The document discusses the history and influence of jazz music in America over the past century. It describes how jazz originated in New Orleans in the early 1900s among African Americans and was influenced by various musical styles. It then spread north to Chicago and evolved into different styles like swing and bebop. Jazz helped integrate white and black cultures and brought people together through its appeal. Iconic jazz musicians like Louis Armstrong and Ella Fitzgerald helped popularize the genre and advance civil rights despite facing discrimination. Today jazz continues to have a major impact on music and culture in America.
Louis Armstrong was an influential American jazz trumpeter and vocalist born in 1901 in New Orleans. He was one of the most innovative figures in jazz history and considered one of the most popular musicians. Armstrong learned to play trumpet in a reformatory and began playing in Joe King Oliver's band in 1914. Between 1925-1928, Armstrong started his Hot Five and Hot Seven groups, whose recordings were hugely influential on the development of jazz. Known for making scatting famous, Armstrong continued performing up until his death in 1971 at age 69.
World Wars had an impact on the development of jazz styles. During WWII, many jazz musicians entertained troops, which increased the popularity of jazz among soldiers and their families. The war made it difficult to maintain big bands as members joined the fight overseas. Different jazz styles emerged from ragtime in the 1890s to free jazz in the 1960s, influenced by genres like blues and bebop. Major jazz musicians and composers included ragtime performer Felix Arndt, blues artist Lead Belly, and bebop innovator Charlie Parker.
Jazz originated in the late 1800s as slaves from Africa began playing instruments and singing, forming the first style called ragtime. In the early 1900s, small bands formed and played jazz music in black communities, popularizing dixieland jazz. In the 1930s, big bands became popular and broadcast on the radio, known as swing music which was popular for dancing. Bebop emerged in the 1940s-50s as a faster, more dissonant style for musicians. Modal jazz in the late 1950s was based on musical modes while free jazz in the early 1960s removed tonality and structure. Fusion in the late 1960s blended rock and jazz using electric instruments.
This document provides an overview of jazz history and defines key terms related to jazz. It states that jazz originated in the American South as an amalgamation of various musical styles, and was created under conditions of segregation but later became a worldwide phenomenon that changed all of Western music. Jazz is described as an American art form known for improvisation, virtuosity, and personal expression. Several jazz subgenres are mentioned and it is noted that jazz has influenced and incorporated elements of many other musical genres over time. Key terms such as timbre, texture, ensemble, and improvisation are defined.
Jazz originated in African American communities in the late 19th century and is characterized by improvisation, polyrhythms, syncopation, and aspects of European harmony. It incorporates instruments like piano, drums, saxophone and trumpet and styles like ragtime, blues, Dixieland and bebop. Famous jazz composers include Louis Armstrong and Scott Joplin. Jazz has played an important role in society, serving as a reflection of cultural development and influencing people of all backgrounds through various eras.
Jazz music originated from the blues music of African slaves brought to America. Blues songs expressed the sadness and struggles of slavery through improvised vocals and instruments like guitar or banjo. In New Orleans, blues, ragtime, and snippets of European classical music blended together to form early jazz. Instruments like saxophone, clarinet, and trombone became popular in jazz. Louis Armstrong was an influential early jazz trumpeter and bandleader in the 1920s who helped develop jazz styles in Chicago and New York. Later, jazz flourished in cities like Kansas City in the 1930s-40s before evolving into cool jazz and West Coast jazz styles in the 1950s that were popularized in recording studios in Los Angeles.
Jazz originated in the southern United States in the late 19th century and has since evolved into many styles. It began as ragtime, developed into New Orleans jazz which emphasized improvisation, and the big band swing era followed. Bebop emerged in the 1940s as a more complex style focused on instrumental virtuosity. Major innovators included Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington, Dizzy Gillespie, and Miles Davis, whose modal and fusion styles influenced the development of jazz.
The document discusses the history and influence of jazz music in America over the past century. It describes how jazz originated in New Orleans in the early 1900s among African Americans and was influenced by various musical styles. It then spread north to Chicago and evolved into different styles like swing and bebop. Jazz helped integrate white and black cultures and brought people together through its appeal. Iconic jazz musicians like Louis Armstrong and Ella Fitzgerald helped popularize the genre and advance civil rights despite facing discrimination. Today jazz continues to have a major impact on music and culture in America.
Louis Armstrong was an influential American jazz trumpeter and vocalist born in 1901 in New Orleans. He was one of the most innovative figures in jazz history and considered one of the most popular musicians. Armstrong learned to play trumpet in a reformatory and began playing in Joe King Oliver's band in 1914. Between 1925-1928, Armstrong started his Hot Five and Hot Seven groups, whose recordings were hugely influential on the development of jazz. Known for making scatting famous, Armstrong continued performing up until his death in 1971 at age 69.
World Wars had an impact on the development of jazz styles. During WWII, many jazz musicians entertained troops, which increased the popularity of jazz among soldiers and their families. The war made it difficult to maintain big bands as members joined the fight overseas. Different jazz styles emerged from ragtime in the 1890s to free jazz in the 1960s, influenced by genres like blues and bebop. Major jazz musicians and composers included ragtime performer Felix Arndt, blues artist Lead Belly, and bebop innovator Charlie Parker.
Jazz originated in the late 1800s as slaves from Africa began playing instruments and singing, forming the first style called ragtime. In the early 1900s, small bands formed and played jazz music in black communities, popularizing dixieland jazz. In the 1930s, big bands became popular and broadcast on the radio, known as swing music which was popular for dancing. Bebop emerged in the 1940s-50s as a faster, more dissonant style for musicians. Modal jazz in the late 1950s was based on musical modes while free jazz in the early 1960s removed tonality and structure. Fusion in the late 1960s blended rock and jazz using electric instruments.
This document provides an overview of jazz history and defines key terms related to jazz. It states that jazz originated in the American South as an amalgamation of various musical styles, and was created under conditions of segregation but later became a worldwide phenomenon that changed all of Western music. Jazz is described as an American art form known for improvisation, virtuosity, and personal expression. Several jazz subgenres are mentioned and it is noted that jazz has influenced and incorporated elements of many other musical genres over time. Key terms such as timbre, texture, ensemble, and improvisation are defined.
Jazz originated in African American communities in the late 19th century and is characterized by improvisation, polyrhythms, syncopation, and aspects of European harmony. It incorporates instruments like piano, drums, saxophone and trumpet and styles like ragtime, blues, Dixieland and bebop. Famous jazz composers include Louis Armstrong and Scott Joplin. Jazz has played an important role in society, serving as a reflection of cultural development and influencing people of all backgrounds through various eras.
Jazz music originated from the blues music of African slaves brought to America. Blues songs expressed the sadness and struggles of slavery through improvised vocals and instruments like guitar or banjo. In New Orleans, blues, ragtime, and snippets of European classical music blended together to form early jazz. Instruments like saxophone, clarinet, and trombone became popular in jazz. Louis Armstrong was an influential early jazz trumpeter and bandleader in the 1920s who helped develop jazz styles in Chicago and New York. Later, jazz flourished in cities like Kansas City in the 1930s-40s before evolving into cool jazz and West Coast jazz styles in the 1950s that were popularized in recording studios in Los Angeles.
Jazz originated in the southern United States in the late 19th century and has since evolved into many styles. It began as ragtime, developed into New Orleans jazz which emphasized improvisation, and the big band swing era followed. Bebop emerged in the 1940s as a more complex style focused on instrumental virtuosity. Major innovators included Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington, Dizzy Gillespie, and Miles Davis, whose modal and fusion styles influenced the development of jazz.
Jazz originated in New Orleans in the late 19th century as a fusion of African and European music traditions that emphasized improvisation. It has evolved over time into many different styles through the combination of improvisation, syncopated rhythms, blues scales, and brass instruments. Some of the most influential jazz artists include Louis Armstrong, Nat King Cole, Peggy Lee, and Billie Holiday.
Jazz originated in New Orleans, United States in the late 19th century and was influenced by ragtime, blues, and marching music. It became popular between 1895 and the 1920s and is characterized by improvisation. Some of the major styles of jazz include hot jazz, swing, bebop, cool jazz, and fusion. Key jazz instruments include the piano, double bass, saxophone, trumpet, and drums. Famous jazz musicians that developed different styles include Louis Armstrong, Miles Davis, Duke Ellington, and John Coltrane.
Taylor Swift is an American singer-songwriter known for her personal narrative songs. Eminem is a highly successful rapper and the best-selling artist of the 2000s in the United States. Minnie Riperton was an American singer-songwriter known professionally as Minnie Riperton. The Bee Gees were a very popular and commercially successful band, particularly in the late 1960s-1970s and as performers of disco music in the mid-late 1970s. ABBA became one of the most commercially successful acts in history from 1974-1982. Elvis Presley was a hugely influential American singer and actor often called the "King of Rock and Roll". The Beatles were an enormously popular and influential English rock band formed
Jazz originated from the blending of African and European musical traditions by slaves in the American South in the early 19th century. Ragtime music popularized by Scott Joplin in the late 19th century helped establish foundations for jazz. Jazz grew more popular in the 1920s-1930s era of swing music and big bands led by artists like Louis Armstrong and Duke Ellington. Bebop in the 1940s led by Charlie Parker and Dizzy Gillespie influenced the evolution of jazz, while Miles Davis' cool jazz movement in the 1950s-1960s marked the peak and start of declining popularity as rock music rose. Jazz lost mainstream popularity in the 1970s but experimental artists and documentaries have helped maintain interest in the genre.
Pop music originated in the 1950s from rock and roll. Some of the most influential early pop artists were Elvis Presley, The Beatles, and Michael Jackson. The genre became mainstream and commercial in the late 1950s. In subsequent decades, various styles like disco, hip hop, and pop rock became popular. Iconic artists who dominated their eras included The Rolling Stones, Madonna, Britney Spears, and Eminem. Common instruments used in pop music are guitar, bass, piano, drums, and vocals.
The document provides an overview of jazz music and its history presented through key jazz musicians and styles. It discusses early styles like Dixieland jazz developed in New Orleans and Chicago in the 1920s-1930s. It also covers big band jazz of the 1930s-1940s led by influential bandleaders like Duke Ellington and Count Basie. Modern styles that emerged include bebop in the 1940s and Latin jazz incorporating South American rhythms. The presentation uses musical examples to illustrate techniques like walking, patterns, jabbing, and improvisation.
Jazz is a unique genre that originated from a blend of traditional African, gospel, and rock and roll music. It includes subgenres like bebop, chamber jazz, Latin jazz, hard bop, Dixieland, swing jazz, and free jazz. Jazz magazines typically feature bright, simple designs and photos of artists dressed casually, playing their instruments or singing without other images. The target audience for jazz magazines is generally adults aged 30-50, though some newer artists have expanded the audience to those in their 20s. Jazz encourages personal expression and putting heart and soul into performances.
Rock music originated in the 1950s in the US and has since developed numerous subgenres. It is typically performed with guitars, bass and drums and accompanied by lyrics. In the late 1960s/early 1970s, rock combined with other genres like folk, blues and jazz to influence subgenres such as soft rock, hard rock, and punk rock. One popular subgenre is alternative rock, which emerged from indie music in the 1980s and became widely popular in the 1990s. Rock is now associated with rebellion, aggression and stereotypical dark styles.
This document provides an overview of the genre of rock music, including its origins in the 1950s, conventions commonly associated with rock, and examples of influential rock bands. It discusses how rock music centers around electric guitars, bass, and drums and is typically song-based with verse-chorus structure. Common conventions of rock discussed include the "sign of the horns" gesture, headbanging, band formations, emphasis on live performances, and themes of rebellion. Subgenres like heavy metal, indie rock, and psychedelic rock are also covered. Examples of iconic rock bands like The Beatles, Guns N' Roses, Elvis Presley, KISS, and Queen are then analyzed in terms of how they did or did not
The document provides an overview of the origins and evolution of rock music. It discusses how rock music originated from sources like blues, rhythm and blues, and country music in the 1950s. It then outlines some of the major developments and subgenres of rock that emerged in subsequent decades, such as folk rock, blues rock, jazz rock in the 1960s; hard rock, heavy metal, punk in the 1970s; and grunge, nu metal, and Britpop in the 1990s. The document also provides some brief biographical details about influential rock artists from different eras.
Latin American music is influenced by the United States and Europe and combines musical style, culture, language, and geography. It uses various instruments like the bombo drum, chajchas rattle, zampoñas panpipes, charango guitar, quena flute, cajon box, maracas, and claves sticks. Popular Latin dances and vocals include the cumbia, tango, cha-cha, bossa nova, raggae, rumba, foxtrot, and paso doble. Jazz originated in Africa and developed syncopated beats, improvisation, and forceful rhythms using woodwind and brass instruments. Main jazz styles are ragtime, big band, and be
Progressive rock emerged in Britain in the late 1960s and peaked in the early 1970s. It was characterized by extended musical arrangements that drew on classical structures and included elements like quoting classical excerpts. The six main bands of the first wave of progressive rock were Yes, Genesis, Emerson Lake and Palmer, Jethro Tull, King Crimson, and Pink Floyd. Progressive rock shows became grand multimedia spectacles by the mid-1970s with huge screens, costumes, and light shows. Though the genre declined by 1980, it had a resurgence in the 2000s led by artists like Steven Wilson who carried on its legacy of fusing rock and classical music into concept albums and elaborate live performances.
The British Invasion was a term used to describe the influx of rock and roll bands from Britain to America in the mid-1960s. It began with the popularity of The Beatles in America, which inspired many other British bands to follow. Some of the key bands included The Beatles, The Rolling Stones, The Who, The Kinks, The Animals, and Herman's Hermits. The Beatles originated in Liverpool and were inspired by American rock and roll. Their popularity in America began with appearances on The Ed Sullivan Show in 1964, which drew over 50 million viewers.
Presented in-class @ The University of Lethbridge (Calgary Campus), Alberta.
On the 23rd of November 2013 by Cody Leavitt and Moses Seriki
For "The Introduction to Music" course under the watchful eyes of
Professor John Anderson.
El jazz surgió en Nueva Orleans a finales del siglo XIX de la fusión de las tradiciones musicales de África occidental, Europa y América del Norte entre la comunidad afroamericana. Se caracteriza por la improvisación, el énfasis en los ritmos sincopados y el uso de notas blue. Los instrumentos melódicos como la trompeta, el saxofón y el piano improvisan sobre la base rítmica provista por la batería y el contrabajo.
Rock music originated in the early 1950s and saw many developments over the following decades. Some key events and genres included Elvis Presley's breakthrough in 1954, the Beatles' success in the 1960s, the rise of subgenres like folk rock and psychedelic rock in that era, and hard rock and heavy metal becoming popular in the 1970s led by bands like Led Zeppelin and Black Sabbath. The 1980s saw many extreme metal genres like thrash metal and the rise of alternative rock. Grunge became influential in the 1990s. Rock has had social and political impacts and influenced various cultures and movements over the years.
The document traces the origins and evolution of blues, jazz, and their influence in America. It discusses how blues began as songs of slavery and spread north along the Mississippi River, influencing early jazz styles like ragtime, Dixieland, and big band swing. It then covers how jazz developed techniques like improvisation and became an art form in the 1940s through innovators like Charlie Parker. In conclusion, the document notes how blues and jazz inspired many modern music genres and helped advance social changes.
The document provides an overview of the history and evolution of rock music from the 1950s to the present. It discusses the origins and development of various rock subgenres such as blues rock, folk rock, glam rock, punk rock, and emo rock. Key influences and artists associated with different eras and styles of rock music are also mentioned.
- A music CV is a curriculum vitae focused on an applicant's music-related experience, qualifications, and history (Step 1)
- It should be no more than 2 pages and include sections on education, performances, activities, recordings, objectives, and references (Steps 2-9)
- Following the guide's steps helps create a well-constructed music CV that can increase chances of getting music work by highlighting relevant experience
The document discusses the history of American swing music from the early 20th century through the 1940s-50s. It notes that jazz forms originated from black genres and spread through movies, Broadway, and radio in the 1920s-30s. The record industry boomed early on but collapsed during the Depression, while radio became popular. Big bands featuring brass, reed, and rhythm sections emerged in the 1930s-40s, popularizing swing music. Bandleaders and singers like Benny Goodman and Frank Sinatra became stars. Dancing to swing music in dance halls was also a popular trend through this era.
Bebop was a subgenre of jazz developed in the mid-1940s characterized by fast tempos and complex chord changes. Notable pioneers like Charlie Parker and Dizzy Gillespie experimented with straying from normal jazz improvisation at clubs like Minton's Playhouse in Harlem. Through the 1950s, bebop evolved as musicians explored it further and some began fusing it with other genres, influencing later forms of jazz that continue to develop today blended with various contemporary music styles.
Jazz originated in New Orleans in the late 19th century as a fusion of African and European music traditions that emphasized improvisation. It has evolved over time into many different styles through the combination of improvisation, syncopated rhythms, blues scales, and brass instruments. Some of the most influential jazz artists include Louis Armstrong, Nat King Cole, Peggy Lee, and Billie Holiday.
Jazz originated in New Orleans, United States in the late 19th century and was influenced by ragtime, blues, and marching music. It became popular between 1895 and the 1920s and is characterized by improvisation. Some of the major styles of jazz include hot jazz, swing, bebop, cool jazz, and fusion. Key jazz instruments include the piano, double bass, saxophone, trumpet, and drums. Famous jazz musicians that developed different styles include Louis Armstrong, Miles Davis, Duke Ellington, and John Coltrane.
Taylor Swift is an American singer-songwriter known for her personal narrative songs. Eminem is a highly successful rapper and the best-selling artist of the 2000s in the United States. Minnie Riperton was an American singer-songwriter known professionally as Minnie Riperton. The Bee Gees were a very popular and commercially successful band, particularly in the late 1960s-1970s and as performers of disco music in the mid-late 1970s. ABBA became one of the most commercially successful acts in history from 1974-1982. Elvis Presley was a hugely influential American singer and actor often called the "King of Rock and Roll". The Beatles were an enormously popular and influential English rock band formed
Jazz originated from the blending of African and European musical traditions by slaves in the American South in the early 19th century. Ragtime music popularized by Scott Joplin in the late 19th century helped establish foundations for jazz. Jazz grew more popular in the 1920s-1930s era of swing music and big bands led by artists like Louis Armstrong and Duke Ellington. Bebop in the 1940s led by Charlie Parker and Dizzy Gillespie influenced the evolution of jazz, while Miles Davis' cool jazz movement in the 1950s-1960s marked the peak and start of declining popularity as rock music rose. Jazz lost mainstream popularity in the 1970s but experimental artists and documentaries have helped maintain interest in the genre.
Pop music originated in the 1950s from rock and roll. Some of the most influential early pop artists were Elvis Presley, The Beatles, and Michael Jackson. The genre became mainstream and commercial in the late 1950s. In subsequent decades, various styles like disco, hip hop, and pop rock became popular. Iconic artists who dominated their eras included The Rolling Stones, Madonna, Britney Spears, and Eminem. Common instruments used in pop music are guitar, bass, piano, drums, and vocals.
The document provides an overview of jazz music and its history presented through key jazz musicians and styles. It discusses early styles like Dixieland jazz developed in New Orleans and Chicago in the 1920s-1930s. It also covers big band jazz of the 1930s-1940s led by influential bandleaders like Duke Ellington and Count Basie. Modern styles that emerged include bebop in the 1940s and Latin jazz incorporating South American rhythms. The presentation uses musical examples to illustrate techniques like walking, patterns, jabbing, and improvisation.
Jazz is a unique genre that originated from a blend of traditional African, gospel, and rock and roll music. It includes subgenres like bebop, chamber jazz, Latin jazz, hard bop, Dixieland, swing jazz, and free jazz. Jazz magazines typically feature bright, simple designs and photos of artists dressed casually, playing their instruments or singing without other images. The target audience for jazz magazines is generally adults aged 30-50, though some newer artists have expanded the audience to those in their 20s. Jazz encourages personal expression and putting heart and soul into performances.
Rock music originated in the 1950s in the US and has since developed numerous subgenres. It is typically performed with guitars, bass and drums and accompanied by lyrics. In the late 1960s/early 1970s, rock combined with other genres like folk, blues and jazz to influence subgenres such as soft rock, hard rock, and punk rock. One popular subgenre is alternative rock, which emerged from indie music in the 1980s and became widely popular in the 1990s. Rock is now associated with rebellion, aggression and stereotypical dark styles.
This document provides an overview of the genre of rock music, including its origins in the 1950s, conventions commonly associated with rock, and examples of influential rock bands. It discusses how rock music centers around electric guitars, bass, and drums and is typically song-based with verse-chorus structure. Common conventions of rock discussed include the "sign of the horns" gesture, headbanging, band formations, emphasis on live performances, and themes of rebellion. Subgenres like heavy metal, indie rock, and psychedelic rock are also covered. Examples of iconic rock bands like The Beatles, Guns N' Roses, Elvis Presley, KISS, and Queen are then analyzed in terms of how they did or did not
The document provides an overview of the origins and evolution of rock music. It discusses how rock music originated from sources like blues, rhythm and blues, and country music in the 1950s. It then outlines some of the major developments and subgenres of rock that emerged in subsequent decades, such as folk rock, blues rock, jazz rock in the 1960s; hard rock, heavy metal, punk in the 1970s; and grunge, nu metal, and Britpop in the 1990s. The document also provides some brief biographical details about influential rock artists from different eras.
Latin American music is influenced by the United States and Europe and combines musical style, culture, language, and geography. It uses various instruments like the bombo drum, chajchas rattle, zampoñas panpipes, charango guitar, quena flute, cajon box, maracas, and claves sticks. Popular Latin dances and vocals include the cumbia, tango, cha-cha, bossa nova, raggae, rumba, foxtrot, and paso doble. Jazz originated in Africa and developed syncopated beats, improvisation, and forceful rhythms using woodwind and brass instruments. Main jazz styles are ragtime, big band, and be
Progressive rock emerged in Britain in the late 1960s and peaked in the early 1970s. It was characterized by extended musical arrangements that drew on classical structures and included elements like quoting classical excerpts. The six main bands of the first wave of progressive rock were Yes, Genesis, Emerson Lake and Palmer, Jethro Tull, King Crimson, and Pink Floyd. Progressive rock shows became grand multimedia spectacles by the mid-1970s with huge screens, costumes, and light shows. Though the genre declined by 1980, it had a resurgence in the 2000s led by artists like Steven Wilson who carried on its legacy of fusing rock and classical music into concept albums and elaborate live performances.
The British Invasion was a term used to describe the influx of rock and roll bands from Britain to America in the mid-1960s. It began with the popularity of The Beatles in America, which inspired many other British bands to follow. Some of the key bands included The Beatles, The Rolling Stones, The Who, The Kinks, The Animals, and Herman's Hermits. The Beatles originated in Liverpool and were inspired by American rock and roll. Their popularity in America began with appearances on The Ed Sullivan Show in 1964, which drew over 50 million viewers.
Presented in-class @ The University of Lethbridge (Calgary Campus), Alberta.
On the 23rd of November 2013 by Cody Leavitt and Moses Seriki
For "The Introduction to Music" course under the watchful eyes of
Professor John Anderson.
El jazz surgió en Nueva Orleans a finales del siglo XIX de la fusión de las tradiciones musicales de África occidental, Europa y América del Norte entre la comunidad afroamericana. Se caracteriza por la improvisación, el énfasis en los ritmos sincopados y el uso de notas blue. Los instrumentos melódicos como la trompeta, el saxofón y el piano improvisan sobre la base rítmica provista por la batería y el contrabajo.
Rock music originated in the early 1950s and saw many developments over the following decades. Some key events and genres included Elvis Presley's breakthrough in 1954, the Beatles' success in the 1960s, the rise of subgenres like folk rock and psychedelic rock in that era, and hard rock and heavy metal becoming popular in the 1970s led by bands like Led Zeppelin and Black Sabbath. The 1980s saw many extreme metal genres like thrash metal and the rise of alternative rock. Grunge became influential in the 1990s. Rock has had social and political impacts and influenced various cultures and movements over the years.
The document traces the origins and evolution of blues, jazz, and their influence in America. It discusses how blues began as songs of slavery and spread north along the Mississippi River, influencing early jazz styles like ragtime, Dixieland, and big band swing. It then covers how jazz developed techniques like improvisation and became an art form in the 1940s through innovators like Charlie Parker. In conclusion, the document notes how blues and jazz inspired many modern music genres and helped advance social changes.
The document provides an overview of the history and evolution of rock music from the 1950s to the present. It discusses the origins and development of various rock subgenres such as blues rock, folk rock, glam rock, punk rock, and emo rock. Key influences and artists associated with different eras and styles of rock music are also mentioned.
- A music CV is a curriculum vitae focused on an applicant's music-related experience, qualifications, and history (Step 1)
- It should be no more than 2 pages and include sections on education, performances, activities, recordings, objectives, and references (Steps 2-9)
- Following the guide's steps helps create a well-constructed music CV that can increase chances of getting music work by highlighting relevant experience
The document discusses the history of American swing music from the early 20th century through the 1940s-50s. It notes that jazz forms originated from black genres and spread through movies, Broadway, and radio in the 1920s-30s. The record industry boomed early on but collapsed during the Depression, while radio became popular. Big bands featuring brass, reed, and rhythm sections emerged in the 1930s-40s, popularizing swing music. Bandleaders and singers like Benny Goodman and Frank Sinatra became stars. Dancing to swing music in dance halls was also a popular trend through this era.
Bebop was a subgenre of jazz developed in the mid-1940s characterized by fast tempos and complex chord changes. Notable pioneers like Charlie Parker and Dizzy Gillespie experimented with straying from normal jazz improvisation at clubs like Minton's Playhouse in Harlem. Through the 1950s, bebop evolved as musicians explored it further and some began fusing it with other genres, influencing later forms of jazz that continue to develop today blended with various contemporary music styles.
This document provides an overview of the beginnings of jazz from New Orleans to Chicago in the early 20th century. It discusses the precursors to jazz like ragtime and the blues. Key figures and bands in the development of jazz are mentioned, including Buddy Bolden, Jelly Roll Morton, King Oliver's Creole Band featuring Louis Armstrong, and Bix Beiderbecke. The document also covers the transition of jazz styles and its spread from New Orleans to Chicago as African Americans migrated north.
Jazz originated in New Orleans in the late 1800s, combining African rhythms, American band traditions, and European harmonies. It is characterized by improvisation, syncopation, solo performances, and small combos with frontline melody instruments and backing rhythm sections. Important jazz instruments include brass, reeds, piano, bass, guitar, and drums. Legendary jazz composers and musicians who helped develop the genre include Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington, Dizzy Gillespie, and Thelonious Monk. Rock and roll developed in the 1950s from blues and country music, popularized by artists like Chuck Berry, Little Richard, and Elvis Presley. It spread through the US and British Invasion, using electric guitars
Jazz was born in African American communities in the late 1800s and early 1900s, featuring improvisation. It has included many styles like ragtime, swing, cool jazz, and be-bop, played on instruments such as trumpets, piano, and saxophones. Famous jazz musicians include Louis Armstrong and Miles Davis.
Jazz originated in African American communities in the late 19th century and emerged as independent popular styles linked by common bonds of African American and European American music. As jazz spread globally, different regional styles developed such as New Orleans jazz in the early 1910s which combined brass bands, ragtime, and blues. In the 1930s, big bands playing swing and Kansas City jazz rose in popularity, followed by bebop in the 1940s which shifted jazz towards faster tempos and improvisation. Cool jazz then developed in the late 1940s with a calmer sound.
Jazz music originated from the blues music of African slaves brought to America. Blues songs expressed the sadness and struggles of slavery through improvised vocals and instruments like guitar or banjo. In New Orleans, blues, ragtime, and snippets of European classical music blended together to form early jazz. Instruments like saxophone, clarinet, and trombone became popular in jazz. Louis Armstrong was an influential early jazz trumpeter and bandleader in the 1920s who helped develop jazz styles in Chicago and New York. Later, jazz flourished in cities like Kansas City in the 1930s-40s before evolving into cool jazz and West Coast jazz styles in the 1950s that were milder and more technically composed.
This document provides a historical overview of different eras and styles of jazz music in the United States, including swing, cool, bebop, and ragtime. Swing originated in the 1930s-1940s and was performed by big bands, allowing solo improvisation. Cool jazz evolved from bebop in the late 1940s-1950s with softer tones. Bebop, developed in the early 1940s, engaged in chordal improvisation rather than following the melody. Ragtime began as march music, with Scott Joplin publishing early compositions that influenced American music.
The evolution of Jazz was due to the assimilation of the African American rhythmic & European harmonic styles. It has been enriched by a multitude of musicians.
Afro-Latin American music developed from the blending of African rhythms and instruments with European and indigenous Latin American influences. The history of Afro-Latin music is traced to the European colonization of Latin America and the slave trade between the 16th-19th centuries. Enslaved Africans adapted their traditional rhythms and instruments and blended them with European harmony, instruments, and styles. This led to the development of unique musical genres like jazz, samba, tango, and more across Latin America and the Caribbean. Afro-Latin music is characterized by call-and-response and the use of voice, drums, and percussion as the core musical elements.
Jazz originated in New Orleans in the late 19th century and early 20th century. It encompasses many styles including Dixieland, swing, bebop, cool jazz, and fusion. Key components of early jazz include improvisation, syncopated rhythms, and the collective improvisation of New Orleans-style Dixieland bands. Pioneering jazz artists like Louis Armstrong and Jelly Roll Morton emerged from New Orleans and helped establish jazz as a major new American musical genre in the 1920s.
The document discusses the emergence and evolution of various genres of outsider music in the 1970s, including progressive country, reggae, salsa, punk, and rap. It describes how progressive country artists like Willie Nelson and Waylon Jennings broke from conventions with their Outlaw movement. The rise of reggae in Jamaica is outlined, from its origins in earlier folk styles to popularization through artists like Bob Marley. The document also traces the development of salsa music in New York and the origins of punk rock in bands like the Ramones and Talking Heads. It examines key figures and groups in the rise of funk like Sly and the Family Stone and Parliament, as well as the earliest origins of hip hop in the Bronx through
This document provides an overview of swing music and culture during the Swing Era of 1935-1945. It discusses the origins and development of swing music out of jazz, and the rise of big bands led by bandleaders like Benny Goodman, Tommy Dorsey, Duke Ellington, Count Basie, and Glenn Miller. It describes how swing music appealed to a wide audience and was promoted through radio and recordings. Key figures and styles within the swing genre are profiled, including Fletcher Henderson, Benny Goodman, Duke Ellington, Count Basie, Glenn Miller, jazz singers, and the incorporation of swing into country music. Specific songs are analyzed to illustrate different styles within the era.
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Jazz originated in New Orleans in the late 19th century, developing from African rhythms played in Congo Square. Ragtime, with its syncopated rhythms, evolved into early jazz. Buddy Bolden is considered the first jazz bandleader in New Orleans. Jazz then spread north to Chicago and beyond. Swing became a national craze in the 1930s led by bandleaders like Duke Ellington. Bebop arose in the 1940s as a reaction against swing, led by Charlie Parker and Dizzy Gillespie. Jazz has continued evolving, exploring rock fusion and many other styles over the decades.
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Jazz represents the merging of many musical traditions. It originated from the blending of African music brought by slaves and European music in the southern US. Dixieland jazz then developed in New Orleans in the early 1900s by combining blues, ragtime, brass bands, and other influences. Dixieland spread and gained popularity while different jazz styles like big band later emerged.
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This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
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ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
2. THE BEGINNING
• Jazz is a fusion of elements from two distinct musical
traditions, those of West Africa and Europe.
• The West African influence provided Jazz with its
rhythmic drive.
• The European influence provided Jazz with much of its
harmonic and melodic qualities.
• Jazz stemmed from the countryside of the south as well
as the streets of America’s cities.
• …a music that played around with meter and
reinterpreted the use of notes.
3. DIXIELAND AND RAGTIME
• Ragtime did not include improvisation or a blues feel.
• Dixieland could be considered a variant of classic jazz.
• Primarily a music for piano.
• was completely written out.
• Dixieland’s roots as a musical form stem from the
Chicago music jazz scene of the 1920s.
• Dixieland involved collective improvisation.
• variations on themes.
5. NEW ORLEANS
• New Orleans Jazz developed during the first two
decades of the 20th century.
• Considered the first style of jazz.
• can be dated from as early as 1895.
• New Orleans jazz grew out of marching brass bands.
• The music developed around trumpet and cornet
leaders.• an ensemble-oriented style.
• New Orleans jazz was to emphasize the ensemble more
than any one soloist.
6. NEW YORK AND CHICAGO
• migration of artists to New York in the 1920’s.
• Armstrong’s Hot Five and Hot Seven bands took the
music to new heights.
• New York was at one time the Jazz capital of the world.
• And while Chicago was a recording center.
• New York took over as a recording center.
• Some of the most famous jazz clubs opened in New
York.• In Chicago, in the 1960’s, the emergence of the
Association for the Advancement of Creative Musicians
(AACM)
7. EARLY BANDS
• Early bands of the Swing Era emerged on the scene in
the early ‘20s.
• Fletcher Henderson enlarged the format of combo
music into bigger ensembles as early as 1923.
• Trumpet, trombone, saxophone and rhythm sections
were added.
8. BIG BAND SWING• Jazz took on a distinctly arranged form.
• Instruments numbered somewhere in the teens for
most big bands.
• Careful orchestration, coupled with large brass and
reed sections.
• Big band became the popular music of its day.
• Many big bands featured improvising soloists.
9. BEBOP• The jazz language changed drastically with the
emergence of bebop.
• Bebop was invented in an outright attempt to create
something new and challenging.
• …a musician’s music that demanded instrumental
virtuosity and a sophisticated knowledge of harmony.
• Fast tempos.
• Small group/combo format.
10. WEST COAST COOL JAZZ
• Developed in the late 1940’s and early 1950’s
• A less frantic, smoother approach toward improvising
• Lester Young had a big influence on the style
• Trumpeter Miles Davis, one of the first bebop players
to “cool it,”
• His Birth Of The Cool nonet recordings of 1949-‘50 are
the epitome of Cool Jazz lyricism and understatement
• Cool Jazz allowed room for slightly larger ensembles;
nonets and tentets for example
11. MODAL JAZZ
• Starting in the late 1950s, trumpeter Miles Davis and
tenor saxophonist John Coltrane experimented with
modes• Modes are an approach to melody and improvisation
borrowed directly from classical music
• a harmonically static, almost purely melodic form of
jazz• The vague tonal center of modal jazz would serve as a
launching pad for free-jazz experimenters
12. HARD BOP
• Developed around the same as Cool Jazz
• Hard Bop relied less on standard song forms and
placed more importance on blues elements and
rhythmic drive• In the rhythm section, drums became more involved
and piano and bass achieved a more fluid, funkier feel
• Art Blakey and pianist Horace Silver formed the Jazz
Messengers, the quintessential Hard Bop group
13. SOUL JAZZ
• Soul Jazz describes the small, organ-based combos
that popped up in the mid 1950s and lasted into the
‘70s• Rooted in the blues and gospel, the music grooved
with African-American spirituality
• Tenor saxophone was a prominent instrument in Soul
Jazz• Soul Jazz’s hook-like melodies, along with the frequent
use of ostinato bass and repeated rhythm patterns,
made the music quite accessible
14. FREE JAZZ
• Also Called “New Thing”
• An experimental music
• Emerged as a bona fide musical style in the 1950’s
• Ornette Coleman, Pee Wee Russell, Sun Ra and Lennie Tristano
• Pulse, meter and groove were not essential elements of the mu
• Chord progressions were thrown out
• Atonal music
• Shrieks, barks and split tones were all part of the music
15. POST-BOP
• music performed by jazz musicians who continued in
the bebop mold but who shied away from the
experiments of free jazz.
• music performed by jazz musicians who continued in
the bebop mold but who shied away from the
experiments of free jazz.
• Simpler melodies and a more soulful beat
16. FUSION
• Fusion emerged as a musical genre during the late ‘60s
also known as jazz-rock
• It incorporating such elements as electronics, rock
rhythms and extended tracks
• Emphasis on improvisation and musicianship remained
constant, linking it and its practitioners with the history
of jazz
17. LATIN JAZZ
• The musical incorporation of Latin rhythmic elements in
jazz has been around almost from its beginnings
• Latin jazz is a genre of jazz with Latin American
rhythms• the term Latin jazz is generally understood to have a
more specific meaning than
simply jazz from Latin America• In comparison with straight-ahead jazz, Latin jazz
generally employs straight rhythm (or "even-eighths"),
rather than swung rhythm.
18. AVANT-GARDE
• Avant-garde music became synonymous with open-
ended forms that were less easily characterized than
even free jazz• Preplanned structure mixed with more “out” soloing,
reminiscent of free jazz
• The lines between composition and improvisation were
blurred
• Swing rhythms, even melodies could be incorporated,
but no as a rule necessarily
19. MODERN JAZZ
• Today’s jazz cannot help but be influenced by sounds
from around the globe.
• European experimentalism, with classical overtones,
continues to influence the music.
Editor's Notes
Jazz must not be the property of an elite few who possess a vast knowledge of the music’s history, performers, nuances and intricacies. But since jazz is a very advanced art form and has such a rich history, it’s important to have a grounding in this tradition to fully understand and appreciate what’s happening on a CD or a bandstand. Similar to learning any new skill, the process of acquiring this knowledge can seem daunting at first.
But once you clear that first hurdle of jazz knowledge, the rewards that the music can provide are almost limitless.
The past 100 years have been labeled the “Jazz Century” (we’d definitely agree with that), and over the course of this time distinct musical periods have emerged. By creating this jazz primer, we want to help you understand where and how certain movements originated, what the music sounds like—such as the difference between Bebop and Fusion—and the key musicians involved with each movement. We also provide links to our page on each artist mentioned in this primer as well, which will lead to further exploration of the music.
One other thing to remember is that this guide is a work in progress. Jazz refuses to stagnate, but rather with each new generation comes new sounds and feelings in the music. And as we continue to progress into the tradition, this primer will continue to grow.
Once you get bitten by the jazz bug, there’s no turning back. Enjoy your explorations!
The origins of jazz, an urban music, stemmed from the countryside of the South as well as the streets of America’s cities. It resulted from two distinct musical traditions, those of West Africa and Europe. West Africa gave jazz its incessant rhythmic drive, the need to move and the emotional urgency that has served the music so well. The European ingredients had more to do with classical qualities pertaining to harmony and melody.
The blending of these two traditions resulted in a music that played around with meter and reinterpreted the use of notes in new combinations, creating blue notes that expressed feelings both sad and joyous. The field hollers of Southern sharecropping slaves combined with the more urban, stylized sounds of musicians from New Orleans, creating a new music. Gospel music from the church melded with what became known in the 20th century as the blues offered a vocal ingredient that translated well to instruments.
Marching bands, played primarily by whites but also blacks, introduced instruments that otherwise would have remained an expression of classical musical traditions. Drums and stringed instruments would combine with trumpets, trombones, tubas and, later, saxophones. The music of West Africa and the music created by slaves was translated in yet another way by the infusion of Caribbean and Latin strains. And what would later become known as popular song was incorporated with gospel, blues and field hollers, adding a rich texture to a music the world had never heard before. The musical world in America, filled as it was with its own marching music and faux classical interpretations from Europe, was ripe for the transformation that would become jazz. Eventually, ragtime entered the scene toward the end of the 19th century, and the rest is, as they say, history.
Ragtime is unique in that it didn’t include improvisation or a blues feel. And yet, it was an influence on early jazz forms, coming along as it did during the first 15 years of the 20th century. Primarily a music for piano that was completely written out, it could be performed by orchestras, and represented a blend of classical and marching band influences with a zest of syncopation thrown in. Listen to the music of Scott Joplin for a taste of ragtime.
Dixieland is a style that could be considered a variant of classic jazz and New Orleans jazz. It’s real roots as a musical form stem from the Chicago music jazz scene of the 1920s. The musicians in essence were seeking a revival of the classic jazz and New Orleans jazz of yesteryear, and were quite successful in beginning a tradition of Dixieland revivals that continue to this day, thanks to subsequent generations. The first of such re-revivals took place during the 1940s. Pioneers of Dixieland included such artists such as guitarist Eddie Condon, saxophonist Bud Freeman and trumpeter Jimmy McPartland.
The style of Dixieland involved collective improvisation during the first chorus of playing, with players entering solos against riffing by other horns, followed by a closing ensemble with, usually, the drummer playing a four-bar tag who in turn is answered by the whole band. Unlike other forms of jazz, the song set for Dixieland musicians has remained rather limited, offering endless variations on themes of tunes first developed during the ‘10s years of the 20th century.
Overlapping with the onset of ragtime music, New Orleans jazz burst onto to music scene during the first two decades of the 20th century. Considered the first style of jazz, it can be dated from as early as 1895 with the music of Buddy Bolden, Kid Ory and Jelly Roll Morton in the Storyville district of New Orleans until roughly 1917. New Orleans jazz grew out of marching brass bands. We have documentation of the first New Orleans jazz from the Original Dixieland Jass Band in 1917 on into the 1920s, when recording technology became more available.
The music developed around trumpet and cornet leaders, such as Joe Oliver and Louis Armstrong, performed as an ensemble-oriented style, with trumpeters stating the melody, and harmonies and countermelodies coming from the trombonist and/or clarinetist. The rhythm section developed into an ensemble of banjo, drums, tuba or bass, and piano. Overall, the thrust of New Orleans jazz was to emphasize the ensemble more than any one soloist. The music continued to flourish during the 1920s, eventually being eclipsed by the nascent swing music which soon replaced it. Dixieland jazz overlapped with it, maintaining the basic structure of New Orleans jazz.
The history of jazz may have its origins in New Orleans around the turn of the century, but the music really took off in the early 1920s, when trumpeter Louis Armstrong left New Orleans to create a revolutionary new music in Chicago. Likewise, the migration of artists to New York shortly thereafter heralded a permanent shift from South to North. Chicago was to take the music of New Orleans and make it hot, turning up the temperature not only with Armstrong’s Hot Five and Hot Seven bands, but with others as well, including such artists as Eddie Condon and Jimmy McPartland, whose Austin High gang helped usher in a revival of the New Orleans school. Others included pianist Art Hodes, drummer Barrett Deems and clarinetist Benny Goodman.
Armstrong and Goodman eventually made their way to New York, helping create a critical mass that has served the city well, making it the jazz capital of the world. And while Chicago was a recording center, it was New York that truly became the center not only of recording but of performing as well, ushering in such legendary clubs as Minton’s, the Cotton Club and the Village Vanguard, and such performance arenas as Carnegie Hall. Bebop was born in New York City, created and played by such luminaries as Charlie Parker, Dizzy Gillespie and Thelonious Monk.
During the 1960s, alternate performance opportunities allowed for even more creative music to surface in both cities. In Chicago, the emergence of the Association for the Advancement of Creative Musicians (AACM) and a variety of loft-type venues nurtured a new kind of rough, in-your-face avant garde, headed up by musicians such as saxophonist Fred Anderson. In New York, the loft scene was defined by all manner of musician, especially during the 1970s and ‘80s, offering up players as diverse as saxophonist Sam Rivers, members of the World Saxophone Quartet and the Vanguard Orchestra.
There was a time, of course, when musical dinosaurs (the big bands) traveled the earth-the Swing Era. The early bands of the Swing Era emerged on the scene in the early ‘20s, and credit for the beginnings of the big band era must go to leader-arranger Fletcher Henderson, who somewhat enlarged the format of what had been combo music into bigger ensembles as early as 1923.
By establishing sections of trumpets, trombones, saxophones and rhythm, Henderson and other arrangers were able to create music of greater color, range, texture and power. At almost the same time, Duke Ellington began expanding his smaller groups into larger ensembles and big band music had found its greatest composer and arranger. The early recordings of the Henderson and Ellington bands appeared in 1931.
Many of the early aggregations started as territory bands, which became famous if they happened to click with the public in recordings or on the radio. The big bands of Paul Whiteman, Jean Goldkette and Ben Pollack found brief fame early in the era but their music rarely achieved any lasting value.
As the ‘30s progressed, bands led by Don Redman, Luis Russell, Jimmie Lunceford, Earl Hines, Andy Kirk, Benny Carter and Count Basie expanded the variety of sounds offered by the larger aggregations.
Other early units considered more in the dance-band genre were Glen Gray, The Dorsey Brothers, Glenn Miller and Bob Crosby.
Jazz took on a distinctly arranged form in the big bands of the early 1920s through the late 1940s. Instrumentalists, numbering somewhere in the teens for most big bands, played specific parts either memorized in rehearsal or read from printed charts. Careful orchestration, coupled with large brass and reed sections, brought out the rich harmonies of jazz and created a huge sonic sensation known as “the big band sound.”
Big band became the popular music of its day, hitting its peak in the mid 1930s. It fueled the nation’s Lindy Hop and swing dance crazes. Well-known bandleaders like Duke Ellington, Count Basie, Chick Webb, Benny Goodman, Charlie Barnet, Jimmy Lunceford and Glenn Miller wrote and recorded a virtual parade of hit tunes that were played not only on radio but in dancehalls everywhere. Many big bands featured improvising soloists who excited audiences to near hysteria in well-publicized battles-of-the-bands.
Although big band declined after World War II, orchestras led by Basie, Ellington, Woody Herman, Stan Kenton and numerous others toured and recorded for several decades afterwards. The music became highly modernized as groups led by Boyd Raeburn, Sun Ra, Oliver Nelson, Charles Mingus, Thad Jones-Mel Lewis and Muhal Richard Abrams explored new concepts in harmony, instrumentation and improvisational freedom.
Today, big band remains as a standard in jazz education. Repertory orchestras such as the Lincoln Center Jazz Orchestra, the Carnegie Hall Jazz Band, the Smithsonian Jazz Masterworks Orchestra and the Chicago Jazz Ensemble regularly play original arrangements of big band compositions.
The jazz language changed drastically with the emergence of bebop in the early to mid 1940s. A gutsy group of musicians that included Dizzy Gillespie, Charlie Parker, Max Roach, Kenny Clarke, Bud Powell and Thelonious Monk invented bebop in an outright attempt to create something new and challenging.
Recognizing bebop as a musician’s music that demanded instrumental virtuosity and a sophisticated knowledge of harmony, jazz players caught on quickly. They wrote melodies that zigzagged and spun over chord changes of increasing complexity. Soloists incorporated dissonant scale tones in their improvisations, giving the music a more exotic, edgier sound. A fascination with syncopation resulted in unprecedented accents. And the tempos began to burn faster and faster.
Bebop played best in a small-group format; quartets and quintets proved ideal for both economic and artistic reasons. The music thrived in urban jazz clubs, where audiences came to listen to inventive soloists rather than dance to their favorite hits. In short, bebop musicians made jazz into an art form that appealed not only to the senses, but the intellect as well.
New jazz stars emerged from the bebop era, among them trumpeters Clifford Brown, Freddie Hubbard and Miles Davis, saxophonists Dexter Gordon, Art Pepper, Johnny Griffin, Pepper Adams, Sonny Stitt and John Coltrane, and trombonist J.J. Johnson.
In the 1950s and ‘60s, bebop went through several mutations: hard-bop, West Coast, cool-jazz and soul jazz among them. Bebop’s small-group format of one to three horns, piano, bass and drums remains the standard jazz combo instrumentation to this day.
The heat and urgency of bebop began to relax with the development of Cool Jazz. Starting in the late 1940s and early ‘50s, musicians began to develop a less frantic, smoother approach toward improvising modeled after the light, dry playing of swing-era tenorist Lester Young. The result was a laid-back and even-keeled sound bearing a facade of emotionally detached “coolness.”
Trumpeter Miles Davis, one of the first bebop players to “cool it,” emerged as the greatest innovator of the genre. His Birth Of The Cool nonet recordings of 1949-‘50 are the epitome of Cool Jazz lyricism and understatement. Other notable instrumentalists of the Cool school include trumpeter Chet Baker, pianists George Shearing, John Lewis, Dave Brubeck and Lennie Tristano, vibraphonist Milt Jackson and saxophonists Stan Getz, Lee Konitz, Zoot Sims and Paul Desmond.
Arrangers, too, contributed significantly to the Cool Jazz movement, most notably Tadd Dameron, Claude Thornihill, Gil Evans and baritone saxophonist Gerry Mulligan. Their compositions focused on instrumental colors and slower-moving, more suspended harmony, which created an illusion of spaciousness. Dissonance played some part in the music as well, but in a softened, muted way. Cool Jazz allowed room for slightly larger ensembles; nonets and tentets were more common than during the lean-and-mean bebop years. Some arrangers experimented with altered instrumentation, including conical brass like french horn and tuba.
Jazz players making their livings in the recording studios of Los Angeles picked up on the Cool Jazz movement in the 1950s. Largely influenced by the Miles Davis nonet, these L.A.-based players developed what’s now known as West Coast Jazz.
Like Cool Jazz, West Coast Jazz was much more subdued than the frantic bebop that preceded it. Most West Coast Jazz was scored out in great detail, and it often sounded a bit European with its use of contrapuntal lines. However, the music left wide-open spaces for long, linear solo improvisations.
While West Coast Jazz was played mostly in recording studios, clubs like the Lighthouse on Hermosa Beach and the Haig in Los Angeles often presented top players of the genre, which included trumpeter Shorty Rogers, saxophonists Art Pepper and Bud Shank, drummer Shelly Manne and clarinetist Jimmy Giuffre.
Starting in the late 1950s, trumpeter Miles Davis and tenor saxophonist John Coltrane experimented with modes, an approach to melody and improvisation borrowed directly from classical music. These players used a small number of modes, or specific scales, instead of chords to form the backbone of tunes.
The result was a harmonically static, almost purely melodic form of jazz. Soloists sometimes ventured outside of the preset modes and back again to create a sense of tension and release. Tempos ranged from slow to fast, but overall, the music had a wandering, unrushed feel to it. For a more exotic effect, players sometimes used non-European scales (e.g., Indian, Arab, African) as a “modal” basis for their music. The vague tonal center of modal jazz would serve as a launching pad for free-jazz experimenters who followed, including tenor saxophonist Pharoah Sanders.
Some classic examples of Modal Jazz include Davis’ “Milestones,” “So What” and “Flamenco Sketches,” and Coltrane’s “My Favorite Things” and “Impressions.”
Around the same time that Cool Jazz took hold on the West Coast, jazz musicians from Detroit, Philadelphia and New York began to embrace a heavier, hard-on-the-beat form of Bebop called Hard Bop. While it closely resembled traditional Bebop in its aggressiveness and technical demands, the Hard Bop of the 1950s and ‘60s relied less on standard song forms and placed more importance on blues elements and rhythmic drive. Soloing chops, or improvisatory skill, coupled with a strong grasp of harmony remained of primary importance to horn players; in the rhythm section, drums became more involved and piano and bass achieved a more fluid, funkier feel.
In 1955, drummer Art Blakey and pianist Horace Silver formed the Jazz Messengers, the quintessential Hard Bop group. An ever-evolving septet that lasted well into the 1980s, the Jazz Messengers produced many of the genre’s top players, like saxophonists Hank Mobley, Wayne Shorter, Johnny Griffin and Branford Marsalis, and trumpeters Donald Byrd, Woody Shaw, Wynton Marsalis and Lee Morgan. One of the biggest jazz hits of all time, Morgan’s 1963 tune “The Sidewinder,” was performed in a definite, though somewhat simplified, Hard Bop style.
A close relative of Hard Bop, Soul Jazz describes the small, organ-based combos that popped up in the mid 1950s and lasted into the ‘70s. Rooted in the blues and gospel, the music grooved with African-American spirituality.
Most of jazz’s great organists spent time on the Soul Jazz scene: Jimmy McGriff, Charles Earland, Groove Holmes, Les McCann, Donald Patterson, Jack McDuff and Johnny Hammond Smith all led groups in the ‘60s, often playing small rooms with at trio. Tenor saxophone was also prominent, adding a preacher-like voice to the mix; notables included Gene Ammons, Jimmy Smith, Eddie Harris, Stanley Turrentine, Eddie “Lockjaw” Davis and Houston Person. Saxophonists Hank Crawford and David “Fathead” Newman and other members of Ray Charles’ ensembles of the late ‘50s and ‘60s are often regarded as members of the Soul Jazz congregation, as is bandleader Charles Mingus.
Like Hard Bop, Soul Jazz stood in contrast to West Coast: The music evoked passion and a strong sense of community, rather than detachment and emotional coolness. Soul Jazz’s hook-like melodies, along with the frequent use of ostinato bass and repeated rhythm patterns, made the music quite accessible. Hits borne of Soul Jazz include pianist Ramsey Lewis’ “The In Crowd” (1965) and Harris and McCann’s “Compared To What” (1969).
People should be careful not to confuse Soul Jazz with what’s now known as “soul music.” While both share a gospel influence, Soul Jazz grew out of Bebop, and soul music traces directly back to popular r&b.
Perhaps the most controversial movement in the history of jazz came with the advent of free jazz, or “New Thing” as it was later to be called. While elements of free jazz existed within the structure of the music for many years, most notably in the “experiments” of such innovators as Coleman Hawkins, Pee Wee Russell and Lennie Tristano, it wasn’t until the mid to late ‘50s that it emerged as a bona fide style, coming as it did from such pioneers as saxophonist Ornette Coleman and pianist Cecil Taylor.
What these two musicians and others such as John Coltrane, Albert Ayler and aggregates such as the Sun Ra Arkestra and a group called the Revolutionary Ensemble did amounted to a variety of changes in the structure and feel of the music. Among the innovations, when performed with imagination and great musicianship, was dispensing with chord progressions, allowing the music to go in any of a number of directions. Another primary change could be found with rhythm, where “swing” was either redefined or ignored altogether. In other words, pulse, meter and groove were not an essential element anymore. Another key ingredient was atonality, where musical pitch was no longer relegated to the conventional tonal system. Shrieks, barks, split tones were all part of this new sonic world.
Free jazz continues to emerge as a viable form of expression, and is actually less controversial.
The post-bop period covered music performed by jazz musicians who continued in the bebop mold but who shied away from the experiments of free jazz, which developed during the same period of the 1960s. Also referred to as hard-bop, this form took the rhythms, ensemble structure and energy of bebop and combined the added horn, similar playlists and continued to use Latin elements. What made this post-bop music different was the added use of funk, groove or soul, tailored as it was for the changing times, as pop music was in its ascendancy.
Artists such as saxophonist Hank Mobley, pianist Horace Silver, drummer Art Blakey and trumpeter Lee Morgan actually started this music during the mid ‘50s, and helped usher in what is now the predominant form of jazz. With simpler melodies and a more soulful beat, the listener could hear traces of gospel and r&b mixed in. To some extent, this style met with some refinement during the ‘60s as compositional elements were added to create new textures. Saxophonist Joe Henderson, pianist McCoy Tyner and even such stalwart beboppers as Dizzy Gillespie made music that was both hummable and interesting harmonically.
One of the most significant composers to emerge during this period was saxophonist Wayne Shorter. Shorter, who came up through the ranks with Blakey, recorded a string of strong albums under his own name during the 1960s. Along with keyboardist Herbie Hancock, Shorter helped Miles Davis’ ‘60s quintet (a more experimental version of Davis’ highly influential ‘50s post-bop group with John Coltrane) become one of the most significant groups in jazz history.
A music that had its origins not only in the pop and rock of the 1960s, but in the currents that flowed from such areas of jazz as soul, funk and rhythm & blues, fusion as a musical genre emerged during the late ‘60s as jazz-rock. Artists and groups such as Larry Coryell’s Eleventh House, Tony Williams’ Lifetime and Miles Davis led the way, incorporating such elements as electronics, rock rhythms and extended tracks, nullifying much of what jazz “stood” for since its inception, namely, a swing beat, primarily blues-based music whose repertoire included both blues material as well as pop standards.
The term fusion was introduced shortly thereafter to include a variety of bands and individuals that came later, such as John McLaughlin’s Mahavishnu Orchestra, Weather Report and Chick Corea’s Return To Forever. Throughout, the emphasis on improvisation and musicianship remained constant, linking it and its practitioners with the history of jazz, despite detractors claimed they had “sold out” to commercial interests. In fact, these early experiments, when heard today, sound hardly commercial, challenging the listener to engage in what was music of a highly interactive and developed nature.
During the mid ‘70s, fusion devolved into a variant of easy-listening and/or r&b music with little or no edge, compositionally or from a performance standpoint. As a musical form, jazz musicians reclaimed it as a means to express themselves with authenticity during the ‘80s. Such artists as drummer Ronald Shannon Jackson, guitarists Pat Metheny, John Scofield, John Abercrombie and James “Blood” Ulmer as well as veteran saxophonist/trumpeter Ornette Coleman creatively took this music in different directions.of the most significant groups in jazz history.
The musical incorporation of Latin rhythmic elements in jazz has been around almost from its beginnings with the cultural intermingling in New Orleans. Jelly Roll Morton spoke of a “Spanish tinge” in his recorded music of the mid to late ‘20s. Duke Ellington and other bandleaders employed Latin forms.
A major (though not widely acknowledged) presence in the growth of Latin jazz, trumpeter/arranger Mario Bauza brought a Cuban orientation from his native Havana into Chick Webb’s band in the ‘30s, later in the decade moving on to the bands of Don Redman, Fletcher Henderson and Cab Calloway.
Working with trumpeter Dizzy Gillespie in Calloway’s band of the late ‘30s, Bauza brought in an influence that clearly led to Gillespie’s big bands of the mid ‘40s, as well as a continuing love affair with Latin musical forms for the remainder of Gillespie’s long career. Bauza went on in 1940 to become the musical mastermind of Machito’s Afro-Cubans, a band fronted by his brother-in-law, singer Frank Grillo, whose nickname was Machito.
There was a continuing flirtation with Latin rhythms through the ‘50s and ‘60s, with the addition of Brazilian samba elements in the bossa nova movement.
The musical melting pot of Latin jazz has spread further in the ‘80s and ‘90s to include not only bands and combos with first-rate improvisers of Latin American heritage but also a blending of domestic and Latin players creating some of the most exciting music on the scene.
This most recent Latin jazz renaissance has clearly been fueled by the influx of foreign players-some of them defectors from Fidel Castro’s Cuban regime-flocking to wider opportunities in New York City and Florida. There’s also a sense that the often intense yet danceable polyrhythmic qualities of the music have created a larger audience for jazz-something visceral to go with the cerebral.
The emergence of experimentalism and the avant-garde in jazz overlaps somewhat with the onset of free jazz. Always an element within jazz’s vanguard, the notions of change and innovation have always been “experimental.” What this new form of experimentalism offered jazz in the ‘50s, ‘60s and ‘70s was a more radical departure from convention, fusing new elements of rhythms, tonality and structure. In fact, avant-garde music became synonymous with open-ended forms that were less easily characterized than even free jazz.
Preplanned structure mixed with more “out” soloing, reminiscent of free jazz. Compositional styles merged with improvisation in a way that made it difficult to determine where one led off and the other began. In fact, the structure of the music in general was designed to have solos be an outgrowth of arrangements, lending coherence to what might normally be construed as a form of abstraction or even chaos. Swing rhythms, even melodies could be incorporated, but no as a rule necessarily.
Early pioneers might include pianist Lennie Tristano, saxophonist Jimmy Giuffre and composer/arranger/conductor Gunther Schuller. Later practitioners included pianists Paul Bley and Andrew Hill, saxophonists Anthony Braxton and Sam Rivers, drummers Sunny Murray and Andrew Cyrille and members of the AACM (Association for the Advancement of Creative Musicians) such as the Art Ensemble of Chicago.
Today’s music world is as diverse as the climates and geography we experience. And yet, more and more of the world’s cultures are intermingling, to the point that, as with “world music,” today’s jazz cannot help but be influenced by sounds from around the globe. European experimentalism, with classical overtones, continues to influence the music of young pioneers like saxophonist Ken Vandermark, whose avant-meets-free jazz is tempered by the works of such notable contemporaries as saxophonists Mats Gustafsson, Evan Parker and Peter Brotzmann. Other, more traditional young musicians that continue to forge their own identities include pianists Jacky Terrasson, Benny Green and Brad Mehldau, saxophonists Joshua Redman and David Sanchez, and drummers like Jeff “Tain” Watts and Billy Stewart.
The age-old tradition of mentoring continues apace with artists like trumpeter Wynton Marsalis bringing along a whole crew of acolytes for his own small groups as well as the Lincoln Center Jazz Orchestra, which he heads up. Musicians who have come under his wing, or who have benefited from their association with Marsalis, include pianists Marcus Roberts and Eric Reed, saxophonist Wes “Warmdaddy” Anderson, trumpeter Marcus Printup and vibraphonist Stefon Harris. Bassist Dave Holland has also been a fine recruiter and nurturer of young talent over the years, employing, among many others, saxophonist/M-Base artist Steve Coleman, saxophonist Steve Wilson, vibist Steve Nelson and drummer Billy Kilson. Other great mentors of young talent have included pianist Chick Corea, drummer Elvin Jones and the late singer Betty Carter.
As jazz moves into the future, the potential for creativity is great, as talent is expressed and nurtured along disparate lines, and as collaborative efforts between jazz genres is encouraged. Saxophonist Chris Potter releases somewhat mainstream recordings under his own name while recording with another great mentor, the avant master drummer Paul Motian. Likewise, legends can meet under the same banner from different worlds of jazz, as with the recent recording with Elvin Jones, saxophonist Dewey Redman and pianist Cecil Taylor.