This document describes a study that evaluated the accuracy of using computer-assisted virtual surgical planning and guides for reconstructing zygomatic bone defects with vascularized iliac crest bone grafts. CT scans of patients' faces and bone grafts were used to create 3D models and virtual surgical plans. Surgical guides were fabricated to transfer the plans intraoperatively. Postoperative CT scans found the mean difference in bone graft shape and position between actual and planned was 0.71mm and 3.53mm respectively, indicating good accuracy of the computer-assisted method.
This study evaluated the use of computer-assisted surgery using 3D planning and surgical guides compared to conventional surgery for reconstructing jaw defects with free vascularized fibular flaps. The computer-assisted approach significantly reduced shaping time and ischemic time compared to conventional surgery. It also eliminated discrepancies between the size of the fibula defect and transplant size. One flap failed in the conventional group, while all flaps were successful with the computer-assisted approach. The results suggest computer-assisted surgery may improve outcomes for fibular flap reconstruction of jaw defects.
Dentist in Pune. BDS, MDS (OMFS)- Dr. Amit T. Suryawanshi. New protocol in De...All Good Things
This document describes a new protocol for 3D surgical planning and CAD/CAM splint generation in orthognathic surgery. The protocol involves a single CBCT scan, surface scanning of the dental arches, and fusion of the datasets to create a "virtual patient" for virtual surgery planning. A proof-of-concept study on 3 skull models and 6 patients found that the pre-planned and actual intermediate positions achieved with the CAD/CAM splints had average distance errors of less than 0.20mm and 0.15mm respectively, demonstrating the accuracy of the new protocol. However, further clinical validation with larger samples is still needed.
An Automated Pelvic Bone Geometrical Feature Measurement Utilities on Ct Scan...IOSR Journals
This document discusses an automated system for measuring geometric features of the pelvic bone from CT scan images. The system uses patch statistical shape models and a multilevel measurement utility to determine pelvic orientation based on image calibration. It aims to help orthopedic surgeons locate damage areas and landmarks more accurately, especially for obese patients where manual palpation is difficult. The system involves experts to analyze statistical values generated from the measurements to inform treatment decisions.
Proposition of local automatic algorithm for landmark detection in 3D cephalo...journalBEEI
This study proposes a new contribution to solve the problem of automatic landmarks detection in three-dimensional cephalometry. 3D images obtained from CBCT (cone beam computed tomography) equipment were used for automatic identification of twelve landmarks. The proposed method is based on a local geometry and intensity criteria of skull structures. After the step of preprocessing and binarization, the algorithm segments the skull into three structures using the geometry information of nasal cavity and intensity information of the teeth. Each targeted landmark was detected using local geometrical information of the volume of interest containing this landmark. The ICC and confidence interval (95% CI) for each direction were 0, 91 (0.75 to 0.96) for x- direction; 0.92 (0.83 to 0.97) for y-direction; 0.92 (0.79 to 0.97) for z-direction. The mean error of detection was calculated using the Euclidian distance between the 3D coordinates of manually and automatically detected landmarks. The overall mean error of the algorithm was 2.76 mm with a standard deviation of 1.43 mm. Our proposed approach for automatic landmark identification in 3D cephalometric was capable of detecting 12 landmarks on 3D CBCT images which can be facilitate the use of 3D cephalometry to orthodontists.
The document discusses the objective of being a leader in producing replicas of osseous tissue and customized bone implants using CT, X-ray, or MRI images. It describes 3 action areas: 1) using models for surgical planning to improve outcomes, 2) producing customized implants to reduce additional surgeries and recovery time, and 3) developing new bioactive implant technologies. The document then outlines a 3-stage process for producing replicas, biocompatible implants, and biocompatible implants with bioactive components. Examples of use for maxillofacial surgery planning and reconstruction are provided.
Wavelets in Medical Image Processing On Hip Arthroplasty and De-Noising, Segm...IOSR Journals
This document discusses the use of wavelet transforms for medical image processing, specifically for hip arthroplasty. It provides background on wavelet transforms and how they can be used for tasks like de-noising and segmentation. The document then describes the key parameters measured in hip arthroplasty, including parameters from anterior-posterior and anterior-lateral x-rays both before and after prosthesis insertion. It also discusses using the DICOM standard to organize medical image data and extracting information from DICOM files.
An automated 3D cup planning in total hip arthroplasty from a standard X‑ray ...AutoImPlan team
This document describes a method for automated 3D cup planning in total hip arthroplasty using only a standard X-ray radiograph as input. Boundaries are extracted from the X-ray and used to reconstruct the 3D pelvis shape via an atlas-based 2D-3D method. Cup diameter and position are then automatically determined. The method was tested on 6 cases, achieving pelvis reconstruction errors of 1.8mm on average and cup planning errors similar to using 3D CT images. The method shows potential for automated preoperative planning without needing 3D CT scans.
This document discusses a novel Homographic Image Mosaicking and Morphing (HIMM) algorithm proposed to provide a see-through effect for laparoscopic surgeries. The HIMM algorithm stitches together images from multiple sensors using scale invariant feature detection, vector field consensus for mismatch rejection, and image warping. This allows creation of a panoramic video view of the surgical area to give surgeons an open cavity perspective. Experimental results demonstrate the HIMM algorithm can maintain correspondence between input images and provide the visualization needed for minimally invasive surgeries.
This study evaluated the use of computer-assisted surgery using 3D planning and surgical guides compared to conventional surgery for reconstructing jaw defects with free vascularized fibular flaps. The computer-assisted approach significantly reduced shaping time and ischemic time compared to conventional surgery. It also eliminated discrepancies between the size of the fibula defect and transplant size. One flap failed in the conventional group, while all flaps were successful with the computer-assisted approach. The results suggest computer-assisted surgery may improve outcomes for fibular flap reconstruction of jaw defects.
Dentist in Pune. BDS, MDS (OMFS)- Dr. Amit T. Suryawanshi. New protocol in De...All Good Things
This document describes a new protocol for 3D surgical planning and CAD/CAM splint generation in orthognathic surgery. The protocol involves a single CBCT scan, surface scanning of the dental arches, and fusion of the datasets to create a "virtual patient" for virtual surgery planning. A proof-of-concept study on 3 skull models and 6 patients found that the pre-planned and actual intermediate positions achieved with the CAD/CAM splints had average distance errors of less than 0.20mm and 0.15mm respectively, demonstrating the accuracy of the new protocol. However, further clinical validation with larger samples is still needed.
An Automated Pelvic Bone Geometrical Feature Measurement Utilities on Ct Scan...IOSR Journals
This document discusses an automated system for measuring geometric features of the pelvic bone from CT scan images. The system uses patch statistical shape models and a multilevel measurement utility to determine pelvic orientation based on image calibration. It aims to help orthopedic surgeons locate damage areas and landmarks more accurately, especially for obese patients where manual palpation is difficult. The system involves experts to analyze statistical values generated from the measurements to inform treatment decisions.
Proposition of local automatic algorithm for landmark detection in 3D cephalo...journalBEEI
This study proposes a new contribution to solve the problem of automatic landmarks detection in three-dimensional cephalometry. 3D images obtained from CBCT (cone beam computed tomography) equipment were used for automatic identification of twelve landmarks. The proposed method is based on a local geometry and intensity criteria of skull structures. After the step of preprocessing and binarization, the algorithm segments the skull into three structures using the geometry information of nasal cavity and intensity information of the teeth. Each targeted landmark was detected using local geometrical information of the volume of interest containing this landmark. The ICC and confidence interval (95% CI) for each direction were 0, 91 (0.75 to 0.96) for x- direction; 0.92 (0.83 to 0.97) for y-direction; 0.92 (0.79 to 0.97) for z-direction. The mean error of detection was calculated using the Euclidian distance between the 3D coordinates of manually and automatically detected landmarks. The overall mean error of the algorithm was 2.76 mm with a standard deviation of 1.43 mm. Our proposed approach for automatic landmark identification in 3D cephalometric was capable of detecting 12 landmarks on 3D CBCT images which can be facilitate the use of 3D cephalometry to orthodontists.
The document discusses the objective of being a leader in producing replicas of osseous tissue and customized bone implants using CT, X-ray, or MRI images. It describes 3 action areas: 1) using models for surgical planning to improve outcomes, 2) producing customized implants to reduce additional surgeries and recovery time, and 3) developing new bioactive implant technologies. The document then outlines a 3-stage process for producing replicas, biocompatible implants, and biocompatible implants with bioactive components. Examples of use for maxillofacial surgery planning and reconstruction are provided.
Wavelets in Medical Image Processing On Hip Arthroplasty and De-Noising, Segm...IOSR Journals
This document discusses the use of wavelet transforms for medical image processing, specifically for hip arthroplasty. It provides background on wavelet transforms and how they can be used for tasks like de-noising and segmentation. The document then describes the key parameters measured in hip arthroplasty, including parameters from anterior-posterior and anterior-lateral x-rays both before and after prosthesis insertion. It also discusses using the DICOM standard to organize medical image data and extracting information from DICOM files.
An automated 3D cup planning in total hip arthroplasty from a standard X‑ray ...AutoImPlan team
This document describes a method for automated 3D cup planning in total hip arthroplasty using only a standard X-ray radiograph as input. Boundaries are extracted from the X-ray and used to reconstruct the 3D pelvis shape via an atlas-based 2D-3D method. Cup diameter and position are then automatically determined. The method was tested on 6 cases, achieving pelvis reconstruction errors of 1.8mm on average and cup planning errors similar to using 3D CT images. The method shows potential for automated preoperative planning without needing 3D CT scans.
This document discusses a novel Homographic Image Mosaicking and Morphing (HIMM) algorithm proposed to provide a see-through effect for laparoscopic surgeries. The HIMM algorithm stitches together images from multiple sensors using scale invariant feature detection, vector field consensus for mismatch rejection, and image warping. This allows creation of a panoramic video view of the surgical area to give surgeons an open cavity perspective. Experimental results demonstrate the HIMM algorithm can maintain correspondence between input images and provide the visualization needed for minimally invasive surgeries.
This document describes a case study of a 28-year old female patient who underwent full-mouth dental implant rehabilitation using a flapless surgical technique with computer-assisted planning. The patient had lost all her teeth due to aggressive periodontal disease, resulting in severe bone loss. A total of 13 dental implants were placed in both jaws using CT-based planning and surgical guides. Immediate loading of the implants was done, and the patient received maxillary and mandibular implant-supported fixed dentures. The CT-based planning and surgical guides helped ensure accurate placement of the implants flapless, and resulted in a successful treatment outcome for the patient.
Unsupervised Deformable Image Registration Using Cycle-Consistent CNNBoahKim2
Presentation file for "Unsupervised Deformable Image Registration Using Cycle-Consistent CNN" presented at the International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer Assisted Intervention, MICCAI 2019.
Manifold image processing for see through effect in laparoscopic surgerieseSAT Journals
1) The document presents a novel Homographic Image Mosaicking and Morphing (HIMM) algorithm to provide a see-through effect for laparoscopic surgeries.
2) The HIMM algorithm stitches images from multiple sensors using scale invariant feature detection, vector field consensus for mismatch rejection, and image warping to create a panoramic view.
3) The results show that the HIMM algorithm is able to perfectly mosaic and morph two input images into a single display that maintains correspondence between views to provide surgeons an open cavity view.
Reeb Graph for Automatic 3D CephalometryCSCJournals
The purpose of this study is to present a method of three-dimensional computed tomographic (3D-CT) cephalometrics and its use to study cranio/maxilla-facial malformations. We propose a system for automatic localization of cephalometric landmarks using reeb graphs. Volumetric images of a patient were reconstructed into 3D mesh. The proposed method is carried out in three steps: we begin by applying 3d mesh skull simplification, this mesh was reconstructed from a head volumetric medical image, and then we extract a reeb graph. Reeb graph mesh extraction represents a skeleton composed in a number of nodes and arcs. We are interested in the node position; we noted that some reeb nodes could be considered as cephalometric landmarks under specific conditions. The third step is to identify these nodes automatically by using elastic mesh registration using “thin plate” transformation and clustering. Preliminary results show a landmarks recognition rate of more than 90%, very close to the manually provided landmarks positions made by a medical stuff.
Medical Image Synthesis with Improved Cycle-GAN: CT from CECT BoahKim2
Presentation file for "Medical Image Synthesis with Improved Cycle-GAN: CT from CECT" presented at the Workshop on Deep Learning for Biomedical Image Reconstruction of IEEE Internetional Symposium on Biomedical Imaging, ISBI 2020.
CBCT provides high quality 3D images that allow for more accurate implant planning compared to traditional 2D radiography. It allows visualization of anatomical structures in multiple planes, and accurate measurements. While it provides more information, inexperienced clinicians may misinterpret data. CBCT is recommended for implant planning in aesthetic zones, complex cases, and when vital anatomy needs to be assessed. Virtual planning with CBCT can be used to determine grafting needs, tumor resection plans, and angled implant positions to avoid lifting sinus floors.
This document discusses image guided surgery, which uses computer technology and 3D imaging like CT and MRI scans to guide surgical interventions. Key aspects covered include:
- Image guidance allows surgeons to view a patient's anatomy during surgery to locate structures hidden from direct vision.
- Registration aligns the 3D imaging with the patient's actual anatomy using tracking devices and fiducial markers.
- Volume rendering and surface rendering techniques are used to visualize 3D models of the patient's anatomy overlaid during surgery.
- Accuracy depends on factors like registration error and tracking device precision. Image guidance is useful for locating small structures in complex areas like the skull base.
CBCT provides high resolution 3D imaging of the maxillofacial region using a low radiation cone-shaped x-ray beam. It acquires full volume data in a single 10 second scan, allowing visualization of hard and some soft tissues from multiple angles. CBCT has numerous applications in dentistry due to its improved accuracy over 2D imaging such as panoramic x-rays. It is useful for implant planning, maxillofacial surgery, orthodontics, temporomandibular joint assessment, trauma cases, and oral pathology diagnosis.
The document describes a study that used COMSOL Multiphysics software to create an approximate bone model and apply different pressures to analyze von-mises stress and displacement. An approximate bone model was constructed in COMSOL using geometric shapes. Pressures of 25Pa and 50Pa were applied and the von-mises stress and displacement were observed. The results for the approximate bone model were similar to those of an actual bone model, showing this method can be used to monitor bone diseases by simulating stresses on bone.
Segmentation of cysts in kidney and 3 d volume calculation from ct images ijcga
This paper proposes a segmentation method and a three-dimensional (3-D) volume calculation method of
cysts in kidney from a number of computer tomography (CT) slice images. The input CT slice images
contain both sides of kidneys. There are two segmentation steps used in the proposed method: kidney
segmentation and cyst segmentation. For kidney segmentation, kidney regions are segmented from CT slice
images by using a graph-cut method that is applied to the middle slice of input CT slice images. Then, the
same method is used for the remaining CT slice images. In cyst segmentation, cyst regions are segmented
from the kidney regions by using fuzzy C-means clustering and level-set methods that can reduce noise of
non-cyst regions. For 3-D volume calculation, cyst volume calculation and 3-D volume visualization are
used. In cyst volume calculation, the area of cyst in each CT slice image equals to the number of pixels in
the cyst regions multiplied by spatial density of CT slice images, and then the volume of cysts is calculated
by multiplying the cyst area and thickness (interval) of CT slice images. In 3-D volume visualization, a 3-D
visualization technique is used to show the distribution of cysts in kidneys by using the result of cyst volume
calculation. The total 3-D volume is the sum of the calculated cyst volume in each CT slice image.
Experimental results show a good performance of 3-D volume calculation. The proposed cyst segmentation
and 3-D volume calculation methods can provide practical supports to surgery options and medical
practice to medical students
Segmentation of cysts in kidney and 3 d volume calculation from ct imagesbioejjournal
Statistics based optimization, Plackett–Burman design (PBD) and response surface methodology
(RSM) were employed to screen and optimize the media components for the production of
clavulanic acid from Streptomyces clavuligerus MTCC 1142, using solid state fermentation. jackfruit
seed powder was used as both the solid support and carbon source for the growth of Streptomyces
clavuligerus MTCC 1142. Based on the positive influence of the Pareto chart obtained from PBD on
clavulanic acid production, five media components – yeast extract, beef extract, sucrose, malt extract
and ferric chloride were screened. Central composite design (CCD) was employed using these five
media components- yeast extract 2.5%, beef extract 0.5%, sucrose 2.5%, malt extract 0.25% and ferric
chloride nutritional factors at three levels, for further optimization, and the second order polynomial
equation was derived, based on the experimental data. Response surface methodology showed that
the concentrations of yeast extract 2.5%, beef extract 0.5%, sucrose 2.5%, malt extract 0.25% and ferric
chloride 2.5% were the optimal levels for maximal clavulanic acid production (19.37 mg /gds) which were validated through experiments.
The document describes a novel method for localizing the pupil in eye gaze tracking systems. The proposed method fuses existing pupil localization techniques, including Hough transform, gray projection, and coarse positioning. This fusion approach aims to improve localization accuracy while lowering false detections. The method first preprocesses the eye image using filtering, edge detection, and thresholding/binarization. It then applies the fused techniques of Hough transform, gray projection, and coarse positioning to the preprocessed image to accurately detect the pupil boundary and center coordinates in a robust manner. The results are expected to provide better pupil localization compared to existing individual techniques.
Subtraction radiography and morphometric analysis in periodonticsR Viswa Chandra
“A Simple Method to Assess Bone Fill through Digital Subtraction Technique and Morphometric Analysis”- Guest lecture as a part of Dr NTRUHS Zonal CDE programme at Army College of Dental Sciences, Hyderabad, India on 18/1/2014.
Brain Tumor Area Calculation in CT-scan image using Morphological Operationsiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
1) The document describes a study comparing computer-assisted mandibular reconstruction using vascularized iliac crest bone grafts to conventional reconstruction techniques.
2) With computer-assisted planning, a surgical guide was designed based on CT scans and used to precisely shape and position the bone graft. This method aimed to reduce operating time and bone removal compared to conventional techniques.
3) Results found that with computer-assisted planning, the bone graft fit perfectly into the mandibular defect with less adjustment needed. Operating time and bone removed were also reduced compared to conventional techniques. Patients reported higher satisfaction with their appearance.
ASSESSING THE EFFECT OF UNICONDYLAR KNEE ARTHROPLASTY ON PROXIMAL TIBIA BONE ...ijbesjournal
ABSTRACT
In order to develop computational models of implanted constructs to predict prosthesis performance,robust experimental tests need to be devised. In the case of unicondylar knee arthroplasty (UKA), whereuptake of the procedure has been relatively low compared to traditional total knee arthroplasty techniques,computational modelling can give an insight into the factors affect theperformance of UKA if verified withappropriate, preferably data rich, experimental simulations. In the present work, an image based strainanalysis technique was applied for the assessment of the effect of UKA implantation on the strainsdeveloped in cortical bone of the proximal tibia. The results indicated the presence of increased strains inthe proximal portion of the bone, which could be exacerbated in the case of poor implant positioning, or for patients with diminished bone quality.
KEYWORDS
Unicondylar Knee Arthroplasty, Orthopaedics, Implantation, Cadaver Bone, Strain, Digital ImageCorrelation
Application of 3D Modeling for Preoperative Planning and Intra Operative Navigation during Procedures on the Organs of Retroperitoneal Space by Alexey A Rozhentsov in Experimental Techniques in Urology & Nephrology
This document discusses the 3D modeling of the knee joint using CT/MRI scan data and MIMICS software for the purpose of designing a custom knee implant. Key steps included segmenting the distal femur and proximal tibia from images, creating a 3D surface model, and designing a knee implant using reverse engineering that precisely matches the patient's bone geometry. The custom implant was found to mimic the natural curvature of the knee joint better than standard implants, allowing for more natural motion. Accuracy was improved over previous CAD models by using medical images and accounting for variability in bone density across different regions.
This document describes a case study of a 28-year old female patient who underwent full-mouth dental implant rehabilitation using a flapless surgical technique with computer-assisted planning. The patient had lost all her teeth due to aggressive periodontal disease, resulting in severe bone loss. A total of 13 dental implants were placed in both jaws using CT-based planning and surgical guides. Immediate loading of the implants was done, and the patient received maxillary and mandibular implant-supported fixed dentures. The CT-based planning and surgical guides helped ensure accurate placement of the implants flapless, and resulted in a successful treatment outcome for the patient.
Unsupervised Deformable Image Registration Using Cycle-Consistent CNNBoahKim2
Presentation file for "Unsupervised Deformable Image Registration Using Cycle-Consistent CNN" presented at the International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer Assisted Intervention, MICCAI 2019.
Manifold image processing for see through effect in laparoscopic surgerieseSAT Journals
1) The document presents a novel Homographic Image Mosaicking and Morphing (HIMM) algorithm to provide a see-through effect for laparoscopic surgeries.
2) The HIMM algorithm stitches images from multiple sensors using scale invariant feature detection, vector field consensus for mismatch rejection, and image warping to create a panoramic view.
3) The results show that the HIMM algorithm is able to perfectly mosaic and morph two input images into a single display that maintains correspondence between views to provide surgeons an open cavity view.
Reeb Graph for Automatic 3D CephalometryCSCJournals
The purpose of this study is to present a method of three-dimensional computed tomographic (3D-CT) cephalometrics and its use to study cranio/maxilla-facial malformations. We propose a system for automatic localization of cephalometric landmarks using reeb graphs. Volumetric images of a patient were reconstructed into 3D mesh. The proposed method is carried out in three steps: we begin by applying 3d mesh skull simplification, this mesh was reconstructed from a head volumetric medical image, and then we extract a reeb graph. Reeb graph mesh extraction represents a skeleton composed in a number of nodes and arcs. We are interested in the node position; we noted that some reeb nodes could be considered as cephalometric landmarks under specific conditions. The third step is to identify these nodes automatically by using elastic mesh registration using “thin plate” transformation and clustering. Preliminary results show a landmarks recognition rate of more than 90%, very close to the manually provided landmarks positions made by a medical stuff.
Medical Image Synthesis with Improved Cycle-GAN: CT from CECT BoahKim2
Presentation file for "Medical Image Synthesis with Improved Cycle-GAN: CT from CECT" presented at the Workshop on Deep Learning for Biomedical Image Reconstruction of IEEE Internetional Symposium on Biomedical Imaging, ISBI 2020.
CBCT provides high quality 3D images that allow for more accurate implant planning compared to traditional 2D radiography. It allows visualization of anatomical structures in multiple planes, and accurate measurements. While it provides more information, inexperienced clinicians may misinterpret data. CBCT is recommended for implant planning in aesthetic zones, complex cases, and when vital anatomy needs to be assessed. Virtual planning with CBCT can be used to determine grafting needs, tumor resection plans, and angled implant positions to avoid lifting sinus floors.
This document discusses image guided surgery, which uses computer technology and 3D imaging like CT and MRI scans to guide surgical interventions. Key aspects covered include:
- Image guidance allows surgeons to view a patient's anatomy during surgery to locate structures hidden from direct vision.
- Registration aligns the 3D imaging with the patient's actual anatomy using tracking devices and fiducial markers.
- Volume rendering and surface rendering techniques are used to visualize 3D models of the patient's anatomy overlaid during surgery.
- Accuracy depends on factors like registration error and tracking device precision. Image guidance is useful for locating small structures in complex areas like the skull base.
CBCT provides high resolution 3D imaging of the maxillofacial region using a low radiation cone-shaped x-ray beam. It acquires full volume data in a single 10 second scan, allowing visualization of hard and some soft tissues from multiple angles. CBCT has numerous applications in dentistry due to its improved accuracy over 2D imaging such as panoramic x-rays. It is useful for implant planning, maxillofacial surgery, orthodontics, temporomandibular joint assessment, trauma cases, and oral pathology diagnosis.
The document describes a study that used COMSOL Multiphysics software to create an approximate bone model and apply different pressures to analyze von-mises stress and displacement. An approximate bone model was constructed in COMSOL using geometric shapes. Pressures of 25Pa and 50Pa were applied and the von-mises stress and displacement were observed. The results for the approximate bone model were similar to those of an actual bone model, showing this method can be used to monitor bone diseases by simulating stresses on bone.
Segmentation of cysts in kidney and 3 d volume calculation from ct images ijcga
This paper proposes a segmentation method and a three-dimensional (3-D) volume calculation method of
cysts in kidney from a number of computer tomography (CT) slice images. The input CT slice images
contain both sides of kidneys. There are two segmentation steps used in the proposed method: kidney
segmentation and cyst segmentation. For kidney segmentation, kidney regions are segmented from CT slice
images by using a graph-cut method that is applied to the middle slice of input CT slice images. Then, the
same method is used for the remaining CT slice images. In cyst segmentation, cyst regions are segmented
from the kidney regions by using fuzzy C-means clustering and level-set methods that can reduce noise of
non-cyst regions. For 3-D volume calculation, cyst volume calculation and 3-D volume visualization are
used. In cyst volume calculation, the area of cyst in each CT slice image equals to the number of pixels in
the cyst regions multiplied by spatial density of CT slice images, and then the volume of cysts is calculated
by multiplying the cyst area and thickness (interval) of CT slice images. In 3-D volume visualization, a 3-D
visualization technique is used to show the distribution of cysts in kidneys by using the result of cyst volume
calculation. The total 3-D volume is the sum of the calculated cyst volume in each CT slice image.
Experimental results show a good performance of 3-D volume calculation. The proposed cyst segmentation
and 3-D volume calculation methods can provide practical supports to surgery options and medical
practice to medical students
Segmentation of cysts in kidney and 3 d volume calculation from ct imagesbioejjournal
Statistics based optimization, Plackett–Burman design (PBD) and response surface methodology
(RSM) were employed to screen and optimize the media components for the production of
clavulanic acid from Streptomyces clavuligerus MTCC 1142, using solid state fermentation. jackfruit
seed powder was used as both the solid support and carbon source for the growth of Streptomyces
clavuligerus MTCC 1142. Based on the positive influence of the Pareto chart obtained from PBD on
clavulanic acid production, five media components – yeast extract, beef extract, sucrose, malt extract
and ferric chloride were screened. Central composite design (CCD) was employed using these five
media components- yeast extract 2.5%, beef extract 0.5%, sucrose 2.5%, malt extract 0.25% and ferric
chloride nutritional factors at three levels, for further optimization, and the second order polynomial
equation was derived, based on the experimental data. Response surface methodology showed that
the concentrations of yeast extract 2.5%, beef extract 0.5%, sucrose 2.5%, malt extract 0.25% and ferric
chloride 2.5% were the optimal levels for maximal clavulanic acid production (19.37 mg /gds) which were validated through experiments.
The document describes a novel method for localizing the pupil in eye gaze tracking systems. The proposed method fuses existing pupil localization techniques, including Hough transform, gray projection, and coarse positioning. This fusion approach aims to improve localization accuracy while lowering false detections. The method first preprocesses the eye image using filtering, edge detection, and thresholding/binarization. It then applies the fused techniques of Hough transform, gray projection, and coarse positioning to the preprocessed image to accurately detect the pupil boundary and center coordinates in a robust manner. The results are expected to provide better pupil localization compared to existing individual techniques.
Subtraction radiography and morphometric analysis in periodonticsR Viswa Chandra
“A Simple Method to Assess Bone Fill through Digital Subtraction Technique and Morphometric Analysis”- Guest lecture as a part of Dr NTRUHS Zonal CDE programme at Army College of Dental Sciences, Hyderabad, India on 18/1/2014.
Brain Tumor Area Calculation in CT-scan image using Morphological Operationsiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
1) The document describes a study comparing computer-assisted mandibular reconstruction using vascularized iliac crest bone grafts to conventional reconstruction techniques.
2) With computer-assisted planning, a surgical guide was designed based on CT scans and used to precisely shape and position the bone graft. This method aimed to reduce operating time and bone removal compared to conventional techniques.
3) Results found that with computer-assisted planning, the bone graft fit perfectly into the mandibular defect with less adjustment needed. Operating time and bone removed were also reduced compared to conventional techniques. Patients reported higher satisfaction with their appearance.
ASSESSING THE EFFECT OF UNICONDYLAR KNEE ARTHROPLASTY ON PROXIMAL TIBIA BONE ...ijbesjournal
ABSTRACT
In order to develop computational models of implanted constructs to predict prosthesis performance,robust experimental tests need to be devised. In the case of unicondylar knee arthroplasty (UKA), whereuptake of the procedure has been relatively low compared to traditional total knee arthroplasty techniques,computational modelling can give an insight into the factors affect theperformance of UKA if verified withappropriate, preferably data rich, experimental simulations. In the present work, an image based strainanalysis technique was applied for the assessment of the effect of UKA implantation on the strainsdeveloped in cortical bone of the proximal tibia. The results indicated the presence of increased strains inthe proximal portion of the bone, which could be exacerbated in the case of poor implant positioning, or for patients with diminished bone quality.
KEYWORDS
Unicondylar Knee Arthroplasty, Orthopaedics, Implantation, Cadaver Bone, Strain, Digital ImageCorrelation
Application of 3D Modeling for Preoperative Planning and Intra Operative Navigation during Procedures on the Organs of Retroperitoneal Space by Alexey A Rozhentsov in Experimental Techniques in Urology & Nephrology
This document discusses the 3D modeling of the knee joint using CT/MRI scan data and MIMICS software for the purpose of designing a custom knee implant. Key steps included segmenting the distal femur and proximal tibia from images, creating a 3D surface model, and designing a knee implant using reverse engineering that precisely matches the patient's bone geometry. The custom implant was found to mimic the natural curvature of the knee joint better than standard implants, allowing for more natural motion. Accuracy was improved over previous CAD models by using medical images and accounting for variability in bone density across different regions.
This document describes the process of creating a 3D CAD model of the human knee joint from CT scan data using reverse engineering and Mimics software. Key points:
- CT scan data of a 25-year-old male's knee was used to generate DICOM images, which were then imported into Mimics.
- Mimics software uses density segmentation to distinguish bone, soft tissues, and other structures based on pixel intensity in the images.
- Each bone segment was reconstructed separately through manual editing of density masks generated by Mimics.
- The final 3D model exported from Mimics in STL file format can be used for applications like surgical simulation and implant design where an accurate knee model is needed
This document reviews the use of augmented reality (AR) in neurosurgery. It discusses four main methods of implementing AR in brain tumor resection surgeries: projector-based navigation, tablet-based navigation, phone-based navigation, and head-mounted display-based navigation. It also presents three case studies of AR being used to guide surgery, including a meningioma resection, glioblastoma resection, and aneurysm clipping. The review finds that AR shows promise for making neurosurgery procedures more precise and minimally invasive by allowing real-time overlay of patient imaging on the surgical field.
1. There are several methods for predicting surgical outcomes of orthognathic surgery, including manual tracings, computer software programs, and video imaging.
2. Studies have found that current prediction methods tend to be inaccurate, especially in predicting soft tissue changes like lip and chin positions. Predictions often differ from actual outcomes by 2mm or more.
3. While prediction images can help communicate treatment plans to patients, they may also unintentionally create unrealistic expectations that are not always achieved. More accurate prediction methods are still needed.
1. There are several methods for predicting outcomes of orthognathic surgery, including manual tracings, computer programs, and 3D modeling.
2. Accuracy of prediction varies depending on the method and software used, with 3D modeling generally providing the most accurate predictions but manual methods still common.
3. Studies have found most software to be reasonably accurate for hard tissue predictions but with more variability for soft tissues like lips and less ability to account for individual patient differences.
3D printing has various applications in orthopedics including pre-operative planning, creating implants and prosthetics, and patient-specific instrumentation. The document discusses several studies that demonstrate benefits of 3D printing such as improved screw placement accuracy, reduced radiation exposure and operation time, and aiding complex surgical planning. Applications discussed include using 3D printed models and guides for fractures of the acromion, clavicle, humerus, elbow, wrist, and acetabulum.
This document describes the use of virtual surgical planning and 3D modeling to aid in the resection and reconstruction of a temporomandibular joint with bony ankylosis. A patient's CT scan was used to create a 3D model of the joint. Virtual osteotomies and placement of stock prosthetics were planned. Surgical guides and models were 3D printed to assist with the procedure. The surgery followed the virtual plan closely. Virtual planning allowed for improved safety and fit of the stock prosthetics compared to traditional methods.
Study: Development of a precision multimodal surgical navigation system for l...JeanmarcBasteMDPhD
Minimally invasive sublobar anatomical resection is becoming more and more popular to manage early lung lesions. Robotic-assisted thoracic surgery (RATS) is unique in comparison with other minimally invasive techniques. Indeed, RATS is able to better integrate multiple streams of information including advanced imaging techniques, in an immersive experience at the level of the robotic console.
Our aim was to describe three-dimensional (3D) imaging throughout the surgical procedure from preoperative planning to intraoperative assistance and complementary investigations such as radial endobronchial ultrasound (R-EBUS) and virtual bronchoscopy for pleural dye marking.
All cases were operated using the DaVinci SystemTM. Modelisation was provided by Visible PatientTM (Strasbourg, France). Image integration in the operative field was achieved using the Tile Pro multi display input of the DaVinci console.
Our experience was based on 114 robotic segmentectomies performed between January 2012 and October 2017. Progressively, we have reached the conclusion that the use of such an anatomic model improves the safety and reliability of procedures. The act of operating is being transformed and the surgeon now oversees a complex system that improves decision making.
It is in this dynamic and innovative setting, that my peers and I are curating an intensive training on this precision multimodal surgical system.
« Revolution in RATS » will be held in March 7th and 8th 2019.
http://bit.ly/2Ix7I48
It is intended to give thoracic surgeons the opportunity to take advantage of new advanced techniques and cutting-edge devices to achieve greater safety, precision and ease their decision-making process.
Please click on this link for further information on the Masterclass and registrations: http://bit.ly/2Ix7I48
Kind Regards,
Pr. Jean-Marc Baste
1. The document evaluates the impact of virtual reality (VR) on liver surgical planning procedures. It proposes a VR-based model called the Virtual Liver Surgery Planning System (VLSPS) to enhance the surgical planning process.
2. A case study was conducted with 20 liver surgeons in Egypt. The results showed that the VLSPS was effective in training surgeons and shortening surgical planning time. It enabled more accurate quantitative analysis of liver structures.
3. The proposed VLSPS model integrated segmentation, refinement tools, and resection planning in a VR environment to improve pre-operative planning. Evaluation indicated the approach improved surgical decision making and efficiency.
3D reconstruction is a process used in medical imaging to capture the shape and appearance of real objects. It can be done actively or passively through methods like CT scans and MRI. The resulting 3D models have various clinical applications like improved diagnosis, surgical planning and simulation. They provide more accurate information than 2D images by aggregating multi-view data and estimating detailed surfaces. This facilitates tasks in areas such as radiotherapy, spinal surgery and neurointerventions.
Indirect Digital Workflow for Virtual Cross-Mounting of Fixed Implant-Support...PapaDoc3
This document describes an indirect digital workflow for virtually cross-mounting fixed implant-supported prostheses to create a 3D virtual patient. Scans of the patient's face, interim prostheses, and CBCT images were used to digitally transfer the maxilla's position to a virtual articulator. This allows mounting casts accurately in the patient's centric relation without physical articulators or mounting plates. The technique aims to reproduce the maxillomandibular relationship independently of occlusal contacts for repeatable registration. It provides advantages like improved treatment planning and reduced chairside time compared to conventional methods.
The document discusses the application of computer aided engineering (CAE) techniques like finite element analysis to predict stress transfer in femurs after implantation of standard and short femoral stem hip implants. Specifically, it details:
1) Creating 3D CAD models of femurs from CT scan data and designing stem implants.
2) Reviewing forces on femurs during gait and applying them in finite element analysis models.
3) Analyzing the models to compare stress distributions between standard and short stem implants, finding the short stem allows a more physiological stress distribution.
4) Concluding CAE techniques like CAD and FEA can effectively examine implant designs before surgery and optimize factors affecting bone stress.
This document summarizes research on using adhesively fixed reference points for surgical navigation and robotic surgery. Three reference marker models with varying resolutions, thresholds, and wraps were 3D printed and their accuracy was tested. The mean accuracy of each marker ranged from 0.18mm to 0.54mm compared to optimal placement. Compared to accepted errors in spine surgery (<2mm), the markers increased accuracy between 18-91%. Axially, all results were within safety thresholds. Even without adhesive, the markers showed better accuracy than current methods. Improved accuracy could be achieved with a better adhesive and more precise 3D printer. The markers could reduce reliance on surgeon expertise and radiation exposure in surgery.
This study evaluated the safety and accuracy of using a 3D navigation module to assist with posterior atlantoaxial pedicle screw fixation for the treatment of atlantoaxial instability. Twenty patients underwent the procedure with the 3D navigation module, which was designed as a double-sided positioning hole guide with a guide rod. Post-operative CT scans found two screws deviated slightly but did not cause neurological issues. Accuracy of screw placement was high. Patients had improved neurological function scores after surgery. The 3D navigation module helped safely and accurately guide atlantoaxial pedicle screw insertion.
This case report describes a treatment using a surgery-first approach for a Class III malocclusion patient. 3D virtual surgical planning and customized self-ligating brackets were used. Excellent facial and occlusal outcomes were achieved in only 5 months, demonstrating the benefits of combining 3D digital technology, self-ligating brackets, and a surgery-first approach to significantly reduce treatment time. Mandibular setback surgery was performed, followed by placement of the initial archwire during surgery and use of Class III elastics to correct the bite.
This document discusses 3D diagnostics in orofacial medicine using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). It begins by providing background on the development of 3D diagnostics and its limitations in dentistry due to high radiation exposure from traditional CT. The advent of CBCT enabled wider use of 3D diagnostics in dentistry by using a cone-shaped beam and lower radiation doses. CBCT provides high-resolution 3D images, allows for improved surgical planning, and greater understanding of procedures for patients. The document then describes the technical principles and components of CBCT scanning.
Similar to 2013 modabber-zygoma-reconstruction (20)
An 83-year-old female patient was admitted to the hospital with breathing difficulties and weight loss. An autopsy revealed adenocarcinoma of the lung and colon in the late stages. Molecular testing found that both cancers had a BRAF V600E mutation, which is rare for two separate cancers to share. The autopsy also uncovered several other previously unknown medical conditions, demonstrating the importance of autopsies for quality control and teaching.
Kongressplakat pathologie dworak grading system prof. hansen_din a0Klinikum Lippe GmbH
This study evaluated the Dworak tumor regression grading (TRG) system as a prognostic indicator for 159 rectal cancer patients treated with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. Patients were observed for a mean of 42.5 months. A univariate Kaplan-Meier analysis found that patients with Dworak TRG grades 3+4 had a mean progression-free survival of 121 months, significantly higher than the 53.6 months for patients with grades 1+2. A multivariate analysis identified Dworak TRG grade and postoperative nodal stage as independent risk factors. The study concludes that Dworak TRG is an important prognostic indicator of progression-free survival and that subclassifying into grades 1+2 and 3
This study developed and tested a non-language specific speech test using made-up syllables to evaluate speech in cleft patients from different cultural and language backgrounds. The test was administered to 41 cleft patients and 39 non-cleft individuals from Germany, Iran, and India. Two speech pathologists independently rated audio recordings of the tests and found significant differences in hypernasality, nasal emissions, and consonant errors between cleft patients and non-cleft controls from the same language group. While inter-rater agreement was poor, the test was able to distinguish speech characteristics between cleft and non-cleft individuals across different languages and cultures.
This study evaluated the use of vascularised fatty tissue flaps to replace excised parotid tissue and prevent Frey's syndrome in 37 patients who underwent parotidectomy between 2008-2017. The fatty flaps took an average of 17 minutes to dissect and were stable for up to 9 years of follow up. None of the patients reported symptoms of Frey's syndrome such as flushing or sweating when eating. The flaps were an easy technique that avoided donor site morbidity compared to other options and successfully prevented Frey's syndrome in all patients.
1) The study compared the effects of dexamethasone, tranexamic acid, and a combination of both on post-rhinoplasty edema and ecchymosis in 60 patients who underwent primary open rhinoplasty.
2) Patients were divided into 4 groups: dexamethasone only, tranexamic acid only, combination, and placebo. Medications were given intravenously before and after surgery.
3) Edema and ecchymosis were evaluated on a scale of 0-4 on postoperative days 1, 3, and 7. The dexamethasone, tranexamic acid, and combination groups had significantly lower edema and ecchymosis ratings compared to the placebo
This study compared information obtained from standard computed tomographic angiography (s-CTA) scans and modified CTA (m-CTA) scans of the deep circumflex iliac artery (DCIA) flap to cadaver dissections. The m-CTA scans showed longer visible DCIA lengths, better visualization of branching patterns, and more detail on vessel course compared to s-CTA scans. However, s-CTA scans allowed bilateral evaluation while m-CTA only showed the injected side. Both CTA methods provided more information than cadaver dissections for preoperative planning of DCIA flaps.
This document describes a new minimally invasive technique for harvesting a deep circumflex iliac artery (DCIA) flap for jaw reconstruction using virtual surgical planning and 3D printed surgical guides. Virtual planning based on CT scans allows for precise preoperative design of the bone flap and surgical guide. The guide enables a medial approach to the pelvis to harvest the flap, preserving important anatomical structures and muscles to reduce donor site morbidity. Initial results found the new technique allowed for shorter recovery times and less complaints about walking or hip profile changes compared to standard approaches.
This study analyzed the three-dimensional morphology of ears in 240 Caucasian volunteers aged 21-65. 3D scans were taken and distances, angles, and proportions between landmarks on the ears were measured. The results showed that the distance between the subaurale and superaurale, as well as the width of the ear, significantly increased with age. The lower quadrant of the ear extended the most with increasing age. The ear continues changing shape in adulthood even after body growth stops. These measurements can help surgeons plan operations to achieve aesthetic outcomes for patients of different ages.
This study assessed parental risk factors for cleft lip and palate (CL/P) in 187 children with CL/P and 190 non-cleft children. The study found that family history of clefts, lack of folic acid consumption during pregnancy, and consanguineous marriage were strongly associated with increased risk of a child being born with CL/P. Children with CL/P also had significantly higher rates of other congenital abnormalities and physical problems compared to non-cleft children. The findings suggest expecting mothers with a family history of CL/P or who engage in consanguineous marriages should take extra precautions to prevent CL/P in their children.
2016 wahl-immunotherapy with imiquimod and interferon alfa for metastasized m...Klinikum Lippe GmbH
1) The document describes the case of a 90-year-old woman with metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) that was treated with a combination of local and systemic immunotherapy.
2) Treatment included weekly intralesional injections of interferon alfa-2a along with topical imiquimod cream 3 times per week, as well as subcutaneous injections of pegylated interferon alfa-2b.
3) This combination led to the regression of all cutaneous metastases and lymph node metastases within 4 months, and the patient remained alive 30 months after starting immunotherapy, suggesting locally metastasized MCC can be controlled with local and systemic immunotherapy.
1) The study examined the effect of using acellular dermal grafts in combination with Z-plasty technique for secondary cleft lip deformities.
2) 18 patients underwent scar revision, submucosal tunneling, Z-plasty, and placement of an acellular dermal graft.
3) Quantitative measurements before and after surgery found significant improvements in symmetry, defect height, and lip thickness, indicating acellular dermal grafts with Z-plasty can effectively treat secondary cleft lip deformities.
This document describes a technique for reconstructing full-thickness defects of the lower third of the nose using a three-layer approach. A reversed nasolabial flap is used to reconstruct the nasal lining, an auricular cartilage graft provides structural support, and a forehead flap provides skin coverage. The technique was used in 21 patients and resulted in satisfactory aesthetic and functional outcomes in most cases. Combined flaps from local and distant sites incorporating cartilage can effectively reconstruct large nasal defects while restoring the three anatomical layers.
2016 heinz-two-step reconstruction of non-marginal auricular defectsKlinikum Lippe GmbH
This document describes a two-step surgical technique for reconstructing non-marginal full-thickness defects of the auricle. In the first step, tissue from the preauricular and retroauricular regions is used to reconstruct the anterior and posterior surfaces of the auricle defect. In the second step, performed two weeks later, the tissue pedicles are separated and adjusted. Thirteen patients underwent this procedure with excellent esthetic outcomes, low morbidity, and patient satisfaction. Vertical and horizontal dimensions of the reconstructed auricles changed minimally. The two-step technique provides an improved method for reconstructing central auricle defects.
This study retrospectively evaluated 34 patients with class III dentofacial deformities who underwent either maxillary advancement or mandibular setback surgery. Pre- and post-operative lateral cephalograms were analyzed to compare changes in 14 soft tissue parameters between the two surgical approaches. Statistically significant differences were found for cervical length, which increased after maxillary advancement but decreased after mandibular setback. Some other aesthetic parameters were found to be superior after maxillary advancement compared to mandibular setback. The study aims to help determine the best surgical approach for correcting class III deformities while optimizing aesthetic outcomes.
This study compared the clinically usable bone regions of the ilium and fibula for mandible reconstruction. Measurements were taken of 241 ilia, 91 mandibles, and 60 fibulas. The ilium offered a similar total usable bone length to the fibula but maintained a more constant bone thickness throughout, whereas the fibula's dimensions varied significantly. In some fibulas, only a small portion of the total bone length could actually be used. The study suggests the ilium may be a better donor site than the fibula, especially for women requiring occlusal rehabilitation after mandible reconstruction.
This study compared outcomes of 86 patients who underwent reconstruction of facial soft tissue defects following tumor excision using various surgical techniques, including non-vascularised skin grafts, local flaps, a modified face-lift technique, and microvascular free flaps. The face-lift technique resulted in shorter hospital stays and lower rates of ectropion than other methods for defects under 60 cm2. It provided the best aesthetic outcomes but was limited to smaller defects. Microvascular free flaps were necessary for the largest defects over 60 cm2 due to the amount of tissue needed.
2015 heinz-repairing a non-marginal full-thickness auricular defect using a r...Klinikum Lippe GmbH
This document describes a surgical technique using an anterior pedicled retroauricular flap (APRF) to reconstruct full-thickness defects of the central non-marginal area of the ear. The APRF is harvested from the postauricular skin in two stages and used to reconstruct both the posterior and anterior surfaces of the defect. The procedure was performed successfully in 11 patients to repair conchal defects, with good aesthetic outcomes, minimal donor site morbidity, and high patient satisfaction. The APRF provides an effective method to reconstruct central ear defects while maintaining ear size and shape with minimal stress on the flap.
5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT or Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that serves a range of roles in the human body. It is sometimes referred to as the happy chemical since it promotes overall well-being and happiness.
It is mostly found in the brain, intestines, and blood platelets.
5-HT is utilised to transport messages between nerve cells, is known to be involved in smooth muscle contraction, and adds to overall well-being and pleasure, among other benefits. 5-HT regulates the body's sleep-wake cycles and internal clock by acting as a precursor to melatonin.
It is hypothesised to regulate hunger, emotions, motor, cognitive, and autonomic processes.
Know the difference between Endodontics and Orthodontics.Gokuldas Hospital
Your smile is beautiful.
Let’s be honest. Maintaining that beautiful smile is not an easy task. It is more than brushing and flossing. Sometimes, you might encounter dental issues that need special dental care. These issues can range anywhere from misalignment of the jaw to pain in the root of teeth.
Discover the benefits of homeopathic medicine for irregular periods with our guide on 5 common remedies. Learn how these natural treatments can help regulate menstrual cycles and improve overall menstrual health.
Visit Us: https://drdeepikashomeopathy.com/service/irregular-periods-treatment/
PGx Analysis in VarSeq: A User’s PerspectiveGolden Helix
Since our release of the PGx capabilities in VarSeq, we’ve had a few months to gather some insights from various use cases. Some users approach PGx workflows by means of array genotyping or what seems to be a growing trend of adding the star allele calling to the existing NGS pipeline for whole genome data. Luckily, both approaches are supported with the VarSeq software platform. The genotyping method being used will also dictate what the scope of the tertiary analysis will be. For example, are your PGx reports a standalone pipeline or would your lab’s goal be to handle a dual-purpose workflow and report on PGx + Diagnostic findings.
The purpose of this webcast is to:
Discuss and demonstrate the approaches with array and NGS genotyping methods for star allele calling to prep for downstream analysis.
Following genotyping, explore alternative tertiary workflow concepts in VarSeq to handle PGx reporting.
Moreover, we will include insights users will need to consider when validating their PGx workflow for all possible star alleles and options you have for automating your PGx analysis for large number of samples. Please join us for a session dedicated to the application of star allele genotyping and subsequent PGx workflows in our VarSeq software.
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga-GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS-2024.pdfOsvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
Gastrointestinal Infections
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS result from the ingestion of pathogens that cause infections at the level of this tract, generally being transmitted by food, water and hands contaminated by microorganisms such as E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter, Staphylococcus, Rotavirus among others that are generally contained in feces, thus configuring a FECAL-ORAL type of transmission.
Among the factors that lead to the occurrence of gastrointestinal infections are the hygienic and sanitary deficiencies that characterize our markets and other places where raw or cooked food is sold, poor environmental sanitation in communities, deficiencies in water treatment (or in the process of its plumbing), risky hygienic-sanitary habits (not washing hands after major and/or minor needs), among others.
These are generally consequences (signs and symptoms) resulting from gastrointestinal infections: diarrhea, vomiting, fever and malaise, among others.
The treatment consists of replacing lost liquids and electrolytes (drinking drinking water and other recommended liquids, including consumption of juicy fruits such as papayas, apples, pears, among others that contain water in their composition).
To prevent this, it is necessary to promote health education, improve the hygienic-sanitary conditions of markets and communities in general as a way of promoting, preserving and prolonging PUBLIC HEALTH.
Gastritis and Gastric Health
Gastric Health is one of the most relevant concerns in human health, with gastrointestinal infections being among the main illnesses that affect humans.
Among gastric problems, we have GASTRITIS AND GASTRIC ULCERS as the main public health problems. Gastritis and gastric ulcers normally result from inflammation and corrosion of the walls of the stomach (gastric mucosa) and are generally associated (caused) by the bacterium Helicobacter pylor, which, according to the literature, this bacterium settles on these walls (of the stomach) and starts to release urease that ends up altering the normal pH of the stomach (acid), which leads to inflammation and corrosion of the mucous membranes and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
In addition to bacterial infections, gastritis and gastric ulcers are associated with several factors, with emphasis on prolonged fasting, chemical substances including drugs, alcohol, foods with strong seasonings including chilli, which ends up causing inflammation of the stomach walls and/or corrosion. of the same, resulting in the appearance of wounds and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
Among patients with gastritis and/or ulcers, one of the dilemmas is associated with the foods to consume in order to minimize the sensation of pain and discomfort.
Are you looking for a long-lasting solution to your missing tooth?
Dental implants are the most common type of method for replacing the missing tooth. Unlike dentures or bridges, implants are surgically placed in the jawbone. In layman’s terms, a dental implant is similar to the natural root of the tooth. It offers a stable foundation for the artificial tooth giving it the look, feel, and function similar to the natural tooth.
The skin is the largest organ and its health plays a vital role among the other sense organs. The skin concerns like acne breakout, psoriasis, or anything similar along the lines, finding a qualified and experienced dermatologist becomes paramount.
The biomechanics of running involves the study of the mechanical principles underlying running movements. It includes the analysis of the running gait cycle, which consists of the stance phase (foot contact to push-off) and the swing phase (foot lift-off to next contact). Key aspects include kinematics (joint angles and movements, stride length and frequency) and kinetics (forces involved in running, including ground reaction and muscle forces). Understanding these factors helps in improving running performance, optimizing technique, and preventing injuries.
Breast cancer: Post menopausal endocrine therapyDr. Sumit KUMAR
Breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) status is a common and complex condition that necessitates a multifaceted approach to management. HR+ breast cancer means that the cancer cells grow in response to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This subtype is prevalent among postmenopausal women and typically exhibits a more indolent course compared to other forms of breast cancer, which allows for a variety of treatment options.
Diagnosis and Staging
The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
Staging involves determining the size of the tumor (T), the involvement of regional lymph nodes (N), and the presence of distant metastasis (M). The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system is commonly used. Accurate staging is critical as it guides treatment decisions.
Treatment Options
Endocrine Therapy
Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.
Pictorial and detailed description of patellar instability with sign and symptoms and how to diagnose , what investigations you should go with and how to approach with treatment options . I have presented this slide in my 2nd year junior residency in orthopedics at LLRM medical college Meerut and got good reviews for it
After getting it read you will definitely understand the topic.