The document provides information about the 2004 AP Environmental Science scoring guidelines. It discusses how mercury is released into the environment from the burning of coal at power plants. The mercury is transported into the air where it can fall into water or soil and enter aquatic systems. Two ways to reduce mercury releases are to use cleaner burning coals or fossil fuels, or to implement post-combustion controls to capture mercury before it is emitted from smokestacks. There are greater health risks from eating large predatory fish than small fish because mercury biomagnifies up the food chain and accumulates at higher levels in long-lived, large predatory fish.
This document contains the 2004 free-response questions for the AP Environmental Science exam. It includes 4 multi-part questions related to topics like mercury in the environment, renewable energy sources, radioactive waste management, soil science, and sustainable agriculture. Students have 90 minutes to answer all 4 questions which are weighted equally, with approximately 22 minutes suggested for each question.
The scientific method is a systematic approach used in scientific studies to solve problems through observation, hypothesis testing, experimentation, and conclusion drawing. It involves making observations, formulating a hypothesis, conducting experiments to test the hypothesis, analyzing the results, and reaching a conclusion. The key steps are observation, problem statement, hypothesis statement, experimentation/data collection, and conclusion statement. Careful experimentation using variables, controls, and quantitative data helps scientists determine if a hypothesis is supported or needs revision. Established theories are explanations supported by many conclusions over time that can still be improved upon or replaced if disproven.
1) The document discusses key concepts in ecology including species, communities, ecosystems, energy flow and carbon cycling. It provides definitions and explanations of these core topics.
2) A central idea is that the continued survival of living organisms relies on sustainable communities and ecosystems, and that ecosystems require continuous supplies of energy and carbon to sustain life processes.
3) The document gives guidance on classifying species and on quantitative representations of energy flow between trophic levels using pyramids.
Coal, Oil, and Gas Wellness and Water 2013 Panel Discussion June 2013 Coal, W...Brian Oram
The full version of my panel discussion related to coal, oil, mountaintop removal, and natural gas development. The importance of working together, changing and updating laws, conservation, educating our children, and developing a long-term energy plan for our country.
The document discusses Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), including its definition, ISO requirements, and steps. LCA looks at a product's environmental impacts from raw material extraction to disposal. It discusses case studies on LCAs of olive oil packaging (tin vs plastic), PET water bottles in California, expanded polystyrene packaging in Europe, and electric vs gasoline vehicles. For the olive oil study, tin packaging had a lower overall environmental impact than plastic. The PET bottle LCA found packaging and disposal stages impact water pollution the most. Expanded polystyrene and polypropylene packaging were compared for energy use and water pollution impacts. Electric vehicles require less total energy over their lifetime than gasoline vehicles.
The document is the 2001 free-response questions for the AP Environmental Science exam. It contains 4 questions addressing various topics in environmental science, including heating a house, food web relationships in an oak forest, indoor air pollution, and water quality testing on a stream near a hog farm. Students have 90 minutes to answer all 4 questions by writing responses in the provided booklet.
This document contains the 2004 free-response questions for the AP Environmental Science exam. It includes 4 multi-part questions related to topics like mercury in the environment, renewable energy sources, radioactive waste management, soil science, and sustainable agriculture. Students have 90 minutes to answer all 4 questions which are weighted equally, with approximately 22 minutes suggested for each question.
The scientific method is a systematic approach used in scientific studies to solve problems through observation, hypothesis testing, experimentation, and conclusion drawing. It involves making observations, formulating a hypothesis, conducting experiments to test the hypothesis, analyzing the results, and reaching a conclusion. The key steps are observation, problem statement, hypothesis statement, experimentation/data collection, and conclusion statement. Careful experimentation using variables, controls, and quantitative data helps scientists determine if a hypothesis is supported or needs revision. Established theories are explanations supported by many conclusions over time that can still be improved upon or replaced if disproven.
1) The document discusses key concepts in ecology including species, communities, ecosystems, energy flow and carbon cycling. It provides definitions and explanations of these core topics.
2) A central idea is that the continued survival of living organisms relies on sustainable communities and ecosystems, and that ecosystems require continuous supplies of energy and carbon to sustain life processes.
3) The document gives guidance on classifying species and on quantitative representations of energy flow between trophic levels using pyramids.
Coal, Oil, and Gas Wellness and Water 2013 Panel Discussion June 2013 Coal, W...Brian Oram
The full version of my panel discussion related to coal, oil, mountaintop removal, and natural gas development. The importance of working together, changing and updating laws, conservation, educating our children, and developing a long-term energy plan for our country.
The document discusses Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), including its definition, ISO requirements, and steps. LCA looks at a product's environmental impacts from raw material extraction to disposal. It discusses case studies on LCAs of olive oil packaging (tin vs plastic), PET water bottles in California, expanded polystyrene packaging in Europe, and electric vs gasoline vehicles. For the olive oil study, tin packaging had a lower overall environmental impact than plastic. The PET bottle LCA found packaging and disposal stages impact water pollution the most. Expanded polystyrene and polypropylene packaging were compared for energy use and water pollution impacts. Electric vehicles require less total energy over their lifetime than gasoline vehicles.
The document is the 2001 free-response questions for the AP Environmental Science exam. It contains 4 questions addressing various topics in environmental science, including heating a house, food web relationships in an oak forest, indoor air pollution, and water quality testing on a stream near a hog farm. Students have 90 minutes to answer all 4 questions by writing responses in the provided booklet.
This document discusses life cycle assessment of carbon capture and utilization technologies. It provides details on the goal definition, scope definition, life cycle inventory, life cycle impact assessment, and life cycle interpretation steps of LCA. Sixteen previous LCA studies on four CCU technologies were analyzed and chemical synthesis was found to have the highest global warming potential while enhanced oil recovery had the lowest. The document provides guidance on conducting LCAs of CCU technologies.
This document outlines the process of cleaning and upgrading biogas to renewable natural gas (RNG). It discusses the typical composition of raw biogas from dairy manure and the standards for upgraded biogas entering gas pipelines. The main constituents that must be scrubbed are water vapor, hydrogen sulfide, and carbon dioxide. Common scrubbing methods include biological, chemical, and physical processes. Additional concerns for transitioning to RNG production include pipeline access, competing with compressed natural gas, reducing purification costs, and developing niche markets through policies.
Renewable Natural Gas - Biogas Cleaning and Upgrading 101LPE Learning Center
Full proceedings at: http://www.extension.org/72772 With depressed electrical prices for produced biogas, many projects are now moving towards business models predicated on production of renewable natural gas (RNG). In order to produce RNG, projects must first clean and upgrade raw biogas to pipeline and/or transportation fuel quality through the use of various engineering approaches. In this presentation, an overview of available and emerging biogas cleaning and upgrading technologies are discussed, highlighting positives, negatives and costs.
This document provides the course syllabus for ACC Physical Science at Timberlane Regional High School for the 2014-2015 school year. The course is taught in blocked periods by Stefanie Barkanic and covers 9 competencies related to physics and chemistry concepts. Students will learn about motion, waves, electricity, thermodynamics, atomic theory, nuclear science, chemical bonding, and acids and bases through activities, labs, tests, homework, and projects. The course follows a semester-long schedule that covers these topics through May, using the textbook Glencoe Physical Science. Grades are calculated from these assignments and students can retake one assessment per competency by completing a re-learning plan.
The document analyzes the carbon footprint of Nanyang Technological University (NTU) and considers whether classroom learning should transition to e-learning. It finds NTU's total carbon emissions to be 84,704,011.46 kgCO2. While e-learning could reduce costs and carbon emissions, it may not be feasible due to limitations for students like lack of social interaction and guidance. Carbon offsets are also discussed, but have ethical concerns like not addressing the root causes of emissions and potential issues at the project level. The document concludes a gradual transition to e-learning combined with other sustainability efforts may be best.
This document provides the syllabus for an AP Environmental Science course taught at Roswell High School in Roswell, Georgia. The summary includes:
- The course covers environmental science principles and concepts through lectures, labs, projects and case studies. It prepares students to take the AP Environmental Science exam.
- Key topics include ecosystems, evolution, aquatic and terrestrial ecology, population dynamics, land use, energy resources, pollution and sustainability. The course emphasizes understanding Earth's interconnected systems and human impacts.
- Requirements include regular reading assignments, problem sets, laboratory investigations, projects and exams. Labs constitute at least 20% of instructional time.
Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a process that evaluates the environmental impacts of a product throughout its life cycle by compiling an inventory of inputs and outputs, evaluating potential environmental impacts, and identifying opportunities to reduce impacts. An LCA examines impacts from extraction of raw materials through production, use, and disposal. It provides a comprehensive view of cumulative environmental effects to support decision-making around product design, purchasing, and policy.
This document discusses how a high school chemistry teacher incorporates green chemistry principles into their teaching at Skyline High School. Some key points:
- The teacher developed a sustainable/green chemistry course to raise students' awareness of green chemistry and its 12 principles.
- Experiments are designed to minimize waste, hazardous chemicals, and energy usage in accordance with green chemistry.
- Students learn how green chemistry principles can work towards sustainability through prevention of pollution, safer chemicals, and sustaining the environment.
- Additional activities explore atom economy, organic toxicity, polymers and recycling to further teach green chemistry concepts.
1. This document outlines the course syllabus for a blocked CCP Physical Science course at Timberlane Regional High School for the 2014-2015 school year.
2. The course provides an introduction to foundational concepts in physics and chemistry and is designed to serve as a prerequisite for other science courses. Key topics covered include scientific methods, motion, waves, electricity, thermodynamics, atomic theory, and chemistry.
3. Grading is based on homework, labs/projects, tests/quizzes, and classwork. Students have an opportunity to retake one summative assessment per competency by completing a re-learning plan demonstrating mastery of the material.
CCS/CCU and Life Cycle Assessment - presentation by Richard Murphy in the Emissions through the CCS Lifecycle session at the UKCCSRC Cardiff Biannual Meeting, 10-11 September 2014
This syllabus outlines a chemistry course for 11th grade students that will cover topics related to petroleum, including its formation, separation techniques for petroleum fractions, the usefulness of petroleum fractions, the impact of hydrocarbon combustion on the environment and health, and alternatives to petroleum. Students will learn through reading, discussions, presentations and experiments. They will explain the petroleum formation and separation processes, interpret distillation charts, evaluate the environmental and health impacts of burning fuels, and present their understanding of topics and findings from their research.
This document discusses research methodology and environmental sampling techniques. It covers topics such as operationalization, validity, sampling, sample handling, preservation and storage, selection of sample containers and sampling equipment. Specifically, it provides guidelines on determining sampling objectives, selecting relevant chemical and biological indicators, choosing appropriate sampling locations, equipment and containers, accurately recording and preserving samples, and reporting results. The document aims to help ensure samples are representative and that physical, chemical and biological changes are minimized prior to analysis.
This document summarizes a life cycle assessment (LCA) comparing different grocery bag options. The goal of the LCA is to determine which bag - single-use paper, single-use plastic, reusable plastic, or reusable cotton - has the lowest environmental impact. The LCA follows the ISO standard process of goal and scope definition, inventory analysis, impact assessment, and interpretation. The inventory analysis considers the material production, manufacturing, distribution and end-of-life phases for each bag type. The impact assessment calculates several environmental impact categories such as climate change, ecotoxicity and fossil fuel use. The results show that reusable plastic bags have the lowest overall environmental impact, while single-use plastic bags have the highest.
1. This document outlines the course syllabus for a blocked CCP Physical Science course at Timberlane Regional High School for the 2014-2015 school year.
2. The course provides an introduction to foundational concepts in physics and chemistry and is designed to serve as a prerequisite for other science courses. Key topics covered include scientific methods, motion, waves, electricity, thermodynamics, atomic theory, and chemistry.
3. Grading is based on homework, labs/projects, tests/quizzes, and classwork. Students have an opportunity to retake one summative assessment per competency by completing a re-learning plan demonstrating mastery of the material.
The document discusses life cycle analysis (LCA), which examines the environmental impacts of a product throughout its life, including raw material acquisition, production, use, and disposal. It outlines the four main steps of LCA: goal and scope definition, inventory analysis, impact assessment, and interpretation. Key challenges include defining system boundaries, collecting comprehensive data, quantifying environmental impacts, and selecting impact categories and normalization methods. LCA aims to identify opportunities to reduce a product's environmental footprint across its entire lifespan.
A carbon footprint is the total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions caused directly and indirectly by an individual, organisation, event or product, and is expressed as a carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e). A carbon footprint accounts for all six Kyoto GHG emissions:
• carbon dioxide (CO2)
• methane (CH4)
• nitrous oxide (N2O)
• hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
• perfluorocarbons (PFCs)
• sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)
There are different types of carbon footprint and this report focus only Organisational carbon footprint. (Figure 1.0) An organization’s carbon footprint is a measurement of their human activity based environmental damage, quantified by the amount of greenhouse gases such as CO2 and CH4 the organization emits. More specifically, the result is defined as equivalent “unit carbon dioxide”.
Carbon footprint analysis services include an assessment of an organization’s carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases (GHGs) assessment. All related activities that the company has are examined in detail. Activity based GHGs emission inventory is extracted and results are reported according to ISO 14064 standards.
By calculating carbon footprint, it can manage the energy consumption of an organization (renewable energy source), check conformance with current regulation, to prepare new regulations, take attention of institutional investors, to add a prestige to certain company and also enables them to participate in carbon credit activities.
This thesis explores using exergy as a metric for quantifying resource consumption. Exergy is a thermodynamic measure of energy quality or ability to perform work. The author assesses three exergy-based methodologies - Exergy Replacement Cost, Eco-exergy, and Emergy. The results indicate issues with applying exergy toward resource valuation, as the assumptions made in deriving exergy conflict with how resources are valued. Non exergy-based applications of the methodologies are proposed.
Writing for publication 2017 writing an abstractSioux McKenna
An abstract is a little text that tells the whole story of your research. It's often the only thing that a reader can access so you need to get it right. Sioux McKenna. For more on this, visit: postgradenvironments.com
California State University FresnoCE 142L Environmental Qual.docxRAHUL126667
California State University Fresno
CE 142L Environmental Quality Laboratory
Laboratory Manual
www.biology.arizona.edu/biochemistry/tutorials/chemistry/graphics/nacl2.gif
www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/chemical-reactions-stoichiome/balancing-chemical-equations/a/complete-ionic-and-net-ionic-
equations
http://www.biology.arizona.edu/biochemistry/tutorials/chemistry/graphics/nacl2.gif
http://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/chemical-reactions-stoichiome/balancing-chemical-equations/a/complete-ionic-and-net-ionic-equations
http://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/chemical-reactions-stoichiome/balancing-chemical-equations/a/complete-ionic-and-net-ionic-equations
California State University, Fresno
Department of Civil & Geomatics Engineering
CE 142L: Environmental Quality Laboratory Manual
2
PRELUDE: WHAT IS ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY
INTRODUCTION:
What is environmental chemistry? This question is a little difficult to answer because environmental
chemistry encompasses many different topics. Some define it as follows:
“Environmental chemistry is the study of the sources, reactions, transport, effects, and fates of
chemical species in water, soil, and air environments." (Stanley E. Manahan. 1991.
Environmental Chemistry, 5th ed.).
"(The) central position of aquatic chemistry in the natural sciences gives it an increasing
popularity in science and engineering curricula; it also makes it a difficult topic to teach for it
requires exploring some aspects of almost all sciences." (Francois M. M. Morel. 1983. Preface to
Principles of Aquatic Chemistry).
Basically, Environmental Chemistry is the use of chemistry to understand the interactions of
environmental systems. Water chemistry is an important aspect of Environmental Chemistry.
A fundamental tool in analyzing water chemistry is total dissolved solids (TDS). The TDS in water
consists of dissolved inorganic salts and organic materials. In natural waters, salts are chemical
compounds comprised of anions (-) such as carbonates, chlorides, sulfates, and nitrates (primarily in
ground water), and cations (+) such as potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), and sodium (Na)
(EPA, 1986). In ambient conditions, these compounds are present in proportions that create a charge-
balanced solution. If there are additional inputs of dissolved solids to the system, the balance is altered
and the solution will adjust to achieve charge balance.
This lab manual includes exercises in water chemistry calculations in order to better understand chemical
reactions within the aquatic environment. A fundamental understanding of water chemistry is necessary
for the remaining laboratory experiments and, later on, for professional practice in civil engineering.
PREPARATION BEFORE ARRIVING AT LAB:
1. The knowledge provided in high school chemistry courses and in CHEM 1A and 3A, while
important, is not adequate for this course or for CE 142 lecture. In view of this, all students in both
cours ...
Essay Writing Topics For School StudentsAndrea Fox
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This document is a syllabus for Cambridge International A & AS Level Biology. It outlines the aims, assessment objectives, content, and assessment details of the course. The aims are to provide students with an educational experience in biology, develop relevant skills and attitudes, and stimulate interest in biology. The course is assessed through multiple choice, structured, and practical exam papers that test knowledge, handling information, and experimental skills. The syllabus content is divided into core topics and applications.
This document outlines two extra credit opportunities for Ms. Donohue's class: Classroom Supply Extra Credit and Novel Extra Credit. For Classroom Supply Extra Credit, students can receive points for donating classroom supplies like copy paper, dry erase markers, or latex gloves, with a maximum of 25 points. For Novel Extra Credit, students can receive 20 points for donating their copy of one of the specified class novels.
This document discusses life cycle assessment of carbon capture and utilization technologies. It provides details on the goal definition, scope definition, life cycle inventory, life cycle impact assessment, and life cycle interpretation steps of LCA. Sixteen previous LCA studies on four CCU technologies were analyzed and chemical synthesis was found to have the highest global warming potential while enhanced oil recovery had the lowest. The document provides guidance on conducting LCAs of CCU technologies.
This document outlines the process of cleaning and upgrading biogas to renewable natural gas (RNG). It discusses the typical composition of raw biogas from dairy manure and the standards for upgraded biogas entering gas pipelines. The main constituents that must be scrubbed are water vapor, hydrogen sulfide, and carbon dioxide. Common scrubbing methods include biological, chemical, and physical processes. Additional concerns for transitioning to RNG production include pipeline access, competing with compressed natural gas, reducing purification costs, and developing niche markets through policies.
Renewable Natural Gas - Biogas Cleaning and Upgrading 101LPE Learning Center
Full proceedings at: http://www.extension.org/72772 With depressed electrical prices for produced biogas, many projects are now moving towards business models predicated on production of renewable natural gas (RNG). In order to produce RNG, projects must first clean and upgrade raw biogas to pipeline and/or transportation fuel quality through the use of various engineering approaches. In this presentation, an overview of available and emerging biogas cleaning and upgrading technologies are discussed, highlighting positives, negatives and costs.
This document provides the course syllabus for ACC Physical Science at Timberlane Regional High School for the 2014-2015 school year. The course is taught in blocked periods by Stefanie Barkanic and covers 9 competencies related to physics and chemistry concepts. Students will learn about motion, waves, electricity, thermodynamics, atomic theory, nuclear science, chemical bonding, and acids and bases through activities, labs, tests, homework, and projects. The course follows a semester-long schedule that covers these topics through May, using the textbook Glencoe Physical Science. Grades are calculated from these assignments and students can retake one assessment per competency by completing a re-learning plan.
The document analyzes the carbon footprint of Nanyang Technological University (NTU) and considers whether classroom learning should transition to e-learning. It finds NTU's total carbon emissions to be 84,704,011.46 kgCO2. While e-learning could reduce costs and carbon emissions, it may not be feasible due to limitations for students like lack of social interaction and guidance. Carbon offsets are also discussed, but have ethical concerns like not addressing the root causes of emissions and potential issues at the project level. The document concludes a gradual transition to e-learning combined with other sustainability efforts may be best.
This document provides the syllabus for an AP Environmental Science course taught at Roswell High School in Roswell, Georgia. The summary includes:
- The course covers environmental science principles and concepts through lectures, labs, projects and case studies. It prepares students to take the AP Environmental Science exam.
- Key topics include ecosystems, evolution, aquatic and terrestrial ecology, population dynamics, land use, energy resources, pollution and sustainability. The course emphasizes understanding Earth's interconnected systems and human impacts.
- Requirements include regular reading assignments, problem sets, laboratory investigations, projects and exams. Labs constitute at least 20% of instructional time.
Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a process that evaluates the environmental impacts of a product throughout its life cycle by compiling an inventory of inputs and outputs, evaluating potential environmental impacts, and identifying opportunities to reduce impacts. An LCA examines impacts from extraction of raw materials through production, use, and disposal. It provides a comprehensive view of cumulative environmental effects to support decision-making around product design, purchasing, and policy.
This document discusses how a high school chemistry teacher incorporates green chemistry principles into their teaching at Skyline High School. Some key points:
- The teacher developed a sustainable/green chemistry course to raise students' awareness of green chemistry and its 12 principles.
- Experiments are designed to minimize waste, hazardous chemicals, and energy usage in accordance with green chemistry.
- Students learn how green chemistry principles can work towards sustainability through prevention of pollution, safer chemicals, and sustaining the environment.
- Additional activities explore atom economy, organic toxicity, polymers and recycling to further teach green chemistry concepts.
1. This document outlines the course syllabus for a blocked CCP Physical Science course at Timberlane Regional High School for the 2014-2015 school year.
2. The course provides an introduction to foundational concepts in physics and chemistry and is designed to serve as a prerequisite for other science courses. Key topics covered include scientific methods, motion, waves, electricity, thermodynamics, atomic theory, and chemistry.
3. Grading is based on homework, labs/projects, tests/quizzes, and classwork. Students have an opportunity to retake one summative assessment per competency by completing a re-learning plan demonstrating mastery of the material.
CCS/CCU and Life Cycle Assessment - presentation by Richard Murphy in the Emissions through the CCS Lifecycle session at the UKCCSRC Cardiff Biannual Meeting, 10-11 September 2014
This syllabus outlines a chemistry course for 11th grade students that will cover topics related to petroleum, including its formation, separation techniques for petroleum fractions, the usefulness of petroleum fractions, the impact of hydrocarbon combustion on the environment and health, and alternatives to petroleum. Students will learn through reading, discussions, presentations and experiments. They will explain the petroleum formation and separation processes, interpret distillation charts, evaluate the environmental and health impacts of burning fuels, and present their understanding of topics and findings from their research.
This document discusses research methodology and environmental sampling techniques. It covers topics such as operationalization, validity, sampling, sample handling, preservation and storage, selection of sample containers and sampling equipment. Specifically, it provides guidelines on determining sampling objectives, selecting relevant chemical and biological indicators, choosing appropriate sampling locations, equipment and containers, accurately recording and preserving samples, and reporting results. The document aims to help ensure samples are representative and that physical, chemical and biological changes are minimized prior to analysis.
This document summarizes a life cycle assessment (LCA) comparing different grocery bag options. The goal of the LCA is to determine which bag - single-use paper, single-use plastic, reusable plastic, or reusable cotton - has the lowest environmental impact. The LCA follows the ISO standard process of goal and scope definition, inventory analysis, impact assessment, and interpretation. The inventory analysis considers the material production, manufacturing, distribution and end-of-life phases for each bag type. The impact assessment calculates several environmental impact categories such as climate change, ecotoxicity and fossil fuel use. The results show that reusable plastic bags have the lowest overall environmental impact, while single-use plastic bags have the highest.
1. This document outlines the course syllabus for a blocked CCP Physical Science course at Timberlane Regional High School for the 2014-2015 school year.
2. The course provides an introduction to foundational concepts in physics and chemistry and is designed to serve as a prerequisite for other science courses. Key topics covered include scientific methods, motion, waves, electricity, thermodynamics, atomic theory, and chemistry.
3. Grading is based on homework, labs/projects, tests/quizzes, and classwork. Students have an opportunity to retake one summative assessment per competency by completing a re-learning plan demonstrating mastery of the material.
The document discusses life cycle analysis (LCA), which examines the environmental impacts of a product throughout its life, including raw material acquisition, production, use, and disposal. It outlines the four main steps of LCA: goal and scope definition, inventory analysis, impact assessment, and interpretation. Key challenges include defining system boundaries, collecting comprehensive data, quantifying environmental impacts, and selecting impact categories and normalization methods. LCA aims to identify opportunities to reduce a product's environmental footprint across its entire lifespan.
A carbon footprint is the total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions caused directly and indirectly by an individual, organisation, event or product, and is expressed as a carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e). A carbon footprint accounts for all six Kyoto GHG emissions:
• carbon dioxide (CO2)
• methane (CH4)
• nitrous oxide (N2O)
• hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
• perfluorocarbons (PFCs)
• sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)
There are different types of carbon footprint and this report focus only Organisational carbon footprint. (Figure 1.0) An organization’s carbon footprint is a measurement of their human activity based environmental damage, quantified by the amount of greenhouse gases such as CO2 and CH4 the organization emits. More specifically, the result is defined as equivalent “unit carbon dioxide”.
Carbon footprint analysis services include an assessment of an organization’s carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases (GHGs) assessment. All related activities that the company has are examined in detail. Activity based GHGs emission inventory is extracted and results are reported according to ISO 14064 standards.
By calculating carbon footprint, it can manage the energy consumption of an organization (renewable energy source), check conformance with current regulation, to prepare new regulations, take attention of institutional investors, to add a prestige to certain company and also enables them to participate in carbon credit activities.
This thesis explores using exergy as a metric for quantifying resource consumption. Exergy is a thermodynamic measure of energy quality or ability to perform work. The author assesses three exergy-based methodologies - Exergy Replacement Cost, Eco-exergy, and Emergy. The results indicate issues with applying exergy toward resource valuation, as the assumptions made in deriving exergy conflict with how resources are valued. Non exergy-based applications of the methodologies are proposed.
Writing for publication 2017 writing an abstractSioux McKenna
An abstract is a little text that tells the whole story of your research. It's often the only thing that a reader can access so you need to get it right. Sioux McKenna. For more on this, visit: postgradenvironments.com
California State University FresnoCE 142L Environmental Qual.docxRAHUL126667
California State University Fresno
CE 142L Environmental Quality Laboratory
Laboratory Manual
www.biology.arizona.edu/biochemistry/tutorials/chemistry/graphics/nacl2.gif
www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/chemical-reactions-stoichiome/balancing-chemical-equations/a/complete-ionic-and-net-ionic-
equations
http://www.biology.arizona.edu/biochemistry/tutorials/chemistry/graphics/nacl2.gif
http://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/chemical-reactions-stoichiome/balancing-chemical-equations/a/complete-ionic-and-net-ionic-equations
http://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/chemical-reactions-stoichiome/balancing-chemical-equations/a/complete-ionic-and-net-ionic-equations
California State University, Fresno
Department of Civil & Geomatics Engineering
CE 142L: Environmental Quality Laboratory Manual
2
PRELUDE: WHAT IS ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY
INTRODUCTION:
What is environmental chemistry? This question is a little difficult to answer because environmental
chemistry encompasses many different topics. Some define it as follows:
“Environmental chemistry is the study of the sources, reactions, transport, effects, and fates of
chemical species in water, soil, and air environments." (Stanley E. Manahan. 1991.
Environmental Chemistry, 5th ed.).
"(The) central position of aquatic chemistry in the natural sciences gives it an increasing
popularity in science and engineering curricula; it also makes it a difficult topic to teach for it
requires exploring some aspects of almost all sciences." (Francois M. M. Morel. 1983. Preface to
Principles of Aquatic Chemistry).
Basically, Environmental Chemistry is the use of chemistry to understand the interactions of
environmental systems. Water chemistry is an important aspect of Environmental Chemistry.
A fundamental tool in analyzing water chemistry is total dissolved solids (TDS). The TDS in water
consists of dissolved inorganic salts and organic materials. In natural waters, salts are chemical
compounds comprised of anions (-) such as carbonates, chlorides, sulfates, and nitrates (primarily in
ground water), and cations (+) such as potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), and sodium (Na)
(EPA, 1986). In ambient conditions, these compounds are present in proportions that create a charge-
balanced solution. If there are additional inputs of dissolved solids to the system, the balance is altered
and the solution will adjust to achieve charge balance.
This lab manual includes exercises in water chemistry calculations in order to better understand chemical
reactions within the aquatic environment. A fundamental understanding of water chemistry is necessary
for the remaining laboratory experiments and, later on, for professional practice in civil engineering.
PREPARATION BEFORE ARRIVING AT LAB:
1. The knowledge provided in high school chemistry courses and in CHEM 1A and 3A, while
important, is not adequate for this course or for CE 142 lecture. In view of this, all students in both
cours ...
Essay Writing Topics For School StudentsAndrea Fox
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This document is a syllabus for Cambridge International A & AS Level Biology. It outlines the aims, assessment objectives, content, and assessment details of the course. The aims are to provide students with an educational experience in biology, develop relevant skills and attitudes, and stimulate interest in biology. The course is assessed through multiple choice, structured, and practical exam papers that test knowledge, handling information, and experimental skills. The syllabus content is divided into core topics and applications.
This document outlines two extra credit opportunities for Ms. Donohue's class: Classroom Supply Extra Credit and Novel Extra Credit. For Classroom Supply Extra Credit, students can receive points for donating classroom supplies like copy paper, dry erase markers, or latex gloves, with a maximum of 25 points. For Novel Extra Credit, students can receive 20 points for donating their copy of one of the specified class novels.
This document is a syllabus for Cambridge International A & AS Level Biology. It outlines the aims, objectives, content, and assessment of the course. The aims are to provide students with an understanding of biology, scientific skills, and interests in further study. Students can take AS exams after 1 year or complete the full A Level after 2 years. Assessment includes multiple choice, structured questions, practical exams, and essays. The content covers core biological principles and applications.
Hominids first appeared between 6-7 million years ago in Africa and have evolved several times as evidenced by fossil records. Key adaptations throughout hominid evolution include bipedal locomotion, increasing brain size, facial structure changes, decreasing jaw and tooth size, opposable thumbs, and tool usage. The earliest known hominid genus is Australopithecus, followed by species like Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Homo sapiens, and Homo neanderthalensis, with modern humans emerging in the last 10,000 years.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness, happiness and focus.
The document discusses several topics related to forest and land management:
1. It defines conservation biology, uneven-aged management, even-aged management, intrinsic value, instrumental value, old-growth forest, second-growth forest, tree plantations, deforestation, and ecological restoration.
2. It notes that old-growth forests are found primarily in western US, Russia, Brazil, Canada, and Indonesia. Most of the world's forests are secondary growth. Clear-cutting increases soil erosion and sediment pollution.
3. Large reserves support more species diversity than small reserves. Population size determines environmental impacts, usually negative. Urbanization is a main cause of arable land and biodiversity loss.
Water is a vital resource that sustains life. Freshwater sources include groundwater, which infiltrates underground, and surface water. Groundwater depletion can occur when withdrawals exceed recharge, causing water tables to fall and land to subside. Increasing supplies involves desalination or reverse osmosis. Water pollution reduces water quality and harms organisms. Major pollutants include pathogens, nutrients, chemicals, sediments and heat. Pollution can be from point sources like factories or nonpoint sources like runoff. Treating sewage reduces pollution levels. Large-scale water diversions for uses like irrigation and cities can deplete rivers and harm ecosystems.
The document provides information about aquatic biodiversity including definitions of key terms like plankton, nekton, benthos, and decomposers. It also discusses aquatic ecosystems like coastal zones, wetlands, and intertidal zones. Multiple choice questions test comprehension of topics like ocean acidification, plankton types, eutrophic lakes, and aquaculture. A free response question asks why aquatic plants tend to be smaller while some marine mammals are extremely large.
The document summarizes different types of waste (hazardous, solid), waste disposal methods (open dumps, sanitary landfills, incineration), types of recycling (primary, secondary, composting), types of radioactive waste (high level, low level), types of environmental hazards (biological, chemical, physical, cultural, lifestyle), specific biological and chemical hazards, and cultural and lifestyle hazards. It also includes multiple choice questions about these topics.
Energy efficiency and renewable energy gabriel rileyMaria Donohue
Here are responses to the questions about hydroelectric power:
a) The series of energy transformations in a hydroelectric plant are:
1) Potential energy of water stored behind the dam is converted to kinetic energy as water flows through pipes/turbines.
2) The kinetic energy of flowing water is used to spin turbines.
3) The spinning turbines are connected to generators which convert the kinetic energy of the spinning turbines into electrical energy.
b) Once a hydroelectric dam is constructed, the source of fuel (falling water) is replenished by nature through the water cycle. As long as rainfall continues to fill reservoirs, the dams can generate electricity without incurring significant ongoing fuel costs.
c) One species
Amamda and robert air pollution and ozone pptMaria Donohue
Here are multiple choice samples from past AP Environmental Science exams:
1998 Exam:
1. Which of the following best describes the greenhouse effect?
A) Gases in the atmosphere allow visible light to pass through but absorb infrared radiation, warming the lower atmosphere.
B) Gases in the atmosphere absorb all wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, trapping heat near the surface of the Earth.
C) Gases in the atmosphere reflect most visible light and infrared radiation back into space, preventing warming of the lower atmosphere.
D) Gases in the atmosphere allow most infrared radiation to pass through into space, preventing significant warming of the lower atmosphere.
E) Gases in the atmosphere absorb visible light but allow most infrared radiation to
1. Fertilization occurs when a sperm cell fuses with an egg cell to form a zygote. The zygote then undergoes cleavage and develops into a morula, blastula, and then a gastrula with three germ layers.
2. The embryo develops organs and tissues during the first trimester and is then referred to as a fetus. It continues to grow and develop throughout the second and third trimesters.
3. The male and female reproductive systems produce and transport gametes through various glands and structures. In females, eggs mature in the ovaries and travel through the fallopian tubes, while in males sperm mature in the testes and epididymis and
Hominids first appeared between 6-7 million years ago in Africa. They have evolved several times, as evidenced by fossil records. Key adaptations in hominid evolution included bipedal locomotion, larger brains and cranial capacities, changes in skull shape and jaw size, and opposable thumbs. Major hominid species included Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Homo sapiens, and Homo neanderthalensis. Homo sapiens are the only surviving hominid lineage.
Evolution is the process by which species change over time based on genetic variations and natural selection. Organisms must compete for limited resources and reproduce, so individuals with traits better suited to their environment are more likely to survive and pass on their genes. Evidence for evolution includes fossils that show how species have changed over millions of years, as well as anatomical and genetic similarities between organisms that indicate common ancestry. Darwin proposed that evolution occurs through natural selection, where individuals with advantageous traits are more likely to reproduce and leave more descendants.
The document discusses the origins of life on Earth. It describes the early conditions on the primitive Earth that allowed for life to emerge, including the presence of liquid water, moderate temperatures, sunlight, and gases like carbon dioxide and methane in the atmosphere from volcanoes. Early life forms like bacteria emerged around 3.8 billion years ago. The document then discusses theories for how life began like spontaneous generation, the Miller-Urey experiment that produced amino acids from conditions simulating early Earth, and chemical evolution in underwater vents. Early life was in the form of prokaryotes for over a billion years before oxygen accumulated in the atmosphere around 2 billion years ago due to photosynthesis by cyanobacteria, allowing for more complex aerobic life
The document discusses the origins of life on Earth and the evolution of species over time. It describes the early conditions on Earth that allowed life to form, including the presence of water, moderate temperatures, and various gases like carbon dioxide. It explains how early life forms like prokaryotes evolved and how oxygen began accumulating in the atmosphere due to photosynthetic bacteria. It also summarizes key ideas in Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, including inherited variation within populations, the struggle for existence, differential reproduction of offspring, and descent with modification over generations.
#2 villalobos brain, heart, reproductive syste and embryo developmentMaria Donohue
The document discusses the nervous system and its major divisions - the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS includes the brain and spinal cord and controls the body's functions. The brain is made up of the cerebrum, cerebellum, and thalamus. The PNS includes nerves that connect the CNS to other parts of the body and is divided into sensory and motor divisions. The document also discusses the cardiovascular system including the heart, blood vessels, and blood circulation.
#1 donohue immune system, vaccines, and antibioticsMaria Donohue
The document summarizes the immune system's three lines of defense against pathogens:
1. Barriers to infection like skin and mucous membranes that keep pathogens out of the body.
2. The inflammatory response that responds when pathogens enter, causing swelling and fever to fight the infection.
3. The immune response involving specialized white blood cells like macrophages, T cells, and B cells that mount a specific attack against the pathogen through antibodies and memory cells to prevent future infections.
1. The document provides a review of biology concepts related to DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis. It contains 14 multiple choice questions about DNA replication, molecular clocks, sickle cell anemia treatment via gene therapy, DNA's role in controlling cells, transcription errors, the universal genetic code, DNA and RNA structures, transcription, DNA fingerprinting, and cloning human genes in bacteria.
2. Key concepts covered include that DNA replication involves DNA polymerase joining nucleotides to produce two new complementary DNA strands. Molecular clocks can be used to estimate how long ago species diverged from a common ancestor. Gene therapy for sickle cell anemia may involve inserting DNA that provides a blueprint for normal hemoglobin synthesis.
3. DNA in
Unlock Your Potential with NCVT MIS.pptxcosmo-soil
The NCVT MIS Certificate, issued by the National Council for Vocational Training (NCVT), is a crucial credential for skill development in India. Recognized nationwide, it verifies vocational training across diverse trades, enhancing employment prospects, standardizing training quality, and promoting self-employment. This certification is integral to India's growing labor force, fostering skill development and economic growth.
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
[4:55 p.m.] Bryan Oates
OJPs are becoming a critical resource for policy-makers and researchers who study the labour market. LMIC continues to work with Vicinity Jobs’ data on OJPs, which can be explored in our Canadian Job Trends Dashboard. Valuable insights have been gained through our analysis of OJP data, including LMIC research lead
Suzanne Spiteri’s recent report on improving the quality and accessibility of job postings to reduce employment barriers for neurodivergent people.
Decoding job postings: Improving accessibility for neurodivergent job seekers
Improving the quality and accessibility of job postings is one way to reduce employment barriers for neurodivergent people.
Enhancing Asset Quality: Strategies for Financial Institutionsshruti1menon2
Ensuring robust asset quality is not just a mere aspect but a critical cornerstone for the stability and success of financial institutions worldwide. It serves as the bedrock upon which profitability is built and investor confidence is sustained. Therefore, in this presentation, we delve into a comprehensive exploration of strategies that can aid financial institutions in achieving and maintaining superior asset quality.
"Does Foreign Direct Investment Negatively Affect Preservation of Culture in the Global South? Case Studies in Thailand and Cambodia."
Do elements of globalization, such as Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), negatively affect the ability of countries in the Global South to preserve their culture? This research aims to answer this question by employing a cross-sectional comparative case study analysis utilizing methods of difference. Thailand and Cambodia are compared as they are in the same region and have a similar culture. The metric of difference between Thailand and Cambodia is their ability to preserve their culture. This ability is operationalized by their respective attitudes towards FDI; Thailand imposes stringent regulations and limitations on FDI while Cambodia does not hesitate to accept most FDI and imposes fewer limitations. The evidence from this study suggests that FDI from globally influential countries with high gross domestic products (GDPs) (e.g. China, U.S.) challenges the ability of countries with lower GDPs (e.g. Cambodia) to protect their culture. Furthermore, the ability, or lack thereof, of the receiving countries to protect their culture is amplified by the existence and implementation of restrictive FDI policies imposed by their governments.
My study abroad in Bali, Indonesia, inspired this research topic as I noticed how globalization is changing the culture of its people. I learned their language and way of life which helped me understand the beauty and importance of cultural preservation. I believe we could all benefit from learning new perspectives as they could help us ideate solutions to contemporary issues and empathize with others.
Economic Risk Factor Update: June 2024 [SlideShare]Commonwealth
May’s reports showed signs of continued economic growth, said Sam Millette, director, fixed income, in his latest Economic Risk Factor Update.
For more market updates, subscribe to The Independent Market Observer at https://blog.commonwealth.com/independent-market-observer.
New Visa Rules for Tourists and Students in Thailand | Amit Kakkar Easy VisaAmit Kakkar
Discover essential details about Thailand's recent visa policy changes, tailored for tourists and students. Amit Kakkar Easy Visa provides a comprehensive overview of new requirements, application processes, and tips to ensure a smooth transition for all travelers.
In a tight labour market, job-seekers gain bargaining power and leverage it into greater job quality—at least, that’s the conventional wisdom.
Michael, LMIC Economist, presented findings that reveal a weakened relationship between labour market tightness and job quality indicators following the pandemic. Labour market tightness coincided with growth in real wages for only a portion of workers: those in low-wage jobs requiring little education. Several factors—including labour market composition, worker and employer behaviour, and labour market practices—have contributed to the absence of worker benefits. These will be investigated further in future work.
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