often based on virtualization platforms that abstract the physical computing and
networking IT resources as virtualized components that are easier to allocate, operate, release, monitor, and control.
Chapter 5. Cloud-Enabling Technology - Cloud Computing: Concepts, Technology & Architecture
https://www.safaribooksonline.com/library/view/cloud-computing-concepts/9780133387568/ch05.html[11/15/2017 5:49:24 PM]
Figure 5.7.
The common components of a data center working together to provide virtualized IT resources
supported by physical IT resources.
Virtualization components are discussed separately in the upcoming
Virtualization Technology
section.
Standardization and Modularity
Data centers are built upon standardized commodity hardware and designed with modular architectures, aggregating
multiple identical building blocks of facility infrastructure and equipment to support scalability, gro.
Cloud Computing basic concept to understandRahulBhole12
Cloud computing is a model that provides convenient access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources. It has essential characteristics of on-demand self-service, broad network access, resource pooling, rapid elasticity, and measured service. There are three main service models - Software as a Service (SaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), and Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS). Deployment models include private cloud, community cloud, public cloud, and hybrid cloud. Cloud computing provides advantages of reduced costs and increased scalability and flexibility compared to traditional computing models.
Software-defined storage abstracts storage resources from physical hardware for greater flexibility and programmability. Storage virtualization pools physical storage into a single virtual storage device that is easier to manage. Hyperconverged storage bundles compute, storage, and networking resources together for simpler management. An essential IT disaster recovery program anticipates disasters, plans responses, and enables quick resumption of operations.
Cloud computing is a model that provides on-demand access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources. It has characteristics of on-demand self-service, broad network access, resource pooling, rapid elasticity, and measured service. There are three main service models - Software as a Service (SaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), and Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS). The document then discusses Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) specifically, describing Amazon EC2 as an example of IaaS and its key concepts such as AMIs, regions, storage options, networking, security, monitoring and auto-scaling.
The document discusses different techniques for generating and rendering virtual clouds in computer graphics. It begins with an introduction to real clouds and their properties. Two main approaches for virtual clouds are then covered: physically-based models using noise functions or fluid simulations to generate clouds, and volume rendering techniques like ray casting or splatting to render them. A key example of the splatting technique described is Dobashi's cloud rendering algorithm from 2000. The document outlines the various sections to come on further extending Dobashi's work, artistic cloud generation, and performance considerations for real-time rendering.
This document outlines an introductory course on assessing PCI compliance in cloud environments. It discusses the Cloud Security Alliance, PCI DSS requirements, cloud computing basics, security issues associated with cloud computing, and how PCI controls can be implemented in cloud environments. The goal is for participants to understand how to evaluate PCI compliance for merchants and service providers using cloud services and gain tools for planning and conducting such assessments.
“The chapter is organized into two primary sections that explore cloud delivery model issues pertaining to cloud providers and cloud consumers respectively.”
This document discusses cloud delivery models from the perspectives of both cloud providers and consumers. It covers Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), and Software as a Service (SaaS). For IaaS, it describes how providers build environments, scale resources, monitor usage, and ensure security and reliability. For PaaS, it discusses equipping development environments and scaling applications. For SaaS, it examines optimizing multi-tenant environments and specialized monitoring. Finally, it reviews how consumers interact with and use services from each model.
A cross referenced whitepaper on cloud computingShahzad
The document defines cloud computing and its basic elements including SaaS, PaaS, IaaS, and utility computing. It discusses essential cloud characteristics like on-demand self-service, broad network access, resource pooling, rapid elasticity, and measured service. The document also covers cloud deployment models, platforms, applications, and criticism of cloud computing.
Resource pooling_Sharing and resource provisioning.pptxVasavi Bande
Resource pooling refers to aggregating computing resources like storage, processing power, and memory to serve multiple users efficiently. It enables dynamic allocation of resources based on demand, optimizing overall usage and minimizing idle time. A resource pooling architecture combines pools of identical resources, with physical resources like servers, networks, and storage configured to support virtual machines and virtualized components that are allocated to consumers on demand. This increases utilization through flexible provisioning and multi-tenancy while maintaining performance isolation between tenants.
The document is a question bank for the cloud computing course CS8791. It contains 26 multiple choice or short answer questions related to key concepts in cloud computing including definitions of cloud computing, characteristics of clouds, deployment models, service models, elasticity, horizontal and vertical scaling, live migration techniques, and dynamic resource provisioning.
The document provides an overview of cloud computing, including definitions, comparisons to other computing models, key characteristics, service models, deployment models, cloud architectures, and some examples of cloud platforms like Windows Azure and Amazon Web Services. It discusses cloud computing concepts such as elastic compute units, Amazon S3 storage, operating systems supported on EC2, persistent storage options, elastic IP addresses, auto scaling, and monitoring with CloudWatch. The document also outlines some issues with cloud computing around privacy, open standards, security, sustainability, and potential for abuse.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This chapter discusses the rise of big data due to increases in data processing capabilities, data storage, and communication technologies. It defines big data as extremely large data sets that are difficult to process using traditional methods. Big data comes from a variety of sources and requires real-time analysis. It also outlines the key players in the big data value chain including data collectors, aggregators, and users.
The document provides recommendations for books on cloud computing concepts and technologies. It then discusses the history and drivers of the Fourth Industrial Revolution powered by cloud, social, mobile, IoT, and AI technologies. The document defines cloud computing and discusses characteristics such as on-demand access to computing resources, utility computing models, and service delivery of infrastructure, platforms, and applications. It also outlines some major cloud platform providers including Eucalyptus, Nimbus, OpenNebula, and the CloudSim simulation framework.
This document contains a question bank for the cloud computing course OIT552. It includes questions about topics like cloud definitions, characteristics, service models (IaaS, PaaS, SaaS), deployment models, virtualization, cloud architecture, storage, and challenges. The questions range from short definitions to longer explanations and comparisons of cloud concepts.
An Efficient Queuing Model for Resource Sharing in Cloud Computingtheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Research Paper Find a peer reviewed article in the following dat.docxaudeleypearl
Research Paper: Find a peer reviewed article in the following databases provided by the UC Library and write a 250-word paper reviewing the literature concerning Data Center Technology. Choose one of the technologies discussed in Chapter 5, Section 5.2 (Erl, 2014).
1- Virtualization -- <I prefer this one> provide some flow chat also.
2- Standardization and Modularity
3- Automation
4- Remote Operation and Management
5- High Availability
6- Security-Aware Design, Operation, and Management
7- Facilities
Etc…
You may choose any scholarly peer reviewed articles and papers.
Use the following databases for your research:
· ACM Digital Library
· IEEE/IET Electronic Library
· SAGE Premier
Section 5.2 <From here we can choose one topic)
5.2. DATA CENTER TECHNOLOGY
Grouping IT resources in close proximity with one another, rather than having them geographically dispersed, allows for
power sharing, higher efficiency in shared IT resource usage, and improved accessibility for IT personnel. These are the
advantages that naturally popularized the data center concept. Modern data centers exist as specialized IT infrastructure
Chapter 5. Cloud-Enabling Technology - Cloud Computing: Concepts, Technology & Architecture
https://www.safaribooksonline.com/library/view/cloud-computing-concepts/9780133387568/ch05.html[11/15/2017 5:49:24 PM]
used to house centralized IT resources, such as servers, databases, networking and telecommunication devices, and
software systems.
Data centers are typically comprised of the following technologies and components:
Virtualization
Data centers consist of both physical and virtualized IT resources. The physical IT resource layer refers to the facility
infrastructure that houses computing/networking systems and equipment, together with hardware systems and their
operating systems (Figure 5.7). The resource abstraction and control of the virtualization layer is comprised of operational
and management tools that are often based on virtualization platforms that abstract the physical computing and
networking IT resources as virtualized components that are easier to allocate, operate, release, monitor, and control.
Chapter 5. Cloud-Enabling Technology - Cloud Computing: Concepts, Technology & Architecture
https://www.safaribooksonline.com/library/view/cloud-computing-concepts/9780133387568/ch05.html[11/15/2017 5:49:24 PM]
Figure 5.7. The common components of a data center working together to provide virtualized IT resources
supported by physical IT resources.
Virtualization components are discussed separately in the upcoming Virtualization Technology section.
Standardization and Modularity
Data centers are built upon standardized commodity hardware and designed with modular architectures, aggregating
multiple identical building blocks of facility infrastructure and equipment to support scalability, growth, and speedy
hardware replacements. Modularity and standardization are key requirements for reducing investment and operation ...
This document discusses distributed computing and virtualization. It begins with an overview of distributed computing and parallel computing architectures. It then defines distributed computing as a method for making multiple computers work together to solve problems. As an example, it describes telephone and cellular networks as classic distributed networks. The document also defines parallel computing as performing tasks across multiple processors to improve speed and efficiency. It then discusses different types of virtualization techniques including hardware, operating system, server, and storage virtualization. Finally, it provides overviews of x86 virtualization, virtualization technology, virtual storage area networks (VSANs), and virtual local area networks (VLANs).
Cloud computing is a model for enabling convenient, on-demand access to configurable computing resources like servers, storage, databases and software that can be provisioned over the internet. CloudStack is an open source software that coordinates virtualized servers, networking and storage to deliver cloud computing by enabling on-demand self-service, broad network access, resource pooling and rapid elasticity. It allows for public, private and hybrid cloud deployment models.
Multicloud Deployment of Computing Clusters for Loosely Coupled Multi Task C...IOSR Journals
This document discusses deploying a computing cluster across multiple cloud providers (Amazon EC2, Elastic Hosts) for loosely coupled multi-task computing applications. It presents an experimental framework using a local data center and three cloud sites. Nine cluster configurations with varying numbers of nodes from each site are evaluated. Performance is analyzed by measuring throughput as jobs/second. Results show hybrid configurations scale linearly and have similar performance to single-site configurations. Cost is also analyzed per job, showing hybrid and local-only configurations have lower cost than cloud-only configurations. A performance-cost analysis indicates for large organizations, a local data center with cloud supplementation can be more cost effective than cloud-only configurations.
Research Paper Find a peer reviewed article in the following d.docxeleanorg1
Research Paper:
Find a peer reviewed article in the following databases provided by the UC Library and write a 500
-word
paper reviewing the literature concerning
Data Center Technology. Choose one of the technologies discussed in Chapter 5, Section 5.2 (Erl, 2014).
Abstract <>
Introduction <>
1-
Virtualization --
provide some flow chat also.
(Note:- But you can take anyone from 1 to 7)
2- Standardization and Modularity
3- Automation
4- Remote Operation and Management
5- High Availability
6- Security-Aware Design, Operation, and Management
7- Facilities
Etc…
======This is must
Use the following databases for your research:
· ACM Digital Library
· IEEE/IET Electronic Library
· SAGE Premier
=======
Conclusion<>
You may choose any scholarly peer reviewed articles and papers.
FYI -- PDF BOOK
Section 5.2
5.2. DATA CENTER TECHNOLOGY
Grouping IT resources in close proximity with one another, rather than having them geographically dispersed, allows for
power sharing, higher efficiency in shared IT resource usage, and improved accessibility for IT personnel. These are the
advantages that naturally popularized the data center concept. Modern data centers exist as specialized IT infrastructure
Chapter 5. Cloud-Enabling Technology - Cloud Computing: Concepts, Technology & Architecture
https://www.safaribooksonline.com/library/view/cloud-computing-concepts/9780133387568/ch05.html[11/15/2017 5:49:24 PM]
used to house centralized IT resources, such as servers, databases, networking and telecommunication devices, and
software systems.
Data centers are typically comprised of the following technologies and components:
Virtualization
Data centers consist of both physical and virtualized IT resources. The physical IT resource layer refers to the facility
infrastructure that houses computing/networking systems and equipment, together with hardware systems and their
operating systems (Figure 5.7). The resource abstraction and control of the virtualization layer is comprised of operational
and management tools that are often based on virtualization platforms that abstract the physical computing and
networking IT resources as virtualized components that are easier to allocate, operate, release, monitor, and control.
Chapter 5. Cloud-Enabling Technology - Cloud Computing: Concepts, Technology & Architecture
https://www.safaribooksonline.com/library/view/cloud-computing-concepts/9780133387568/ch05.html[11/15/2017 5:49:24 PM]
Figure 5.7.
The common components of a data center working together to provide virtualized IT resources
supported by physical IT resources.
Virtualization components are discussed separately in the upcoming
Virtualization Technology
section.
Standardization and Modularity
Data centers are built upon standardized commodity hardware and designed with modular architectures, aggregating
multiple identical building blocks of facility infrastructure and equipment to support scalability, gro.
Cloud Computing basic concept to understandRahulBhole12
Cloud computing is a model that provides convenient access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources. It has essential characteristics of on-demand self-service, broad network access, resource pooling, rapid elasticity, and measured service. There are three main service models - Software as a Service (SaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), and Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS). Deployment models include private cloud, community cloud, public cloud, and hybrid cloud. Cloud computing provides advantages of reduced costs and increased scalability and flexibility compared to traditional computing models.
Software-defined storage abstracts storage resources from physical hardware for greater flexibility and programmability. Storage virtualization pools physical storage into a single virtual storage device that is easier to manage. Hyperconverged storage bundles compute, storage, and networking resources together for simpler management. An essential IT disaster recovery program anticipates disasters, plans responses, and enables quick resumption of operations.
Cloud computing is a model that provides on-demand access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources. It has characteristics of on-demand self-service, broad network access, resource pooling, rapid elasticity, and measured service. There are three main service models - Software as a Service (SaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), and Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS). The document then discusses Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) specifically, describing Amazon EC2 as an example of IaaS and its key concepts such as AMIs, regions, storage options, networking, security, monitoring and auto-scaling.
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The document summarizes the research and work of the Cloud Security Alliance (CSA), a global non-profit organization focused on best practices for cloud security. It outlines that CSA has developed comprehensive best practices and tools for cloud security including the Cloud Controls Matrix, Consensus Assessments Initiative, Cloud Audit, and Cloud Trust Protocol. CSA also maintains the CSA STAR registry of cloud provider security assessments and conducts ongoing research to address emerging issues in cloud security, identity management, and other areas.
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1. Fundamental Cloud
Architectures
“Reference: Cloud Computing Concepts, Technology & Architecture.
Thomas Erl, Zaigham Mahmood and Richardo Puttini.”
Place photo here
1
Sartaj Fatima
Lecturer, MIS Dept,
College of Business Administration
King Saud University, K.S.A
2. 11.1 Workload Distribution Architecture
11.2 Resource Pooling Architecture
11.3 Dynamic Scalability Architecture
11.4 Elastic Resource Capacity Architecture
11.5 Service Load Balancing Architecture
11.6 Cloud Bursting Architecture
11.7 Elastic Disk Provisioning Architecture
11.8 Redundant Storage Architecture
11.9 Case Study Example
“This chapter introduces and describes several of the more common foundational cloud
architectural models, each exemplifying a common usage and characteristic of contemporary cloud-
based environments. The involvement and importance of different combinations of cloud computing
mechanisms in relation to these architectures are explored.”
Contents :
2
Fundamental Cloud Architectures
3. Fundamental Cloud Architectures
11.1. Workload Distribution Architecture
IT resources can be horizontally scaled via the addition of one or more identical IT
resources, and a load balancer that provides runtime logic capable of evenly
distributing the workload among the available IT resources (Figure 11.1).
The resulting workload distribution architecture reduces both IT resource over-
utilization and under-utilization to an extent dependent upon the sophistication of
the load balancing algorithms and runtime logic.
4. Fundamental Cloud Architectures
Figure 11.1. A redundant copy of Cloud Service A is implemented on Virtual Server B. The load balancer
intercepts cloud service consumer requests and directs them to both Virtual Servers A and B to ensure
even workload distribution.
5. Fundamental Cloud Architectures
Workload Distribution Architecture
This fundamental architectural model can be applied to any IT resource, with
workload distribution commonly carried out in support of distributed virtual
servers, cloud storage devices, and cloud services.
Load balancing systems applied to specific IT resources usually produce
specialized variations of this architecture that incorporate aspects of load
balancing, such as:
• The service load balancing architecture explained later in this chapter
• The load balanced virtual server architecture covered in Chapter 12
• The load balanced virtual switches architecture described in Chapter 13
6. Fundamental Cloud Architectures
Workload Distribution Architecture
The following mechanisms can also be part of this cloud architecture:
• Audit Monitor – When distributing runtime workloads, the type and geographical location of the
IT resources that process the data can determine whether monitoring is necessary to fulfill legal
and regulatory requirements.
• Cloud Usage Monitor – Various monitors can be involved to carry out runtime workload tracking
and data processing.
• Hypervisor – Workloads between hypervisors and the virtual servers that they host may require
distribution.
• Logical Network Perimeter – The logical network perimeter isolates cloud consumer network
boundaries in relation to how and where workloads are distributed.
• Resource Cluster – Clustered IT resources in active/active mode are commonly used to support
workload balancing between different cluster nodes.
• Resource Replication – This mechanism can generate new instances of virtualized IT resources
in response to runtime workload distribution demands.
7. Fundamental Cloud Architectures
11.2. Resource Pooling Architecture
A resource pooling architecture is based on the use of one or more resource
pools, in which identical IT resources are grouped and maintained by a system
that automatically ensures that they remain synchronized.
Provided here are common examples of resource pools:
8. Fundamental Cloud Architectures
Resource Pooling Architecture
Physical server pools are composed of networked servers that have been
installed with operating systems and other necessary programs and/or
applications and are ready for immediate use.
Virtual server pools are usually configured using one of several available
templates chosen by the cloud consumer during provisioning. For example, a
cloud consumer can set up a pool of mid-tier Windows servers with 4 GB of RAM
or a pool of low-tier Ubuntu servers with 2 GB of RAM.
9. Fundamental Cloud Architectures
Storage pools, or cloud storage device pools, consist of file-
based or block-based storage structures that contain empty
and/or filled cloud storage devices.
Network pools (or interconnect pools) are composed of different
preconfigured network connectivity devices. For example, a
pool of virtual firewall devices or physical network switches can
be created for redundant connectivity, load balancing, or link
aggregation
10. Fundamental Cloud Architectures
Resource Pooling Architecture
CPU pools are ready to be allocated to virtual servers, and are
typically broken down into individual processing cores.
Pools of physical RAM can be used in newly provisioned
physical servers or to vertically scale physical servers.
11. Fundamental Cloud Architectures
Resource Pooling Architecture
Dedicated pools can be created for each type of IT resource and individual pools can be
grouped into a larger pool, in which case each individual pool becomes a sub-pool (Figure
11.2).
Figure 11.2. A sample resource pool that is comprised of four sub-pools of CPUs, memory, cloud storage
devices, and virtual network devices.
12. Fundamental Cloud Architectures
Resource Pooling Architecture
Resource pools can become highly complex, with multiple pools created for specific cloud
consumers or applications. A hierarchical structure can be established to form parent, sibling, and
nested pools in order to facilitate the organization of diverse resource pooling requirements (Figure
11.3).
Figure 11.3. Pools B and C are sibling pools that are
taken from the larger Pool A, which has been allocated
to a cloud consumer. This is an alternative to taking
the IT resources for Pool B and Pool C from a general
reserve of IT resources that is shared throughout the
cloud.
13. Fundamental Cloud Architectures
Resource Pooling Architecture
Sibling resource pools are usually drawn from physically grouped IT resources, as opposed to IT
resources that are spread out over different data centers.
Sibling pools are isolated from one another so that each cloud consumer is only provided access to
its respective pool.
In the nested pool model, larger pools are divided into smaller pools that individually group the same
type of IT resources together (Figure 11.4).
Nested pools can be used to assign resource pools to different departments or groups in the same
cloud consumer organization.
14. Fundamental Cloud Architectures
Figure 11.4. Nested Pools A.1 and Pool A.2 are comprised of the same IT resources as Pool A, but in different
quantities. Nested pools are typically used to provision cloud services that need to be rapidly instantiated using the
same type of IT resources with the same configuration settings.
15. Fundamental Cloud Architectures
Resource Pooling Architecture
The following mechanisms can also be part of this cloud architecture:
• Audit Monitor – This mechanism monitors resource pool usage to ensure compliance with privacy
and regulation requirements, especially when pools contain cloud storage devices or data loaded
into memory.
• Cloud Usage Monitor – Various cloud usage monitors are involved in the runtime tracking and
synchronization that are required by the pooled IT resources and any underlying management
systems.
• Hypervisor – The hypervisor mechanism is responsible for providing virtual servers with access to
resource pools, in addition to hosting the virtual servers and sometimes the resource pools
themselves.
16. Fundamental Cloud Architectures
Resource Pooling Architecture
• Logical Network Perimeter – The logical network perimeter is used to logically organize and isolate
resource pools.
• Pay-Per-Use Monitor – The pay-per-use monitor collects usage and billing information on how
individual cloud consumers are allocated and use IT resources from various pools.
• Remote Administration System – This mechanism is commonly used to interface with backend
systems and programs in order to provide resource pool administration features via a front-end
portal.
• Resource Management System – The resource management system mechanism supplies cloud
consumers with the tools and permission management options for administering resource pools.
• Resource Replication – This mechanism is used to generate new instances of IT resources for
resource pools.
17. Fundamental Cloud Architectures
11.3. Dynamic Scalability Architecture
The dynamic scalability architecture is an architectural model based on a system
of predefined scaling conditions that trigger the dynamic allocation of IT resources
from resource pools.
Dynamic allocation enables variable utilization as dictated by usage demand
fluctuations, since unnecessary IT resources are efficiently reclaimed without
requiring manual interaction.
18. Fundamental Cloud Architectures
Dynamic Scalability Architecture
The following types of dynamic scaling are commonly used:
• Dynamic Horizontal Scaling – IT resource instances are scaled out and in to handle fluctuating
workloads. The automatic scaling listener monitors requests and signals resource replication to
initiate IT resource duplication, as per requirements and permissions.
• Dynamic Vertical Scaling – IT resource instances are scaled up and down when there is a need to
adjust the processing capacity of a single IT resource. For example, a virtual server that is being
overloaded can have its memory dynamically increased or it may have a processing core added.
• Dynamic Relocation – The IT resource is relocated to a host with more capacity. For example, a
database may need to be moved from a tape-based SAN storage device with 4 GB per second I/O
capacity to another disk-based SAN storage device with 8 GB per second I/O capacity.
Figures 11.5 to 11.7 illustrate the process of dynamic horizontal scaling.
19. Fundamental Cloud Architectures
Figure 11.5. Cloud service consumers are sending requests to a cloud service
(1). The automated scaling listener monitors the cloud service to determine if predefined
capacity thresholds are being exceeded (2).
20. Fundamental Cloud Architectures
Figure 11.6. The number of requests coming from cloud service consumers increases
(3). The workload exceeds the performance thresholds. The automated scaling listener
determines the next course of action based on a predefined scaling policy (4). If the cloud
service implementation is deemed eligible for additional scaling, the automated scaling
listener initiates the scaling process (5).
21. Fundamental Cloud Architectures
Figure 11.7. The automated scaling listener sends a signal to the resource replication
mechanism (6), which creates more instances of the cloud service (7). Now that the increased
workload has been accommodated, the automated scaling listener resumes monitoring and
detracting and adding IT resources, as required (8).
22. Fundamental Cloud Architectures
Dynamic Scalability Architecture
Besides the core automated scaling listener and resource replication mechanisms, the
following mechanisms can also be used in this form of cloud architecture:
• Cloud Usage Monitor – Specialized cloud usage monitors can track runtime usage in
response to dynamic fluctuations caused by this architecture.
• Hypervisor – The hypervisor is invoked by a dynamic scalability system to create or remove
virtual server instances, or to be scaled itself.
• Pay-Per-Use Monitor – The pay-per-use monitor is engaged to collect usage cost
information in response to the scaling of IT resources.
23. Fundamental Cloud Architectures
11.4. Elastic Resource Capacity Architecture
The elastic resource capacity architecture is primarily related to the dynamic
provisioning of virtual servers, using a system that allocates and reclaims CPUs
and RAM in immediate response to the fluctuating processing requirements of
hosted IT resources
(Figures 11.8 and 11.9)
24. Fundamental Cloud Architectures
Figure 11.8. Cloud service consumers are actively sending requests to a cloud service
(1), which are monitored by an automated scaling listener
(2). An intelligent automation engine script is deployed with workflow logic
(3) that is capable of notifying the resource pool using allocation requests (4).
25. Fundamental Cloud Architectures
Figure 11.9. Cloud service consumer requests increase (5), causing the automated scaling
listener to signal the intelligent automation engine to execute the script (6). The script runs the
workflow logic that signals the hypervisor to allocate more IT resources from the resource
pools (7). The hypervisor allocates additional CPU and RAM to the virtual server, enabling the
increased workload to be handled (8).
26. Fundamental Cloud Architectures
Elastic Resource Capacity Architecture
Virtual servers that participate in elastic resource allocation systems may require
rebooting in order for the dynamic resource allocation to take effect.
27. Fundamental Cloud Architectures
Elastic Resource Capacity Architecture
Some additional mechanisms that can be included in this cloud architecture are the following:
• Cloud Usage Monitor – Specialized cloud usage monitors collect resource usage
information on IT resources before, during, and after scaling, to help define the future
processing capacity thresholds of the virtual servers.
• Pay-Per-Use Monitor – The pay-per-use monitor is responsible for collecting resource usage
cost information as it fluctuates with the elastic provisioning.
• Resource Replication – Resource replication is used by this architectural model to generate
new instances of the scaled IT resources.
28. Fundamental Cloud Architectures
11.5. Service Load Balancing Architecture
The service load balancing architecture can be considered a specialized variation
of the workload distribution architecture that is geared specifically for scaling
cloud service implementations.
Redundant deployments of cloud services are created, with a load balancing
system added to dynamically distribute workloads.
The duplicate cloud service implementations are organized into a resource pool,
while the load balancer is positioned as either an external or built-in component to
allow the host servers to balance the workloads themselves.
29. Fundamental Cloud Architectures
Service Load Balancing Architecture
Figure 11.10. The load balancer intercepts messages sent by cloud service consumers
(1) and forwards them to the virtual servers so that the workload processing is horizontally scaled (2).
30. Fundamental Cloud Architectures
Figure 11.11. Cloud service consumer requests are sent to Cloud Service A on Virtual Server A
(1). The cloud service implementation includes built-in load balancing logic that is capable of distributing requests to
the neighboring Cloud Service A implementations on Virtual Servers B and C (2).
31. Fundamental Cloud Architectures
Service Load Balancing Architecture
The service load balancing architecture can involve the following mechanisms in addition to the
load balancer:
• Cloud Usage Monitor – Cloud usage monitors may be involved with monitoring cloud service
instances and their respective IT resource consumption levels, as well as various runtime
monitoring and usage data collection tasks.
• Resource Cluster – Active-active cluster groups are incorporated in this architecture to help
balance workloads across different members of the cluster.
• Resource Replication – The resource replication mechanism is utilized to generate cloud
service implementations in support of load balancing requirements.
32. Fundamental Cloud Architectures
11.6. Cloud Bursting Architecture
The cloud bursting architecture establishes a form of dynamic scaling that scales or
“bursts out” on-premise IT resources into a cloud whenever predefined capacity
thresholds have been reached.
The corresponding cloud-based IT resources are redundantly pre-deployed but remain
inactive until cloud bursting occurs. After they are no longer required, the cloud-based
IT resources are released and the architecture “bursts in” back to the on-premise
environment.
Cloud bursting is a flexible scaling architecture that provides cloud consumers with the
option of using cloud-based IT resources only to meet higher usage demands.
The foundation of this architectural model is based on the automated scaling listener
and resource replication mechanisms.
33. Fundamental Cloud Architectures
Cloud Bursting Architecture
The automated scaling listener determines when to redirect requests to cloud-based IT
resources, and resource replication is used to maintain synchronicity between on-premise and
cloud-based IT resources in relation to state information (Figure 11.12).
Figure 11.12. An automated scaling listener monitors the usage of on-premise Service A, and redirects Service
Consumer C’s request to Service A’s redundant implementation in the cloud (Cloud Service A) once Service A’s
usage threshold has been exceeded.
(1). A resource replication system is used to keep state management databases synchronized (2).
34. Fundamental Cloud Architectures
11.7. Elastic Disk Provisioning Architecture
Cloud consumers are commonly charged for cloud-based storage space based on
fixed-disk storage allocation, meaning the charges are predetermined by disk capacity
and not aligned with actual data storage consumption.
Figure 11.13 demonstrates this by illustrating a scenario in which a cloud consumer
provisions a virtual server with the Windows Server operating system and three 150
GB hard drives.
The cloud consumer is billed for using 450 GB of storage space after installing the
operating system, even though the operating system only requires 15 GB of storage
space.
35. Fundamental Cloud Architectures
Figure 11.13. The cloud consumer requests a virtual server with three hard disks, each with a capacity of 150 GB.
(1). The virtual server is provisioned according to the elastic disk provisioning architecture, with a total of 450 GB of disk
space.
(2). The 450 GB is allocated to the virtual server by the cloud provider.
(3). The cloud consumer has not installed any software yet, meaning the actual used space is currently 0 GB.
(4). Because the 450 GB are already allocated and reserved for the cloud consumer, it will be charged for 450 GB of disk
usage as of the point of allocation (5).
36. Fundamental Cloud Architectures
Elastic Disk Provisioning Architecture
The elastic disk provisioning architecture establishes a dynamic storage provisioning system
that ensures that the cloud consumer is granularly billed for the exact amount of storage that it
actually uses.
This system uses thin-provisioning technology for the dynamic allocation of storage space, and
is further supported by runtime usage monitoring to collect accurate usage data for billing
purposes (Figure 11.14).
37. Fundamental Cloud Architectures
Figure 11.14. The cloud consumer requests a virtual server with three hard disks, each with a capacity of 150 GB (1). The
virtual server is provisioned by this architecture with a total of 450 GB of disk space.
(2). The 450 GB are set as the maximum disk usage that is allowed for this virtual server, although no physical disk space
has been reserved or allocated yet.
(3). The cloud consumer has not installed any software, meaning the actual used space is currently at 0 GB.
(4). Because the allocated disk space is equal to the actual used space (which is currently at zero), the cloud consumer is
not charged for any disk space usage (5).
38. Fundamental Cloud Architectures
Elastic Disk Provisioning Architecture
Thin-provisioning software is installed on virtual servers that process dynamic storage allocation
via the hypervisor, while the pay-per-use monitor tracks and reports granular billing-related disk
usage data (Figure 11.15).
Figure 11.15. A request is received from a cloud consumer, and the provisioning of a new virtual server instance begins.
(1). As part of the provisioning process, the hard disks are chosen as dynamic or thin-provisioned disks.
(2). The hypervisor calls a dynamic disk allocation component to create thin disks for the virtual server.
(3). Virtual server disks are created via the thin-provisioning program and saved in a folder of near-zero size. The size of this
folder and its files grow as operating applications are installed and additional files are copied onto the virtual server.
(4). The pay-per-use monitor tracks the actual dynamically allocated storage for billing purposes (5).
39. Fundamental Cloud Architectures
Elastic Disk Provisioning Architecture
The following mechanisms can be included in this architecture in addition to the cloud storage
device, virtual server, hypervisor, and pay-per-use monitor:
• Cloud Usage Monitor – Specialized cloud usage monitors can be used to track and log storage
usage fluctuations.
• Resource Replication – Resource replication is part of an elastic disk provisioning system
when conversion of dynamic thin-disk storage into static thick-disk storage is required.
40. Fundamental Cloud Architectures
11.8. Redundant Storage Architecture
Cloud storage devices are occasionally subject to failure and disruptions that are
caused by network connectivity issues, controller or general hardware failure, or
security breaches.
A compromised cloud storage device’s reliability can have a ripple effect and cause
impact failure across all of the services, applications, and infrastructure components in
the cloud that are reliant on its availability.
A logical unit number (LUN) is a logical drive that represents a partition of a physical
drive.
Storage Service Gateway
The storage service gateway is a component that acts as the external interface to
cloud storage services, and is capable of automatically redirecting cloud consumer
requests whenever the location of the requested data has changed.
41. Fundamental Cloud Architectures
Redundant Storage Architecture
The redundant storage architecture introduces a secondary duplicate cloud storage device as
part of a failover system that synchronizes its data with the data in the primary cloud storage
device.
A storage service gateway diverts cloud consumer requests to the secondary device whenever
the primary device fails (Figures 11.16 and 11.17).
Figure 11.16. The primary cloud storage device is routinely replicated to the secondary cloud storage device (1).
42. Fundamental Cloud Architectures
Figure 11.17. The primary storage becomes unavailable and the storage service
gateway forwards the cloud consumer requests to the secondary storage device (2). The
secondary storage device forwards the requests to the LUNs, allowing cloud consumers
to continue to access their data (3).
43. Fundamental Cloud Architectures
Redundant Storage Architecture
This cloud architecture primarily relies on a storage replication system that keeps the primary
cloud storage device synchronized with its duplicate secondary cloud storage devices (Figure
11.18).
Figure 11.18. Storage replication is used to keep the redundant storage device
synchronized with the primary storage device.
44. Fundamental Cloud Architectures
Storage Replication
Storage replication is a variation of the resource replication mechanisms used to synchronously
or asynchronously replicate data from a primary storage device to a secondary storage device.
It can be used to replicate partial and entire LUNs.
Redundant Storage Architecture
Cloud providers may locate secondary cloud storage devices in a different geographical region
than the primary cloud storage device, usually for economic reasons.
The location of the secondary cloud storage devices can dictate the protocol and method used
for synchronization, as some replication transport protocols have distance restrictions.
Some cloud providers use storage devices with dual array and storage controllers to improve
device redundancy, and place secondary storage devices in a different physical location for
cloud balancing and disaster recovery purposes.
45. Fundamental Cloud Architectures
11.9. Case Study Example
An in-house solution that ATN did not migrate to the cloud is the Remote Upload
Module, a program that is used by their clients to upload accounting and legal
documents to a central archive on a daily basis. Usage peaks occur without warning,
since the quantity of documents received on a day-by-day basis is unpredictable.
The Remote Upload Module currently rejects upload attempts when it is operating at
capacity, which is problematic for users that need to archive certain documents before
the end of a business day or prior to a deadline.
ATN decides to take advantage of its cloud-based environment by creating a cloud-
bursting architecture around the on-premise Remote Upload Module service
implementation. This enables it to burst out into the cloud whenever on-premise
processing thresholds are exceeded (Figures 11.19 and11.20).
46. Fundamental Cloud Architectures
Figure 11.19. A cloud-based version of the on-premise Remote Upload Module
service is deployed on ATN’s leased ready-made environment (1). The automated
scaling listener monitors service consumer requests (2).
47. Fundamental Cloud Architectures
Figure 11.20. The automated scaling listener detects that service consumer usage has exceeded the local
Remote Upload Module service’s usage threshold, and begins diverting excess requests to the cloud-based
Remote Upload Module implementation (3). The cloud provider’s pay-per-use monitor tracks the requests received
from the on-premise automated scaling listener to collect billing data, and Remote Upload Module cloud service
instances are created on-demand via resource replication (4).
A “burst in” system is invoked after the service usage has decreased enough so that service
consumer requests can be processed by the on-premise Remote Upload Module implementation
again. Instances of the cloud services are released, and no additional cloud-related usage fees
are incurred.