This document summarizes a research article that investigated the effect of adding carbonized eggshells and fly ash on the microstructure, mechanical properties, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance of an aluminum-silicon alloy. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed phases of aluminum, silicon dioxide, and silicon in the aluminum matrix composites produced via stir casting, along with an intermetallic copper aluminum phase. Test results showed that mechanical properties, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance improved with the addition of up to 7.5% fly ash, with the 2.5% fly ash composite exhibiting the best performance. This research aimed to explore using sustainable waste materials as hybrid reinforcements in aluminum matrix composites.
This document reviews research on aluminum metal matrix composites reinforced with particulate materials. Stir casting is identified as the most common and cost-effective fabrication method. Studies have found that decreasing particle size and increasing the percentage of reinforcement leads to increases in hardness and tensile strength of the composites. Specifically, aluminum composites reinforced with 15% volume fraction of TiB2 particles showed over two times increase in tensile and yield strengths but 68% decrease in ductility compared to the aluminum alloy matrix. Adding 4% copper to the aluminum matrix along with 10% volume fraction of TiB2 reinforcement further improved tensile and yield strengths by factors of 2.5 and 2.8 respectively while maintaining higher ductility.
Studies On Microstructure And Mechanical Properties Of Flyash Reinforced Al20...dbpublications
The aim is to study the mechanical property and Tribological behavior of Al2024/flyash composite with various weight fractions (3%, 6%, 9%) were prepared by squeeze casting method. The average particle size of flyash is 45-50 μm. In addition, Al2024 alloys were cast for comparison purposes. Microstructure, hardness and tensile properties of these composites were evaluated and compared with as-cast alloy and the composites. In addition, tribological properties of these composites were evaluated using a Pin-on-Disc apparatus with different parameters of varying loads of 10N and 50N and(with constant parameters such as time of 10 minutes, sliding velocity of 3 m/s, track diameter of 150mm).The microstructure of the composites shows homogenous distribution of flyash particles in the Al matrix composite. The wear and mechanical properties of composites improve with increasing the weight fraction of flyash. The aim of present study is to evaluate the effect of microstructure, mechanical and tribological properties of aluminium alloy Al2024/flyash metal matrix composites
Synthesis And Characterization of Aluminum –Silicon-Fly Ash Composite By Stir...IRJESJOURNAL
The document summarizes research on the synthesis and characterization of aluminum-silicon carbide-fly ash composites fabricated using stir casting. Three samples were produced: (1) aluminum 7075, (2) 90% aluminum-10% silicon carbide, and (3) 90% aluminum-10% fly ash. The composites were analyzed using chemical confirmation tests, microhardness testing, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that hardness and strength increased with higher reinforcement content. SEM revealed uniform dispersion of silicon carbide and fly ash particles. Microhardness was highest for the aluminum-silicon carbide composite, indicating silicon carbide improved properties more than fly ash. The composites exhibited fairly uniform distribution
Strength Analysis of Aluminium Composite Reinforced with Coconut Ash Powder A...ijtsrd
The strength of Al 6063 and against its reinforced samples using coconut husk has been analysed. The wide range of applications of these metals lies in the field of aeronautical engineering, automobile engineering, marine Industry, military and also in the architectural field. The different tests which have been carried out on this metal and its composites are UTM, Brinell test and Impact test. Muhib-Ul-Hussian | Dr. Gautam Kocher | Er Pradeep Singh "Strength Analysis of Aluminium Composite Reinforced with Coconut Ash Powder: A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30525.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/30525/strength-analysis-of-aluminium-composite-reinforced-with-coconut-ash-powder-a-review/muhibulhussian
Dynamic and physical characterization of the hybrid composites copper- based ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that examined the dynamic and physical properties of copper powder metallurgy composites reinforced with B4C and Si3N4 nanoparticles. The study found that including these ceramic particles can effectively regulate the composites' dynamic and physical characteristics. Specifically, the ceramic particles increased the grain structure and improved mechanical properties but decreased total density. Mode shapes analyzed using finite element modeling showed that the ceramic particles localized vibration in certain areas and their interaction formed complex vibration patterns, allowing control of vibration properties. The study demonstrated that powder metallurgy composites with regulated vibration have potential for applications requiring vibration management.
Advanced research progresses in aluminium metal matrix composites an overview8019383943
This document provides an overview of advanced research on aluminum metal matrix composites (AMMCs). It discusses that AMMCs offer improved mechanical and tribological properties over conventional metals and are well-suited for applications in automotive, aerospace, and defense industries due to properties like high strength and wear resistance. Common reinforcement materials used in AMMCs include SiC, Al2O3, TiB2, and B4C. Stir casting is a commonly used fabrication method that allows for a uniform dispersion of reinforcements in the aluminum alloy matrix. However, limitations include non-homogeneous particle distribution and wettability issues during casting.
The document discusses a study on aluminium-fly ash composites fabricated using a two-step stir casting method. Fly ash particles were added to molten aluminum at different weight percentages between 5-25% to produce composites. The composites were then evaluated for their microstructure, mechanical, wear and corrosion properties. Key results showed that hardness, tensile strength and compressive strength increased with fly ash content up to 20% due to the hard fly ash particles resisting deformation. However, properties started decreasing beyond 20% fly ash due to increased porosity and particle clustering. Density of the composites also decreased linearly with the addition of fly ash particles which have a lower density than aluminum.
A Study on Mechanical Properties of Aluminum, Rice Husk and Silicon Carbide M...ijsrd.com
Aluminium is an abundant element of 8% on earth’s crust and normally found in Aluminum oxide i.e. bauxite. In the present work the mechanical behavior of pure aluminium reinforced with Silicon Carbide and Rice Husk ash fabricated by liquid metallurgical (stir casting) method was investigated. The reinforcements were added in varying weight percentages of (3% - 6%). Tests were conducted for tensile test, impact test and hardness test. The results reveal that higher tensile strength with increase in rice husk content and higher impact strength & hardness of the hybrid composite with increased SiC content.
This document reviews research on aluminum metal matrix composites reinforced with particulate materials. Stir casting is identified as the most common and cost-effective fabrication method. Studies have found that decreasing particle size and increasing the percentage of reinforcement leads to increases in hardness and tensile strength of the composites. Specifically, aluminum composites reinforced with 15% volume fraction of TiB2 particles showed over two times increase in tensile and yield strengths but 68% decrease in ductility compared to the aluminum alloy matrix. Adding 4% copper to the aluminum matrix along with 10% volume fraction of TiB2 reinforcement further improved tensile and yield strengths by factors of 2.5 and 2.8 respectively while maintaining higher ductility.
Studies On Microstructure And Mechanical Properties Of Flyash Reinforced Al20...dbpublications
The aim is to study the mechanical property and Tribological behavior of Al2024/flyash composite with various weight fractions (3%, 6%, 9%) were prepared by squeeze casting method. The average particle size of flyash is 45-50 μm. In addition, Al2024 alloys were cast for comparison purposes. Microstructure, hardness and tensile properties of these composites were evaluated and compared with as-cast alloy and the composites. In addition, tribological properties of these composites were evaluated using a Pin-on-Disc apparatus with different parameters of varying loads of 10N and 50N and(with constant parameters such as time of 10 minutes, sliding velocity of 3 m/s, track diameter of 150mm).The microstructure of the composites shows homogenous distribution of flyash particles in the Al matrix composite. The wear and mechanical properties of composites improve with increasing the weight fraction of flyash. The aim of present study is to evaluate the effect of microstructure, mechanical and tribological properties of aluminium alloy Al2024/flyash metal matrix composites
Synthesis And Characterization of Aluminum –Silicon-Fly Ash Composite By Stir...IRJESJOURNAL
The document summarizes research on the synthesis and characterization of aluminum-silicon carbide-fly ash composites fabricated using stir casting. Three samples were produced: (1) aluminum 7075, (2) 90% aluminum-10% silicon carbide, and (3) 90% aluminum-10% fly ash. The composites were analyzed using chemical confirmation tests, microhardness testing, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that hardness and strength increased with higher reinforcement content. SEM revealed uniform dispersion of silicon carbide and fly ash particles. Microhardness was highest for the aluminum-silicon carbide composite, indicating silicon carbide improved properties more than fly ash. The composites exhibited fairly uniform distribution
Strength Analysis of Aluminium Composite Reinforced with Coconut Ash Powder A...ijtsrd
The strength of Al 6063 and against its reinforced samples using coconut husk has been analysed. The wide range of applications of these metals lies in the field of aeronautical engineering, automobile engineering, marine Industry, military and also in the architectural field. The different tests which have been carried out on this metal and its composites are UTM, Brinell test and Impact test. Muhib-Ul-Hussian | Dr. Gautam Kocher | Er Pradeep Singh "Strength Analysis of Aluminium Composite Reinforced with Coconut Ash Powder: A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30525.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/30525/strength-analysis-of-aluminium-composite-reinforced-with-coconut-ash-powder-a-review/muhibulhussian
Dynamic and physical characterization of the hybrid composites copper- based ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that examined the dynamic and physical properties of copper powder metallurgy composites reinforced with B4C and Si3N4 nanoparticles. The study found that including these ceramic particles can effectively regulate the composites' dynamic and physical characteristics. Specifically, the ceramic particles increased the grain structure and improved mechanical properties but decreased total density. Mode shapes analyzed using finite element modeling showed that the ceramic particles localized vibration in certain areas and their interaction formed complex vibration patterns, allowing control of vibration properties. The study demonstrated that powder metallurgy composites with regulated vibration have potential for applications requiring vibration management.
Advanced research progresses in aluminium metal matrix composites an overview8019383943
This document provides an overview of advanced research on aluminum metal matrix composites (AMMCs). It discusses that AMMCs offer improved mechanical and tribological properties over conventional metals and are well-suited for applications in automotive, aerospace, and defense industries due to properties like high strength and wear resistance. Common reinforcement materials used in AMMCs include SiC, Al2O3, TiB2, and B4C. Stir casting is a commonly used fabrication method that allows for a uniform dispersion of reinforcements in the aluminum alloy matrix. However, limitations include non-homogeneous particle distribution and wettability issues during casting.
The document discusses a study on aluminium-fly ash composites fabricated using a two-step stir casting method. Fly ash particles were added to molten aluminum at different weight percentages between 5-25% to produce composites. The composites were then evaluated for their microstructure, mechanical, wear and corrosion properties. Key results showed that hardness, tensile strength and compressive strength increased with fly ash content up to 20% due to the hard fly ash particles resisting deformation. However, properties started decreasing beyond 20% fly ash due to increased porosity and particle clustering. Density of the composites also decreased linearly with the addition of fly ash particles which have a lower density than aluminum.
A Study on Mechanical Properties of Aluminum, Rice Husk and Silicon Carbide M...ijsrd.com
Aluminium is an abundant element of 8% on earth’s crust and normally found in Aluminum oxide i.e. bauxite. In the present work the mechanical behavior of pure aluminium reinforced with Silicon Carbide and Rice Husk ash fabricated by liquid metallurgical (stir casting) method was investigated. The reinforcements were added in varying weight percentages of (3% - 6%). Tests were conducted for tensile test, impact test and hardness test. The results reveal that higher tensile strength with increase in rice husk content and higher impact strength & hardness of the hybrid composite with increased SiC content.
A Study on Mechanical Properties of Aluminium Alloy (LM6) Reinforced with SiC...IOSR Journals
This work deals with fabricating or producing aluminium based metal matrix composite and then
studying its microstructure and mechanical properties such as tensile strength, impact strength and wear
behavior of produced test specimen. In the present study a modest attempt has been made to develop aluminium
based MMCs with reinforcing material, with an objective to develop a conventional low cast method of
producing MMCs and to obtain homogeneous dispersion of reinforced material. To achieve this objective stir
casting technique has been adopted. Aluminium Alloy (LM6) and SiC, Fly Ash has been chosen as matrix and
reinforcing material respectively. Experiment has been conducted by varying weight fraction of Fly Ash ( 5%
and 15%) while keeping SiC constant(5%). The result shown that the increase in addition of Fly Ash increases
the Tensile Strength, Impact Strength, Wear Resistance of the specimen and decreases the percentage of
Elongation
Development of WC-Feal Composite by Stir Casting MethodDr. Amarjeet Singh
In this paper author make an effort to develop a new
material for fulfill the need of present requirement. This
material is developed by the using of stir casting method. A
AMMC’s composite are developed to fulfill the need of present
requirements. This composite material is prepared by the use
of 3 metals. These metals are iron (Fe), aluminum (Al) and
tungsten carbide (WC).Thus this composite come under metal
matrix composite. This composite is WC – FeAl composite.
This is prepared by the use of stir casting method. The base
metals are iron and aluminum. These are having equal
quantity by weight. In this the sample is prepared by the
change the of percentage reinforcement. This is varying from
0 to 3%. A test is conduct to check their tensile strength as
well as compressive strength. By these test it is confirm that
with the increase the percentage of reinforcement in the
composite their tensile strength is decrease but their
compressive strength is increase.
Review Paper on Nanotechnology-enhanced fiber-reinforced polymer compositesAdib Bin Rashid
Incorporating nanoparticles can significantly improve the performance and functionality of fiberreinforced polymer (FRP) composites. Different techniques exist for processing, testing, and implementing nanocomposites in various industries. Depending on these factors, these materials can be tailored to suit the specific applications of the automotive and aerospace industries, defence industries, biomedical and energy sectors etc. Nanotechnology offers several potential benefits for composites, including improved mechanical properties, surface modification, and sensing capabilities. This paper discusses the different types of nanoparticles, nanofibers, and nano-coating that can be used for reinforcement, surface modification, and property enhancement in FRP composites. It also examines the challenges associated with incorporating nanotechnology into composites and provides recommendations for potential opportunities in future work. This
study is intended to offer a comprehensive understanding of the current research on using nanotechnology in FRP composites and its potential impact on the composites industry
A comparative study on the influence of MWCNT, GO, and Al(OH)3 gel matrix mo...Adib Bin Rashid
The main objective of this paper was to identify the influence of different filler materials on the properties of hybrid composites. The hybrid composites were fabricated using randomly oriented glass fiber mats, needle punched jute fiber mats, and epoxy resin as the matrix material. Three different kinds of filler materials were studied: Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs), Graphene Oxide (GO), and Aluminum Hydroxide (AlOH)
nanoparticles. The secondary reinforcements were dispersed in the epoxy matrix through ultrasonication. The
composites were made by conventional hand lay-up followed by applying high pressure and temperature under a hydraulic press to effectively cure and minimize voids within the final composite. These were compared with the
properties of the unmodified composite containing no filler. The influence on mechanical properties was evaluated through tensile, flexural, and impact tests. Failure modes of the fractured tensile specimen were observed
through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis was done to observe
the changes in the chemical structure upon the addition of secondary reinforcements. Lastly, water absorption
behavior and flame retardancy were observed as well. The results showed that MWCNT resulted in the composite
exhibiting superior properties and GO, on the contrary, led to the deterioration of the properties. This could be
because an optimum concentration of MWCNT was used, whereas this was not the case for GO filler. The addition
of MWCNT resulted in a more substantial but brittle composite, while AlOH enhanced the ductility of the
composite by compromising the overall strength. Hence, it can be concluded that MWCNT resulted in the formation of composites with the most desired properties.
Study of Wear Behavior of Aluminum based MMCs using Taguchi MethodsRSIS International
composite material is a material system composed of a mixture or combination of two or more micro or macro constituents that differ in form and chemical composition and which are essentially insoluble in each other. Stir casting method is used to fabricate Metal Matrix composites (MMCs) having fly ash in 3, 6, 9 wt% and e-glass fibre in 3 wt%. The dry sliding wear tests were conducted on composite material using a pin-on-disc wear testing setup with a normal pin load of 20N, 40N and 60N, and wear rate for each load is calculated for different sliding speeds. Analytical modelling of composite material is carried out by Taguchi’s design of experiments (DOE) using L27 orthogonal array. The experimental results were transformed into a signal-to-noise (S/N) ratios. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to determine the design parameters significantly influencing the wear rate of the composite material. Based on the experimental results, a multiple linear regression model was developed. A regression equation thus generated establishes correlation between the significant terms obtained from ANOVA, namely, load, sliding speed, fly ash content and their interactions. In order to validate the regression model, confirmation wear tests were conducted with parameter levels that were different from those used for analysis. The error associated with the relationship between the experimental values and the computed values of the regression model for hybrid composites was around ±5%.
The document summarizes research on the design and fabrication of hybrid composite springs. Five different types of springs were created using epoxy, glass fiber, and silk at varying volume fractions. Mechanical tests were conducted to evaluate the springs' performance. Literature on composite leaf springs, natural fiber composites, and fatigue testing of helical springs is also reviewed. The research aims to reduce vehicle weight through replacing traditional steel springs with lighter composite alternatives.
Mechanical Behaviour ofAl2014 Reinforced with Boron Carbide and Short Basalt ...IJERA Editor
The present study was aimed at evaluating the effect of short Basalt Fiber and B4Con hardness and impact
strength of Al 2014 Composites. These AMCs with individual and multiple reinforcement (hybrid MMCs) are
finding increased applications in aerospace, automobile, space, underwater and transportation applications. An
effort is made to enhance the Hardness and Impact properties of AMCs by reinforcing Al2014 matrix with
Varying Proportion of Short basalt fiber and Boron carbide by stir casting method. Aluminum alloy matrix
varying proportions of boron carbide particulates and Short Basalt fibers were fabricated. The microstructure,
hardness and impact strength properties of the fabricated AMCs were analyzed. The optical microstructure study
revealed the homogeneous dispersion of B4C particles and Short Basalt fiber in the matrix. Based on the results
obtained from the Hardness and Impact of the metal matrix composites it is observed that, the hardness and
impact strength increases with increase in the amount of reinforcement‘s.
This document provides a review of the mechanical and tribological properties of stir cast aluminum matrix composites. It discusses how the stir casting process can incorporate particulate reinforcements like alumina, silicon carbide, and graphite into molten aluminum in a cheap and effective way. The document outlines that additions of alumina and silicon carbide have been shown to increase the mechanical properties and wear resistance of aluminum composites. It also reviews how modified stir casting techniques and use of hybrid reinforcements can further improve the distribution of particles and mechanical behavior of these materials.
Characterization of Al/WC/Fly ash Metal Matrix Compositesijtsrd
Metal matrix composites are formed by combination of two or more materials (at least one of the materials is metal) having dissimilar characteristics. In this present investigation, aluminium (Al 6061) as base matrix metal and tungsten carbide (WC) particulate, fly ash as reinforcements. Fabrication of MMCs was done by stir-casting process. The Tungsten Carbide particulate was added in proportions of 1%, 2%, and 3% and Fly ash was added in proportions of 2%, 4%, and 6% on mass fraction basis to the molten metal. The different combination sets of composites were prepared. Mechanical properties like tensile strength and hardness were studied for both reinforced and unreinforced Al 6061 samples. Microstructure examination was carried by using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) to obtain the distribution of tungsten carbide particulate and fly ash in base matrix. From the results, it was found that the tensile strength and the hardness of the prepared metal matrix composites increased with increase in tungsten carbide and fly ash content. The Scanning Electron Micrographs of the samples indicated uniform distribution of tungsten carbide and fly ash particles in the base matrix without voids before testing and with voids after testing. Nithin K"Characterization of Al/WC/Fly ash Metal Matrix Composites" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd10937.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/10937/characterization-of-alwcfly-ash-metal-matrix-composites/nithin-k
A Review on the Progress and Challenges of Aluminum-Based Metal Matrix Compos...IRJET Journal
This document reviews the progress and challenges of aluminum-based metal matrix composites (MMCs), focusing on their fabrication processes and applications. It discusses how various aluminum MMCs have been developed using reinforcements like borides, carbides, oxides, and nitrides to improve mechanical and wear properties. These composites have gained prominence for their lightweight, high-strength and corrosion resistance properties. The document also examines recent advancements in fabrication techniques for aluminum MMCs and their growing applications in industries such as aerospace and automotive. However, it notes that challenges remain around issues like improper mixing of reinforcements and reducing reinforcement agglomeration.
ANALYSIS OF THE MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF DATE SEED POWDER-BASED COMPOSIT...Barhm Mohamad
The document analyzes the mechanical properties of carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy (CFRE) composites reinforced with different weight percentages of date seed powder granules (DSGP). Tensile, flexural, impact, and hardness tests were performed on CFRE composites with 0%, 15%, 25%, and 35% DSGP. The results showed that the 15% DSGP composite had the highest breaking force in tensile testing. The 35% DSGP composite had the highest maximum bending force in flexural testing. The 25% DSGP composite had the highest energy absorption capacity in impact testing and hardness. Overall, the optimal composition for mechanical properties was found to be 15-25% DSGP.
Mechanical Behaviour of AA 6061-Ca2SiO3 Compositeijtsrd
The advantage of composite materials over non alloy virgin metals has been on the front burner in the engineering materials sphere. To this ends, various reinforcement materials are constantly been mixed with metal matrix to form new composite materials. Ca2SiO3 is a ceramic material which finds application in medicine, heat and noise insulation, acid remediation, cement production etc. since it possesses qualities needed for the formation of composites, and is largely not researched on, this study aimed to characterize the mechanical properties of the AA 6061 Ca2SiO3 composite for different composition of percentage mix, and to establish a model that would predict the UTS for known values of percentage mix and load. Result of the study shows that 6 Ca2SiO3 - 94 AA 6061 and 24 Ca2SiO3 - 76 AA 6061 possessed the highest modulus of elasticity and are stiffer while 2 Ca2SiO3 - 98 AA 6061 mix had the lowest modulus of elasticity, and is more ductile than other composition mix. Also, it was observed that addition of Ca2SiO3 to AA 6061 T4 greatly improves its mechanical properties and96.43 of the variations in stress experienced by various percentage composition of the composite mix can be explained by the developed model. B. C. Chukwudi | B. M. Ogunedo "Mechanical Behaviour of AA 6061-Ca2SiO3 Composite" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47596.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/47596/mechanical-behaviour-of-aa-6061-ca2sio3-composite/b-c-chukwudi
UPGRADING COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE COLUMN USING FIBER REINFORCED POLYMERIRJET Journal
The document discusses upgrading the compressive strength of concrete columns using fiber reinforced polymer wrapping. It aims to study the effect of wrapping reinforced concrete columns with carbon fiber reinforced polymer on compressive and tensile strength parameters. The experimental program involves casting concrete specimens that are either unwrapped or wrapped with CFRP. The results show that CFRP wrapping significantly increases the compressive strength and ductility of concrete columns compared to unwrapped columns. The document also provides details on the materials used like cement, aggregates and carbon fibers, and the procedure of casting and testing concrete specimens.
This document discusses using fly ash particles as reinforcement in aluminum matrix composites for automotive applications. Fly ash is a waste product from coal combustion that can be used to create lightweight composites with aluminum. The document reviews previous research on aluminum-fly ash composites and their mechanical properties like hardness and strength. It investigates producing aluminum-fly ash composites with 5-25% fly ash content using a two-step stir casting method. The composites are characterized to study their microstructure, mechanical properties, wear resistance, and corrosion behavior for automotive component applications.
TRIBOLOGICAL STUDY ON HEAT-TREATEDALUMINIUM MATRIX COMPOSITESIRJET Journal
The document discusses tribological studies on heat-treated aluminum matrix composites. It first provides background on aluminum 7075 composites and their reinforcement with silicon nitride and alumina. Composites were fabricated using stir casting and specimens were aged through heat treatment. Hardness tests showed heat treatment improved properties. Wear analysis was then performed on the highest hardness specimens. The document reviews related literature on heat treatment improving properties like hardness and wear resistance of aluminum composites. It then describes the experimental methodology, including stir casting and specimen preparation for testing.
IRJET- Investigation on Ferrock based Mortar an Environment Friendly ConcreteIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research into Ferrock, an environmentally friendly concrete alternative. Ferrock is composed of iron powder, fly ash, limestone, metakaolin, and oxalic acid. Tests were conducted varying the concentration of oxalic acid as a catalyst in Ferrock mortar mixes. The optimum molarity of oxalic acid was found to be 10 moles, resulting in the highest compressive strength. Ferrock concrete was found to have twice the strength of conventional concrete. Carbonation depth tests also showed Ferrock fully absorbs CO2 during curing, making it carbon negative. In conclusion, Ferrock is a promising greener construction material with higher strength and environmental benefits compared to traditional concrete.
IRJET- Performance of Fiber Reinforced Self Compacting Concrete Made with...IRJET Journal
This document presents research on fiber reinforced self-compacting concrete (FRSCC) made with manufactured sand. The study investigated the workability and mechanical strength properties of FRSCC mixtures with varying fiber types (steel and polypropylene) and dosages (0.5-2% by volume). Testing of fresh and hardened concrete properties showed that FRSCC mixtures with 1% steel fiber or 1.5% polypropylene fiber content met fresh concrete workability standards and achieved higher compressive and flexural strengths than plain self-compacting concrete. The results indicate that manufactured sand can be partially substituted for natural river sand in producing fiber reinforced self-compacting concrete with improved mechanical properties.
Experimental Investigation and Analysis A Mechanical Properties of Hybrid Pol...IJRES Journal
The hybrids composite has emerged and have the potential reinforcement material for composites and thus gain attraction by many researchers. This is mainly due to their applicable benefits have they offer low density, low cost, renewable, biodegradability and environmentally harmless and also comparable mechanical properties with synthetic fiber composites. In the project natural fiber and glass hybrid composites were fabricated by using epoxy resin combination of hand lay-up method and cold press method. Specimen was cut from the fabricated laminate according to the ASTM standard for different experiments for tensile test, flexural text, and impact test. A significant improvement in tensile strength was indicated by the woven fiber glass hybrid composites. In this hybrid composite laminates banana-glass-banana (BGB) and glass-banana-glass (GBG) exhibit higher mechanical properties due to chemical treatment to natural fibers. So, the hybrid composite material shows the highest mechanical properties. This High performance hybrid composite material has extensive engineering applications such as transport industry, aeronautics, naval, automotive industries.
Experimental Investigation of Wear Properties of Aluminium LM25 Red Mud Metal...IJSRD
The use of different kind of Metal-matrix composite materials is in constant growing over the years, because they have better physical, mechanical and tribological properties comparing to matrix materials. In automotive industry they are used for pistons, cylinders, engine blocks, brakes and power transfer system elements. Research attempts have been made in the past toreduce the cost of processing of composites, decrease the weight of the composites, and increase the desired performance characteristics. This paper presents the findings of an experimental investigation on the effects of applied load, RPM, Sliding distance and pin temperature in dry sliding wear studies performed on red mud-based aluminum metal matrix composites (MMC). Red mud is an industrial waste during the production of aluminum from bauxite ore. A pin-on-disc apparatus was used to conduct the dry sliding wear test. Taguchi-based L9 orthogonal array has been used to accomplish the objective of the experimental study. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is employed to find the optimal setting and the effect of each parameter on wear rate.
Development of Aluminium Metal Matrix Composite Using Stir Casting Methodtheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
This certificate certifies that Palukuri Veerendra from Kakinada Institute of Engineering & Technology participated in an online webinar on AWS Welding Consumables Classification held on May 29, 2020 at M.A.M. College of Engineering and Technology in Trichy. The webinar was organized by M.A.M. College and the certificate was signed by the Mechanical Engineering department head Dr. P. Selvaraj and the principal Dr. X. Susan Christina.
The document is a certificate of publication awarded to Palukuri Veerendra for their research paper entitled "Investigation of Mechanical Behaviour and Microstructure Analysis of AA5754/TiB2/B4C- Based Aluminium Hybrid Composites" published in the International Journal for Innovative Research in Multidisciplinary Field in January 2023. The paper has a paper ID of IJIRMF202301006 and discusses the mechanical behavior and microstructure analysis of aluminum hybrid composites.
A Study on Mechanical Properties of Aluminium Alloy (LM6) Reinforced with SiC...IOSR Journals
This work deals with fabricating or producing aluminium based metal matrix composite and then
studying its microstructure and mechanical properties such as tensile strength, impact strength and wear
behavior of produced test specimen. In the present study a modest attempt has been made to develop aluminium
based MMCs with reinforcing material, with an objective to develop a conventional low cast method of
producing MMCs and to obtain homogeneous dispersion of reinforced material. To achieve this objective stir
casting technique has been adopted. Aluminium Alloy (LM6) and SiC, Fly Ash has been chosen as matrix and
reinforcing material respectively. Experiment has been conducted by varying weight fraction of Fly Ash ( 5%
and 15%) while keeping SiC constant(5%). The result shown that the increase in addition of Fly Ash increases
the Tensile Strength, Impact Strength, Wear Resistance of the specimen and decreases the percentage of
Elongation
Development of WC-Feal Composite by Stir Casting MethodDr. Amarjeet Singh
In this paper author make an effort to develop a new
material for fulfill the need of present requirement. This
material is developed by the using of stir casting method. A
AMMC’s composite are developed to fulfill the need of present
requirements. This composite material is prepared by the use
of 3 metals. These metals are iron (Fe), aluminum (Al) and
tungsten carbide (WC).Thus this composite come under metal
matrix composite. This composite is WC – FeAl composite.
This is prepared by the use of stir casting method. The base
metals are iron and aluminum. These are having equal
quantity by weight. In this the sample is prepared by the
change the of percentage reinforcement. This is varying from
0 to 3%. A test is conduct to check their tensile strength as
well as compressive strength. By these test it is confirm that
with the increase the percentage of reinforcement in the
composite their tensile strength is decrease but their
compressive strength is increase.
Review Paper on Nanotechnology-enhanced fiber-reinforced polymer compositesAdib Bin Rashid
Incorporating nanoparticles can significantly improve the performance and functionality of fiberreinforced polymer (FRP) composites. Different techniques exist for processing, testing, and implementing nanocomposites in various industries. Depending on these factors, these materials can be tailored to suit the specific applications of the automotive and aerospace industries, defence industries, biomedical and energy sectors etc. Nanotechnology offers several potential benefits for composites, including improved mechanical properties, surface modification, and sensing capabilities. This paper discusses the different types of nanoparticles, nanofibers, and nano-coating that can be used for reinforcement, surface modification, and property enhancement in FRP composites. It also examines the challenges associated with incorporating nanotechnology into composites and provides recommendations for potential opportunities in future work. This
study is intended to offer a comprehensive understanding of the current research on using nanotechnology in FRP composites and its potential impact on the composites industry
A comparative study on the influence of MWCNT, GO, and Al(OH)3 gel matrix mo...Adib Bin Rashid
The main objective of this paper was to identify the influence of different filler materials on the properties of hybrid composites. The hybrid composites were fabricated using randomly oriented glass fiber mats, needle punched jute fiber mats, and epoxy resin as the matrix material. Three different kinds of filler materials were studied: Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs), Graphene Oxide (GO), and Aluminum Hydroxide (AlOH)
nanoparticles. The secondary reinforcements were dispersed in the epoxy matrix through ultrasonication. The
composites were made by conventional hand lay-up followed by applying high pressure and temperature under a hydraulic press to effectively cure and minimize voids within the final composite. These were compared with the
properties of the unmodified composite containing no filler. The influence on mechanical properties was evaluated through tensile, flexural, and impact tests. Failure modes of the fractured tensile specimen were observed
through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis was done to observe
the changes in the chemical structure upon the addition of secondary reinforcements. Lastly, water absorption
behavior and flame retardancy were observed as well. The results showed that MWCNT resulted in the composite
exhibiting superior properties and GO, on the contrary, led to the deterioration of the properties. This could be
because an optimum concentration of MWCNT was used, whereas this was not the case for GO filler. The addition
of MWCNT resulted in a more substantial but brittle composite, while AlOH enhanced the ductility of the
composite by compromising the overall strength. Hence, it can be concluded that MWCNT resulted in the formation of composites with the most desired properties.
Study of Wear Behavior of Aluminum based MMCs using Taguchi MethodsRSIS International
composite material is a material system composed of a mixture or combination of two or more micro or macro constituents that differ in form and chemical composition and which are essentially insoluble in each other. Stir casting method is used to fabricate Metal Matrix composites (MMCs) having fly ash in 3, 6, 9 wt% and e-glass fibre in 3 wt%. The dry sliding wear tests were conducted on composite material using a pin-on-disc wear testing setup with a normal pin load of 20N, 40N and 60N, and wear rate for each load is calculated for different sliding speeds. Analytical modelling of composite material is carried out by Taguchi’s design of experiments (DOE) using L27 orthogonal array. The experimental results were transformed into a signal-to-noise (S/N) ratios. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to determine the design parameters significantly influencing the wear rate of the composite material. Based on the experimental results, a multiple linear regression model was developed. A regression equation thus generated establishes correlation between the significant terms obtained from ANOVA, namely, load, sliding speed, fly ash content and their interactions. In order to validate the regression model, confirmation wear tests were conducted with parameter levels that were different from those used for analysis. The error associated with the relationship between the experimental values and the computed values of the regression model for hybrid composites was around ±5%.
The document summarizes research on the design and fabrication of hybrid composite springs. Five different types of springs were created using epoxy, glass fiber, and silk at varying volume fractions. Mechanical tests were conducted to evaluate the springs' performance. Literature on composite leaf springs, natural fiber composites, and fatigue testing of helical springs is also reviewed. The research aims to reduce vehicle weight through replacing traditional steel springs with lighter composite alternatives.
Mechanical Behaviour ofAl2014 Reinforced with Boron Carbide and Short Basalt ...IJERA Editor
The present study was aimed at evaluating the effect of short Basalt Fiber and B4Con hardness and impact
strength of Al 2014 Composites. These AMCs with individual and multiple reinforcement (hybrid MMCs) are
finding increased applications in aerospace, automobile, space, underwater and transportation applications. An
effort is made to enhance the Hardness and Impact properties of AMCs by reinforcing Al2014 matrix with
Varying Proportion of Short basalt fiber and Boron carbide by stir casting method. Aluminum alloy matrix
varying proportions of boron carbide particulates and Short Basalt fibers were fabricated. The microstructure,
hardness and impact strength properties of the fabricated AMCs were analyzed. The optical microstructure study
revealed the homogeneous dispersion of B4C particles and Short Basalt fiber in the matrix. Based on the results
obtained from the Hardness and Impact of the metal matrix composites it is observed that, the hardness and
impact strength increases with increase in the amount of reinforcement‘s.
This document provides a review of the mechanical and tribological properties of stir cast aluminum matrix composites. It discusses how the stir casting process can incorporate particulate reinforcements like alumina, silicon carbide, and graphite into molten aluminum in a cheap and effective way. The document outlines that additions of alumina and silicon carbide have been shown to increase the mechanical properties and wear resistance of aluminum composites. It also reviews how modified stir casting techniques and use of hybrid reinforcements can further improve the distribution of particles and mechanical behavior of these materials.
Characterization of Al/WC/Fly ash Metal Matrix Compositesijtsrd
Metal matrix composites are formed by combination of two or more materials (at least one of the materials is metal) having dissimilar characteristics. In this present investigation, aluminium (Al 6061) as base matrix metal and tungsten carbide (WC) particulate, fly ash as reinforcements. Fabrication of MMCs was done by stir-casting process. The Tungsten Carbide particulate was added in proportions of 1%, 2%, and 3% and Fly ash was added in proportions of 2%, 4%, and 6% on mass fraction basis to the molten metal. The different combination sets of composites were prepared. Mechanical properties like tensile strength and hardness were studied for both reinforced and unreinforced Al 6061 samples. Microstructure examination was carried by using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) to obtain the distribution of tungsten carbide particulate and fly ash in base matrix. From the results, it was found that the tensile strength and the hardness of the prepared metal matrix composites increased with increase in tungsten carbide and fly ash content. The Scanning Electron Micrographs of the samples indicated uniform distribution of tungsten carbide and fly ash particles in the base matrix without voids before testing and with voids after testing. Nithin K"Characterization of Al/WC/Fly ash Metal Matrix Composites" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd10937.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/10937/characterization-of-alwcfly-ash-metal-matrix-composites/nithin-k
A Review on the Progress and Challenges of Aluminum-Based Metal Matrix Compos...IRJET Journal
This document reviews the progress and challenges of aluminum-based metal matrix composites (MMCs), focusing on their fabrication processes and applications. It discusses how various aluminum MMCs have been developed using reinforcements like borides, carbides, oxides, and nitrides to improve mechanical and wear properties. These composites have gained prominence for their lightweight, high-strength and corrosion resistance properties. The document also examines recent advancements in fabrication techniques for aluminum MMCs and their growing applications in industries such as aerospace and automotive. However, it notes that challenges remain around issues like improper mixing of reinforcements and reducing reinforcement agglomeration.
ANALYSIS OF THE MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF DATE SEED POWDER-BASED COMPOSIT...Barhm Mohamad
The document analyzes the mechanical properties of carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy (CFRE) composites reinforced with different weight percentages of date seed powder granules (DSGP). Tensile, flexural, impact, and hardness tests were performed on CFRE composites with 0%, 15%, 25%, and 35% DSGP. The results showed that the 15% DSGP composite had the highest breaking force in tensile testing. The 35% DSGP composite had the highest maximum bending force in flexural testing. The 25% DSGP composite had the highest energy absorption capacity in impact testing and hardness. Overall, the optimal composition for mechanical properties was found to be 15-25% DSGP.
Mechanical Behaviour of AA 6061-Ca2SiO3 Compositeijtsrd
The advantage of composite materials over non alloy virgin metals has been on the front burner in the engineering materials sphere. To this ends, various reinforcement materials are constantly been mixed with metal matrix to form new composite materials. Ca2SiO3 is a ceramic material which finds application in medicine, heat and noise insulation, acid remediation, cement production etc. since it possesses qualities needed for the formation of composites, and is largely not researched on, this study aimed to characterize the mechanical properties of the AA 6061 Ca2SiO3 composite for different composition of percentage mix, and to establish a model that would predict the UTS for known values of percentage mix and load. Result of the study shows that 6 Ca2SiO3 - 94 AA 6061 and 24 Ca2SiO3 - 76 AA 6061 possessed the highest modulus of elasticity and are stiffer while 2 Ca2SiO3 - 98 AA 6061 mix had the lowest modulus of elasticity, and is more ductile than other composition mix. Also, it was observed that addition of Ca2SiO3 to AA 6061 T4 greatly improves its mechanical properties and96.43 of the variations in stress experienced by various percentage composition of the composite mix can be explained by the developed model. B. C. Chukwudi | B. M. Ogunedo "Mechanical Behaviour of AA 6061-Ca2SiO3 Composite" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47596.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/47596/mechanical-behaviour-of-aa-6061-ca2sio3-composite/b-c-chukwudi
UPGRADING COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE COLUMN USING FIBER REINFORCED POLYMERIRJET Journal
The document discusses upgrading the compressive strength of concrete columns using fiber reinforced polymer wrapping. It aims to study the effect of wrapping reinforced concrete columns with carbon fiber reinforced polymer on compressive and tensile strength parameters. The experimental program involves casting concrete specimens that are either unwrapped or wrapped with CFRP. The results show that CFRP wrapping significantly increases the compressive strength and ductility of concrete columns compared to unwrapped columns. The document also provides details on the materials used like cement, aggregates and carbon fibers, and the procedure of casting and testing concrete specimens.
This document discusses using fly ash particles as reinforcement in aluminum matrix composites for automotive applications. Fly ash is a waste product from coal combustion that can be used to create lightweight composites with aluminum. The document reviews previous research on aluminum-fly ash composites and their mechanical properties like hardness and strength. It investigates producing aluminum-fly ash composites with 5-25% fly ash content using a two-step stir casting method. The composites are characterized to study their microstructure, mechanical properties, wear resistance, and corrosion behavior for automotive component applications.
TRIBOLOGICAL STUDY ON HEAT-TREATEDALUMINIUM MATRIX COMPOSITESIRJET Journal
The document discusses tribological studies on heat-treated aluminum matrix composites. It first provides background on aluminum 7075 composites and their reinforcement with silicon nitride and alumina. Composites were fabricated using stir casting and specimens were aged through heat treatment. Hardness tests showed heat treatment improved properties. Wear analysis was then performed on the highest hardness specimens. The document reviews related literature on heat treatment improving properties like hardness and wear resistance of aluminum composites. It then describes the experimental methodology, including stir casting and specimen preparation for testing.
IRJET- Investigation on Ferrock based Mortar an Environment Friendly ConcreteIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research into Ferrock, an environmentally friendly concrete alternative. Ferrock is composed of iron powder, fly ash, limestone, metakaolin, and oxalic acid. Tests were conducted varying the concentration of oxalic acid as a catalyst in Ferrock mortar mixes. The optimum molarity of oxalic acid was found to be 10 moles, resulting in the highest compressive strength. Ferrock concrete was found to have twice the strength of conventional concrete. Carbonation depth tests also showed Ferrock fully absorbs CO2 during curing, making it carbon negative. In conclusion, Ferrock is a promising greener construction material with higher strength and environmental benefits compared to traditional concrete.
IRJET- Performance of Fiber Reinforced Self Compacting Concrete Made with...IRJET Journal
This document presents research on fiber reinforced self-compacting concrete (FRSCC) made with manufactured sand. The study investigated the workability and mechanical strength properties of FRSCC mixtures with varying fiber types (steel and polypropylene) and dosages (0.5-2% by volume). Testing of fresh and hardened concrete properties showed that FRSCC mixtures with 1% steel fiber or 1.5% polypropylene fiber content met fresh concrete workability standards and achieved higher compressive and flexural strengths than plain self-compacting concrete. The results indicate that manufactured sand can be partially substituted for natural river sand in producing fiber reinforced self-compacting concrete with improved mechanical properties.
Experimental Investigation and Analysis A Mechanical Properties of Hybrid Pol...IJRES Journal
The hybrids composite has emerged and have the potential reinforcement material for composites and thus gain attraction by many researchers. This is mainly due to their applicable benefits have they offer low density, low cost, renewable, biodegradability and environmentally harmless and also comparable mechanical properties with synthetic fiber composites. In the project natural fiber and glass hybrid composites were fabricated by using epoxy resin combination of hand lay-up method and cold press method. Specimen was cut from the fabricated laminate according to the ASTM standard for different experiments for tensile test, flexural text, and impact test. A significant improvement in tensile strength was indicated by the woven fiber glass hybrid composites. In this hybrid composite laminates banana-glass-banana (BGB) and glass-banana-glass (GBG) exhibit higher mechanical properties due to chemical treatment to natural fibers. So, the hybrid composite material shows the highest mechanical properties. This High performance hybrid composite material has extensive engineering applications such as transport industry, aeronautics, naval, automotive industries.
Experimental Investigation of Wear Properties of Aluminium LM25 Red Mud Metal...IJSRD
The use of different kind of Metal-matrix composite materials is in constant growing over the years, because they have better physical, mechanical and tribological properties comparing to matrix materials. In automotive industry they are used for pistons, cylinders, engine blocks, brakes and power transfer system elements. Research attempts have been made in the past toreduce the cost of processing of composites, decrease the weight of the composites, and increase the desired performance characteristics. This paper presents the findings of an experimental investigation on the effects of applied load, RPM, Sliding distance and pin temperature in dry sliding wear studies performed on red mud-based aluminum metal matrix composites (MMC). Red mud is an industrial waste during the production of aluminum from bauxite ore. A pin-on-disc apparatus was used to conduct the dry sliding wear test. Taguchi-based L9 orthogonal array has been used to accomplish the objective of the experimental study. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is employed to find the optimal setting and the effect of each parameter on wear rate.
Development of Aluminium Metal Matrix Composite Using Stir Casting Methodtheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
This certificate certifies that Palukuri Veerendra from Kakinada Institute of Engineering & Technology participated in an online webinar on AWS Welding Consumables Classification held on May 29, 2020 at M.A.M. College of Engineering and Technology in Trichy. The webinar was organized by M.A.M. College and the certificate was signed by the Mechanical Engineering department head Dr. P. Selvaraj and the principal Dr. X. Susan Christina.
The document is a certificate of publication awarded to Palukuri Veerendra for their research paper entitled "Investigation of Mechanical Behaviour and Microstructure Analysis of AA5754/TiB2/B4C- Based Aluminium Hybrid Composites" published in the International Journal for Innovative Research in Multidisciplinary Field in January 2023. The paper has a paper ID of IJIRMF202301006 and discusses the mechanical behavior and microstructure analysis of aluminum hybrid composites.
Friction stir welding of aluminum alloys AA2017 and AA2319 was experimentally investigated and modeled using finite element analysis. The research paper was published in the January 2023 issue of the International Journal for Innovative Research in Multidisciplinary Field. The certificate of publication was awarded to Palukuri Veerendra for their research on friction stir welding of the aluminum alloys.
SNS College of Technology hosted a webinar on "Academic Integrity in Engineering Research" on May 21, 2020. The webinar was coordinated by Dr. R. Ranjith and Mr. R. Sambasivam, and convened by Dr. P. Vivekanandan. A certificate of participation was awarded to Palukuri Veerendra of Kakinada Institute of Engineering & Technology for attending the webinar.
A certificate confirms that Palukuri Veerendra from Kakinada Institute of Engineering & Technology participated in an online webinar on 3D Printing Applications in Fighting COVID-19 on May 9, 2020, hosted by the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Sri Sai Ram Institute of Technology in Chennai, Tamil Nadu. The webinar was convened by Dr. Mareeswaran, Dr. Murali, and Mr. B. Karthikeyan.
The certificate certifies that Palukuri Veerendra, an Assistant Professor at Kakinada Institute of Engineering & Technology, successfully completed AICTE Training And Learning Academy's blended/hybrid faculty development program on "Nano Structured Materials- Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications" from October 10-15, 2022 and October 17-21, 2022 at JNTUK University College of Engineering in Vizianagaram. The certificate was issued by the Advisor-I of ATAL Academy, Mamta Rani Agarwal.
Evaluation of Mechanical Properties of AA7050 Reinforced with SiC Metal Matri...veeru veeru
This document discusses evaluating the mechanical properties of AA7050 aluminum reinforced with silicon carbide (SiC) metal matrix composite. It aims to improve properties like strength, hardness, and corrosion/wear resistance of the aluminum alloy. The work fabricates the composite by ultrasonically dispersing SiC particles in molten AA7050 aluminum alloy. It analyzes the mechanical properties including hardness, Young's modulus, and tensile strength compared to the base alloy. The weight percentage of SiC is varied from 0-20% and properties are correlated with processing parameters like weight percentage. The composite shows improved properties like high strength, hardness, thermal shock resistance, and wear resistance over the unreinforced alloy.
This document provides a review of composite materials, including their properties, applications, advantages, and future scope. Some key points:
- Composite materials are a mixture of reinforcement materials and a binder/matrix that provides improved properties over the individual components.
- Composites have wide applications in aerospace, automotive, medical, sports, construction and other industries due to properties like high strength to weight ratio and corrosion resistance.
- Approximately 50% of airframes are made from composites to reduce weight. Automotive applications include body panels and leaf springs. Medical uses include implants, prosthetics and devices.
- Future applications include increased use in construction, wind energy, and civilian and military vehicles/
This document outlines the course offerings for various branches in the IV B.Tech II semester at R19. It lists the core subjects, electives, open electives and projects for branches including civil, EEE, ME, ECE, CSE, IT, AME, MM, and PE. Courses cover topics such as estimation, structural analysis, power systems, condition monitoring, wireless communication, software project management, and petroleum economics. Open electives are also offered across departments.
The document contains a list of engineering colleges in various districts of Andhra Pradesh and the examiners assigned to each college for external lab examinations from December 13-24, 2022. It includes the college name, district, and assigned examiner's college for each entry. A total of 115 colleges are listed along with their assigned examiner. The note at the bottom requests principals to arrange for a senior staff member who taught the lab subject to act as the external examiner during the specified dates.
This document contains a list of 30 colleges clustered into centers for examinations. It provides information on the college code, college name, enrollment count at the college, enrollment count at the center, and distance between the college and center in kilometers. The colleges are clustered under centers located closest in proximity to optimize examination logistics.
The document provides information about the National Scholarship Portal (NSP), which is a single-stop online platform for scholarship applications in India. The NSP allows students to apply for various central and state government scholarships through a standardized online form. It also facilitates end-to-end management of the scholarship process from application to disbursal. Key features of the NSP include a simple online application form, alerts and notifications, and help for students to identify suitable scholarship programs. The document outlines the registration and application process for students, as well as the verification process conducted by institutes and other authorities.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMHODECEDSIET
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
2. https://doi.org/10.33263/BRIAC124.49004919
https://biointerfaceresearch.com/ 4901
This is not only due to its availability but for its strength, lightweight, and good corrosion
resistance. Aluminum is generally reinforced with specific particles to either improve or
replace an existing application. The fabrication of aluminum matrix composites (AMCs) has
led to the development of materials with improved weight, specific strength, stiffness, wear
resistance, and corrosion resistance [6]. The fabrication of these MMCs is achieved through
several production processes such as stir casting, powder metallurgy, and infiltration method.
However, several researchers have generally preferred the stir casting route due to its relatively
low cost, simplicity, and ability to produce complex geometries [7,8].
The recorded improvements in the properties of MMCs have resulted from the
incorporation of a second phase into the fabrication process, generally referred to as
reinforcements. Several researchers have used synthetic materials for this purpose. Such
reinforcements include SiC, Al2O3, and B4C. There have been numerous researches with
recorded merits in improving the mechanical, corrosion, and wear properties. Although this
has been the case, there has been the issue of cost reduction in the fabrication process of MMCs.
Although the introduction of stir casting has reduced an aspect of the cost, the high cost of
synthetic reinforcements has led to research into more cost-effective alternatives. The search
for alternatives has cultivated an interest in using materials perceived to be waste as
reinforcements. These materials are categorized into agricultural and industrial wastes.
Research into these waste materials, also regarded as sustainable materials, has identified
constituents including SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, CaCO3 [9–11], which are excellent candidates for
reinforcement particulates.
Research in AMCs has shifted from the production of binary materials to ternary
materials. This has been the case to compensate for the cost, improve properties, and improve
the machinability of these materials [12–15]. Ternary AMCs utilize hybrid reinforcements, i.e.,
the combination of 2 or more particulates to reinforce the base metal. The combination of
synthetic and sustainable materials has been the most utilized hybrid reinforcement for AMC
production. It is seen from reviewed works that more than 70% of research into the production
of ternary AMCs has incorporated fly ash as the second reinforcing phase. This is due to its
low density, availability, and cost [16]. Research, reported in [17–20], who have reinforced
aluminum with hybrid reinforcements have recorded improvements in density, tensile strength,
hardness, and tribocorrosive properties. Successful research involving the addition of fly ash
as a 2nd
reinforcing phase includes work reported [21] where A356 was reinforced with varying
weight fractions of fly ash and SiC. Results of the investigation revealed improvements in
tensile strength, hardness, and fatigue strength. In [22], the authors evaluated the sliding wear
behavior of AA7075/B4C/fly ash hybrid AMC. The investigation reported a lower wear rate
and coefficient of friction of the hybrid AMC in comparison to the base metal. In [23], the
authors reinforced aluminum with 10 wt.% SiC and varying weight fraction of Fly ash (5%,
10% and 15%). It was reported that there was a reduction in density with increasing weight
fraction of Fly ash in the hybrid AMC. This was also the case for the evaluation of the hardness.
It was also reported that the wear resistance of the hybrid AMC improved in comparison to the
base metal.
Eggshells are waste products obtained from agricultural and food production industries.
They are predominately composed of CaCO3 and a trace amount of organic matter [20].
Carbonized eggshells have been considered as reinforcements for environmental sustainability
and cost reduction. In addition, they have been successfully applied as reinforcements where
there have been recorded improvements in mechanical and physical properties [25,26].
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Eggshells have also been effectively applied in the fabrication of ternary AMC as reported in
[27], where AA 2014 was reinforced with eggshell and SiC in varying weight fractions. The
investigation revealed an improvement in the specific strength, cost, density, and thermal
expansion compared to the base metal and the single reinforced AMC. In [28], the corrosion
resistance properties of AA6063/CES/rice husk ash were evaluated. The results showed that
the prevalent corrosion mechanism of the AMC was localized pitting formed due to the
deposition of the corrosion products.
Furthermore, an improvement in the corrosion rate was recorded with the increasing
weight fraction of the hybrid reinforcements. Research by Durowoju et al. [29] showed that
the addition of carbonized eggshells to aluminum reinforced with graphite and SiC decreased
the density of the base metal. Analysis of the microhardness of the fabricated samples also
showed that the ternary AMC improved by 19.9% compared to the Al/Gr composite and
18.13% compared to the Al/SiC binary composite. They indicated that the addition of the
carbonized eggshell phase is capable of improving the physical and mechanical properties of
binary reinforced AMCs.
From the literature survey, the utilization of both synthetic and sustainable
reinforcements for the fabrication of ternary AMCs has been explored. The reviewed works
have identified improvements to the characterized aluminum matrix. However, the effects of
combining 2 sustainable materials as reinforcements in AMCs have received very little
attention. This research attempts to fill this obvious research gap by exploring the possibility
of fabricating a hybrid AMC by combining fly ash and carbonized eggshells to investigate their
effect on the mechanical properties, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance properties of Al-
Si12.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Reinforcement preparation.
For this study, fly ash and carbonized eggshells were selected as the reinforcing phases
for the fabrication of the composites. The fly ash was sourced from Ash Resources in South
Africa. Eggshells were sourced from eateries and bakeries around Auckland Park
Johannesburg. These eggshells were subsequently washed and sundried to remove all traces of
organic matter. The now sundried eggshells were further dried in an electric oven at 80°C for
48 hours to remove any residual moisture. Ball milling of the eggshell commenced at a speed
of 180 rpm for 7 hours to reduce the particles to microscale.
Figure 1. Particulate reinforcements (a) Sourced eggshells; (b) Milled eggshells; (c) Carbonized eggshells at
800°C; (d) Fly ash.
The milled eggshells were carbonized at a temperature of 800°C for 2 hours to remove
volatile matter, increase the carbon content of the eggshell particles, reduce moisture content
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and improve interfacial bonding between the eggshell particles and the matrix phase [30]. The
fly ash and carbonized eggshell samples were screened using the Filtra vibration S.L Model
FTL-0200 sieve shaker for 30 minutes. The selected fly ash and carbonized eggshells for the
fabrication of the composites had a particle size range of ≤75µm. The particulate
reinforcements selected for this study are shown in Figure 1.
2.2. Composite fabrication.
The aluminum alloy selected for this study was Al-Si12. Al-Si12 is an aluminum cast
alloy with excellent corrosion resistance, excellent ductility, and medium strength. Its high
silicon content decreases its machinability. Al-Si12 was selected as the base metal for this study
due to its excellent casting properties, including high fluidity and low susception to hot-tearing.
The elemental composition of the aluminum alloy used for this study is shown in table 1.
Table 1. Elemental composition of the aluminum matrix.
Element Al Si Fe Cu Mn Zn Co Sn Ti
% Composition 84.01 6.23 0.35 3.33 0.14 5.85 0.01 0.05 0.03
The AMC was fabricated via the stir casting liquid metallurgy route. To produce the
composites, the matrix to reinforcement proportions specified in table 2 were used. Keeping
the weight fraction of CES constant, the Fly ash was varied from 2.5 wt.% to 10 wt.% in
increments of 2.5 wt.%. The objective of this weight fraction distribution was to ensure that
the maximum reinforcement composition was not greater than 12.5%. This was necessary
because from previous experiments, the increase in the weight fraction above 12.5 wt.% results
in an increase in the viscosity of the melt to a point where the uniform dispersal of the
reinforcements becomes difficult to achieve.
Table 2. Designation and proportions of the matrix and hybrid reinforcements.
Designation Aluminium
(wt.%)
Carbonized Eggshell
(CES) (wt.%)
Fly ash
(wt.%)
CES + Fly ash
(wt.%)
L0 100 0.0 0.0 0.0
L1 95 2.5 2.5 5.0
L2 92.5 2.5 5.0 7.5
L3 90 2.5 7.5 10.0
L4 87.5 2.5 10.0 12.5
The Al-Si12 base metal sourced from the Foundry laboratory in the University of
Johannesburg DFC campus was used. The Al alloy which was received as blocks were
subsequently cut and weighed based on the designed weight fractions. The base metal was then
charged into a preheated graphite crucible, and the temperature of the electric furnace was set
to 760°C. The permanent die and steel stirrer were also preheated but to a temperature of 350°C
± 20°C. This was done to ensure uniform flow and solidification of the melt during cooling and
avoid the temperature differential between the stirrer and the aluminum melt. The weighed
hybrid reinforcements (fly ash and CES) were charged in a preheated ceramic crucible, and the
temperature of the muffle furnace was increased to 400°C and preheated for 1 hour. 1 wt.%
magnesium was introduced after the reinforcement was charged into the melt to improve
wettability and interfacial bonding between the reinforcing particles and the matrix.
Mechanical stirring was done in 2 steps to ensure adequate dispersal of the reinforcement
particles in the aluminum matrix. The 1st stirring was done immediately after introducing the
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reinforcements and the magnesium, while the 2nd stage was done just before casting the molten
AMC.
2.3. Experimental procedure.
The D8, Discover, make (Bruker US) with CuKa radiation of 1.54181 Â wavelength
generated at 40mA and 40KV was used to conduct fly ash's X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis,
CES, and cast composite samples. A continuous scan mode and scan range of 5° to 90° degrees
were chosen for the XRD analysis of all the samples under investigation. The XRD for the
composites was conducted to identify the phases present and investigate the presence of
intermetallic compounds. The metallographic analysis was used to determine and analyze the
level of dispersion of the reinforcements in the aluminum matrix and identify the presence of
anomalies. To study the corrosion and wear mechanisms, metallography studies were also
conducted. All these were done using the TESCAN model type VEGA 3 LMH scanning
electron microscope.
For this study, the mechanical properties under investigation were microhardness, tensile
strength, and compressive test. The microhardness was obtained using the Times Vickers
microhardness tester. A diamond indenter was used to make the necessary indentations. These
indentations for repeatability were taken at 5 points 1mm apart. The average microhardness
was obtained based on the indentations made. The test force selected for this study was 3N
with a dwell time of 15 seconds per indentation. The average microhardness was obtained for
each of the samples. The tensile strength test was carried out on the MKS Universal tensile
testing machine with a frame capacity of 1000KN per the ASTM E8 standard, while the
compressive strength was carried out on the Zwick/Roell Universal tensile testing machine. 3
cylindrical specimens of 20mm X 30mm were employed for this study. All tests related to the
determination of the mechanical properties of the samples under consideration were done at
20°C. The examination of the density and porosity of the base metal and cast AMC were also
objectives of this investigation. The experimental density was obtained using the Archimedes
principle shown in equation 1, while the theoretical density was obtained via the rule of mixture
shown in equation 2.
ρe =
m
v
(1)
where ρe is the experimental density, m is the mass of the sample, and v is the displaced
volume.
ρt = ρm(wt%m) + ρf(wt%f) + ρc(wt%c) (2)
where ρt is the theoretical density of the composite sample, ρm is the density of the matrix,
wt%m is the weight fraction of the matrix, ρf is the density of the fly ash, wt%f is the weight
fraction of the fly ash, ρc is the density of the carbonized eggshell and wt%c is the weight
fraction of the carbonized eggshells.
The porosity study was used to analyze the formation of pores in the cast AMC. This is
an important aspect of the studies as the behavior of the pores affects the properties of the
fabricated composite. The porosity of the cast AMCs was calculated using equation 3.
P = (1 −
ρe
ρt
) × 100% (3)
where P is the percentage porosity and ρe is the experimental density of the cast AMC.
The Rtec MTF 5000 Universal ball-on-disc tribometer was used to determine the
coefficient of friction and the wear volume. The ball selected for this study was an E521000
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steel alloy grade 25 of 6 mm diameter. The wear rate was obtained using the Archard equation
shown in equation 4,
K =
V
ws
(4)
where K is the wear rate, V is the worn volume, w is the normal load, and s is the sliding
distance. For the tribology studies, Keeping the load constant at 30 N, the coefficient of friction
(COF) and wear rate were obtained to ascertain the influence of the reinforcement on the
aluminum matrix for wear-resistant applications. Table 3 shows the parameters selected for
this study.
Table 3. Tribology analysis parameters.
Parameters Values
Sliding distance 120 mm
Sliding time 120 secs
Sliding velocity 1 mm/s
The corrosion behavior of the cast samples was investigated with the aid of the HCH
Instruments electrochemical analyzer equipped with a Silver/Silver chloride reference
electrode stored in KCl and platinum counter electrode. The samples for this study were used
as the working electrode. To study the corrosion behavior, each sample with an insulated
copper wire attached with aluminum conductive tape was cold mounted in resin and left to cure
for 20 mins. The samples were prepared by grinding the surface to be exposed progressively
with waterproof SiC paper up to 4000 grits. The exposed surfaces were subsequently washed
in distilled water and degreased with acetone to remove any trace of contaminants that could
impede the accuracy of the obtained results. The medium for this electrochemical study was
3.5% NaCl. All the experiments were conducted at room temperature. The potentiodynamic
polarization analysis was conducted at a polarization range of -1.5 V to 1.5 V and a scan rate
of 0.0002 V/s. The corrosion medium was replaced after each experiment to ensure the validity
of the results obtained. The corroded samples after each run were stored carefully for
microstructural examination to investigate the corrosion mechanisms.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Microstructural characterization.
The microstructural characterization of the individual reinforcing phases and the cast
composites was conducted.
Figure 2. SEM micrographs for (a) carbonized eggshell; (b) fly ash.
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The microstructural characterization of fly ash particles revealed the presence of mostly
spherically shaped particles, usually in the form of hollow spheres. The extended ball milling
time of the samples altered the morphology of the fly ash particles by plastically deforming
some of the particles. As evident in Figure 2 (a), this plastic deformation resulted in irregularly
shaped particles [31]. The average particle size of the fly ash particles is 19.18 µm2
. As evident
in Figure 2 (b), the morphology of the CES particles showed predominantly irregularly shaped
particles. The average particle size of the CES samples was 27.48µm2
.
The examination of the morphology of the cast samples shows the formation of an inter-
dendritic α-aluminum phase. This was formed during the solidification of the casts. In the case
of the composites, sample L1 revealed uniform dispersion of both reinforcements in the
aluminum matrix pool, which signifies proper stirring action during the fabrication of the
composites. Further analysis of the micrographs of sample L1 shows no visible presence of
pores which signifies proper casting and uniform cooling of the sample. Sample L2 reported a
fairly uniform dispersion of the hybrid reinforcements in the matrix pool, although both
reinforcements had a slight agglomeration. Sample L3 and L4, as seen in the micrographs
shown in Figure 3, revealed the presence of agglomerations and clustering of the reinforcing
particles. Although the dispersion of the reinforcements for sample L3 was fairly uniform, the
eggshells showed some agglomeration and segregation. The fly ash particles, on the other hand,
showed minimal segregation.
Figure 3. SEM micrographs for samples (a) L1; (b) L2; (c) L3; (d) L4.
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The formed cluster could also be a result of the difference in thermal properties between
the reinforcing phase and the aluminum matrix during the fabrication process. Sample L4
showed an extreme presence of pores and agglomeration of the fly ash particles. This could be
due to the increased viscosity of the melt and the difference in densities of both reinforcement
particles. Another reason for the extensive segregation and agglomeration in sample L4 is due
to the difference in melting temperature between the reinforcing particles and the matrix and
the delay in the solidification rate due to the increased weight fraction of the reinforcements
[32]. The SEM micrographs for sample L4 also showed the presence of pockets of air in the
form of pores as a result of the clustering of the reinforcing particles [33]. The morphological
characterization of the cast samples showed the formation of agglomerations, segregations, and
porosity as a function of increasing the weight fraction of both reinforcements.
The XRD analysis of the fly ash samples identified mullite (3Al2O3SiO2), quartz (SiO2),
alumina (Al2O3), wustite (FeO), and hematite (Fe2O3) as major crystalline phases. The
qualitative analysis of the fly ash particles, as shown in Table 4, shows mullite and quartz as
the predominant phases. Analysis of the CES particles revealed that eggshell contains
predominantly CaCO3. The quantitative analysis shows the presence of CaCO3 in the form of
aragonite. Quantitative analysis of the fly ash and CES as revealed via the XRD is summarized
in Table 4. The XRD spectrum of the fly ash and CES reinforcements is depicted in Figure 4.
Table 4. Quantitative analysis of the carbonized eggshells and fly ash obtained via XRD analysis.
Carbonized eggshell (CES) Fly ash
Constituent % Constituent %
Calcium 8.67 Mullite (3Al2O3SiO2) 50.63
Aragonite 91.33 Quartz (SiO2) 41.05
Hematite (Fe2O3) 4.23
Wustite (FeO) 0.65
Alumina (Al2O3) 3.25
Figure 4. XRD patterns of the (a) carbonized eggshells and (b) fly ash.
The X-ray diffractometry analysis was conducted to ascertain the present phases in the
cast composites. The XRD spectrum of the cast composites is shown in Figure 5. The XRD
results of sample L1 show the different phases at various peaks. SiO2 and aluminum are the
dominant peaks in the aforementioned sample. There is an increase in the number of phases
present in the hybrid AMCs, which can be attributed to the addition of hybrid reinforcements.
The SiO2 phases present and their different peak intensities are significant in the XRD plot.
The XRD analysis recorded the formation of the CuAl2 intermetallic phase. The copper
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aluminide (CuAl2) phase is an intermetallic compound formed during the gradual cooling of
the single solid α -phase to room temperature. The presence of the intermetallic CuAl2 phase
is responsible for the increased brittleness of the cast composites. The plots also showed that
the peak intensity of the CuAl2 phase decreased with the increasing weight fraction of the
reinforcements.
Figure 5. XRD Patterns of the cast AMCs.
The four crystal planes of Al (111), (200), (220), and (311) with the dominant (111)
orientation are found in the AMC samples under consideration. The peak strength of the four
crystal planes of each sample is very weak, as presented in the graph. This seems to be due to
the fly ash contents, which results in the reinforcement's better coverage of the aluminum alloy
matrix. As shown in the graph, the peaks of the unreinforced Al (111) crystal planes are
significantly enhanced. The peaks of the other three crystal planes, on the other hand, remained
unchanged. The formation of CuAl2 groups in self-assembled molecules on the Al (111) plane
is responsible for this. There were no discernible peaks of Ca in the XRD patterns of the hybrid
AMCs. This could be due to the dissolution of the calcium atoms during the fabrication phase
of the AMC production.
3.2. Density and Porosity.
The effect of the reinforcements on the density and porosity of the cast samples was
investigated. From Figure 6 (a), it can be inferred that the density of the samples decreased
with the increasing weight fraction of the reinforcements. The density of the cast samples was
2.68 g/cm3
, 2.63 g/cm3
, 2.59 g/cm3
, 2.52 g/cm3
, and 2.42 g/cm3
for samples L0, L1, L2, L3,
and L4, respectively. The reduction in the density was attributed to the presence of
reinforcements that are less dense than the aluminum matrix. The results indicate that the
hybrid reinforcements are ideal for achieving weight reduction of the aluminum alloy. An
indication of the presence of pores in the cast AMC samples is the difference between the
experimental density and the theoretical density. This result is summarized in Figure 6 (b). The
percentage porosity obtained via equation 3 was used to mathematically quantify the cast
hybrid AMC samples' porosity. It was shown that increasing the weight fraction of the
reinforcements steadily increased the level of porosity of the aluminum matrix composite. The
increased porosity of samples with increasing weight fraction of the reinforcements could be
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attributed to the formation of pores caused by the trapped air bubbles during the fabrication
process. The increased porosity is also a result of the segregation of the reinforcing particles,
leading to voids' formation.
Figure 6. (a) Experimental vs. theoretical densities of the samples; (b) Porosity of the hybrid AMCs.
3.3. Mechanical properties.
Figure 6 shows the microhardness of the cast samples. The hardness analysis was
characterized by the development of a trend that saw the microhardness of the cast AMCs
increase with increasing weight fraction of the hybrid reinforcements up to sample L3 (fly ash
7.5 wt.% and CES 2.5 wt.%). A decline in the microhardness was reported for sample L4 (fly
ash 10 wt.% and CES 2.5 wt.%). Compared to the base metal, the microhardness of sample L1
improved by 10.71%. There was a steady improvement in 24.4% and 31.08% microhardness
for samples L2 and L3, respectively. The presence of the reinforcement improved the
microhardness due to the increment in the dislocation densities at the reinforcement-matrix
interface [34].
Figure 7. Variation of microhardness among the cast hybrid AMCs.
The improved hardness is also due to the presence of the hard particles responsible for
the resistance of movement between individual grains during the application of the load. The
improved hardness in the composites compared to the base metal is also due to the grain
refinement brought about by incorporating the reinforcing phases into the aluminum matrix.
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The improved hardness for samples L1 to L3 is also due to the adequate bonding between the
hybrid reinforcements and the matrix phase, which restricts the movement of dislocations in
the cast hybrid AMCs. According to Shaikh et al. [35], the improvement in the microhardness
is a function of the formation of dislocations due to the thermal expansion mismatch between
the ductile aluminum matrix and the fly ash and CES reinforcements. The reported decline in
the microhardness for sample L4 is due to the heavy presence of pores, agglomerates, and
segregation of the reinforcing particles, as evident in the morphology studies depicted in Figure
3.
The behavior of the cast samples under the application of uniaxial tensile loading was
studied in this investigation. The stress-strain curves for the tensile strength are shown in Figure
8 (a), while the variation of the tensile strength is depicted in Figure 8 (b). The tensile strength
analysis revealed improvements in samples L1, L2, and L3 of 4.98%, 3.03%, and 1.14%,
respectively. The improvements in the tensile strength could be attributed to the uniform
dispersion of the hybrid reinforcements in the aluminum matrix, as discussed in the
examination of the microstructure. Hassan and Aigbodion [36] stated that the addition of the
reinforcing particles improves the tensile strength by transferring load from the aluminum
matrix to the hard reinforcements due to existing differences in elastic constants. Evident from
the metallography examination of the samples, the distribution of the reinforcements along the
grain boundaries of the cast hybrid AMCs is responsible for the load transfer from the ductile
aluminum phase to the hard-brittle reinforcing phases. A decline in tensile strength was
reported up to sample L4 (10 wt.% fly ash and 2.5wt% CES). The presence of pores created
due to entrapped gases formed during the cooling of the cast, segregation, and agglomeration
of the reinforcements has been attributed to being responsible for reducing the tensile strength.
These formed air pockets during the solidification reduce the tensile strength of the cast AMC
because the failure mechanism during the application of the uniaxial load is initiated at the
formed voids.
Figure 8. (a) Ultimate tensile strength (UTS); (b) Percentage elongation graph for the cast samples.
The ductility of the cast samples obtained as the percentage elongation is shown in
Figure 9. The trend shows a reduction in ductility with an increasing weight fraction of the
hybrid reinforcement. The dispersal of the hard-brittle reinforcements along the grain
boundaries resulted in a reduction in ductility. In comparison to the base metal under
consideration, the presence of the hard reinforcement hybrid particles is responsible for the
reduction in ductility. Another reason for the reduction in ductility of the composites is the
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presence of the CuAl2 intermetallic phase, which was analyzed via the Xray diffractometer is
responsible for the reduction in ductility [37].
Figure 9. Ductility variation of the cast samples.
The study of the behavior of the cast samples subjected under compressive loading
revealed a trend similar to the tensile loading behavior. Figure 10 shows that the compressive
strength of the cast composites was improved compared to that of the base metal. The sample
with the best compressive strength was sample L1. This could be attributed to adequate
interfacial bonding between the reinforcements and the matrix. The relatively lower porosity
compared to samples L2, L3 and L4 also played a role in the higher compressive strength. The
sample showed an improvement of 17.48% compared to the base metal. The uniform dispersal
of the hybrid reinforcements in the aluminum alloy is responsible for the improved compressive
strength. Generally, the improvement in the compressive strength is due to the hardening of the
aluminum alloy with the fly ash and carbonized eggshell particles [38]. In addition, the
presence of the hybrid.
Figure 10. Compressive strengths for the cast samples.
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3.4. Tribology.
The wear characteristics and mechanisms for the cast samples were investigated to
understand the effect of the hybrid reinforcements on the aluminum alloy matrix.
Figure 11. Coefficient of friction against time.
This was achieved using the already described parameters used to evaluate the COF
and volumetric wear rate. The effect of the hybrid reinforcements on the COF under the applied
load is shown in Figure 11. The average coefficient of friction at a glance was used to describe
the wear resistance of the cast samples. The average COF for samples L0, L1, L2, L3, and L4
were 0.416, 0.289, 0.386, 0.403, and 0.409, respectively. These results indicate that the cast
AMCs possess improved wear resistance compared to the base metal. Although this was the
case, it was also noticed that the COF decreased with the increasing weight fraction of the
reinforcement. This trend was due to the increased formation of voids already discussed in the
porosity analysis of the cast samples.
In Figure 11, the evaluation of the COF against time showed an initial rise which was
characteristic of the initial contact of the steel ball on the surface of the samples. Another
indicator for the initial rise in the COF was also a result of the thermal softening of the surface
of the samples with the application of the load while the steel counterface was sliding across
the surface of the cast samples. The conversion of wear mechanism from adhesive to abrasive
is also an indicator of improved wear resistance overtime during the application of load. With
increasing sliding time, the COF decreased and settled. This was brought about by forming a
mechanically mixed layer that works by forming a protective barrier that reduced the contact
between the steel ball and the surface of the samples. For the AMCs, the presence of the hybrid
reinforcements improved the wear resistance, as evident by the reduced COF compared to the
base metal. These hard reinforcing particles work to restrict the flow of the aluminum matrix
during the sliding of the steel ball. In addition to this, the presence of the reinforcements also
works to reduce the contact area between the sliding steel ball and the surface of the cast AMC.
Another reason for the improved wear resistance could be the presence of wear debris, which
is an indication of adhesive wear. The deposition of the wear debris reduces the direct contact
of the steel counterface on the AMC, thereby temporarily improving its wear resistance. This,
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in turn, leads to the initiation of abrasive wear, which results in the micro plowing of the AMC's
surface.
Figure 12. Wear rate for the cast samples under different loads.
The wear rate of the cast samples under consideration is shown in Figure 12. The
volumetric wear rate indicates that the presence of the hybrid reinforcing particles can
considerably improve the cast AMCs' wear resistance. The wear rate was lowest for sample
L1, indicating that the sample possesses the best wear resistance compared to all the samples
under investigation. The reduction in the volumetric wear rate was 30.46%, 7.14%, 3.03%, and
1.68% for samples L1, L2, L3, and L4, respectively, which shows that the wear resistance of
the hybrid AMCs was improved.
The wear mechanism of the cast samples under investigation was studied using SEM.
The micrographs of samples L0 and L1 are shown in Figure 13. The major wear mechanisms
in AMCs are abrasion, adhesion, fretting, and delamination [40]. For all the cast samples being
studied, the SEM micrographs show that the major wear mechanisms of the samples were
adhesive wear, delamination, and abrasive wear.
Figure 13. Wear micrographs for (a) Sample L0; (b) Sample L1.
The inspection of the worn surface of samples L2 shows a combination of plastic
deformation, which indicates the presence of adhesive wear mechanisms and delamination.
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The plastic deformation could be attributed to the increased temperature due to the action of
the ball on the surface of the AMC. Delamination wear mode occurred in both samples L0 and
L1. This could have been due to the work hardening due to the applied loads, which resulted
in the formation of cracks [41]. The formation of craters is a result of erosive wear, which could
be attributed to the harder reinforcement debris cutting through the metal surface at a relatively
higher sliding speed. The craters could also have been formed due to the localized cyclic
stresses.
3.5. Electrochemical studies.
The potentiodynamic study aided in the analysis of the corrosion characteristics of the
cast samples under consideration. The polarization tests on the cast samples were done in a
3.5% NaCl medium. As depicted in the Tafel plot shown in Figure 14 (a), the analysis exhibits
both passive and active corrosion states. The shift of the potentiodynamic curves of the samples
under investigation to the anodic region suggests better corrosion resistance.
Figure 14. (a) Tafel plots for the cast samples; (b) Corrosion rate variation of the cast samples.
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Observations from the Tafel plots in Figure 14 (a) show that the presence of the chloride
ions in the corrosion medium causes a dissolution of the passive layers formed on the surface
of the samples. The results of the potentiodynamic polarization test summarized in table 5
indicate that the sample L1 has the lowest corrosion rate of 2.70 × 10-5
g/hr. The improvement
could be due to the anodic inhibition of the hybrid reinforcing particles [42]. In addition, the
improvement in the corrosion resistance of the AMCs is due to the formation of a passive layer
on the surface of the samples because of the reduction reaction of the oxygen atoms. With
increased exposure to the chloride corrosion medium, the formed passive layer becomes
relatively unstable and eventually deteriorates, forming localized pits. According to
Akinwamide et al. [43], the corrosion mechanism characterized by this phenomenon is the
migration/ penetration of the oxide ions, which diminishes and eventually destroys the passive
oxide layers. The eventual increasing corrosion rates of the cast AMCs with increasing weight
fraction of the reinforcement was due to the increasing porosity brought about by the increased
viscosity and agglomeration of reinforcements. These anomalies become points for the
initiation of the corrosion mechanics described earlier.
Table 5. Summary of the results for the potentiodynamic polarization analysis.
Sample 𝛃𝐜 𝛃𝐚 Corrosion potential
(V)
Current density
(A/cm2
)
Corrosion rate (g/hr)
L0 1.590 8.077 -0.838 1.10 × 10-4
3.69 × 10-5
L1 6.589 2.245 -1.159 8.04 × 10-5
2.70 × 10-5
L2 1.478 13.564 -0.703 9.93 × 10-5
3.33 × 10-5
L3 7.666 2.855 -1.042 2.71 × 10-4
9.11 × 10-5
L4 7.261 3.215 -0.926 1.82 × 10-4
6.12 × 10-5
Figure 15 shows the corroded surface of samples L0 and L1. The degradation of the
surfaces of sample L1 is attributed to the preferential dissolution of the more anodic aluminum
alloy matrix in place of the cathodic fly ash/CES reinforcements particles. Corrosion of AMCs
is usually initiated at areas of physical or chemical heterogeneity such as reinforcement/matrix
interface, defect, intermetallic, mechanically damaged region, grain boundary, inclusion, or
dislocation [44]. The analysis of the corroded surface of the samples shows that the main form
of corrosion in the 3.5% NaCl medium is localized pitting. This finding has been reported in
[39] and [40] in analyzing corrosion mechanisms of different AMCs. The micrographs of
sample L1 show that the corrosion mechanism involves the dissolution of the surface of the
aluminum alloy and the formation of relatively small localized pits.
Figure 15. Micrographs of the corroded surface for samples (a) L0; (b) L1.
17. https://doi.org/10.33263/BRIAC124.49004919
https://biointerfaceresearch.com/ 4916
4. Conclusions
This work was done to investigate the effect of fly ash and carbonized eggshells on the
density, mechanical properties, wear, and corrosion resistance of Al-Si12. From the
investigations, the following conclusion has been drawn.
The microstructure studies of the cast AMCs showed that the dispersion of the hybrid
reinforcements in the aluminum matrix was fairly uniform. The increase in weight fraction of
the reinforcements resulted in the increased formation of agglomerates and eventual
segregation of the particles. Increasing the weight fraction of the reinforcements results showed
that the density of the cast AMCs is inversely proportional to the porosity.
Increasing the weight fraction of the reinforcements improved the microhardness up to
the 7.5 wt.% fly ash sample, while the tensile strength decreased with increasing weight
fractions of the reinforcements. It was established that the decrease was due to the increasing
agglomeration and porosity of the cast hybrid AMC samples with increasing weight fraction
of the reinforcements. The compressive strength was maximum by 17.48% for 2.5 wt.% fly
ash sample.
Although the wear resistance increased with the increasing weight fraction of the
reinforcement, the wear resistance of all the cast AMCs was improved compared to the base
metal. The analysis of the wear mechanism showed the presence of predominantly abrasion,
adhesion, and delamination.
Corrosion resistance for the cast AMCs was lowest for the 2.5 wt.% and 5.0 wt.% fly
ash samples. Indicating improvements in the corrosion resistance compared to the base metal.
The main corrosion mechanism based on the analysis of the corroded samples was localized
pitting.
Funding
This research received no external funding.
Acknowledgments
This research has no acknowledgment.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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