The document discusses how PostgreSQL can help build web 2.0 applications. It defines web 2.0 for users and software developers. For users, web 2.0 emphasizes collaborative web, web applications over sites, web as a platform, and aesthetics. For developers, it means more users, developers, brands and competitors, rapidly changing requirements, and larger data volumes. The document focuses on how PostgreSQL supports user-generated content through taxonomy, folksonomy, and hybrid approaches using EAV, hstore, and full text search. It provides examples of implementing tags, comments, and rating systems for user content.

1. Using PostgreSQL
In Web 2.0 Applications
How PostgreSQL helps to build Web 2.0 Apps
Nikolay Samokhvalov
Postgresmen, LLC (Moscow, Russia)
PostgreSQL Conference East 2008

2. What Is Web 2.0?
Using PostgreSQL In Web 2.0 Applications

3. What Is Web 2.0?
For users:
 Collaborative web (UGC*, comments, rating system, etc)
 Web applications, not web sites (AJAX, more interaction)
 Web as a platform (interoperability, RSS, microformats, etc)
 Rounded corners, mirrored logos etc :­)
*)
UGC — user­generated content
Using PostgreSQL In Web 2.0 Applications

4. What Is Web 2.0?
For software developers it means:
more users more developers more brands
more competitors
on the market
higher rapidly number of users,
larger pageviews, TPS,
rates of changing
development, data etc:
business
volumes
shorter iterations requirements N = et
Better technologies help to win!
Using PostgreSQL In Web 2.0 Applications

5. Why PostgreSQL?
1. Performance, scalability
2. Reliability
3. Powerful capabilities
4. Standards compliance, proper approaches
5. Freedom
Using PostgreSQL In Web 2.0 Applications

6. Why PostgreSQL?
1. Performance, scalability
2. Reliability } Quality
3. Powerful capabilities } Development efficiency
4. Standards compliance, proper approaches
5. Freedom
} HR
Using PostgreSQL In Web 2.0 Applications

7. How to Deal With UGC?
1. Taxonomy
● Catalogs
2. Folksonomy
● Tags
3. Hybrid, two ways:
● Tags + Catalogs
● Both users and editors control Catalogs
Using PostgreSQL In Web 2.0 Applications

8. UGC: Taxonomy
1. Taxonomy (Catalogs)
● EAV, where ATTRIBUTE table is [almost] constant
● intarray / hstore
Using PostgreSQL In Web 2.0 Applications

9. EAV: Entity­Attibute­Value
Entity
Value
Attribute
Using PostgreSQL In Web 2.0 Applications

10. intarray / hstore
item
obj_id INT8
item_section_id INT8
item_vendor_id INT8
item_model_id INT8
item_year INT2
item_price NUMERIC(30,6)
item_props intarray
What about performance?
● This approach allows to save much space
● Performance is good if you mix GiST/GIN search with FTS search
● Better to cache tag values in external cache (e.g. Memcache) if you use
intarray, but in this case using FTS is a bit harder
Using PostgreSQL In Web 2.0 Applications

11. UGC: Folksonomy
1. Folksonomy (Tags)
1. EAV (again), user­controlled ATTRIBUTE table
2. intarray / hstore (again)
— it's just almost the same, you just give control to your users
Tags:
Using PostgreSQL In Web 2.0 Applications

12. UGC: Hybrid
1. Hybrid, two ways:
1. Tags + Catalogs
— common practice
2. Both users and editors control Catalogs
— is the most interesting, but is the most difficult to implement and
maintain
● UGC­only catalog entries are not shown in common <SELECT>
lists, they are waiting for editors approval.
● 'Merge' procedure is really complicated (merge UGC with editors'
data; merge duplicates, synonyms, etc).
● FTS (stemming, morphology, thesaurus), pg_trgm, metaphone,
soundex, etc may help. BUT: human work is still needed.
Using PostgreSQL In Web 2.0 Applications

13. UGC: More About Tags
1. Use FTS (tsearch2) to integrate tag searching in your search subsystem:
● use FTS categories to differ tag words from mere words when needed;
● to process tags, use separate FTS configuration, if needed.
2. Use quot;prefix searchquot; for tag searching, but it's not straightforward (wait for
the next slides ;­) )
Using PostgreSQL In Web 2.0 Applications

14. UGC: Tags And Prefix Search
quot;Prefix searchquot; helps to build smth like this:
If you use simple LIKE 'bla%' the result will be somewhat dissapointing:
test=# EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT * FROM tag WHERE tag_name LIKE 'bla%';
QUERY PLAN
­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­
Seq Scan on tag (cost=0.00..6182.75 rows=1 width=105) (actual
time=0.951..102.779 rows=162 loops=1)
Filter: ((tag_name)::text ~~ 'bla%'::text)
Total runtime: 102.871 ms
(3 rows)
Notice: ~300k unique tags in the table
Using PostgreSQL In Web 2.0 Applications

15. Tags And Prefix Search:
The Proper Solution
1. Use text_pattern_ops to speed up LIKE 'bla%' queries:
test=# CREATE INDEX i_tag_prefix ON tag
USING btree(lower(tag_name) text_pattern_ops);
CREATE INDEX
test=# EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT * FROM tag
WHERE lower(tag_name) LIKE lower('bla%');
QUERY PLAN
­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­
Bitmap Heap Scan on tag (cost=43.55..2356.16 rows=1096 width=105)
(actual time=0.164..0.791 rows=235 loops=1)
Filter: (lower((tag_name)::text) ~~ 'bla%'::text)
­> Bitmap Index Scan on i_tag_prefix (cost=0.00..43.28 rows=1096
width=0) (actual time=0.116..0.116 rows=235 loops=1)
Index Cond: ((lower((tag_name)::text) ~>=~ 'bla'::text) AND
(lower((tag_name)::text) ~<~ 'мис'::text))
Total runtime: 0.885 ms
(5 rows)
Notices: (1) ILIKE is not acceptable, so use lower(); (2) be careful using non­ASCII charactes
(i.e. it's OK for Russian UTF­8 except minor 'ё' & 'Ё' chars)
Using PostgreSQL In Web 2.0 Applications

16. Tags And Prefix Search:
The Proper Solution
2. Create tag_words (unique tag words) table to work with words, not with phrases:
CREATE TABLE tag_words AS
SELECT DISTINCT word
FROM ts_stat('SELECT to_tsvector(tag_name) FROM tag'); ­­ heavy
DROP INDEX i_tag_prefix;
CREATE INDEX i_tag_fts ON tag USING gin(to_tsvector(tag_name));
CREATE INDEX i_tag_words_prefix ON tag_words
USING btree(lower(word) text_pattern_ops);
test=# EXPLAIN ANALYZE
SELECT * FROM tag
WHERE to_tsvector('utf8_russian'::regconfig, tag_name::text)
@@ to_tsquery('utf8_russian', '(' || (
SELECT array_to_string(array_accum(lower(word)), '|')
FROM tag_words
WHERE lower(word) LIKE 'bla%') || ')'); ­­ add '...&word1&word2' if needed
/* plan is omitted */
Total runtime: 13.243 ms
(11 rows)
Notices: (1) better to limit number of tag words found by the inner query (e.g. ordering by word
age — dirty but it works); (2) word order in original query is lost, unfortunately; (3) GIN indexes
are better than GiST here
Using PostgreSQL In Web 2.0 Applications

17. Rate And Comment Everything
PostgreSQL Inheritance helps to achieve development efficiency
obj
obj_id INT8 — Not SERIAL, wait for the next slide to see details
obj_status_did INT8 — Dictionary value
obj_creator_obj_id INT8 — ID of user who created the record (if applicable)
obj_created TIMESTAMP
obj_modified
obj_commented
TIMESTAMP
TIMESTAMP
}­ NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
obj_marks_count INT4
obj_marks_rating FLOAT8 }­ rate everything!
obj_tsvector tsvector — Almost all business objects need FTS
user2obj group
u2o_user_obj_id user comment
u2o_obj_obj_id
u2o_mark comment_author_obj_id
u2o_is_favorite comment_text
Using PostgreSQL In Web 2.0 Applications

18. Rate And Comment Everything
create table comment (
obj_id INT8 not null default
(((nextval('comment_obj_id_seq'::regclass) * 223072849) %
(1000000000)::bigint) + 41000000000)
constraint c_obj_comment_obj_id check
(obj_id between 41000000000 and 41999999999),
comment_author_obj_id INT8,
comment_body VARCHAR (2000) NOT NULL,
constraint PK_MESSAGE primary key (obj_id)
)
inherits (obj);
­­ ID generation scheme:
­­ nextID = (N mod Y) * X + S,
­­ where X & Y are co­primes, and S is an interval shift
­­ Use separate sequence per each table!
­­ do not forget:
SET constraint_exclusion ON;
Using PostgreSQL In Web 2.0 Applications

19. Build your Google Maps mashup:
with PostgreSQL it's easy
 Ways to store & index geo data in PostgreSQL:
 two integer columns and B­tree
 point column and R­tree MirTesen.ru
 PostGIS
 pgSphere GiST
 Q3C
Using PostgreSQL In Web 2.0 Applications

20. Conclusion
 PostgreSQL provides a great set of capabilities to
meet Web 2.0 developer needs
 PostgreSQL allows to develop quickly, w/o losing
quality
Using PostgreSQL In Web 2.0 Applications

21. Contacts
● nikolay@samokhvalov.com
● Blog: http://nikolay.samokhvalov.com
● XMPP/GTalk: samokhvalov@gmail.com
● Skype: samokhvalov OR postgresmen
● +7 905 783 9804
Using PostgreSQL In Web 2.0 Applications