This document discusses the 3D modeling of the knee joint using CT/MRI scan data and MIMICS software for the purpose of designing a custom knee implant. Key steps included segmenting the distal femur and proximal tibia from images, creating a 3D surface model, and designing a knee implant using reverse engineering that precisely matches the patient's bone geometry. The custom implant was found to mimic the natural curvature of the knee joint better than standard implants, allowing for more natural motion. Accuracy was improved over previous CAD models by using medical images and accounting for variability in bone density across different regions.
The document discusses the application of computer aided engineering (CAE) techniques like finite element analysis to predict stress transfer in femurs after implantation of standard and short femoral stem hip implants. Specifically, it details:
1) Creating 3D CAD models of femurs from CT scan data and designing stem implants.
2) Reviewing forces on femurs during gait and applying them in finite element analysis models.
3) Analyzing the models to compare stress distributions between standard and short stem implants, finding the short stem allows a more physiological stress distribution.
4) Concluding CAE techniques like CAD and FEA can effectively examine implant designs before surgery and optimize factors affecting bone stress.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity
This document summarizes research on designing and fabricating customized bone scaffolds for femur bones using 3D printing. The researchers used CT scan data of a femur bone in MIMICS software to create a 3D model. Four layers of the femur bone were selected to create customized scaffolds. Unit cell designs like double bend curves, S bend curves, U bend curves, and steps were created in SOLIDWORKS. Basic primitives like squares, hexagons, and octagons of different pore sizes and distances were used to design scaffold structures. 108 customized femur bone scaffolds were modeled and their porosities determined using MIMICS. Scaffolds with U bend curves and square primitives of 0.8mm pore
Finite Element Analysis of Osteosynthesis Miniplate for the Reconstruction of...UniversitasGadjahMada
In the last two decades, the use of osteosynthesis miniplate has been growing to aid the healing process and reconstruction of fractured mandibular bone. In principle, the plate is used to provide stable fixation of the fractured bone tissue during the healing process and reconstruction. Based on earlier studies, it is noted that arrangements and geometry of the osteosynthesis miniplate played a critical role in determining the stability of the fractured mandibular bone, as well as the miniplate. In this research, a simulation with finite element method (FEM) was carried out to investigate the influence of the number of holes in an osteosynthesis miniplate on the stability of fractured mandibular bone and the corresponding miniplate after the implantation. For this purpose, a set of osteosynthesis miniplate with three different configurations was taken for simulation using a three-dimensional (3D) model of mandibular bone generated from the patient through computed tomography (CT). The result of the simulation showed that all the miniplates with three configurations tested were stable enough to prevent movement of fractured mandibular bone. Moreover, fixation with a pair of miniplates having four screw holes demonstrated the desired result; as indicated by the lowest value of displacement, pressure on the bone surface and pressure on the miniplate.
Additive Manufacturing and Testing of a Prosthetic Foot Ankle Jointijtsrd
Ankle replacement is a fairly new concept and is one of the popular treatments of ankle fractures and arthritis. This project focuses on modelling and 3D Printing of a prosthetic talocrural joint. The standard sizes of tibia which is the larger bone of lower leg and talus being lower part of the ankle joint, are observed and modeled accordingly by using CATIA with standard dimensions. The prototype is made with PLA plastic using an FDM Fused Deposition Modelling 3D printer. The analytical tests carried on ANSYS by applying human weight on the tibial surface and physical tests are conducted on Universal testing machine. The compression force is applied on the prototype and observed till failure. Results obtained are compared for static position of the foot, of both analytical and physical outcomes. Yogesh Avula | Adi Seshan Mula | Vishal Onnala | Kartheek Merugu ""Additive Manufacturing and Testing of a Prosthetic Foot Ankle Joint"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23216.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/bio-mechanicaland-biomedical-engineering/23216/additive-manufacturing-and-testing-of-a-prosthetic-foot-ankle-joint/yogesh-avula
This document describes the process of creating a 3D CAD model of the human knee joint from CT scan data using reverse engineering and Mimics software. Key points:
- CT scan data of a 25-year-old male's knee was used to generate DICOM images, which were then imported into Mimics.
- Mimics software uses density segmentation to distinguish bone, soft tissues, and other structures based on pixel intensity in the images.
- Each bone segment was reconstructed separately through manual editing of density masks generated by Mimics.
- The final 3D model exported from Mimics in STL file format can be used for applications like surgical simulation and implant design where an accurate knee model is needed
This document describes a study that evaluated the accuracy of using computer-assisted virtual surgical planning and guides for reconstructing zygomatic bone defects with vascularized iliac crest bone grafts. CT scans of patients' faces and bone grafts were used to create 3D models and virtual surgical plans. Surgical guides were fabricated to transfer the plans intraoperatively. Postoperative CT scans found the mean difference in bone graft shape and position between actual and planned was 0.71mm and 3.53mm respectively, indicating good accuracy of the computer-assisted method.
ASSESSING THE EFFECT OF UNICONDYLAR KNEE ARTHROPLASTY ON PROXIMAL TIBIA BONE ...ijbesjournal
ABSTRACT
In order to develop computational models of implanted constructs to predict prosthesis performance,robust experimental tests need to be devised. In the case of unicondylar knee arthroplasty (UKA), whereuptake of the procedure has been relatively low compared to traditional total knee arthroplasty techniques,computational modelling can give an insight into the factors affect theperformance of UKA if verified withappropriate, preferably data rich, experimental simulations. In the present work, an image based strainanalysis technique was applied for the assessment of the effect of UKA implantation on the strainsdeveloped in cortical bone of the proximal tibia. The results indicated the presence of increased strains inthe proximal portion of the bone, which could be exacerbated in the case of poor implant positioning, or for patients with diminished bone quality.
KEYWORDS
Unicondylar Knee Arthroplasty, Orthopaedics, Implantation, Cadaver Bone, Strain, Digital ImageCorrelation
The document discusses the application of computer aided engineering (CAE) techniques like finite element analysis to predict stress transfer in femurs after implantation of standard and short femoral stem hip implants. Specifically, it details:
1) Creating 3D CAD models of femurs from CT scan data and designing stem implants.
2) Reviewing forces on femurs during gait and applying them in finite element analysis models.
3) Analyzing the models to compare stress distributions between standard and short stem implants, finding the short stem allows a more physiological stress distribution.
4) Concluding CAE techniques like CAD and FEA can effectively examine implant designs before surgery and optimize factors affecting bone stress.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity
This document summarizes research on designing and fabricating customized bone scaffolds for femur bones using 3D printing. The researchers used CT scan data of a femur bone in MIMICS software to create a 3D model. Four layers of the femur bone were selected to create customized scaffolds. Unit cell designs like double bend curves, S bend curves, U bend curves, and steps were created in SOLIDWORKS. Basic primitives like squares, hexagons, and octagons of different pore sizes and distances were used to design scaffold structures. 108 customized femur bone scaffolds were modeled and their porosities determined using MIMICS. Scaffolds with U bend curves and square primitives of 0.8mm pore
Finite Element Analysis of Osteosynthesis Miniplate for the Reconstruction of...UniversitasGadjahMada
In the last two decades, the use of osteosynthesis miniplate has been growing to aid the healing process and reconstruction of fractured mandibular bone. In principle, the plate is used to provide stable fixation of the fractured bone tissue during the healing process and reconstruction. Based on earlier studies, it is noted that arrangements and geometry of the osteosynthesis miniplate played a critical role in determining the stability of the fractured mandibular bone, as well as the miniplate. In this research, a simulation with finite element method (FEM) was carried out to investigate the influence of the number of holes in an osteosynthesis miniplate on the stability of fractured mandibular bone and the corresponding miniplate after the implantation. For this purpose, a set of osteosynthesis miniplate with three different configurations was taken for simulation using a three-dimensional (3D) model of mandibular bone generated from the patient through computed tomography (CT). The result of the simulation showed that all the miniplates with three configurations tested were stable enough to prevent movement of fractured mandibular bone. Moreover, fixation with a pair of miniplates having four screw holes demonstrated the desired result; as indicated by the lowest value of displacement, pressure on the bone surface and pressure on the miniplate.
Additive Manufacturing and Testing of a Prosthetic Foot Ankle Jointijtsrd
Ankle replacement is a fairly new concept and is one of the popular treatments of ankle fractures and arthritis. This project focuses on modelling and 3D Printing of a prosthetic talocrural joint. The standard sizes of tibia which is the larger bone of lower leg and talus being lower part of the ankle joint, are observed and modeled accordingly by using CATIA with standard dimensions. The prototype is made with PLA plastic using an FDM Fused Deposition Modelling 3D printer. The analytical tests carried on ANSYS by applying human weight on the tibial surface and physical tests are conducted on Universal testing machine. The compression force is applied on the prototype and observed till failure. Results obtained are compared for static position of the foot, of both analytical and physical outcomes. Yogesh Avula | Adi Seshan Mula | Vishal Onnala | Kartheek Merugu ""Additive Manufacturing and Testing of a Prosthetic Foot Ankle Joint"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23216.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/bio-mechanicaland-biomedical-engineering/23216/additive-manufacturing-and-testing-of-a-prosthetic-foot-ankle-joint/yogesh-avula
This document describes the process of creating a 3D CAD model of the human knee joint from CT scan data using reverse engineering and Mimics software. Key points:
- CT scan data of a 25-year-old male's knee was used to generate DICOM images, which were then imported into Mimics.
- Mimics software uses density segmentation to distinguish bone, soft tissues, and other structures based on pixel intensity in the images.
- Each bone segment was reconstructed separately through manual editing of density masks generated by Mimics.
- The final 3D model exported from Mimics in STL file format can be used for applications like surgical simulation and implant design where an accurate knee model is needed
This document describes a study that evaluated the accuracy of using computer-assisted virtual surgical planning and guides for reconstructing zygomatic bone defects with vascularized iliac crest bone grafts. CT scans of patients' faces and bone grafts were used to create 3D models and virtual surgical plans. Surgical guides were fabricated to transfer the plans intraoperatively. Postoperative CT scans found the mean difference in bone graft shape and position between actual and planned was 0.71mm and 3.53mm respectively, indicating good accuracy of the computer-assisted method.
ASSESSING THE EFFECT OF UNICONDYLAR KNEE ARTHROPLASTY ON PROXIMAL TIBIA BONE ...ijbesjournal
ABSTRACT
In order to develop computational models of implanted constructs to predict prosthesis performance,robust experimental tests need to be devised. In the case of unicondylar knee arthroplasty (UKA), whereuptake of the procedure has been relatively low compared to traditional total knee arthroplasty techniques,computational modelling can give an insight into the factors affect theperformance of UKA if verified withappropriate, preferably data rich, experimental simulations. In the present work, an image based strainanalysis technique was applied for the assessment of the effect of UKA implantation on the strainsdeveloped in cortical bone of the proximal tibia. The results indicated the presence of increased strains inthe proximal portion of the bone, which could be exacerbated in the case of poor implant positioning, or for patients with diminished bone quality.
KEYWORDS
Unicondylar Knee Arthroplasty, Orthopaedics, Implantation, Cadaver Bone, Strain, Digital ImageCorrelation
Finite Element Investigation of Hybrid and Conventional Knee ImplantsCSCJournals
Total Knee arthroplasty (TKA) procedures relieve arthritic pain and restore joint function by replacing the contact surfaces of the knee joint. These procedures are often performed following arthritic degeneration of the joint causing the patient pain. Cobalt-chrome, stainless steel (316L grade) and titanium alloys are widely used in the majority of distal femoral implants in TKA procedures. The use of such stiff materials causes stress shielding (i.e. a lack of mechanical stresses being experienced by the bone surrounding the implant) leading to gradual bone loss and implant failure. The aim of this paper is to develop a new hybrid knee implant which combines a polymer-composite (CF/PA-12) with an existing commercial implant system (P.F.C.® Sigma™) made from stainless steel. This hybrid implant is expected to alleviate stress shielding and bone loss by transferring much more load to the femur compared to conventional metallic implants. Results of the FEA simulations showed that the CF/PA-12 lined femoral component generated almost 63% less in peak stress compared to the regular stainless steel component, indicating more load transfer to the bone and consequently alleviating bone resorption.
3D printing has various applications in orthopedics including pre-operative planning, creating implants and prosthetics, and patient-specific instrumentation. The document discusses several studies that demonstrate benefits of 3D printing such as improved screw placement accuracy, reduced radiation exposure and operation time, and aiding complex surgical planning. Applications discussed include using 3D printed models and guides for fractures of the acromion, clavicle, humerus, elbow, wrist, and acetabulum.
Computed tomography image analysis for Indonesian total hip arthroplasty des...IJECEIAES
Total hip arthroplasty purposes to replace a hip joint damaged by an artificial hip joint. However, the developed products that already exist in the market lead to the mismatch between the hip implant equipment and the patient’s bone morphometric. Besides causing complications, the mismatch also continues to the dislocation effects, fracture, osteolysis, and thigh pain. This paper aims to design a customized hip implant based on real patient data, particularly for Indonesian patient, limited to the acetabular components and stem parts. The computed images were analyzed to estimate the patient proximal femur morphometric; those are the femoral head diameter, neck-shaft angle, mediolateral width, anteroposterior width, neck length and neck width. The experiment has succeeded in designing the acetabular shell with the thickness of 3 mm, the acetabular liner with the thickness of 6 mm, the femoral head between 22.4 to 24.8 mm, the short stem in both the right for 110.656 mm and left femur bone for 111.49 mm; that fit the patient's femur bone. Overall, the proposed steps in designing the customized hip implant in this work, based on image analysis on medical imaging data, can be a standard to be applied for other patient-needs hip arthroplasty implants.
The document describes a study that used COMSOL Multiphysics software to create an approximate bone model and apply different pressures to analyze von-mises stress and displacement. An approximate bone model was constructed in COMSOL using geometric shapes. Pressures of 25Pa and 50Pa were applied and the von-mises stress and displacement were observed. The results for the approximate bone model were similar to those of an actual bone model, showing this method can be used to monitor bone diseases by simulating stresses on bone.
This document presents a study analyzing stress levels in various materials used in total knee replacements under static conditions. A 3D model of a knee prosthesis was created in SolidWorks. Finite element analysis was then performed in ABAQUS to calculate stress, contact pressure, and deformation in different biomaterials. The materials analyzed for the femoral component included 316L stainless steel, cobalt-chromium alloy, titanium alloy, porous tantalum, and zirconia. Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene was used for the tibial component. An analytic hierarchy process was used to determine the best femoral material considering factors like stress levels, strain, density, and osseointegration. The results indicated titanium alloy experienced the highest stress and strain
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis seen in aged or older populations. It is caused
because of a degeneration of articular cartilage, which functions as shock absorption cushion in knee joint. OA
also leads sliding of bones together, cause swelling, pain, eventually and loss of motion. Nowadays, magnetic
resonance imaging (MRI) technique is widely used in the progression of osteoarthritis diagnosis due to the ability
to display the contrast between bone and cartilage. Usually, analysis of MRI image is done manually by a
physician which is very unpredictable, subjective and time consuming. Hence, there is need to develop automated
system to reduce the processing time. In this paper, a new automatic knee OA detection system based on feature
extraction and artificial neural network is developed. The different features viz GLCM texture, statistical, shape
etc. is extracted by using different image processing algorithms. This detection system consists of 4 stages, which
are pre-processing with ROI cropping, segmentation, feature extraction, and classification by neural network. This
technique results 98.5% of classification accuracy at training stage and 92% at testing stage.
Keywords — Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM),Knee
Joint, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Osteoarthritis(OA).
Wavelets in Medical Image Processing On Hip Arthroplasty and De-Noising, Segm...IOSR Journals
This document discusses the use of wavelet transforms for medical image processing, specifically for hip arthroplasty. It provides background on wavelet transforms and how they can be used for tasks like de-noising and segmentation. The document then describes the key parameters measured in hip arthroplasty, including parameters from anterior-posterior and anterior-lateral x-rays both before and after prosthesis insertion. It also discusses using the DICOM standard to organize medical image data and extracting information from DICOM files.
1) The document describes a study comparing computer-assisted mandibular reconstruction using vascularized iliac crest bone grafts to conventional reconstruction techniques.
2) With computer-assisted planning, a surgical guide was designed based on CT scans and used to precisely shape and position the bone graft. This method aimed to reduce operating time and bone removal compared to conventional techniques.
3) Results found that with computer-assisted planning, the bone graft fit perfectly into the mandibular defect with less adjustment needed. Operating time and bone removed were also reduced compared to conventional techniques. Patients reported higher satisfaction with their appearance.
An Automated Pelvic Bone Geometrical Feature Measurement Utilities on Ct Scan...IOSR Journals
This document discusses an automated system for measuring geometric features of the pelvic bone from CT scan images. The system uses patch statistical shape models and a multilevel measurement utility to determine pelvic orientation based on image calibration. It aims to help orthopedic surgeons locate damage areas and landmarks more accurately, especially for obese patients where manual palpation is difficult. The system involves experts to analyze statistical values generated from the measurements to inform treatment decisions.
This study evaluated the use of computer-assisted surgery using 3D planning and surgical guides compared to conventional surgery for reconstructing jaw defects with free vascularized fibular flaps. The computer-assisted approach significantly reduced shaping time and ischemic time compared to conventional surgery. It also eliminated discrepancies between the size of the fibula defect and transplant size. One flap failed in the conventional group, while all flaps were successful with the computer-assisted approach. The results suggest computer-assisted surgery may improve outcomes for fibular flap reconstruction of jaw defects.
Hierarchical Vertebral Body Segmentation Using Graph Cuts and Statistical Sha...IJTET Journal
Abstract— Bone Mineral Density (BMD) estimations and fracture investigation of the spine bones are retrained to the vertebral bodies (VBs).A contemporary shape and appearance based method is proposed to segment VBs in clinical Computed Tomography (CT) images without any user arbitration. The proposed approach depends on both image appearance and shape information. Shape knowledge is aggregated from a set of training shapes. Then shape variations are estimated using statistical shape model which approximates the shape variations of the vertebral bodies and its background in the variability region. To segment a VB, the graph cut method used to detect the VB region automatically. Detected contours are aligned and mean shape model is created. The spatial interaction between the neighboring pixels is identified. The statistical shape model is used to produce the deformable shape model and all instances of the shape lies with the current estimate of the mean shape.
Modelling and static analysis of femur bone by using different implant materialsIOSR Journals
Femur is leg bone of the human body Undergoing more deformation. Biomechanics is the theory of
how tissues, cells, muscles, bones, organs and the motion of them and how their form and function are
regulated by basic mechanical properties. The aim of this study is to create a model of real proximal human
femur bone and the behavior of femur bone is analyzed in ANSYS under physiological load conditions.
A finite element model of bones is generated by using CT scan data are being widely used to make
realistic investigations on the mechanical behavior of bone structures. . Orthopedic implantation is done in case
of failure. Before implantation it is necessary to analyze the perfectness in case of its material property, size and
shape, surface treatment, load resistance and chances of failure. Analysis is done for the stresses formed in
different femur implant materials under static loading condition using ANSYS software.
Analysis is done on different materials like structural steel, and Ti-6Al-4V implant materials. Since
each femur carries 1/2 the body weight , analysis is done for 550kg,650kg, 750kg load, including the cases of
patient carrying certain weight. And based on the analysis it can be concluded that, while comparing these two
implant materials Ti-6Al-4V gave less deformation on static load conditions. TI-6AL4V is a low density
material, which has excellent bio compatible and mechanical properties, it is ideal for the use of an implant in surgeries. Finally the success of implantation depends on implant material and size, implantation method and
its handling by the patient
1) The document describes a real-time 3D MR acquisition technique for capturing respiratory motion during simultaneous PET-MR imaging to correct for motion in the PET reconstruction.
2) A fast 3D radial projection sequence was used with a 2-parameter golden angle scheme to continuously and uniformly sample k-space without repeating projections.
3) Image reconstruction of sliding window frames used sparse reconstruction to generate motion images, and 4D registration analyzed all frames to determine the 3D motion vector field.
Total Hip Replacement Implant Designing and its Computational Analysis using ...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and computational analysis of a total hip replacement implant using finite element analysis (FEA). Researchers designed a patient-specific implant based on CT scans of femur bones. They used Mimics software to extract 3D models of femurs from CT data and measure dimensions. AutoCAD was used to design the implant based on the dimensions. FEA was performed using ANSYS on implant designs made of different materials to analyze mechanical strength and stability. Models with and without pores were analyzed to study how pores may improve osseointegration. The goal is to create implants tailored to individual patients' anatomy to increase compatibility and implant life.
Reeb Graph for Automatic 3D CephalometryCSCJournals
The purpose of this study is to present a method of three-dimensional computed tomographic (3D-CT) cephalometrics and its use to study cranio/maxilla-facial malformations. We propose a system for automatic localization of cephalometric landmarks using reeb graphs. Volumetric images of a patient were reconstructed into 3D mesh. The proposed method is carried out in three steps: we begin by applying 3d mesh skull simplification, this mesh was reconstructed from a head volumetric medical image, and then we extract a reeb graph. Reeb graph mesh extraction represents a skeleton composed in a number of nodes and arcs. We are interested in the node position; we noted that some reeb nodes could be considered as cephalometric landmarks under specific conditions. The third step is to identify these nodes automatically by using elastic mesh registration using “thin plate” transformation and clustering. Preliminary results show a landmarks recognition rate of more than 90%, very close to the manually provided landmarks positions made by a medical stuff.
CBCT has become an important tool in clinical orthodontics for providing 3D information. It was developed due to increasing demand for 3D data from conventional CT scans. This article discusses CBCT technology and its various uses in orthodontics such as detection of facial asymmetry, assessment of mandibular shape and growth, localization of impacted teeth, evaluation of root resorption and airway changes. CBCT allows more accurate diagnosis and treatment planning compared to 2D radiographs and has largely replaced conventional records in digital orthodontic records.
This document summarizes research on using adhesively fixed reference points for surgical navigation and robotic surgery. Three reference marker models with varying resolutions, thresholds, and wraps were 3D printed and their accuracy was tested. The mean accuracy of each marker ranged from 0.18mm to 0.54mm compared to optimal placement. Compared to accepted errors in spine surgery (<2mm), the markers increased accuracy between 18-91%. Axially, all results were within safety thresholds. Even without adhesive, the markers showed better accuracy than current methods. Improved accuracy could be achieved with a better adhesive and more precise 3D printer. The markers could reduce reliance on surgeon expertise and radiation exposure in surgery.
Three-dimensional imaging techniques: A literature review By; Orhan Hakki Ka...Dr. Yahya Alogaibi
This literature review discusses various 3D imaging techniques used in dentistry and orthodontics. It begins by providing background on the development of 3D imaging since the discovery of X-rays. It then discusses disadvantages of traditional 2D cephalometry. The bulk of the review covers different 3D imaging modalities including CT, CBCT, MCT, 3D laser scanning, and their uses and advantages/disadvantages in orthodontics. Key applications discussed are impacted teeth detection, airway analysis, TMJ evaluation, and cleft lip/palate treatment planning.
Crack Investigation of Rotating Cantilever Beam by Fractal Dimension Analysisah7med
This document summarizes a study that uses fractal dimension analysis of vibration mode shapes to detect cracks in rotating cantilever beams. Finite element analysis was used to obtain the first three mode shapes of beams with different crack locations and depths under various rotational speeds. Fractal dimension analysis was then performed on the mode shape profiles to detect irregularities indicating cracks. The results showed that fractal dimension values increased with greater crack depth and different mode shapes provided information about cracks at different locations. Considering multiple mode shapes provides the most complete information about multiple cracks in a beam.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Finite Element Investigation of Hybrid and Conventional Knee ImplantsCSCJournals
Total Knee arthroplasty (TKA) procedures relieve arthritic pain and restore joint function by replacing the contact surfaces of the knee joint. These procedures are often performed following arthritic degeneration of the joint causing the patient pain. Cobalt-chrome, stainless steel (316L grade) and titanium alloys are widely used in the majority of distal femoral implants in TKA procedures. The use of such stiff materials causes stress shielding (i.e. a lack of mechanical stresses being experienced by the bone surrounding the implant) leading to gradual bone loss and implant failure. The aim of this paper is to develop a new hybrid knee implant which combines a polymer-composite (CF/PA-12) with an existing commercial implant system (P.F.C.® Sigma™) made from stainless steel. This hybrid implant is expected to alleviate stress shielding and bone loss by transferring much more load to the femur compared to conventional metallic implants. Results of the FEA simulations showed that the CF/PA-12 lined femoral component generated almost 63% less in peak stress compared to the regular stainless steel component, indicating more load transfer to the bone and consequently alleviating bone resorption.
3D printing has various applications in orthopedics including pre-operative planning, creating implants and prosthetics, and patient-specific instrumentation. The document discusses several studies that demonstrate benefits of 3D printing such as improved screw placement accuracy, reduced radiation exposure and operation time, and aiding complex surgical planning. Applications discussed include using 3D printed models and guides for fractures of the acromion, clavicle, humerus, elbow, wrist, and acetabulum.
Computed tomography image analysis for Indonesian total hip arthroplasty des...IJECEIAES
Total hip arthroplasty purposes to replace a hip joint damaged by an artificial hip joint. However, the developed products that already exist in the market lead to the mismatch between the hip implant equipment and the patient’s bone morphometric. Besides causing complications, the mismatch also continues to the dislocation effects, fracture, osteolysis, and thigh pain. This paper aims to design a customized hip implant based on real patient data, particularly for Indonesian patient, limited to the acetabular components and stem parts. The computed images were analyzed to estimate the patient proximal femur morphometric; those are the femoral head diameter, neck-shaft angle, mediolateral width, anteroposterior width, neck length and neck width. The experiment has succeeded in designing the acetabular shell with the thickness of 3 mm, the acetabular liner with the thickness of 6 mm, the femoral head between 22.4 to 24.8 mm, the short stem in both the right for 110.656 mm and left femur bone for 111.49 mm; that fit the patient's femur bone. Overall, the proposed steps in designing the customized hip implant in this work, based on image analysis on medical imaging data, can be a standard to be applied for other patient-needs hip arthroplasty implants.
The document describes a study that used COMSOL Multiphysics software to create an approximate bone model and apply different pressures to analyze von-mises stress and displacement. An approximate bone model was constructed in COMSOL using geometric shapes. Pressures of 25Pa and 50Pa were applied and the von-mises stress and displacement were observed. The results for the approximate bone model were similar to those of an actual bone model, showing this method can be used to monitor bone diseases by simulating stresses on bone.
This document presents a study analyzing stress levels in various materials used in total knee replacements under static conditions. A 3D model of a knee prosthesis was created in SolidWorks. Finite element analysis was then performed in ABAQUS to calculate stress, contact pressure, and deformation in different biomaterials. The materials analyzed for the femoral component included 316L stainless steel, cobalt-chromium alloy, titanium alloy, porous tantalum, and zirconia. Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene was used for the tibial component. An analytic hierarchy process was used to determine the best femoral material considering factors like stress levels, strain, density, and osseointegration. The results indicated titanium alloy experienced the highest stress and strain
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis seen in aged or older populations. It is caused
because of a degeneration of articular cartilage, which functions as shock absorption cushion in knee joint. OA
also leads sliding of bones together, cause swelling, pain, eventually and loss of motion. Nowadays, magnetic
resonance imaging (MRI) technique is widely used in the progression of osteoarthritis diagnosis due to the ability
to display the contrast between bone and cartilage. Usually, analysis of MRI image is done manually by a
physician which is very unpredictable, subjective and time consuming. Hence, there is need to develop automated
system to reduce the processing time. In this paper, a new automatic knee OA detection system based on feature
extraction and artificial neural network is developed. The different features viz GLCM texture, statistical, shape
etc. is extracted by using different image processing algorithms. This detection system consists of 4 stages, which
are pre-processing with ROI cropping, segmentation, feature extraction, and classification by neural network. This
technique results 98.5% of classification accuracy at training stage and 92% at testing stage.
Keywords — Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM),Knee
Joint, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Osteoarthritis(OA).
Wavelets in Medical Image Processing On Hip Arthroplasty and De-Noising, Segm...IOSR Journals
This document discusses the use of wavelet transforms for medical image processing, specifically for hip arthroplasty. It provides background on wavelet transforms and how they can be used for tasks like de-noising and segmentation. The document then describes the key parameters measured in hip arthroplasty, including parameters from anterior-posterior and anterior-lateral x-rays both before and after prosthesis insertion. It also discusses using the DICOM standard to organize medical image data and extracting information from DICOM files.
1) The document describes a study comparing computer-assisted mandibular reconstruction using vascularized iliac crest bone grafts to conventional reconstruction techniques.
2) With computer-assisted planning, a surgical guide was designed based on CT scans and used to precisely shape and position the bone graft. This method aimed to reduce operating time and bone removal compared to conventional techniques.
3) Results found that with computer-assisted planning, the bone graft fit perfectly into the mandibular defect with less adjustment needed. Operating time and bone removed were also reduced compared to conventional techniques. Patients reported higher satisfaction with their appearance.
An Automated Pelvic Bone Geometrical Feature Measurement Utilities on Ct Scan...IOSR Journals
This document discusses an automated system for measuring geometric features of the pelvic bone from CT scan images. The system uses patch statistical shape models and a multilevel measurement utility to determine pelvic orientation based on image calibration. It aims to help orthopedic surgeons locate damage areas and landmarks more accurately, especially for obese patients where manual palpation is difficult. The system involves experts to analyze statistical values generated from the measurements to inform treatment decisions.
This study evaluated the use of computer-assisted surgery using 3D planning and surgical guides compared to conventional surgery for reconstructing jaw defects with free vascularized fibular flaps. The computer-assisted approach significantly reduced shaping time and ischemic time compared to conventional surgery. It also eliminated discrepancies between the size of the fibula defect and transplant size. One flap failed in the conventional group, while all flaps were successful with the computer-assisted approach. The results suggest computer-assisted surgery may improve outcomes for fibular flap reconstruction of jaw defects.
Hierarchical Vertebral Body Segmentation Using Graph Cuts and Statistical Sha...IJTET Journal
Abstract— Bone Mineral Density (BMD) estimations and fracture investigation of the spine bones are retrained to the vertebral bodies (VBs).A contemporary shape and appearance based method is proposed to segment VBs in clinical Computed Tomography (CT) images without any user arbitration. The proposed approach depends on both image appearance and shape information. Shape knowledge is aggregated from a set of training shapes. Then shape variations are estimated using statistical shape model which approximates the shape variations of the vertebral bodies and its background in the variability region. To segment a VB, the graph cut method used to detect the VB region automatically. Detected contours are aligned and mean shape model is created. The spatial interaction between the neighboring pixels is identified. The statistical shape model is used to produce the deformable shape model and all instances of the shape lies with the current estimate of the mean shape.
Modelling and static analysis of femur bone by using different implant materialsIOSR Journals
Femur is leg bone of the human body Undergoing more deformation. Biomechanics is the theory of
how tissues, cells, muscles, bones, organs and the motion of them and how their form and function are
regulated by basic mechanical properties. The aim of this study is to create a model of real proximal human
femur bone and the behavior of femur bone is analyzed in ANSYS under physiological load conditions.
A finite element model of bones is generated by using CT scan data are being widely used to make
realistic investigations on the mechanical behavior of bone structures. . Orthopedic implantation is done in case
of failure. Before implantation it is necessary to analyze the perfectness in case of its material property, size and
shape, surface treatment, load resistance and chances of failure. Analysis is done for the stresses formed in
different femur implant materials under static loading condition using ANSYS software.
Analysis is done on different materials like structural steel, and Ti-6Al-4V implant materials. Since
each femur carries 1/2 the body weight , analysis is done for 550kg,650kg, 750kg load, including the cases of
patient carrying certain weight. And based on the analysis it can be concluded that, while comparing these two
implant materials Ti-6Al-4V gave less deformation on static load conditions. TI-6AL4V is a low density
material, which has excellent bio compatible and mechanical properties, it is ideal for the use of an implant in surgeries. Finally the success of implantation depends on implant material and size, implantation method and
its handling by the patient
1) The document describes a real-time 3D MR acquisition technique for capturing respiratory motion during simultaneous PET-MR imaging to correct for motion in the PET reconstruction.
2) A fast 3D radial projection sequence was used with a 2-parameter golden angle scheme to continuously and uniformly sample k-space without repeating projections.
3) Image reconstruction of sliding window frames used sparse reconstruction to generate motion images, and 4D registration analyzed all frames to determine the 3D motion vector field.
Total Hip Replacement Implant Designing and its Computational Analysis using ...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and computational analysis of a total hip replacement implant using finite element analysis (FEA). Researchers designed a patient-specific implant based on CT scans of femur bones. They used Mimics software to extract 3D models of femurs from CT data and measure dimensions. AutoCAD was used to design the implant based on the dimensions. FEA was performed using ANSYS on implant designs made of different materials to analyze mechanical strength and stability. Models with and without pores were analyzed to study how pores may improve osseointegration. The goal is to create implants tailored to individual patients' anatomy to increase compatibility and implant life.
Reeb Graph for Automatic 3D CephalometryCSCJournals
The purpose of this study is to present a method of three-dimensional computed tomographic (3D-CT) cephalometrics and its use to study cranio/maxilla-facial malformations. We propose a system for automatic localization of cephalometric landmarks using reeb graphs. Volumetric images of a patient were reconstructed into 3D mesh. The proposed method is carried out in three steps: we begin by applying 3d mesh skull simplification, this mesh was reconstructed from a head volumetric medical image, and then we extract a reeb graph. Reeb graph mesh extraction represents a skeleton composed in a number of nodes and arcs. We are interested in the node position; we noted that some reeb nodes could be considered as cephalometric landmarks under specific conditions. The third step is to identify these nodes automatically by using elastic mesh registration using “thin plate” transformation and clustering. Preliminary results show a landmarks recognition rate of more than 90%, very close to the manually provided landmarks positions made by a medical stuff.
CBCT has become an important tool in clinical orthodontics for providing 3D information. It was developed due to increasing demand for 3D data from conventional CT scans. This article discusses CBCT technology and its various uses in orthodontics such as detection of facial asymmetry, assessment of mandibular shape and growth, localization of impacted teeth, evaluation of root resorption and airway changes. CBCT allows more accurate diagnosis and treatment planning compared to 2D radiographs and has largely replaced conventional records in digital orthodontic records.
This document summarizes research on using adhesively fixed reference points for surgical navigation and robotic surgery. Three reference marker models with varying resolutions, thresholds, and wraps were 3D printed and their accuracy was tested. The mean accuracy of each marker ranged from 0.18mm to 0.54mm compared to optimal placement. Compared to accepted errors in spine surgery (<2mm), the markers increased accuracy between 18-91%. Axially, all results were within safety thresholds. Even without adhesive, the markers showed better accuracy than current methods. Improved accuracy could be achieved with a better adhesive and more precise 3D printer. The markers could reduce reliance on surgeon expertise and radiation exposure in surgery.
Three-dimensional imaging techniques: A literature review By; Orhan Hakki Ka...Dr. Yahya Alogaibi
This literature review discusses various 3D imaging techniques used in dentistry and orthodontics. It begins by providing background on the development of 3D imaging since the discovery of X-rays. It then discusses disadvantages of traditional 2D cephalometry. The bulk of the review covers different 3D imaging modalities including CT, CBCT, MCT, 3D laser scanning, and their uses and advantages/disadvantages in orthodontics. Key applications discussed are impacted teeth detection, airway analysis, TMJ evaluation, and cleft lip/palate treatment planning.
Crack Investigation of Rotating Cantilever Beam by Fractal Dimension Analysisah7med
This document summarizes a study that uses fractal dimension analysis of vibration mode shapes to detect cracks in rotating cantilever beams. Finite element analysis was used to obtain the first three mode shapes of beams with different crack locations and depths under various rotational speeds. Fractal dimension analysis was then performed on the mode shape profiles to detect irregularities indicating cracks. The results showed that fractal dimension values increased with greater crack depth and different mode shapes provided information about cracks at different locations. Considering multiple mode shapes provides the most complete information about multiple cracks in a beam.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Fonts play a crucial role in both User Interface (UI) and User Experience (UX) design. They affect readability, accessibility, aesthetics, and overall user perception.
Decormart Studio is widely recognized as one of the best interior designers in Bangalore, known for their exceptional design expertise and ability to create stunning, functional spaces. With a strong focus on client preferences and timely project delivery, Decormart Studio has built a solid reputation for their innovative and personalized approach to interior design.
Practical eLearning Makeovers for EveryoneBianca Woods
Welcome to Practical eLearning Makeovers for Everyone. In this presentation, we’ll take a look at a bunch of easy-to-use visual design tips and tricks. And we’ll do this by using them to spruce up some eLearning screens that are in dire need of a new look.
Technoblade The Legacy of a Minecraft Legend.Techno Merch
Technoblade, born Alex on June 1, 1999, was a legendary Minecraft YouTuber known for his sharp wit and exceptional PvP skills. Starting his channel in 2013, he gained nearly 11 million subscribers. His private battle with metastatic sarcoma ended in June 2022, but his enduring legacy continues to inspire millions.
Visual Style and Aesthetics: Basics of Visual Design
Visual Design for Enterprise Applications
Range of Visual Styles.
Mobile Interfaces:
Challenges and Opportunities of Mobile Design
Approach to Mobile Design
Patterns
Architectural and constructions management experience since 2003 including 18 years located in UAE.
Coordinate and oversee all technical activities relating to architectural and construction projects,
including directing the design team, reviewing drafts and computer models, and approving design
changes.
Organize and typically develop, and review building plans, ensuring that a project meets all safety and
environmental standards.
Prepare feasibility studies, construction contracts, and tender documents with specifications and
tender analyses.
Consulting with clients, work on formulating equipment and labor cost estimates, ensuring a project
meets environmental, safety, structural, zoning, and aesthetic standards.
Monitoring the progress of a project to assess whether or not it is in compliance with building plans
and project deadlines.
Attention to detail, exceptional time management, and strong problem-solving and communication
skills are required for this role.
International Upcycling Research Network advisory board meeting 4Kyungeun Sung
Slides used for the International Upcycling Research Network advisory board 4 (last one). The project is based at De Montfort University in Leicester, UK, and funded by the Arts and Humanities Research Council.
EASY TUTORIAL OF HOW TO USE CAPCUT BY: FEBLESS HERNANEFebless Hernane
CapCut is an easy-to-use video editing app perfect for beginners. To start, download and open CapCut on your phone. Tap "New Project" and select the videos or photos you want to edit. You can trim clips by dragging the edges, add text by tapping "Text," and include music by selecting "Audio." Enhance your video with filters and effects from the "Effects" menu. When you're happy with your video, tap the export button to save and share it. CapCut makes video editing simple and fun for everyone!
PDF SubmissionDigital Marketing Institute in NoidaPoojaSaini954651
https://www.safalta.com/online-digital-marketing/advance-digital-marketing-training-in-noidaTop Digital Marketing Institute in Noida: Boost Your Career Fast
[3:29 am, 30/05/2024] +91 83818 43552: Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida also provides advanced classes for individuals seeking to develop their expertise and skills in this field. These classes, led by industry experts with vast experience, focus on specific aspects of digital marketing such as advanced SEO strategies, sophisticated content creation techniques, and data-driven analytics.
ARENA - Young adults in the workplace (Knight Moves).pdfKnight Moves
Presentations of Bavo Raeymaekers (Project lead youth unemployment at the City of Antwerp), Suzan Martens (Service designer at Knight Moves) and Adriaan De Keersmaeker (Community manager at Talk to C)
during the 'Arena • Young adults in the workplace' conference hosted by Knight Moves.
Maximize Your Content with Beautiful Assets : Content & Asset for Landing Page pmgdscunsri
Figma is a cloud-based design tool widely used by designers for prototyping, UI/UX design, and real-time collaboration. With features such as precision pen tools, grid system, and reusable components, Figma makes it easy for teams to work together on design projects. Its flexibility and accessibility make Figma a top choice in the digital age.
2. Ravikant Kamal et al International Journal ofCurrent Engineering and Technology,Vol.3, No.2 (June 2013)
328
Fig 1: Profile line drawn on axial view.
Fig 2 : Creating a mask using threshold operation .
between distal femur and proximal tibia part should be
strictly followed. Calculate 3D function was called to
convert the green mask into three-dimensional surface
(fig4) Center line was drawn in distal femur part using
MED CAD tools in order to find the curvature tilt in the
medial and lateral part of the structure.
Fig 3: Region growing operation
Once after obtaining the three-dimensional (3D) surface,
the geometry was selected to do the remeshing operation
in MIMICS remesher, which starts with smoothening
operationwith the factor of 0.4. Height/base (A) parameter
was used to check the qualities of the triangles with good
triangles contain the quality of one and bad triangles
contain the quality of zero. Part quality sheet was enabled
in order to fix the histogram value accordingly and arrange
the triangles quality data. Initiallyafter surface calculation
Fig 4: 3D view of the knee
in order to fix the histogram value accordingly and arrange
the triangles quality data. Initiallyafter surface calculation
numbers of triangles presented in the surface were very
high to perform any FE task, triangle reduction was done
using normal method in two consecutive steps for edge
and point reduction. Parameter chosen for the point
reduction and edge reduction were chosen as tolerance of
0.1 with angle 15(degrees) and the number of iteration as
5. Split based method was selected for auto remeshing
where the minimum edge length and maximum edge
length was assigned to 2.5 and 4 respectively. After
satisfying with mesh quality self intersection test was
called in case of intersection triangle, the mesh was
successfully exported into the mimics again (fig 5).
STL supported surface mesh was imported in Abaqus
after converting it into .Inp file in Mimics. The edit mesh
option was used to convert a triangle mesh into the
tetrahedral mesh in order to convert surface mesh into
volume mesh (G Mallesh et al, 2012)and then it was
imported again in MIMICS using FEA tools to assign the
material properties. Bone density varies in distal femur
and tibial part significantly, as cortical bone which mostly
lies outside periphery and cancellous which has more of
spongy character, lies inside the cortical region. MIMICS
provides an accurate way to assign the materials in the
bony regions as it based on Hounsfield variation in input
CT images. In presenting cases, 10 materials were
assigned based on Hounsfield variations which were
shown previously in (Fig 5).
Condyle surface of the knee joint varies for different
population over the world , in fact the researches has
shown the condyle surfaces varies person to person(G
Mallesh et al,2012) ; however the implant used in case of
total knee replacement has its own limitation in terms of
gender and size. Customization of the knee implant was
tried after achieving three-dimensional geometry in this
work. Reverse engineering process (Vinesh Raja )was
adopted to build the implant which exactly mimics the
bone curvature and guarantees the complete fixationof the
implant. MIMICS has the option of the osteotomy wizard
where the virtual arthroplasty procedure was done.
3. Ravikant Kamal et al International Journal ofCurrent Engineering and Technology,Vol.3, No.2 (June 2013)
329
Fig 5: Remeshingoperation using mimics remesher tools.
The desired condyle part was cut from the original distal
femoral bone with thickness 10mm and imported in CAD
for converting it in to implant (Fig 6-7).
Fig 6: Cutting the condyle region
Fig 7: Assembling the femoral part with custom fit.
Bone cut can be done using plane cut or freeform curve
cut. The free form curve cut can be only operated in case
of the curve drawn does not touch the geometry which has
to be removed. Increasing the extension value the condyle
part was removed from the original bone. Similar
operation was done for the proximal tibia part where the
thickness of bone cut was limited to 4mm ( Fig 8,9).
Femoral and tibial implant was remeshed with similar
manner as before. Assemblyof implant with distal femoral
and proximal tibia (Andrew R et al,2010), was also done
in the osteotomy wizard manually.
Fig 8: Tibial bone cuts.
Fig 9 :Placing tibial part over tibial plateau.
3. Results
3D Segmentation of the knee was achieved, which was
founded more accurate and real than any CAD model. The
concept of using CT/MRI images as input data supports
the accuracy and reliability of the model. Using Boolean
operation the distal femur was easily separable from the
tibial part. Center line operation with polyline function
describedthe medial part is more tilted towards the center
of the line compared to lateral part. The center line length
of lateral to the medial part of distal femur was found
68.66 mm (Fig 10). Hence the quality of original knee
joint was preserved during the bone cut and implant
fixation by minimal and very precise bone cut.
Triangles of bad quality were reduced significantly in
order to make model accessible for analysis using Abaqus.
MIMICS provided an efficient anduser friendlymethod to
mesh the surface of the knee joint in STL format, which
was easily converted into a volume mesh in Abaqus by
convertingtriangular mesh into tetrahedral mesh. Result of
4. Ravikant Kamal et al International Journal ofCurrent Engineering and Technology,Vol.3, No.2 (June 2013)
330
FE analysis is widely dependent on the accurate material
Fig 10: Center line drawn on 3D geometry of knee
assignment. The idea of assigning material based on the
basis of Hounsfield variation on FE model, gives the
freedom of including all significant changes in bone
density (Fig 11); here in the present case distal femur and
tibial bone was assigned 10 different materials based on
the geometry and a Hounsfield unit variation of bone.
Fig 11 :Material properties assigned using mimics.
Implant designed using the reverse engineering procedure
in mimics was found exactly negative to the patients distal
femoral and proximal tibial bone. Curvature of the condyle
part was exactly matched to the parent bone; providing the
patient almost natural degree of motion in flexion and
extension case.
Conclusion
The study reveals that the segmentation based on CT/MRI
images helped to get the more accurate geometry of distal
femur and proximal tibia bone. Segmentationsupported by
thresholding and profile line function ensured that only
desired part involved in the knee model. Converting the
geometry into surface mesh and importing it in STL
format can be used to validate the knee model along finite
element analysis. The Unique approach of material
assignment with Hounsfield value adds the reliability of
exact results in case of finite element analysis. Draw
Polyline and center line fit operations were very
effectively used to examine the medial and lateral
curvature. The further polyline function can be smartly
used to create the surface and can be imported in order to
convert the surface into customized implant. Another
effective method that's used here in this work was the
concept of reverse engineering in order to improve the
implant design and make it more customized.
References
Huiskes R, Chaos EY (1983), A survey of finite element analysis
in orthopedic biomechanics: the first decade;16 (6): 385-409
Hung-Shyoong Chen , Tsai Yau Bin and Chyouhwu Jung
(2012), The Critical Dimension of Femoral for Custom –made
Total Knee Arthoplasty by application of Gemoetric
Modeling,Life Science Journal
Ringebach, and Alex Schwangli (2012) , Tobias A robust an
accurate segmentation of knee bones from CT data. Biomed
Tec 2012;57
Ola LA Harrison, Yassir A Hosni and Jamal F. Nayfeh (2007)
,Custom-designed Orthopaedic implants evaluated using finite
element analysis of patient specific computed tomographic
data: femoral component case study.
G Mallesh and Sanjay .S.J (2012),Finite Element Modeling and
Analysis of Prosthetic Knee Joint (ISSN 2250-2459, Volume
2, Issue 8.
Reverse Engineering: An Industrial perspective by Vinesh Raja
and Kiran Jude Fernades, page 189-194.
Manglam Sankupellay, Selvanthan Narainsamy , Nadia Binti
Mohd. Ismail Simulation of implant fitting in the femur bone
Sunway Academic Journal, 2. pp. 67-75
Andrew R. Hopkins, Andrew M. New, Ferdinando Rodriguez-y-
Baena and Mark Taylor (2010),Finite element analysis of
unicompartmental knee arthroplasty Medical Engineering &
Physics 32 (2010) 14–21
Three-dimensional Reconstruction for Medical-CAD Modeling
B. Starly Z. Fang W. Sun Computer-Aided Design &
Applications, Vol. 2, Nos. 1-4, 2005, pp 431-438
Zhang MC, Zhao WD, Yuan L, Li JY, Tang L, Zhong SZ ,
Three-dimensional reconstruction of the knee joint of digitized
Virtual Chinese Male No.1 by finite element simulation Di 1
jun yi da xue xue bao = Academic Journal of the First
Medical College of PLA [2003, 23(6):527-529