This document summarizes a study analyzing Diagnostic Trade Integration Studies (DTISs) carried out under the Integrated Framework for Trade-related Technical Assistance to Least Developed Countries. The study assessed whether and how the DTISs addressed commodity development strategies. It found that approaches to commodity development were heterogeneous both within and between countries. There was also a policy-oriented bias found, with less emphasis on supply chain and value chain issues. The study provided recommendations to strengthen commodity development strategies by focusing more on supply chain and value chain interventions at different levels.
Currency crises have been recorded for a few hundreds years but their frequency increased in the second half of the 20th century along with a rapid expansion of a number of fiat currencies. Increased integration and sophistication of financial markets brought new forms and more global character of the crises episodes.
The consequences of currency crises are usually severe and typically involve output and employment losses, fall in real incomes of a population, deep contraction in investment and capital flight. Also the credibility of domestic economic policies is ruined. In some cases a crisis can serve as the economic and political catharsis: devaluation helps to temporarily restore competitiveness and improve a current account position, the crisis shock brings the new, reformoriented government, and politicians may draw some lessons for future.
Authored by: Przemyslaw Wozniak, Georgy Ganev, Krisztina Molnar, Krzysztof Rybinski
Published in 2002
Inflation in advanced economies is low by historical standards but there is no threat of deflation. Slower economic growth is caused by supply-side constraints rather than low inflation. Below-the-target inflation does not damage the reputation of central banks. Thus, central banks should not try to bring inflation back to the targeted level of 2%. Rather, they should revise the inflation target downwards and publicly explain the rationale for such a move. Risks to the independence of central banks come from their additional mandates (beyond price stability) and populist politics.
The analytical research on the economic developments in BH by international financial institutions, especially the IMF and World Bank, as well as domestic bodies, especially the Economic Policy Research Unit, was extensively exploited in the research. However, the primary focus of the research was on structural and institutional aspects facilitating or impeding functioning of a market economy in the BH and country's capacity to cope with competitive pressure and market forces within the EU. Therefore, the report focuses on background analysis of economic factors influencing the functioning of market economy and the capacity to withstand the competition in the EU market.
Authored by: Malgorzata Antczak, Rafal Antczak, Karina Kostrzewa, Ranko Markus, Wojciech Paczynski
Published in 2007
The purpose of this study is to analyze the sources of economic growth in Ukraine, which has been observed from the second half of 1999. In addition, we intend to answer the question what is the sustainability of this growth, i.e. putting in other words, what are the chances and conditions for maintaining growth in the future.
Authored by: Marek Dabrowski and Malgorzata Jakubiak
Published in 2003
Critical Success Factors implementing case-based Teacher Professional Development (Gavis, 2006) is an in-depth study conducted for the Seeing Math Telecommunications project.
Cognitive Market Research provides detailed analysis of Metallized Rollstock Film in our recently published report titled, "Metallized Rollstock Film 2021" The market study focuses on industry dynamics including driving factors to provide the key elements fueling the current market growth. The report also identifies restraints and opportunities to identify high growth segments involved in the Metallized Rollstock Film market. Key industrial factors such as macroeconomic and microeconomic factors are studied in detail with help of PESTEL analysis in order to have a holistic view of factors impacting Metallized Rollstock Film market growth across the globe. Market growth is forecasted with the help of complex algorithms such as regression analysis, sentiment analysis of end-users, etc.
#MetallizedRollstockFilmReport #MetallizedRollstockFilmMarketForecast #MetallizedRollstockFilmMarketStatus #MetallizedRollstockFilmMarket2021
https://cognitivemarketresearch.com/chemical-%26-materials/metallized-rollstock-film-market-report
Cognitive Market Research provides detailed analysis of Carboxymethyl cellulose Market in our recently published report titled, "Carboxymethyl cellulose Market 2020" The market study focuses on industry dynamics including driving factors to provide the key elements fueling the current market growth. The report also identifies restraints and opportunities to identify high growth segments involved in the Carboxymethyl cellulose market. Key industrial factors such as macroeconomic and microeconomic factors are studied in detail with help of PESTEL analysis in order to have a holistic view of factors impacting Carboxymethyl cellulose market growth across the globe. Market growth is forecasted with the help of complex algorithms such as regression analysis, sentiment analysis of end-users, etc.
Currency crises have been recorded for a few hundreds years but their frequency increased in the second half of the 20th century along with a rapid expansion of a number of fiat currencies. Increased integration and sophistication of financial markets brought new forms and more global character of the crises episodes.
The consequences of currency crises are usually severe and typically involve output and employment losses, fall in real incomes of a population, deep contraction in investment and capital flight. Also the credibility of domestic economic policies is ruined. In some cases a crisis can serve as the economic and political catharsis: devaluation helps to temporarily restore competitiveness and improve a current account position, the crisis shock brings the new, reformoriented government, and politicians may draw some lessons for future.
Authored by: Przemyslaw Wozniak, Georgy Ganev, Krisztina Molnar, Krzysztof Rybinski
Published in 2002
Inflation in advanced economies is low by historical standards but there is no threat of deflation. Slower economic growth is caused by supply-side constraints rather than low inflation. Below-the-target inflation does not damage the reputation of central banks. Thus, central banks should not try to bring inflation back to the targeted level of 2%. Rather, they should revise the inflation target downwards and publicly explain the rationale for such a move. Risks to the independence of central banks come from their additional mandates (beyond price stability) and populist politics.
The analytical research on the economic developments in BH by international financial institutions, especially the IMF and World Bank, as well as domestic bodies, especially the Economic Policy Research Unit, was extensively exploited in the research. However, the primary focus of the research was on structural and institutional aspects facilitating or impeding functioning of a market economy in the BH and country's capacity to cope with competitive pressure and market forces within the EU. Therefore, the report focuses on background analysis of economic factors influencing the functioning of market economy and the capacity to withstand the competition in the EU market.
Authored by: Malgorzata Antczak, Rafal Antczak, Karina Kostrzewa, Ranko Markus, Wojciech Paczynski
Published in 2007
The purpose of this study is to analyze the sources of economic growth in Ukraine, which has been observed from the second half of 1999. In addition, we intend to answer the question what is the sustainability of this growth, i.e. putting in other words, what are the chances and conditions for maintaining growth in the future.
Authored by: Marek Dabrowski and Malgorzata Jakubiak
Published in 2003
Critical Success Factors implementing case-based Teacher Professional Development (Gavis, 2006) is an in-depth study conducted for the Seeing Math Telecommunications project.
Cognitive Market Research provides detailed analysis of Metallized Rollstock Film in our recently published report titled, "Metallized Rollstock Film 2021" The market study focuses on industry dynamics including driving factors to provide the key elements fueling the current market growth. The report also identifies restraints and opportunities to identify high growth segments involved in the Metallized Rollstock Film market. Key industrial factors such as macroeconomic and microeconomic factors are studied in detail with help of PESTEL analysis in order to have a holistic view of factors impacting Metallized Rollstock Film market growth across the globe. Market growth is forecasted with the help of complex algorithms such as regression analysis, sentiment analysis of end-users, etc.
#MetallizedRollstockFilmReport #MetallizedRollstockFilmMarketForecast #MetallizedRollstockFilmMarketStatus #MetallizedRollstockFilmMarket2021
https://cognitivemarketresearch.com/chemical-%26-materials/metallized-rollstock-film-market-report
Cognitive Market Research provides detailed analysis of Carboxymethyl cellulose Market in our recently published report titled, "Carboxymethyl cellulose Market 2020" The market study focuses on industry dynamics including driving factors to provide the key elements fueling the current market growth. The report also identifies restraints and opportunities to identify high growth segments involved in the Carboxymethyl cellulose market. Key industrial factors such as macroeconomic and microeconomic factors are studied in detail with help of PESTEL analysis in order to have a holistic view of factors impacting Carboxymethyl cellulose market growth across the globe. Market growth is forecasted with the help of complex algorithms such as regression analysis, sentiment analysis of end-users, etc.
Cognitive Market Research provides detailed analysis of Managed Print Services in our recently published report titled, "Managed Print Services 2021" The market study focuses on industry dynamics including driving factors to provide the key elements fueling the current market growth. The report also identifies restraints and opportunities to identify high growth segments involved in the Managed Print Services market. Key industrial factors such as macroeconomic and microeconomic factors are studied in detail with help of PESTEL analysis in order to have a holistic view of factors impacting Managed Print Services market growth across the globe. Market growth is forecasted with the help of complex algorithms such as regression analysis, sentiment analysis of end-users, etc.
#ManagedPrintServicesReport #ManagedPrintServicesMarketForecast #ManagedPrintServicesMarketStatus #ManagedPrintServicesMarket2021
The series of currency crises which hit several developing countries in the 1990s did not leave the emerging market economies of Central and Eastern Europe unscathed. The roots of the crises in European Transition Economies were usually less sophisticated and easier to identify. Most crisis episodes in the former communist countries fit nicely with the ”first generation” canonical model elaborated in 1979 by Paul Krugman and developed in 1980s by other economists. In this model, fiscal imbalances are the main factor leading to depleting international reserves of the central bank and speculative attacks against national currencies.
Authored by: Rafal Antczak, Marek Dabrowski, Malgorzata Markiewicz, Artur Radziwill, Marcin Sasin
Published in 2001
The evaluation of the anti-money laundering and combating the financing of terrorism
(AML/CFT) regime of the Republic of Haiti1 was based on the Forty Recommendations 2003 and the Nine Special Recommendations on Terrorist Financing 2001 of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF), and was prepared using the AML/CFT Methodology 20042. The evaluation was based on the laws, regulations and other materials supplied by Haiti, and information obtained by the evaluation team during its on-site visit to Haiti from 24 September to 5 October 2007, and throughout the evaluation process. During the on-site visit, the evaluation team met with officials
and representatives from all relevant Haitian Government agencies and the private sector. A list of the bodies met is provided in Annex 2 to the Mutual Evaluation Report.
Chemicals industry is a diversified industry and covers more than 80,000 commercial products. It provides key building blocks to a host of downstream industries such as automobiles, textiles, papers, paints, soaps, detergents, pharmaceuticals among many others. It is a capital intensive industry which employs approx. 2 Mn people in India. As a result, it plays a key role in the economic and social development of the country. It is a critical element of the manufacturing industry and is highly fragmented in the downstream sector. Globally, chemical industry was valued at $ 4.5 Tn in 2016 and is expected to grow at 5.5% per annum till 2020 driven by demand from end use industries. The industry is increasingly shifting eastwards in line with the shift of its key consumer industries (e.g. automotive, electronics, etc.), to leverage higher manufacturing competitiveness of emerging Asian economies and to serve the increasing local demand. China, as result of this shift, is the largest contributor with 34% share followed by European Union (17%) and North America (16%) to the global chemical industry.
Cognitive Market Research provides detailed analysis of Organic Pasta in our recently published report titled, "Organic Pasta 2021" The market study focuses on industry dynamics including driving factors to provide the key elements fueling the current market growth. The report also identifies restraints and opportunities to identify high growth segments involved in the Organic Pasta market. Key industrial factors such as macroeconomic and microeconomic factors are studied in detail with help of PESTEL analysis in order to have a holistic view of factors impacting Organic Pasta market growth across the globe. Market growth is forecasted with the help of complex algorithms such as regression analysis, sentiment analysis of end-users, etc.
#OrganicPastaReport #OrganicPastaMarketForecast #OrganicPastaMarketStatus #OrganicPastaMarket2021
https://cognitivemarketresearch.com/food-%26-beverages/organic-pasta-market-report
Cognitive Market Research provides detailed analysis of Linux Operating System in our recently published report titled, "Linux Operating System 2021" The market study focuses on industry dynamics including driving factors to provide the key elements fueling the current market growth. The report also identifies restraints and opportunities to identify high growth segments involved in the Linux Operating System market. Key industrial factors such as macroeconomic and microeconomic factors are studied in detail with help of PESTEL analysis in order to have a holistic view of factors impacting Linux Operating System market growth across the globe. Market growth is forecasted with the help of complex algorithms such as regression analysis, sentiment analysis of end-users, etc.
#LinuxOperatingSystemReport #LinuxOperatingSystemMarketForecast #LinuxOperatingSystemMarketStatus #LinuxOperatingSystemMarket2021
https://www.cognitivemarketresearch.com/manufacturing--construction/linux-operating-system-market-report
Cognitive Market Research provides detailed analysis of Jumpsuits in our recently published report titled, "Jumpsuits 2021" The market study focuses on industry dynamics including driving factors to provide the key elements fueling the current market growth. The report also identifies restraints and opportunities to identify high growth segments involved in the Jumpsuits market. Key industrial factors such as macroeconomic and microeconomic factors are studied in detail with help of PESTEL analysis in order to have a holistic view of factors impacting Jumpsuits market growth across the globe. Market growth is forecasted with the help of complex algorithms such as regression analysis, sentiment analysis of end-users, etc.
#JumpsuitsReport #JumpsuitsMarketForecast #JumpsuitsMarketStatus #JumpsuitsMarket2021
Sample report and MIS list showing the reporting possibilities from Orqubit Business Intelligence for Tally.ERP9.
For more details on Tally integration visit http://www.orqubit.com
Dowload the free PDF file of Report Sample Pages. Cognitive Market Research has recently published report titled, "Non-Wood Pulp Market 2020" which provides detailed analysis of Non-Wood Pulp Market. The market study focuses on understanding industry dynamics along with driving factors to provide the key elements fueling the current market growth. The report also identifies restraints for Non-Wood Pulp market, to understand factors which will restrict the growth of Non-Wood Pulp market. Key industrial factors such as macroeconomic and microeconomic factors are studied in depth with the help of PESTEL analysis in order to have a holistic view of factors impacting Non-Wood Pulp market growth in various regions across the globe. Market forecast takes place with the help of complex algorithms such as regression analysis, sentiment analysis of end-users, etc.
The world economy, which continues to suffer from the fallout of the financial crisis that began in late 2007 and the meltdown in September 2008, has not been able to revive the growth conditions of the preceding decade. Those conditions had been particularly supportive of economic and social progress in the developing world, and the resulting momentum, especially in some of the larger developing countries, helped to stoke recovery in the world economy once the worst of the crisis had been contained. However, those countries are now losing that momentum and downside risks for the world economy are growing again. The immediate problem is the inability of the developed countries to return to a normal growth pattern, but there is also an equally serious problem of contagion. Amidst their fragile recovery, an unreformed (and unrepentant) financial sector and macroeconomic policies that are timid at best, and counterproductive at worst, the developing countries will find it difficult to sustain their own growth dynamic, let alone that of the global economy. Therefore, a fundamental policy reorientation is needed, recognizing that healthy and inclusive growth will require a stable expansion of consumption and investment in productive capacity based on favourable income expectations of the working population and positive demand expectations of entrepreneurs. This requires a rethinking of the principles underlying the design of national economic policy and supportive international institutional arrangements.In detail, in its first chapter the report is dealing with current trends and challenges in the world economy. In the second chapter the report covers the main issues of income inequality and its evolution. Further on the third chapter concerns with the impacts of changes in globalization and technology for income inequality and the fourth chapter with the role of fiscal policy in income distribution. The last chapter finishes the report with a reconsideration of current economics and politics of inquality.
The Economics of Sustainability in the Comemrcial Real Estate Sectorscottbrooker
The goal of this white peper is to help real estate managers better understand the motivations behind management decisions, through qualitative and quantitative research and models, an provide recommendations to make the case for energy effeciency improvements. Questions answered with the paper include;
-How does energy effeciency improvement get implemented?
-Who is the driver behind the decision?
-What financial metrics are used to determine if an investment makes economic sense?
How does a real estate amanger choose one investment vehicle over another?
The central objective of this report (completed in March 2006) is to identify the best forms of enhanced economic integration that could be pursued over the next 5- 10 years between the EU and Ukraine, Russia, Egypt, Morocco and Algeria, from the EU perspective.
All of these countries except Russia are partners in the European Neighbourhood Policy, which is a new framework for the EU’s relations with its neighbour countries. Russia is not formally part of the ENP, but the four common policy spaces agreed at the summit in May 2005 amount to a more selective Russian derivative of the ENP, with the notable exclusion of democracy and human rights. Russia is also to be included in the operating area of the European Neighbourhood Policy Instrument (ENPI, the ENP’s budget). The five countries covered in this report are of medium to large size in terms of population, but small in economic terms, relative to the EU. They have different histories of co-operation with the EU, but all have been recipients of substantial EU financial assistance.
Authored by: Malgorzata Jakubiak, Anna Kolesnichenko, Wojciech Paczynski, John Roberts, Sinan Ülgen
Published in 2007
Cognitive Market Research provides detailed analysis of Managed Print Services in our recently published report titled, "Managed Print Services 2021" The market study focuses on industry dynamics including driving factors to provide the key elements fueling the current market growth. The report also identifies restraints and opportunities to identify high growth segments involved in the Managed Print Services market. Key industrial factors such as macroeconomic and microeconomic factors are studied in detail with help of PESTEL analysis in order to have a holistic view of factors impacting Managed Print Services market growth across the globe. Market growth is forecasted with the help of complex algorithms such as regression analysis, sentiment analysis of end-users, etc.
#ManagedPrintServicesReport #ManagedPrintServicesMarketForecast #ManagedPrintServicesMarketStatus #ManagedPrintServicesMarket2021
The series of currency crises which hit several developing countries in the 1990s did not leave the emerging market economies of Central and Eastern Europe unscathed. The roots of the crises in European Transition Economies were usually less sophisticated and easier to identify. Most crisis episodes in the former communist countries fit nicely with the ”first generation” canonical model elaborated in 1979 by Paul Krugman and developed in 1980s by other economists. In this model, fiscal imbalances are the main factor leading to depleting international reserves of the central bank and speculative attacks against national currencies.
Authored by: Rafal Antczak, Marek Dabrowski, Malgorzata Markiewicz, Artur Radziwill, Marcin Sasin
Published in 2001
The evaluation of the anti-money laundering and combating the financing of terrorism
(AML/CFT) regime of the Republic of Haiti1 was based on the Forty Recommendations 2003 and the Nine Special Recommendations on Terrorist Financing 2001 of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF), and was prepared using the AML/CFT Methodology 20042. The evaluation was based on the laws, regulations and other materials supplied by Haiti, and information obtained by the evaluation team during its on-site visit to Haiti from 24 September to 5 October 2007, and throughout the evaluation process. During the on-site visit, the evaluation team met with officials
and representatives from all relevant Haitian Government agencies and the private sector. A list of the bodies met is provided in Annex 2 to the Mutual Evaluation Report.
Chemicals industry is a diversified industry and covers more than 80,000 commercial products. It provides key building blocks to a host of downstream industries such as automobiles, textiles, papers, paints, soaps, detergents, pharmaceuticals among many others. It is a capital intensive industry which employs approx. 2 Mn people in India. As a result, it plays a key role in the economic and social development of the country. It is a critical element of the manufacturing industry and is highly fragmented in the downstream sector. Globally, chemical industry was valued at $ 4.5 Tn in 2016 and is expected to grow at 5.5% per annum till 2020 driven by demand from end use industries. The industry is increasingly shifting eastwards in line with the shift of its key consumer industries (e.g. automotive, electronics, etc.), to leverage higher manufacturing competitiveness of emerging Asian economies and to serve the increasing local demand. China, as result of this shift, is the largest contributor with 34% share followed by European Union (17%) and North America (16%) to the global chemical industry.
Cognitive Market Research provides detailed analysis of Organic Pasta in our recently published report titled, "Organic Pasta 2021" The market study focuses on industry dynamics including driving factors to provide the key elements fueling the current market growth. The report also identifies restraints and opportunities to identify high growth segments involved in the Organic Pasta market. Key industrial factors such as macroeconomic and microeconomic factors are studied in detail with help of PESTEL analysis in order to have a holistic view of factors impacting Organic Pasta market growth across the globe. Market growth is forecasted with the help of complex algorithms such as regression analysis, sentiment analysis of end-users, etc.
#OrganicPastaReport #OrganicPastaMarketForecast #OrganicPastaMarketStatus #OrganicPastaMarket2021
https://cognitivemarketresearch.com/food-%26-beverages/organic-pasta-market-report
Cognitive Market Research provides detailed analysis of Linux Operating System in our recently published report titled, "Linux Operating System 2021" The market study focuses on industry dynamics including driving factors to provide the key elements fueling the current market growth. The report also identifies restraints and opportunities to identify high growth segments involved in the Linux Operating System market. Key industrial factors such as macroeconomic and microeconomic factors are studied in detail with help of PESTEL analysis in order to have a holistic view of factors impacting Linux Operating System market growth across the globe. Market growth is forecasted with the help of complex algorithms such as regression analysis, sentiment analysis of end-users, etc.
#LinuxOperatingSystemReport #LinuxOperatingSystemMarketForecast #LinuxOperatingSystemMarketStatus #LinuxOperatingSystemMarket2021
https://www.cognitivemarketresearch.com/manufacturing--construction/linux-operating-system-market-report
Cognitive Market Research provides detailed analysis of Jumpsuits in our recently published report titled, "Jumpsuits 2021" The market study focuses on industry dynamics including driving factors to provide the key elements fueling the current market growth. The report also identifies restraints and opportunities to identify high growth segments involved in the Jumpsuits market. Key industrial factors such as macroeconomic and microeconomic factors are studied in detail with help of PESTEL analysis in order to have a holistic view of factors impacting Jumpsuits market growth across the globe. Market growth is forecasted with the help of complex algorithms such as regression analysis, sentiment analysis of end-users, etc.
#JumpsuitsReport #JumpsuitsMarketForecast #JumpsuitsMarketStatus #JumpsuitsMarket2021
Sample report and MIS list showing the reporting possibilities from Orqubit Business Intelligence for Tally.ERP9.
For more details on Tally integration visit http://www.orqubit.com
Dowload the free PDF file of Report Sample Pages. Cognitive Market Research has recently published report titled, "Non-Wood Pulp Market 2020" which provides detailed analysis of Non-Wood Pulp Market. The market study focuses on understanding industry dynamics along with driving factors to provide the key elements fueling the current market growth. The report also identifies restraints for Non-Wood Pulp market, to understand factors which will restrict the growth of Non-Wood Pulp market. Key industrial factors such as macroeconomic and microeconomic factors are studied in depth with the help of PESTEL analysis in order to have a holistic view of factors impacting Non-Wood Pulp market growth in various regions across the globe. Market forecast takes place with the help of complex algorithms such as regression analysis, sentiment analysis of end-users, etc.
The world economy, which continues to suffer from the fallout of the financial crisis that began in late 2007 and the meltdown in September 2008, has not been able to revive the growth conditions of the preceding decade. Those conditions had been particularly supportive of economic and social progress in the developing world, and the resulting momentum, especially in some of the larger developing countries, helped to stoke recovery in the world economy once the worst of the crisis had been contained. However, those countries are now losing that momentum and downside risks for the world economy are growing again. The immediate problem is the inability of the developed countries to return to a normal growth pattern, but there is also an equally serious problem of contagion. Amidst their fragile recovery, an unreformed (and unrepentant) financial sector and macroeconomic policies that are timid at best, and counterproductive at worst, the developing countries will find it difficult to sustain their own growth dynamic, let alone that of the global economy. Therefore, a fundamental policy reorientation is needed, recognizing that healthy and inclusive growth will require a stable expansion of consumption and investment in productive capacity based on favourable income expectations of the working population and positive demand expectations of entrepreneurs. This requires a rethinking of the principles underlying the design of national economic policy and supportive international institutional arrangements.In detail, in its first chapter the report is dealing with current trends and challenges in the world economy. In the second chapter the report covers the main issues of income inequality and its evolution. Further on the third chapter concerns with the impacts of changes in globalization and technology for income inequality and the fourth chapter with the role of fiscal policy in income distribution. The last chapter finishes the report with a reconsideration of current economics and politics of inquality.
The Economics of Sustainability in the Comemrcial Real Estate Sectorscottbrooker
The goal of this white peper is to help real estate managers better understand the motivations behind management decisions, through qualitative and quantitative research and models, an provide recommendations to make the case for energy effeciency improvements. Questions answered with the paper include;
-How does energy effeciency improvement get implemented?
-Who is the driver behind the decision?
-What financial metrics are used to determine if an investment makes economic sense?
How does a real estate amanger choose one investment vehicle over another?
The central objective of this report (completed in March 2006) is to identify the best forms of enhanced economic integration that could be pursued over the next 5- 10 years between the EU and Ukraine, Russia, Egypt, Morocco and Algeria, from the EU perspective.
All of these countries except Russia are partners in the European Neighbourhood Policy, which is a new framework for the EU’s relations with its neighbour countries. Russia is not formally part of the ENP, but the four common policy spaces agreed at the summit in May 2005 amount to a more selective Russian derivative of the ENP, with the notable exclusion of democracy and human rights. Russia is also to be included in the operating area of the European Neighbourhood Policy Instrument (ENPI, the ENP’s budget). The five countries covered in this report are of medium to large size in terms of population, but small in economic terms, relative to the EU. They have different histories of co-operation with the EU, but all have been recipients of substantial EU financial assistance.
Authored by: Malgorzata Jakubiak, Anna Kolesnichenko, Wojciech Paczynski, John Roberts, Sinan Ülgen
Published in 2007
Integrating developing countries’ SMEs into Global Value Chain.Ira Tobing
This publication is a contribution of the Commission on Investment, Enterprise and Development
to the field of small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) promotion. It was prepared on the basis
of sectoral case studies undertaken in a joint project financed by the Swiss Government through
the Geneva International Academic Network (GIAN) and jointly carried out by the United Nations
Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), the Organization for Economic Cooperation
and Development (OECD), and the Universities of Geneva and Fribourg. It also draws on a global
conference organized by the OECD in June 2007, and an intergovernmental Expert Meeting held by
UNCTAD in November 2007.
This volume presents seven comparative studies of currency crises, which happened in the decade of 1990s in Latin America, South East Asia and in transition countries of Eastern Europe and the former USSR.
Authored by: Rafal Antczak, Monika Blaszkiewicz, Marek Dabrowski, Malgorzata Jakubiak, Malgorzata Markiewicz, Wojciech Paczynski, Artur Radziwill, Marcin Sasin, Mateusz Szczurek
Published in 2001
An important document of research and perspectives on contemporary approaches to regional development, investment, and analytics for communities and their regions building local value for global competitiveness.
Visit the Institute for Open Economic Networks (I-Open) at http://www.i-open.org
The final report of the working group on monitoring and indicators assesses options for statistics and indicators in a post-2015 setting. By doing so, it provides an analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of the MDG indicators and outlines data innovations in new critical areas such as inequalities, governance, sustainability and population. The report also considers national capacities for statistics and makes some key recommendations on how to further foster these when developing a monitoring framework for the post-2015 agenda.
5. Executive Summary
P
rimary commodities, including agricultural and mineral commodities, are the major source of income
and employment for a number of developing countries (DCs) and least developed countries (LDCs).
Development of this sector offers hope for reducing poverty in an LDC country especially amongst
marginalized groups like small farm producers and women. For a large number of commodity-dependent
LDCs, their journey out of poverty is linked to the development of their commodity sector and to their
successful transition up the production ladder. The the economic literature. However, it is widely under-
prospect of achieving a more developed stage of stood that there is need to address the root causes
their economies, however, waxes and wanes with of the crisis in commodities, which includes supply
the volatility of commodity prices and changes in capacity constraints as well as inadequate diversifi-
demand. In recent years, the demand for commodi- cation of production. Greater emphasis on trade in
ties has experienced an upswing owing to demand primary commodities has come at the cost of indus-
from large commodity consuming countries like trial development which is the basic building block
China and India. But the gains from a rise in demand for economic development.
and prices have not been shared equitably across
countries or even across commodities.1 For a more The study
equitable distribution of benefits from commodities
production and trade there is a need to address sup- In order to address this problem, endemic to LDCs,
ply side and value chain issues, which are essential an analysis was conducted of the existing Diag-
to any commodity development strategy. Commod- nostic Trade Integration Studies (DTISs) that were
ity-dependent countries need the necessary factor carried out under the Integrated Framework for
conditions, such as resources and additional finan- Trade-related Technical Assistance to Least Devel-
cial aid, to capitalize on their natural endowments oped Countries (IF). The objective of this analysis
through diversification of their economies which was to assess whether, and to what extent, the DTISs
would result in greater economic growth and pov- provide concrete recommendations and actions
erty reduction. which can support a more comprehensive global
strategy for promoting, upgrading, diversification
In the last few years, the commodities issue has and value addition in manufacturing and industrial
occupied centre stage due to the demand and development activities associated with commodity
supply uncertainties that often hamper commod- production.
ity markets, resulting in price volatility, which has
a direct impact on the country’s financial stability. The present analysis focuses on the 29 DTISs avail-
The impact is particularly pronounced on smaller able as of October 2008, completed under the IF,
and poorer countries that are dependent on a sin- with specific reference to the commodities surveyed
gle or at most two commodities as the main source therein. The commodities examined in this analysis
of income generation and trade. Countries that include all agro-products (including cash crops),
are dependent solely on primary agricultural com- livestock, forestry, horticulture and floriculture prod-
modities also rank low on the Human Development ucts, as well as minerals and ores.
Index.2 The causes for the persistence of commod-
ity dependence and vulnerability to crisis are many In this report, the concept of commodity chains,
and have been analyzed and discussed at length in including the supply and value chains as well as the
1 UNCTAD reports that ‘the impact on developing countries exporting agricultural products varies, with some benefiting over the period (e.g., cof-
fee exporters) and others recording a deterioration between 2003 and 2005 (cotton or soybean exporting countries)’. UNCTAD/PRESS/IN/2007/015,
27/04/07.
2 Human Development is a development paradigm that is about much more than the rise or fall of national incomes. It is about creating an environ-
ment in which people can develop their full potential and lead productive, creative lives in accord with their needs and interests. This is captured by the
Human Development Index (HDI), first introduced in 1990 in the Human Development Report. The HDI represents a new way of measuring development
by combining indicators of life expectancy, educational attainment and income into a composite single statistic, which serves as a frame for social and
economic development. (UNDP, accessed on 02/06/09 at http://hdr.undp.org/en/humandev/hdi/ ).
1
6. linkages between the two, has been applied to ana- 3. policy-oriented policy bias, which is long on pol-
lyze the whole process of value creation of a product icy recommendations and short on implementable
from primary processing to consumption. Analyz- actions.
ing the different stages of the commodity chain and
focusing on the necessary functions of actors at Main findings
each stage will help policy makers, institutions and
entrepreneurs pinpoint competitive disadvantages Admittedly, the DTISs have not been designed to
and identify areas for further action to upgrade pro- develop commodities, nor to craft an integrated,
cessing know-how, capacities and trading poten- coherent and focused strategy towards enhancing
tials; and ultimately to attain more equitable and productivity, diversification and industrial develop-
pro-poor growth. ment in the LDCs. It is therefore not surprising that
the DTISs, to a great extent, do not respond well
Analytical framework to the criteria selected for this commodity sector
development oriented study. The DTISs do, however,
This study analyzed DTISs according to criteria span- perform an extremely useful function by providing
ning supply side and value chain issues, in order a comprehensive macroeconomic overview and by
to assess how supply side constraints, pathways to putting the commodity problématique into perspec-
diversification, value chain creation and backward tive. Some of the DTISs contain useful pointers on
and forward linkages for industrial development have using a more focused strategy for commodities with
been addressed. These criteria were then integrated considerable potential but which are hampered by
into a Commodity Development Matrix, in which rel- policy, institutional and infrastructural constraints.
evant information from each DTIS was recorded and The following issues were identified in the DTISs:
analyzed. Data has been generated on a per country
1. Insufficient attention has been given to the ade-
basis and the commodities featured in the DTIS have
quacy of the existing physical infrastructure for each
been listed separately at three different levels of
commodity profiled in the DTIS.
intervention, namely policy, institutional actors and
enterprise development, and in accordance with the 2. Supply side issues including production of pri-
criteria used for this study. Results are depicted in the mary commodities, which form the crux of com-
form of Country Matrices (see annex IV in attached modity development strategies, lack in depth
CD Rom). There are 29 matrices in all, featuring the analysis. Commodities have been treated more from
commodities surveyed in their respective DTISs and a macro perspective, and thus the details essential
accompanying Action Matrices. Data analysis based to adequately addressing broader supply side issues
on these Country Matrices has resulted in 29 Coun- remain absent.
try Commodity Strategy Maps (annex V). A cross-
3. Details about gender participation are limited
country comparison was also performed regarding
at best.
the general thrust of DTISs in commodity develop-
ment (table 3). Details of the nature and depth of the 4. Processing of primary commodities through pri-
analyses and recommendations made within each mary and secondary production processes has not
country DTIS can be seen at a glance by the reader. been linked to a comprehensive strategy for com-
modity development and diversification. The rela-
Through this visualization of data, it becomes evi- tionships between investment climate, adequacy
dent that the following characteristics exist across of production capacities, distribution networks and
29 DTISs concerning commodity development: business linkages at each step of the value chain
have not been clearly articulated.
1. heterogeneous in-country approach to commod-
ity development, across commodities 5. Quality control issues with respect to commodities
are mentioned only in a general manner in the DTISs.
2. heterogeneous between-country approach to
A systematic approach to building a quality culture
commodity development, across countries
2
7. which is supported by quality standard setting to the lack of systematic scanning on the ground of
establishments and control mechanisms is missing. operational processes, or proper data collection and
In addition, investment in appropriate (hardware) recording. Without such an information manage-
infrastructure is lacking. These elements have, how- ment system, it will not be possible to identify local
ever, only been mentioned in a small number of innovations and disseminate them through global
cases without any detailed analysis. Without signifi- knowledge exchanges with international agencies
cant investment and improvement in this domain, it and actors.
is hard to see how the LDCs could actually increase
their export earnings and acquire higher values from Recommendations
their commodities. And it is equally difficult to imag-
ine that LDCs can compete in the already highly com- This study concludes with a set of recommenda-
petitive semi-processed or manufactured market tions to follow up on DTISs already undertaken, and
where advanced developing countries dominate. suggestions for including additional elements and
a more commodity-centric perspective in future
6. The need for personnel training and skill develop-
DTISs. These recommendations have broadly been
ment either through domestic investment or tech-
grouped into a set of actions that call for policy mak-
nical assistance for some commodities has been
ers, institutional actors and enterprises to develop
broadly indicated in some of the DTISs. Technical
an integrated commodity development strategy
assistance projects, wherever ongoing, have also
that will reverse the present trend of industrial stag-
been indicated in the DTISs.
nation and deindustrialization in LDCs and move pri-
7. Feedback and monitoring mechanism to provide mary commodity producers up the value chain. Even
oversight on the implementation of the Action Matrix though neoliberal economic theory recommends a
has not been included in the DTISs. Such a mecha- hands-off approach to policy makers, the authors of
nism would make it possible to assess whether a this study nonetheless advise that governments and
country’s policy implementation or capacity-build- the international community need to provide much
ing effort is on track according to agreed objectives needed infrastructure, an enabling regulatory envi-
listed in the Action Matrix, and whether the assump- ronment that encourages investments in productive
tions that underline the DTIS and action plan need sectors as well as efficient tax and energy policies.
to be adjusted once a better understanding of the
actual commercial system emerges that may contra- Institutions such as banks and trade associations
dict or invalidate the operational assumptions used. are key players in implementing governmental
policies, such as prioritizing specific commodity-
LDCs need to have such a monitoring system to scan related action, through pricing mechanisms, pro-
and track their own actions in order to be truly in the viding safety nets through appropriate financing
driver’s seat by taking ownership and being account- schemes and easing credit crunches in times of
able as agreed in the Paris Declaration. Similarly, at volatility. Dynamic enterprises and cooperatives are
the global level, without ongoing monitoring and also increasingly viewed as the engine that powers
feedback, financial support for capacity-building growth and development by linking the local supply
and other interventions tend to suffer delays, lack of capacities to the global value chain. Another signifi-
responsiveness, insufficient participation and inad- cant factor in developing a coherent global initiative
equate accountability. for commodities is the supporting role that needs
to be played by regional policy makers in integrat-
Similarly, it will also be difficult to facilitate institu- ing regional production clusters which promote
tional learning without a stable information manage- industrial growth, thus providing opportunities for
ment system based on a standardized monitoring exports and creating jobs.
procedure. The absence of such a system is often due
3
8. The DTISs were not intended to provide recom- supportive secondary processes, such as workforce
mendations for a comprehensive national strategy development and developing quality culture and
for commodities diversification and value addition practices at the enterprise level.
through manufacturing and industrial development.
developing a proactive agenda to overcome sup-
Thus, policies and interventions which ensure more
ply constraints by upgrading infrastructure like
equitable development and environmental sus-
roads, ports and storage facilities, and enhancing
tainability tend to be absent from many DTISs. The
inputs like irrigation, electricity, seeds and other
general recommendations in all DTISs are directed
appropriate raw material.
towards increasing exports, which are expected to
result in increased incomes and hence in a reduction implementing policies to improve productiv-
of poverty. However, factors of supply production ity, employ appropriate technology in production,
such as processing, marketing and different stages develop new skills for cultivation and farm man-
of the value chain have not been given adequate agement techniques, promote innovation to boost
attention. Thus, strategies are required which direct productivity and to create linkages between farm-
LDCs towards a concomitant development of manu- ing community, enterprises with universities and
facturing and industry, and a proper integration of research entities.
supply and value chain activities with their com-
enhancing capacity-building initiatives and
modities. Research is needed to understand and
developing a viable programme for R&D to employ
map the ‘binding constraints’ in the value chain that
newer technologies (e.g., biotechnology) for
keep LDCs from harvesting their productive poten-
increased productivity, and new product develop-
tial, from the seeds and fertilizer stage, transport and
ment (e.g., use of tobacco leaf in the pharma sector,
storage, limitations to processing, value addition and
and tobacco seed oil in soaps and detergents) to
diversification, and finally to market information and
build competitiveness.
market opening negotiations in the WTO.
acknowledging the contribution made by the
Transforming their natural resources (i.e., commodi- female workforce and actively promoting their
ties) into export products through labour intensive skills development to ensure sustainable economic
industrial development is the most viable path to and welfare gains for women, who in general have
generating sustainable jobs and creating wealth in a smaller share of the national wealth and suffer
LDCs. In light of the present food, fuel and financial more from poverty. Skill development and training
crises, enhanced aid with greater effectiveness is for women have to be institutionalized as a national
essential to build the productive and trade capaci- policy to be integrated with the commodity devel-
ties so that LDCs can achieve economic resilience opment strategy.
and continue their march towards development.
On the value chain side there is need for:
1 . P O L I C Y R E C O M M E N D AT I O N S creating a suitable policy framework and insti-
On the supply side there is need for: tutional structure to facilitate development of
backward and forward linkages in commodity pro-
sensitizing relevant ministries and departments in duction, processing, value addition and marketing.
LDC governments about the need to develop inte-
grated national policy frameworks for commodity- supporting local economic development and clus-
led growth strategies. At a general level, this would ter initiatives through horizontal linkages of enter-
mean integrated infrastructure development in prises within a territory which are at the same stage
strategic areas as a priority for national invest- of production, to encourage competitiveness.
ment. Investment needs to be made also in other
making quality a national priority and investing
in the creation of quality culture and corresponding
quality infrastructure. Quality standards for goods
4
9. and services need to include skill-based standards 2 . R E C O M M E N D AT I O N S O N
as well as quality management systems for training INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS
and education such as ISO 100153 and EFQM.4 On the supply side there is need for:
introducing brand or quality labels, which helps a supportive institutional framework comprising
promote products and develop niche markets, banks, commodity boards, donors and a dynamic
making them attractive for the collaborator or con- public sector. This is necessary for the implemen-
sumer, both domestically and across borders. tation of national commodity development and
developing effective implementation and moni- diversification strategies.
toring mechanisms for sanitary and phytosanitary institutions that are key players in implementing
(SPS) standards and technical barriers to trade (TBT) and monitoring government policies on infrastruc-
by establishing a sufficient number of laboratories ture development, and improving productivity by
and accreditation facilities. informing, training and reinforcing international
increasing outreach for international develop- quality standards for operational management and
ment assistance and building national agencies delivery.
with strong policy coordination and monitoring the development of cooperatives to achieve econ-
instruments for efficient and effective use of aid omies of scale and mobilization of non-traditional
funding. resources. Cooperatives can also facilitate access to
creating sustainable regional partnerships and inputs, production, harvesting, first stage process-
competitive regional clusters for economies of ing, marketing and certification in some cases. They
scale, and complementary linkages which could can also lead to better bargaining power for pro-
result in reduced transaction costs, extended sup- ducers vis-à-vis traders and multinationals.
ply and value chains and potential product and regional funding mechanisms to encourage
process innovations. entrepreneurship and business creation. It makes
consulting with and involving the private sector sense for the production of certain products to be
through public-private partnerships, transparency encouraged in areas where comparative advantage
and accountability. is present.
encouraging the organization of fairs showcas- On the value chain side there is need for:
ing products produced locally while also promot- innovative institutional arrangements to improve
ing regional and international participation in these coordination among all actors along the commod-
fairs to apprise producers of consumer require- ity chain. Hence the need for developing func-
ments. In other words, providing a suitable plat- tioning market information systems to encourage
form to produce for the markets. domestic, intra-regional and international trade.
undertaking programme impact assessment institutions in charge of competition policy,
by LDC governments to ensure that commodity small and medium enterprise (SME) development,
development objectives are met. This also has the import-export finance, etc. These agencies have an
advantage of enabling policy makers to learn and important role in prioritizing specific commodity
to improve their programmes continuously. related action in terms of pricing mechanisms, pro-
viding safety nets through appropriate financing
3 ISO 10015 is an international quality standard focusing on the training quality management system. It provides a process map to guide the process of
making training investment decisions by an organization and of managing the training operations through monitoring and evaluation. More informa-
tion is available at www.iso.org, or at www.adequate.org
4 EFQM (European Foundation for Quality Management) offers an assessment tool, The EFQM Excellence Model, to “deliver a picture of how well the
organization compares to similar or very different kinds of organization. Used as a management model it can be used to define aspirations for
the organization’s capability and performance”. (EFQM, accessed on 02/06/09 at
http://ww1.efqm.org/en/Home/aboutEFQM/Ourmodels/TheEFQMExcellenceModel/tabid/170/Default.aspx )
5
10. schemes and easing credit constraints in times of On the value chain side there is need for:
commodity price volatility. Social safety nets can be
mobilizing enterprise inputs to identify areas
based on domestic commodity production as well
of value addition and further processing of
as higher value-added crops which generate more
commodities.
income per hectare.
increasing the use of producer organizations to
commodity exchanges to facilitate transactions
disseminate a variety of information, be it related
between producers, processors, traders, consum-
to pricing mechanisms, early warning systems or
ers, aid agencies and state agencies in a low-cost
in establishing business linkages with domestic
environment. This lowering of costs benefits all
industry and foreign buyers.
stakeholders as they receive higher prices for their
products. encouraging participation of individual enter-
prises and growers even in policy dialogues, stan-
a monitoring mechanism to steer the policy
dard setting and quality control.
implementation by the institutional actors and
national authority in charge of development strat- involving enterprises in the governance of com-
egy and provide timely feedback to beneficiaries, modity exchanges and futures trading to put in
donors and experts alike. place pricing mechanisms and to gather inputs for
market development.
In addition to these institutional arrangements, it is
also necessary for governments to keep in mind the raising awareness of the enterprises of their
general conditions and mechanisms for good gov- social and environmental impact and engaging in
ernance, which include improved inter-ministerial benchmark exercises to introduce process innova-
policy coordination and regular channels for com- tions resulting in improved competitiveness. This
munication and consultation between government encourages institutional learning through analyti-
actors and the private and social sector stakehold- cal research, checking underlying assumptions and
ers. These channels are essential to building trust, modification of policies and actions in case of con-
in order to develop and implement integrated com- flict between various interests and priorities.
modity strategies.
LDCs cannot afford to remain primary commodity
3 . R E C O M M E N D AT I O N S O N producers. A detailed commodity analysis needs to
E N T E R P R I S E PA R T I C I PAT I O N be carried out to strengthen the place of primary
producers in the value chain, which would entail
On the supply side there is need for: their diversification and development. This is imper-
strengthening producers’ organizations that can ative to reverse the trend of de-industrialization wit-
interface with policy makers and institutions and nessed in many of the LDCs, and create sustainable
working with them to develop a cogent commod- growth for poverty reduction.
ity development strategy.
devising vertical and horizontal consultative strat-
egies to inform government of the most efficient
allocation of development resources to develop
robust supply side capacity and responsiveness to
changes in domestic and international agricultural
conditions.
supporting and strengthening SMEs’ productive
capacities and market competitiveness.
6
11. Conclusions
This report concludes that while the DTISs deal suf-
ficiently with sector-related issues like policy, regu-
latory and institutional constraints, they do not
adequately highlight the cross-linkages between
different elements in the supply and value chains of
commodity development, thus making suggested
policies and recommended interventions frag-
mented and difficult to achieve. The present study
makes an attempt to bridge this gap. It also shows
a disparity among the DTIS reports in terms of qual-
ity and comprehensiveness of their analysis of com-
modity development. Therefore, it is recommended
that selected country DTISs should be updated
based on the Explanatory Notes to the DTIS Tem-
plate (May2008)5 and pay more attention to small-
scale producers and poverty reduction impacts.
When the poorest countries are able to realize
their potential for adding value to their raw mate-
rials, they would see higher profit margins, greater
employment and potentially more backward link-
ages (through supplying raw materials) and forward
linkages (through technological and quality require-
ments) with the rest of the local economy and the
global system. For these reasons, this study points
to the gap that exists in the DTISs and calls for the
identification of viable options and sequencing
of policy interventions for value addition of com-
modity-related output expansion and upgrading in
the LDCs.
5 The EIF Board has adopted a template to guide countries and agencies
carrying out the DTISs. It lists the issues and areas that need to be taken
into account when undertaking the DTIS.
7
12. United Nations Development Programme
Bureau for Development Policy
304 East 45th Street, New York, NY 10017
United States of America
www.undp.org/poverty
Trade and Human Development Unit
UNDP Office in Geneva
Palais des Nations, CH – 1211 Geneva 10
Switzerland USD 35, EURO 25
www.undp.org ISBN 978-92-1-126265-0
13. Note: This publication has been made available by CSEND.org with the agrement of the author.
The Centre for Socio-Eco-Nomic Development (CSEND) aims at
promoting equitable, sustainable and integrated development through dialogue and
institutional learning.
Diplomacy Dialogue is a branch of the Centre for Socio-Eco-Nomic Development
(CSEND), a non-profit R&D organization based in Geneva, Switzerland since 1993.