- The document discusses the origins and development of jazz and rock music from the early 20th century through the 1990s. - It describes the roots of jazz in ragtime, blues, and African influences and the emergence of early jazz styles like Dixieland and swing. - It also outlines the origins of rock music from rhythm and blues and its growth in popularity through styles in the 1960s like Motown and British Invasion, and developments in the 1970s-1990s including punk, grunge, and hip hop. - Key elements of both genres discussed include improvisation, syncopation, blues scales, and the use of small bands centered around guitars, bass, and drums.

1. Music: An Appreciation, Brief 7 th Edition by Roger Kamien Part VI The 20th Century & Beyond Jazz & Rock 2011 © McGraw-Hill Higher Education

2. Ch. 19 - Jazz Roots of Jazz Blend elements of several cultures West African emphasis on improvisation, percussion & call-and-response techniques American brass band influence on instrumentation European harmonic & structural practice Blues & ragtime were immediate sources

3. Ragtime Dance hall and saloon music Piano music with left hand, “oom-pah” part Usually in duple meter at moderate march tempo Right hand part highly syncopated Left hand keeps steady beat

4. Blues Vocal and instrumental form 12 measure (bar) musical structure 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 I 3 part vocal structure: a a’ b Statement/repeat of statement/counterstatement IV I V I

5. Listening Lost Your Head Blues (1926) Performed by Bessie Smith (Smith known as “Empress of the Blues”) Vocal Music Guide: p. 358 Basic Set, CD 9:30 Brief Set, CD 5:51 Note: Strophic 12 bar blues form 3 part (a a’ b) vocal structure Trumpet answers vocalist Call and response

6. Tone Color Elements of Jazz Usually performed by combo of 3-8 players Created & performed simultaneously Improvisation Similar to Baroque basso continuo Main solo instruments trumpet, trombone, saxophone, clarinet, vibraphone, piano Most commonly 32-bar structure: A A B A format Backbone is rhythm section “ Bends,” “smears,” “shakes,” “scoops,” “falls” Usually in theme and variations form Each performance is different

7. Rhythm, Melody, and Harmony Syncopation & rhythmic swing are features Chord progressions similar to tonal system Syncopation often occurs when performer accents note between the regular rhythmic accents Rhythmic accent on beats 2 and 4 Melodies flexible in pitch As jazz evolved, harmony grew more complex “ Swing” result of uneven 8 th notes (triplet feel) 3 rd , 5 th , & 7 th scale steps often lowered (flatted) Called “blue” notes, these pitches come from vocal blues

8. Jazz Styles: New Orleans Style Also called Dixieland Front line of horns supported by rhythm section New Orleans was center of jazz 1900-1917 Characteristics Songs frequently based on march or church melody, ragtime piece, pop song, or blues Improvised arrangements Many notable performers Multiple instruments improvising simultaneously Scat singing Theme and variation form predominates Most famous was trumpeter Louis Armstrong

9. Listening Hotter Than That (1927) by Louis Armstrong and His Hot Five Based on tune by Lillian Hardin Armstrong, his wife and pianist Listening Outline: p. 364 Basic Set, CD 9:32 Brief Set, CD 5:52 Note: Interplay of front line instruments Call and response Scat singing

10. Jazz Styles: Swing Popular 1935-45 ( Swing era ) Written music Large bands (usually 15-20 players) Primarily for dancing The popular music of the time The music of WWII Saxophones, trumpets, trombones, rhythm section Melody usually performed by groups of instruments rather than by soloists Other instruments accompany w/ background riffs Theme and variations form common Usually included improvisation by soloists (singly)

11. Bebop Style Jazz Styles: Bebop 1940s and early 1950s Meant for listening—not dancing Combo was preferred ensemble Role of each instrument changed from earlier jazz Theme and variations form still dominant Melodies derived from pop songs or 12-bar blues Initial melody by soloist or 2 soloists in unison Melodic phrases varied in length Chords built w/ 6 or 7 notes, not earlier 4 or 5 Many notable performers including Trumpet Dizzy Gillespie, piano Thelonious Monk Most famous/influential alto sax Charlie Parker

12. Cool Jazz Jazz Styles 1950’s More calm and relaxed than Bebop Relied more upon arrangements 1960’s Free Jazz Similar to Chance Music Solos sections of indeterminate length Improvisation by multiple players at once In late 1960’s, rock became potent influence Jazz Rock (Fusion) Style combined improvisation w/ rock rhythms Combined acoustic & electric instruments

13. Ch. 21 - Rock Developed in mid-1950s Common features: Also drew influences from country & western First called rock & roll , later shortened to rock Grew mainly from rhythm & blues Incorporated new technologies as they came available Vocal Hard driving beat Featured electric guitar Made use of heavily amplified sound

14. Early performers included: Rock Styles 1960s: Chuck Berry Diana Ross & the Supremes, Stevie Wonder, … More English groups followed: The British Invasion Rolling Stones, The Who, … Rock also began to absorb influences from folk 1964: US tour by the Beatles, an English group Bill Haley and His Comets James Brown, Ray Charles, Aretha Franklin Motown blended R&B w/ mainstream white music Rock by black performers called soul Little Richard The Platters Rock Around the Clock Elvis (King of Rock & Roll) Many genres: folk rock, jazz rock, acid rock, … Social issues: Environment ( Blowin’ in the Wind), Vietnam Beatles most influential group in rock history 1 st rock musical: Hair 1 st rock opera: Tommy

15. 1970s: Development of Rock Continuation of many 60’s styles Country rock : blend of country music and rock Reggae from the West Indies Funk with electrification & jazz-like rhythms Punk (new wave )—a primitive form of rock & roll Classical rock —rock arrangements of earlier serious music Jazz rock reached wider group than ever before Chicago; Weather Report; Blood, Sweat, & Tears Many veterans continued, many new artists arrived: Revival of early rock & roll Rise of a dance style called disco Linda Ronstadt, Billy Joel, Donna Summer, … Other genres of rock arose:

16. 1980s: Development of Rock British new wave bands became popular Increased use of electronic technology Heavy metal-- sexually explicit lyrics & costumes Police; Culture Club, Eurhythmics Known as the second British invasion Synthesizers and computers (early sequencers) Metallica; Iron Maiden; Motley Crue; Guns ‘n’ Roses Rap —developed among young urban blacks Began as rhythmic talking accompanied by disk jockey Often depicts anger and frustration Part of hip-hop culture

17. The 80s and into the 90s: Development of Rock Grunge or alternative rock was embraced Grinding guitar sounds & angry lyrics Reaction to the polished sound of mainstream rock bands Direct stylistic influence from 1970’s punk rock Nirvana; Pearl Jam; Soundgarden; Alice in Chains Smashing Pumpkins; Nine Inch Nails; Belly; Hole Heavy metal & rap continue in popularity in 80s-90s Heavy metal continued to reach a mostly white audience Rap adopted devices from other types of music Rap began to attract broader audience African music began to influence mainstream music Paul Simon: Graceland (1986) used an African vocal group

18. Guitar-based, small core performance group Elements of Rock 2 guitars, bass guitar, drum set, keyboards Frequent vocal effects (shout, scream, falsetto ) Rhythm Almost always in 4/4 meter Simple subdivision of beats Usually a singer/instrumentalist Occasionally other instruments (horns, strings, etc.) Late 70’s & 80’s: more rhythmically complex 1 & 2 & 3 & 4 &, 1 & 2 & 3 & 4 &, … Result of polyrhythmic influences of African music Tone Color

19. Two commonly utilized forms: Elements of Rock 12-bar blues form Form, Melody, and Harmony Short, repeated melodic patterns Usually 3 or 4 (or less) chords 32-bar A A B A form Usually built on modes, not major/minor Harmonically simple Often uses chord progressions that were rare in earlier popular music