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The document outlines an agenda and class materials for a Civics class. First, students will read about the government's role in the US economy. Second, they will work on presentations for Shark Tank products. Third, they will watch entrepreneurial pitches and take notes. Fourth, students will present their Shark Tank pitches and have a test on the chapter later in January.
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The document recommends increasing the federal funds rate by 0.25% beginning in 2016 to push towards monetary policy normalization and a stronger economy. It argues that economic activity has been expanding moderately across several sectors including household spending, business investments, housing, and the labor market. Inflation remains below targets but unemployment has held steady. A gradual quarterly increase of 0.25% would allow the markets to adjust without being too aggressive as the economy improves and strengthens.
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The document recommends increasing the federal funds rate by 0.25% beginning in 2016 to push towards monetary policy normalization and a stronger economy. It argues that economic activity has been expanding moderately across several sectors including household spending, business investments, housing, and the labor market. Inflation remains below targets but unemployment has held steady. A gradual quarterly increase of 0.25% would allow the markets to adjust without being too aggressive as the economy improves and strengthens.
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Gold may rise as market euphoria about economic recovery ends. While strong GDP growth is expected in the short term due to base effects and stimulus, optimism may be exaggerated, unemployment remains elevated, and risks remain from virus variants. Inflation is already above the Fed's 2% target according to official data, and likely even higher using alternative measures, but the Fed says price increases will be temporary. However, inflation could be more persistent given money supply increases, government spending, and pent-up demand as the economy reopens. Higher inflation would be bullish for gold as an inflation hedge.
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2) Governments play an important role in promoting or limiting long-term growth through their influence on physical capital investment, human capital development through education, and technological progress through funding of research.
3) While natural resource scarcity and environmental issues pose challenges, most economists are optimistic that modern economies can overcome these challenges through technology, incentives to conserve resources, and market-based policies to reduce environmental impacts like carbon taxes.
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There is now broad consensus among macroeconomists on key issues:
1) Monetary policy can be used to reduce economic instability by shifting the aggregate demand curve, except in a liquidity trap.
2) Fiscal and monetary policy can limit but not reduce unemployment below the natural rate.
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This document defines inflation as a rise in general price levels caused by an imbalance between the quantity of money and trade needs. It discusses the different types of inflation including creeping, walking, running, and galloping inflation. Causes of inflation include demand pull, cost push, expansion of the money supply, population growth, bank credit expansion, and black money. Effects are discussed as benefits to debtors, entrepreneurs, farmers, and upper income groups, but losses for creditors, fixed income groups, consumers, and middle/lower income groups. The document provides an example calculation of inflation rate and shows a chart of inflation rates for different income groups. Remedies discussed include increasing cash reserve ratios, price controls, import duty changes,
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- In September 2017, Bangladesh's inflation rate was 5.45%. Food inflation has generally been higher than non-food inflation.
- Inflation reduces purchasing power and national savings, while also raising import prices and discouraging investment. Both demand-pull and cost-push factors can cause inflation.
- Monetary and fiscal policies can help control inflation in the short-run, while supply reforms and workforce changes aid
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GDP measures the total value of goods and services produced in a country annually. The business cycle includes periods of expansion, peak, contraction, and trough. During peaks, the economy and employment are highest, while during contractions the economy declines and unemployment rises. The government implements fiscal and monetary policies to influence the economy through tools like taxes, spending, interest rates, and regulations. Trade policies like NAFTA, tariffs, quotas, and embargoes also impact the economy and trade between nations.
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The document discusses various economic indicators that are used to analyze the health and performance of an economy. Some key indicators mentioned include:
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- Employment and wage data like the unemployment rate, which can show how many people are working.
- Productivity measures how efficiently factories and businesses are operating.
- Price indices that track inflation rates and cost of living changes.
- Exchange rates, interest rates, and money supply statistics that influence trade and monetary policy decisions.
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There is now broad consensus among macroeconomists on key issues:
1) Monetary policy can be used to reduce economic instability by shifting the aggregate demand curve, except in a liquidity trap.
2) Fiscal and monetary policy can limit but not reduce unemployment below the natural rate.
3) Discretionary fiscal policy should be used sparingly due to lags and risk of political business cycles, while monetary policy plays the main stabilization role.
Jeopardy game for modules 30 and 31
The document is a study guide containing questions about macroeconomic concepts related to fiscal and monetary policy, government budgets, debt, and central banking. It tests understanding of topics like the federal budget balance, cyclically adjusted budget balance, debt-to-GDP ratio, crowding out effect, and tools of monetary policy like open market operations and the federal funds rate.
Inflation in srilanka
Inflation in Sri Lanka has been volatile over the past decade. It peaked at 22.6% in 2008 due to high commodity prices and money supply growth, but declined to 3.56% in 2009 as monetary policy tightened and prices fell. Inflation then gradually increased until 2012, and decreased to 6.94% in 2013. Maintaining price stability is a key objective of Sri Lanka's central bank, as high and unpredictable inflation can negatively impact the economy by redistributing wealth, lowering real incomes, and increasing borrowing costs. The document discusses inflation measurement, trends, and causes in Sri Lanka from 2008 to the present.
FDC Economic Bulletin - November 09, 2016
The document summarizes an economic bulletin from Financial Derivatives Company predicting that Nigeria's headline inflation rate will rise to 18.2% in October 2016, representing a 0.3% increase from September and the highest rate in 11 years. It also notes that the naira appreciated against the dollar in both the official and parallel markets during the month. However, dollar scarcity still pushed domestic prices higher. The report forecasts continued inflationary pressures during the festive season as consumer demand and expectations rise, though consumer resistance to higher prices has also increased due to lower incomes.
Michael Knetter, Ph.D. - President of the University of Wisconsin Foundation
The annual Economic Trends Event, presented by BizTimes Milwaukee, hosts a vibrant discussion between prominent Wisconsin business leaders, state representatives, and industry experts on the state of the economy. This annual event includes a macroeconomic outlook on the economy from Michael Knetter, Ph.D., the Albert O. Nicholas dean at the University of Wisconsin School of Business in Madison.
September 2010 Economic Outlook
The document provides an economic outlook report for September 2010 by Mike Lathigee, Chairman and CEO of Alliance Investment Solutions. The summary is:
1) The economy is experiencing extreme uncertainty and it is difficult to determine if it is improving or declining. Cash flow from conservative, low-risk investments is the focus.
2) Real estate appreciation is not expected in the near future. Cash flow from real estate is recommended over appreciation-based investments.
3) The stock market uncertainty is due to mixed economic indicators like high unemployment and weak corporate earnings. Government bonds have increased in demand despite low returns.
4) Emerging markets are seeing strong growth while most developed economies are growing slower than the US
Causes and Impacts of Inflation
Causes and Impacts of Inflation content slideshow. Designed for the Economic A level qualification. Can be used in revision and in class.
Subtopics
Causes of Inflation
Costs of Inflation
Why do we not want Zero Inflation?
Deflation
Up The Down Escalator 5 7 09
The stock market has rallied recently even as the economy remains weak, similar to walking up a downward-moving escalator. Some signs suggest parts of the economy may be stabilizing, like improvements in manufacturing and services sectors. While employment and GDP numbers remain poor, consumer spending increased in the first quarter. Inventories fell sharply but this may help future growth. Other positive signs include rising consumer confidence and stabilizing housing. Many companies exceeded low earnings estimates, and rapid responses from corporations, consumers, and governments may help lead to eventual recovery.
How the World Works Case Study
This document summarizes a presentation about the relationship between growth and inflation. It discusses theories like demand-pull inflation, cost-push inflation, the Phillips curve, and the financial accelerator model. It explains concepts such as NAIRU and how recessions are caused by factors like supply shocks, high wages, and financial crises. The document argues that the synthesis view fits well with a central banker's role in using monetary policy to stabilize the economy while preventing inflation.
Stagflation
The document discusses stagflation that occurred in the late 1970s to early 1980s. Stagflation is defined as high inflation combined with high unemployment and economic recession. It was caused by external shocks like increased oil prices which raised production costs. Central banks faced a policy dilemma of whether to prioritize fighting inflation or recession. The Bank of Canada chose to target inflation, gradually reducing money supply growth and accepting short-term higher unemployment. This slowed inflation over time, though it caused economic turmoil initially. The Bank of Canada now uses an inflation target of 2% to guide monetary policy decisions.
Market Perspectives - November 2019
The market volatility of late summer seemed to fade as markets hit new highs in November due to optimism around a trade deal and accommodative monetary policy. While overall earnings declined slightly in Q3 due to weaknesses in energy, materials, and tech, most companies still saw sales growth and expressed a positive outlook. Larger companies have seen stronger earnings growth. The Treasury yield curve flattened again in November after widening for months, which bears watching given past recessions have followed yield curve inversions. Most analysts anticipate an earnings recovery in coming quarters but will monitor trends closely given high market valuations.
MACROECONOMICS-CH14
This chapter discusses debates around stabilization policy. It considers whether policy should be active or passive in response to economic fluctuations, and whether policy should be set by rule or allow discretion. Arguments for active policy include reducing economic hardship, while arguments for passive policy cite lags in policy effects. Rules are argued to increase credibility and avoid time inconsistency, while discretion allows flexibility. Overall there is no clear consensus from history on the best approach.
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We came right up to the edge of the economic abyss after a year of an accelerating economic downturn and have managed to avoid it but are not out of the woods yet. The risks of a double-dip are growing but the likelihood of a weak recovery and poor job creation is high. A key problem is and was the financial crisis and credit market collapse which has created major lingering problems that will be with us for years. Beyond that a two-decade over-accumulation of debt, drastic declines in Savings and under-Investment have created long-term problems for getting back to sustainable long-term growth. Here we survey the current state of the economy, wade thru the details of the Financial crisis, especially the role of Synthetic Structured Debt and the business performance of the Finance Industry. Then we roll forward to examine the long-term damages created, how we need reduce private debt and what our prospects for reduced long-term growth are. Or, given the decisions to invest in our future and address broader policy problems, how we can return to a path of longer-term high growth and prosperity.US Economic Stimulus
- The US economic stimulus program provided benefits not only for the US economy but globally by increasing access to cheap capital. However, announcing the withdrawal of stimulus caused volatility in emerging markets as investors pulled funds.
- While unemployment and inflation targets have not been met, economic indicators are trending in a positive direction. Corporate cash reserves and spending are up as is household wealth, though the recovery is not yet secure enough to withdraw stimulus immediately.
- A gradual withdrawal of stimulus over 2-3 years beginning in 2014 by slowly reducing bond purchases and incremental interest rate increases is recommended to have a smooth effect on markets.
Inflation ppt
This document defines inflation as a rise in general price levels caused by an imbalance between the quantity of money and trade needs. It discusses the different types of inflation including creeping, walking, running, and galloping inflation. Causes of inflation include demand pull, cost push, expansion of the money supply, population growth, bank credit expansion, and black money. Effects are discussed as benefits to debtors, entrepreneurs, farmers, and upper income groups, but losses for creditors, fixed income groups, consumers, and middle/lower income groups. The document provides an example calculation of inflation rate and shows a chart of inflation rates for different income groups. Remedies discussed include increasing cash reserve ratios, price controls, import duty changes,
Inflation in Bangladesh and its Impact on Economic Growth
The document discusses inflation trends in Bangladesh from 2012-2017. Some key points:
- Inflation in Bangladesh averaged 6.60% from 1994-2017, with a high of 10.21% in September 2011 and low of -0.03% in December 1996.
- In September 2017, Bangladesh's inflation rate was 5.45%. Food inflation has generally been higher than non-food inflation.
- Inflation reduces purchasing power and national savings, while also raising import prices and discouraging investment. Both demand-pull and cost-push factors can cause inflation.
- Monetary and fiscal policies can help control inflation in the short-run, while supply reforms and workforce changes aid
Goal 9
GDP measures the total value of goods and services produced in a country annually. The business cycle includes periods of expansion, peak, contraction, and trough. During peaks, the economy and employment are highest, while during contractions the economy declines and unemployment rises. The government implements fiscal and monetary policies to influence the economy through tools like taxes, spending, interest rates, and regulations. Trade policies like NAFTA, tariffs, quotas, and embargoes also impact the economy and trade between nations.
Module 31 monetary policy and the interest rate
The document summarizes how monetary policy works to influence interest rates and aggregate demand. The Federal Reserve uses open market operations and the money supply to target a federal funds rate, thereby affecting investment, GDP, and inflation in pursuit of price stability and full employment. While the Taylor Rule provides a model for predicting interest rate decisions, central banks now focus on inflation targeting by announcing and aiming to hit a specific inflation target.
Economic indicators
The document discusses various economic indicators that are used to analyze the health and performance of an economy. Some key indicators mentioned include:
- Gross Domestic Product (GDP), which measures total economic output within a country.
- Employment and wage data like the unemployment rate, which can show how many people are working.
- Productivity measures how efficiently factories and businesses are operating.
- Price indices that track inflation rates and cost of living changes.
- Exchange rates, interest rates, and money supply statistics that influence trade and monetary policy decisions.
Stagflation
This document discusses stagflation in Pakistan and the ineffectiveness of monetary policy. It covers three periods of stagflation in Pakistan from the 1970s to today. The current situation includes high inflation, energy crisis, and economic mismanagement. Causes of stagflation include reduced productive capacity and inappropriate fiscal and monetary policies. Monetary policy conducted by the State Bank of Pakistan has been ineffective at controlling money supply and inflation due to a lack of coordination with fiscal authorities. Suggestions include attracting FDI, reducing inflation pressures, enforcing effective monetary policy, and improving tax collection.
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Michael Knetter, Ph.D. - President of the University of Wisconsin Foundation
Michael Knetter, Ph.D. - President of the University of Wisconsin Foundation
Skirting the Abyss: From Economic Downturn to Financial Crisis to Long-term M...
Skirting the Abyss: From Economic Downturn to Financial Crisis to Long-term M...
Inflation in Bangladesh and its Impact on Economic Growth
Inflation in Bangladesh and its Impact on Economic Growth
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This document discusses the 1st & Main Investment Advisors Q3 2016 newsletter. It summarizes that the advisors have taken a conservative approach to equity allocations since late 2015 due to market corrections. While slowly increasing risk again, they feel prepared if election uncertainty causes challenges. Historically, election results have little long-term impact on markets. The advisors recommend staying focused on goals and broader economic trends rather than election prognostications.
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The document summarizes key aspects of the US economy and business cycles. It describes how the US economy has transitioned from agriculture to industry to information-based. It also outlines important economic indicators like GDP, standard of living, unemployment and inflation. Finally, it discusses the stages of the business cycle - prosperity, recession, depression and recovery - and characteristics of each stage.
Essay On Fiscal Policy
Fiscal policy involves manipulating government spending and taxation to influence macroeconomic variables like GDP and unemployment. It can be expansionary by cutting taxes and increasing spending, or contractionary by raising taxes and reducing spending. While fiscal policy aims to stabilize the economy, it faces limitations like time lags between policy changes and economic impacts, difficulty in fine-tuning the economy, and issues financing large budget deficits from expansionary policies.
As with most things in economics, taxation is a mixed blessing. It.docx
As with most things in economics, taxation is a mixed blessing. It is a blessing for those who receive dollars from taxpayers, which is about 40% of the population; and it is a nuisance for those who have to pay the taxes. The objective of this unit is to help you understand taxes and understand how they affect your life and the economy.
The income tax system began in earnest in 1913 with the Sixteenth Amendment to the Constitution that gave Congress legal authority to tax income. A rudimentary income tax system was tried during the Civil War but was eventually declared unconstitutional. There was no income tax during the high watermark of America's industrial capitalism, beginning in about 1870 and continuing to 1910. If you made money in that era, you kept it. Many of the most famous capitalist names emerge from this era: Rockefeller, Carnegie, McCormick, Swift, and Vanderbilt.
Two major disasters in our economic history, the Great Depression and World War II, changed the role of taxation and government forever. Beginning in the mid-1930s, following the ideas of John Maynard Keynes, the U.S. government began to spend money much more aggressively. In the past, government believed mostly in a balanced budget, but that changed when the Great Depression lingered for an entire decade.
Later, to finance a two-front, world war, taxes were raised to about 90%. Thus began the era of big taxes to pay for big government. Taxes, of course, have fallen from that lofty peak to a more modest 35% marginal tax rate at present, but the number of taxes has increased exponentially. All but six states have an income tax; likewise, many counties and cities have an income tax.
Though there are many ways to slice the tax onion, perhaps the best is the following:
Progressive taxes: This is a tax system in which tax rates increase as income increases. In other words, the more money you make, the more taxes you pay. This system places a greater burden on those best able to pay and almost no burden on the poor. For example, according to Internal Revenue Service (IRS) statistics, the top 50% of earners pay 97% of the taxes. The top 1% of earners pays 30% of all income taxes. On the other hand, over fifty million people, or one-third of the adult population in the United States, pay no taxes whatsoever.
Regressive taxes: In theory, these are the opposite of progressive taxes; these tax strategies fall more heavily on the poor. Common sense would suggest that these would be rarely used in a well-organized economy, but in fact, they are among the most commonly used because of their relative invisibility. Sometimes called the nickel and dime tax, regressive taxes tend to be small for each individual event; therefore, they are not widely noted. A good example of a regressive tax is the sales tax. It takes a much larger percentage of a poor person’s income than the income of someone of wealth. The reason there is no protest is that it takes such a small amount of money on ...
Ch 15 presentation
Fiscal policy uses government spending and taxation to influence economic activity. It aims to achieve full employment and price stability. The government establishes fiscal policy through the annual federal budget. Expansionary fiscal policy stimulates the economy through tax cuts and spending increases, while contractionary policy slows growth via tax hikes and spending cuts. However, fiscal policy faces limitations as its effects are difficult to predict and coordinate. Large, sustained deficits lead to rising national debt levels, which can crowd out private investment and increase interest payments over time.
102CHAPTER 5Policy Makers and the Money SupplyL E A R N I N .docx
102
CHAPTER 5
Policy Makers and the Money Supply
L E A R N I N G O BJ E C T I V E S
After studying this chapter, you should be able to do the following: LO 5.1 Describe the U.S. national economic policy objectives and possible confl icts among
these objectives.
LO 5.2 Identify the major policy makers and describe their primary responsibilities. LO 5.3 Discuss how the U.S. government infl uences the economy and how the government
reacted to the 2007–09 perfect fi nancial storm.
LO 5.4 Describe the U.S. Treasury’s cash and general management responsibilities. LO 5.5 Describe the U.S. Treasury’s defi cit fi nancing and debt management responsibilities. LO 5.6 Discuss how expansion of the money supply takes place in the U.S. banking system. LO 5.7 Summarize the factors or transactions that aff ect bank reserves. LO 5.8 Explain the terms monetary base, money multiplier, and the velocity of money and
their relationships to the money supply.
W H E R E W E H AV E B E E N . . . In Chapter 4 we discussed the role of the Federal Reserve System as the central bank in the
U.S. banking system. Money must be easily transferred, checks must be processed and
cleared, banks must be regulated and supervised, and the money supply must be controlled.
The Fed either assists or directly performs all of the activities that are necessary for a
well-functioning fi nancial system. You also learned about the characteristics and require-
ments of Federal Reserve membership and the composition of the Fed Board of Governors.
You were introduced to the Fed’s monetary policy functions—its open-market operations,
the administration of reserve requirements, and the setting of interest rates on loans to depos-
itory institutions. Fed supervisory and regulatory functions were also discussed.
W H E R E W E A R E G O I N G . . . The last chapter in Part 1 focuses on how currency exchange rates are determined and how
international trade is fi nanced. We begin by discussing what is meant by currency exchange
Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
5.1 National Economic Policy Objectives 103
rates and foreign exchange markets. This is followed by a discussion of factors that determ-
ine exchange rate relationships and changes in those relationships over time. You will then
learn how the fi nancing of international trade takes place, including how exporters fi nance
with a draft or bill of exchange. Financing by the importer and the use of a commercial letter
of credit and a trust receipt are also covered. The last section will introduce you to develop-
ments in international transactions as measured by balance-of-payments accounts. In Part 2
our focus will be on investments, including the securities and other fi nancial markets needed
to market and transfer fi nancial assets.
H O W T H I S C H A P T E R A P P L I E S TO M E . . . The opportunity to vote gives you a way of infl uencing economic and political developments
in this country. The president and members of Congress are poli.
Problems Chapter 51. P1. Assume that Banc One receives a primar.docx
Problems: Chapter 5
1. P1. Assume that Banc One receives a primary deposit of $1 million. The bank must keep reserves of 20 percent against its deposits. Prepare a simple balance sheet of assets and liabilities for Banc One immediately after the deposit is received.
2. P6. Assume a financial system has a monetary base of $25 million. The required reserves ratio is 10 percent, and there are no leakages in the system. a. What is the size of the money multiplier? b. What will be the system’s money supply?
Exercise :Chapter 4
As the executive of a bank or thrift institution you are faced with an intense seasonal demand for loans. Assuming that your loanable funds are inadequate to take care of the demand, how might your Reserve Bank help you with this problem?
102
CHAPTER 5
Policy Makers and
the Money Supply
L E A R N I N G O B J E C T I V E S
After studying this chapter, you should be able to do the following:
LO 5.1 Describe the U.S. national economic policy objectives and possible confl icts among
these objectives.
LO 5.2 Identify the major policy makers and describe their primary responsibilities.
LO 5.3 Discuss how the U.S. government infl uences the economy and how the government
reacted to the 2007–09 perfect fi nancial storm.
LO 5.4 Describe the U.S. Treasury’s cash and general management responsibilities.
LO 5.5 Describe the U.S. Treasury’s defi cit fi nancing and debt management responsibilities.
LO 5.6 Discuss how expansion of the money supply takes place in the U.S. banking system.
LO 5.7 Summarize the factors or transactions that aff ect bank reserves.
LO 5.8 Explain the terms monetary base, money multiplier, and the velocity of money and
their relationships to the money supply.
W H E R E W E H A V E B E E N . . .
In Chapter 4 we discussed the role of the Federal Reserve System as the central bank in the
U.S. banking system. Money must be easily transferred, checks must be processed and
cleared, banks must be regulated and supervised, and the money supply must be controlled.
The Fed either assists or directly performs all of the activities that are necessary for a
well-functioning fi nancial system. You also learned about the characteristics and require-
ments of Federal Reserve membership and the composition of the Fed Board of Governors.
You were introduced to the Fed’s monetary policy functions—its open-market operations,
the administration of reserve requirements, and the setting of interest rates on loans to depos-
itory institutions. Fed supervisory and regulatory functions were also discussed.
W H E R E W E A R E G O I N G . . .
The last chapter in Part 1 focuses on how currency exchange rates are determined and how
international trade is fi nanced. We begin by discussing what is meant by currency exchange
Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
5.1 National Economic Policy Objectives 103
rates and foreign exchange markets. This is followed by a discussion of factors th.
Essays On Economy
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DB27 Economic Policy Challenging IncrementalismIncremental and.docx
DB2
7 Economic Policy Challenging Incrementalism
Incremental and Nonincremental Policymaking
Traditionally, fiscal and monetary policies were made incrementally; that is, decision makers concentrated their attention on modest changes—increases or decreases—in existing taxing, spending, and deficit levels, as well as the money supply and interest rates. Incrementalism was especially pervasive in annual federal budget making. The president and Congress did not reconsider the value of all existing programs each year, or pay much attention to previously established expenditure levels. Rather last year’s expenditures were considered as a base of spending for each program, attractive consideration of the budget proposals focused on new items or increases over last year’s base.
But crises often force policymakers to abandon incrementalism and reach out in non-incremental directions. In economic policy, the president and Congress and the Fed are pressured to “do something” in the face of a perceived economic crisis, even if there is little consensus on what should be done, or even whether there is anything the federal government can do to resolve the crisis. As we shall see later in this chapter, the recession that began in 2008 caused policymakers to search for new policies and make dramatic changes in spending and deficit levels and to undertake unprecedented measures to prevent the collapse of financial markets and avoid a deep recession.
Fiscal and Monetary Policy
Economic policy is exercised primarily through the federal government’s fiscal policies—decisions about taxing, spending, and deficit levels—and its monetary policies—decisions about the money supply and interest rates.
Fiscal policy is made in the annual preparation of the federal budget by the president and the Office of Management and Budget, and subsequently considered by Congress in its annual appropriations bills and revisions of the tax laws. These decisions determine overall federal spending levels, as well as spending priorities among federal programs. Together with tax policy decisions (see Chapter 8), these spending decisions determine the size of the federal government’s annual deficits or surpluses.
Monetary policy is the principal responsibility of the powerful and independent Federal Reserve Board—“the Fed”—which can expand or contract the money supply through its oversight of the nation’s banking system (see “The Fed at Work” later in this chapter). Congress established the Federal Reserve System and its governing Board in 1913 and Congress could, if it wished, reduce its power or even abolish the Fed altogether. But no serious effort has ever been undertaken to do so.
Economic Theories As Policy Guides
The goals of economic policy are widely shared: growth in economic output and standards of living, full and productive employment of the nation’s work force, and stable prices with low inflation. But a variety of economic theories compete for preeminence as ways of achiev.
The Monetary System Of Nepal
The monetary system of Nepal shows a dualistic nature, with the urban economy integrated into organized industries and services, while the rural economy remains mostly subsistence-based. Historically, Nepal Bank Ltd. and Rastriya Banijya Bank played important roles in Nepal's money market. The Nepal Rastra Bank was established as the central bank in 1956 and took a decade to consolidate its power and regulate banking operations, while other institutions like NIDC and ADB were also set up to provide financing.
20200107b
The document outlines an agenda for a civics class that includes discussing factors affecting the US economy, introducing a final simulation project, and correcting past worksheets. It then provides information from the civics textbook about factors influencing the business cycle such as business investment, money and credit, public opinion, and global changes. It describes tools used to predict the business cycle, including leading, coincident, and lagging indicators.
BUDGETING AND FINANCIAL MANAGEMENTPublic budgeting and financi.docx
BUDGETING AND FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT
Public budgeting and financial management are concerned with allocating limited resources to problems that governments and other public organizations face. Just as you establish a personal budget to track your income and expenses and, just as businesses create budgets to aid in decisions affecting profits and losses, so do public organizations employ budgets to help in planning and management. Public organizations must carefully and responsibly manage large amounts of money and other resources—taking in taxes and other revenues, purchasing goods and services, investing surplus funds, and managing debt wisely.
From the point of view of the manager or citizen trying to influence public policy, the budget is an extremely important tool for planning and control. To manage public programs effectively, you must be able to manage resources, both practically and politically. In this chapter we focus on the budget process from the standpoint of the individual public manager, examining how budget decisions are made and how you can influence budgetary outcomes. Although much of the budget process is highly charged politically, specific technical knowledge about budgeting systems will give you a distinct advantage.
The elaborate systems that public organizations have developed to manage their fiscal affairs are relatively recent. Prior to 1900, revenues were easily sufficient to cover the expenses of government, and financial management was merely record keeping. As the scope of government grew and new demands were placed on its resources, the need for more sophisticated systems of decision making became apparent. Moreover, repeated instances of corruption and waste made more effective control over the public's resources necessary.
In establishing its executive budget process through the Budgeting and Accounting Act of 1921, the federal government followed the lead of several local and state governments that had already taken similar actions. This municipal reform movement emphasized the budget process as a means of bringing order to public spending; consequently, by the 1920s, most big cities had established a formal budget process. Similar developments were also occurring at the state level. In 1910, Ohio became the first state to require an executive budget; within the next decade, similar actions took place in most other states. At the federal level, a special Commission on Economy and Efficiency, known as the Taft Commission, recommended establishing an executive budget in 1912; the recommendation was implemented nearly a decade later.
Since the 1920s, the federal budget has grown in both size and complexity, as have budgets at the state and local levels. This growth means that budgeting and financial management have come to involve far more than keeping a record of income and expenses. Today, how government spends its money affects many other areas of the economy; consequently, the budget is an instrument of fisc ...
Fiscal policy
Fiscal policy involves a government adjusting its spending and tax rates to influence economic goals like unemployment and inflation. It works alongside monetary policy to steer a country's economy. Fiscal policy is based on John Maynard Keynes' theory that government spending and tax changes impact productivity, inflation, employment, and currency value. While useful for stimulating a stagnant economy, excessive fiscal changes can also cause issues like high inflation or unemployment. Governments must balance these risks to stabilize economic cycles.
Taxation, Inflation and Public Debt Basic Model
In this essay, we present a model of optimal taxation, money creation, and public debt policies chosen by the ruling elite in a society with three social classes: the ruling elite, the middle class, and the poor. The ruling elite seeks to maximise their own utility while preventing rebellion or coups by the other social classes. We also consider the indirect effects of money creation and public debt on wealth redistribution and economic stress. Our results show that the ruling elite will seek to take as much wealth as it can, maintaining the other individuals at the edge of their tolerance. Thus, by providing insights into the trade-offs and incentives facing the ruling elite, this model can help inform policy, political choices, and thought.
Effects Of Business Cycles
This document discusses the business cycle and its effects. It begins with an introduction to business cycles, which are periodic fluctuations in economic activity. It then discusses the impacts of business cycles on employment, consumption, business confidence, and other macroeconomic variables. The document also provides examples of impacts from specific business cycles, such as the impact of the 2001 recession in the US. It analyzes unemployment, job losses, poverty levels, and other economic indicators from that time. Finally, the document argues that the 2001 recession may have been avoided through more proactive fiscal policy interventions.
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Syllabus
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ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
20200109b
- 1. Thursday, January 9th, 2020 Agenda for the Day: Good Afternoon! Get your Civics books and be ready go when the bell rings! First, we’ll be reading 21.3, “Government’s Role in the US Economy,” in our Civics books, pgs. 565--569, as part of the “US Economy & the World” emphasis of chapter 21. Second, we’ll have until 2:15 to work on our Shark Tank products, presentations, and pitches! Third, we’ll be watching & taking notes on a couple entrepreneurial pitches on “Shark Tank” and taking notes, as we lead in to... Fourth, Shark Tank Presentations! We will begin presenting our product pitches and presentations on Tuesday the 21st – and we will have our final chapter test on chapter 21 on Skyward, on Friday, January 24th. 6th Period Business 12:50—2:30
- 2. CIVICS IN PRACTICE HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON‹#› Section 3: Government’s Role in the U.S Economy The Main Idea The government affects the economy through regulation and through fiscal and monetary policies. Proper use of these tools helps keep the economy functioning more smoothly and effectively. Reading Focus What are the goals of government regulation? How is fiscal policy used to influence the economy? How does the Federal Reserve use monetary policy to influence the economy?
- 3. CIVICS IN PRACTICE HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON‹#› Goals of government regulation: Protect workers—Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, Occupational Safety and Health Administration Protect consumers—Food and Drug Administration, Consumer Product Safety Commission Limit negative effects—Environmental Protection Agency Encourage competition—regulations to ensure fair competition Section 3: Government’s Role in the U.S Economy
- 4. CIVICS IN PRACTICE HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON‹#› Fiscal policy is used to influence the economy. Taxes—lowering taxes creates spending money, aids business, and leads to new jobs; raising taxes slows growth and lowers prices; tax incentives encourage business investments Government spending—increased spending raises demand and creates jobs; decreased spending reverses effects Section 3: Government’s Role in the U.S Economy
- 5. CIVICS IN PRACTICE HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON‹#› Fiscal policy is used to influence the economy. (continued) Public transfer payments—government funds enable poor and unemployed to continue spending Timing—economic forecasts used to time fiscal policy changes Section 3: Government’s Role in the U.S Economy
- 6. CIVICS IN PRACTICE HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON‹#› The Fed influences the economy: Monetary policy determines the amount of money available in the economy. Open-market operations—securities are bought or sold to contract or expand money supply Discount rate—interest rate charged to banks is lowered to expand the economy, raised to slow growth; banks borrow more when rate is low Section 3: Government’s Role in the U.S Economy
- 7. CIVICS IN PRACTICE HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON‹#› The Fed influences the economy: (continued) Reserve requirement—lowered to expand the economy, raised to slow growth; banks lend more when reserve is low Timing and monetary policy—changes take time to affect economy Section 3: Government’s Role in the U.S Economy
- 8. CIVICS IN PRACTICE HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON‹#› Question: What are the four main economic goals of government regulation? SECTION 3 Government Regulation protect consumers encourage competition limit negative effects protect workers Four Main Goals of Government RegulationFour Main Goals of Government Regulation