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209 - Deregulation HE in a Developing Country
The document discusses the challenges of funding and managing private universities in Nigeria following the deregulation of higher education. It provides historical background on university education in Nigeria. Deregulation allowed private institutions and led to increased access but also management, quality, and funding challenges for new private universities. These include poor infrastructure, low faculty standards, high costs, and reliance on student fees. Private universities employ strategies like partnerships and business ventures to address issues around sustainability, staffing, and long-term planning.
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209 - Deregulation HE in a Developing Country
- 1. Deregulation & Higher Educationin a Developing Country The Challenge of Funding & Managing Private Universities in Nigeria By Mojisola Ladipo, mni
- 2. Outline • Historical Backgroundto University Education in Nigeria • The Country Nigeria : Profile • Deregulation: Pathway to the Emergence of Private Universities in Nigeria • The Challenges • The Future
- 3. Background to University Education The aspirations of Nigerians for higher education for the production and development of human resources is older than the history of tertiary education in Nigeria.
- 4. Its origin isrooted in the aspirations of Nigerians to be active players in the development of commerce, health services, engineering and administration, long before the Nigerian nation was born.
- 5. • From the 1860’s “local merchants, and mainly Sierra Leonean immigrants in Lagos sent their children overseas, especially England to train as professionals.
- 6. The intention wasto fulfill the practical need for qualified personnel in various fields of endeavour and to grant the merchants a competitive edge in commerce and social prestige for such families and the individuals.
- 8. PROFILE OF NIGERIA •Located in West Africa, bordering the Gulf of Guinea, Benin, Cameroon, Chad and Niger. • Total Land Area – 923,768sq km • Oil-Rich, with 37.2billion cu.m proven reserves • Population – over 150million
- 10. •About 95% populationis between 15-64 years of age. •33.2 % youths between 15-34 •Literacy rate – 68%
- 11. •GDP real growthrate : 8.4% •GDP per capita : $2,500 •Population below poverty line : 70%
- 12. To cater forthe new graduates from the free basic education programmes of the states and the corresponding graduates of the secondary schools, 15 new Universities, 9 new Polytechnics and 9 new Colleges of Education were established in 2006
- 13. In 2007, 1.37million students were enrolled in the nation’s Universities, Polytechnics and Colleges of Education.
- 14. It is estimatedthat about 1.8 million new entrants from the nation’s educational institutions enter the labour market each year, resulting in unemployment and underemployment.
- 15. In spite ofthe high unemployment rate now besieging University graduates in Nigeria, there is an unrelenting private or social demand for University education. - NISER (2004)
- 16. University Growth: 1930-2012 •1930– Yaba Medical School established to grant Diplomas and certificates. • 1934—Yaba Higher College established • 1949---The University College, Ibadan established
- 17. Enrolment and Outputin Nigerian Universities (1962-2004) Year Number of Enrolment Output Universities 1948 1 104 nil 1962/63 5 3,600 Under 1000 1988/89 30 158,758 37,286 1991/92 35 222,974 42,908 1995/96 37 276,440 52,823 1999/2000 38 398,556 65,145 2002/2003 55 584,774 84,744 2003/2004 56 684,747 91,015
- 18. University Enrolment andoutput. 1962- 2004 800000 700000 600000 500000 No of Univ 400000 enrolment 300000 output 200000 100000 0 3 9 2 99 6 02 0 03 3 4 /6 /8 /9 /9 20 00 20 00 00 62 88 91 95 /2 /2 /2 19 19 19 19 19
- 19. By 2009, therewere 95 Universities in Nigeria, made up of 27 Federal Universities, 34 State Universities and 34 Private Universities.
- 20. As educational institutionsat all levels increased in numbers and the enrolments in quantity, the quality and quantity of staffing, the capacity to fund solely by Government and the quality of output declined.
- 21. - 10,000,000,000 12,000,000,000 14,000,000,000 2,000,000,000 4,000,000,000 6,000,000,000 8,000,000,000 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN UNIVERSITY OF LAGOS UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA… AHMADU BELLO… OBAFEMI AWOLOWO… UNIVERSITY OF BENIN UNIVERSITY OF JOS UNIVERSITY OF CALABAR UNIVERSITY OF ILORIN UNIVERSITY OF ABUJA UNIVERSITY OF… UNIVERSITY OF… MICHAEL OKPARA… UNIVERSITY OF PORT-… Universities- 2011 ABUBAKAR TAFAWA… FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF… FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF… FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF… FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF… UNIVERSITY OF UYO UNIVERSITY OF MAIDUGURI NNAMDI AZIKIWE… BAYERO UNIVERSITY, KANO USMAN DANFODIO… FEDERAL UNIVERSITIES OF… • Funding Pattern of Federal NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY Series1
- 22. • The proliferationof Federal and State owned universities between 1975 and 1999 to meet increasing demand from the teeming youth population led to great increase in enrolment figures of students, which in turn led to diminished resource allocation.
- 23. Path to Deregulation • Irregular University calendar • Militant unionism • Decaying infrastructure • Brain drain • Declining quality of education in the universities called for new initiatives.
- 24. In 1993, the Federal Government passed a legislation (the National Minimum Standards and Establishments of Institutions Amendment Decree) allowing Private Institutions of higher learning.
- 25. Deregulation • Removal of‘bridging’ subsidy from sale and supply • Allowance of ‘market forces’ to determine price • Absence of price fixing, control of supply and uniform pricing • Cessation or stoppage of Government monopoly
- 26. The ‘deregulation’ ofthe Higher education sector in Nigeria in real terms is a liberalisation of the market by removing the rules that constrain private participation but retaining overall regulation of standards and quality through the National Universities Commission.
- 27. ADVANTAGES OF DEREGULATION •Infusion of private capital and initiative • Competition among players. • Increase in public access to services
- 28. Ownership of NigerianUniversities: 2010 27 36 104 41 Federal State Private Total
- 29. As at 2012,there are 118 Universities in Nigeria comprising: • 45 owned by entrepreneurs and faith based organisations • 36 Federal Government • 37 State Governments
- 30. OWNERSHIP PATTERN OFUNIVERSITIES NIGERIA 37 45 Private Federal State 36
- 31. Undergraduate population in Nigeriarose from 300,618 in 1999 to 1,096,312 in 2006 and over 2 million by 2011
- 32. Positive trends • IncreasedAccess by over 30% • Stable Academic calendar – No Unions • Alternative choice for middle class families • Relatively better environment conducive to learning and teaching
- 33. • Small population,hence more focussed on rich learning and teaching experience • Higher moral tone in the faith based Institutions due to emphasis on spirituality and moral counselling • Healthy competition in the higher education sector
- 34.
- 35. MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES • InfancyStage, hence no established tradition of Governance, Management and Administration • Micro management by the proprietor (s) • Lack of respect for Governance structure • Conflict between Management and Proprietors • Lack of Appellate body for conflict resolution
- 36. Challenges of quality: Students • Poor quality applicants • Challenges of academic performance • Pressure on maintenance of high enrolment and low drop out rate for financial reasons • Challenge of discipline vis-a-vis personal freedom
- 37. Coping strategy • Strongremedial teaching • Smaller classes / higher contact rate through tutorials, make-up classes for slow students • Emphasis on proactive measures against institutional cultures that alienate students or are detrimental to student performance
- 38. Challenge of Quality: Staff • Low standard of available faculty • High rate of adjunct and Part time Faculty • Low research capability/ output • Lack of job security
- 39. Coping strategy • Relianceon adjunct, visiting and part time staff from neighbouring institutions • Strong linkage with overseas partners/ faith institutions • Development of ‘own’ core staff through retaining and training fresh graduates
- 40. • ‘Poaching’ withincentives • Strong Quality Assurance and Peer review Directorates • Mentoring and Coaching by Senior Academics
- 41. Funding • Private Universitiesare currently considered very expensive due to high poverty level among the citizenry • The congregation of faith based Universities can hardly afford to send their children to the schools established with their contributions
- 42. Range of fees 8,000,000 7,000,000 6,000,000 5,000,000 4,000,000 3,000,000 706,038 2,000,000 Series 2 1,000,000 Series 3 0
- 43. Challenges of funding •High Cost Universities • Total Reliance of Fees and Proprietors Grants • Inability to plan long term • High basic cost for Infrastructure and no funding for research and Development
- 44. Coping Strategy • Consciousefforts at maintaining high retention Rates • Strong links with overseas partners and faith Institutions for gifts, endowments and grants • Early establishment of Advancement Offices
- 45. •Focussed and dedicated cultivation of potential donors •Business strategies applied to academic decisions
- 46. • Long TermInvestment in Ventures • Business partnering/ Stand alone to provide continuous flow of funds. E.g. Printing Press, Feeder Schools, Petrol Stations, Agricultural Ventures, Hotels and Resorts.
- 47. The Future • Theadvent of private incursion has changed the Higher Education landscape • Some Casualties definitely expected like all business ventures • Over time, greater collaboration between Public and private Institutions envisaged.