The document summarizes research examining extracts of 39 Mexican plant species for trypanocidal activity against Trypanosoma cruzi, the parasite that causes Chagas disease. Researchers found that 18 extracts showed activity at 2 mg/ml and 13 at 1 mg/ml. Further investigation of the Aristolochia taliscana and Persea americana extracts led to the isolation of various compounds. From A. taliscana, six compounds including neolignans and lignans immobilized epimastigotes at concentrations of 25-75 ng/ml. From P. americana, five heptadecyl alcohol derivatives were obtained and four were active at 60-90 μg/ml, lower than the
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Detection of Slime-Producing Staphylococcus aureus Strains Isolated from Food...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The contamination of food with pathogenic microorganisms producing biofilm, implies a high cost for the food industry and represents a serious risk for the health of consumers. The antibacterial activity of organic extracts of Azorella trifurcata and Mulinum echegarayii was evaluated against 4 Staphylococcus aureus slime-producing strains isolated from bakery foods and against S. aureus ATCC 35556 slime-producing strain and S. aureus ATCC 25923 non slime-producing strain. The plant extracts showed antibacterial effectiveness against all the strains of S. aureus tested with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) between 500 and 8000 µg/ml. M. echegarayii 30:70% AcOEt:HEX showed the best activity: five strains of S. aureus showed MIC of 1000 μg/ml and S. aureus ATCC 25923 was inhibited at doses of 500 μg/ml. The values of minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the extracts assayed were one or two times higher than corresponding MIC values. This study showed that extracts of Azorella trifurcata and Mulinum echegarayii are promising for future natural therapy against slime-producing S. aureus. Plant extracts with activity against slime producing S. aureus strains could provide benefits for of food technology and public health.
Identification of Bioactive Phytochemicals using GC–MS in Leaf Ethanolic Extr...ijtsrd
Tragia involucrata is belonging to the family Euphorbiaceae common medicinal herb in Southern India. In the present investigation, air died powdered ethanol extracts of Tragia involucrata leaf sample was analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry GC–MS to identify the important phytochemical constituents. The GC MS analysis has shown the presence of 43 active compounds in the leaf extract. Based on area percentage, the top five major compounds present in the ethanolic extract were Palmitic acid 13.39 , 7Z,10Z,13Z 7,10,13 Hexadecatrienal 11.44 , 3beta,24s Stigmast 5 En 3 One 8.10 , Pipeline 7.37 and Friedelan 3 one 6.01 . The GC MS analysis of selected leaf extract proved that the presence of various bioactive compounds. These bioactive compounds justify, the use of this plant to treat various diseases by traditional practitioners. Kalaivanan M | A. Saravana Ganthi | M. Padma Sorna Subramanian "Identification of Bioactive Phytochemicals using GC–MS in Leaf Ethanolic Extract of Tragia Involucrata L" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd43651.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.combiological-science/biochemistry/43651/identification-of-bioactive-phytochemicals-using-gc–ms-in-leaf-ethanolic-extract-of-tragia-involucrata-l/kalaivanan-m
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Detection of Slime-Producing Staphylococcus aureus Strains Isolated from Food...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The contamination of food with pathogenic microorganisms producing biofilm, implies a high cost for the food industry and represents a serious risk for the health of consumers. The antibacterial activity of organic extracts of Azorella trifurcata and Mulinum echegarayii was evaluated against 4 Staphylococcus aureus slime-producing strains isolated from bakery foods and against S. aureus ATCC 35556 slime-producing strain and S. aureus ATCC 25923 non slime-producing strain. The plant extracts showed antibacterial effectiveness against all the strains of S. aureus tested with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) between 500 and 8000 µg/ml. M. echegarayii 30:70% AcOEt:HEX showed the best activity: five strains of S. aureus showed MIC of 1000 μg/ml and S. aureus ATCC 25923 was inhibited at doses of 500 μg/ml. The values of minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the extracts assayed were one or two times higher than corresponding MIC values. This study showed that extracts of Azorella trifurcata and Mulinum echegarayii are promising for future natural therapy against slime-producing S. aureus. Plant extracts with activity against slime producing S. aureus strains could provide benefits for of food technology and public health.
Identification of Bioactive Phytochemicals using GC–MS in Leaf Ethanolic Extr...ijtsrd
Tragia involucrata is belonging to the family Euphorbiaceae common medicinal herb in Southern India. In the present investigation, air died powdered ethanol extracts of Tragia involucrata leaf sample was analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry GC–MS to identify the important phytochemical constituents. The GC MS analysis has shown the presence of 43 active compounds in the leaf extract. Based on area percentage, the top five major compounds present in the ethanolic extract were Palmitic acid 13.39 , 7Z,10Z,13Z 7,10,13 Hexadecatrienal 11.44 , 3beta,24s Stigmast 5 En 3 One 8.10 , Pipeline 7.37 and Friedelan 3 one 6.01 . The GC MS analysis of selected leaf extract proved that the presence of various bioactive compounds. These bioactive compounds justify, the use of this plant to treat various diseases by traditional practitioners. Kalaivanan M | A. Saravana Ganthi | M. Padma Sorna Subramanian "Identification of Bioactive Phytochemicals using GC–MS in Leaf Ethanolic Extract of Tragia Involucrata L" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd43651.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.combiological-science/biochemistry/43651/identification-of-bioactive-phytochemicals-using-gc–ms-in-leaf-ethanolic-extract-of-tragia-involucrata-l/kalaivanan-m
PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF VARIOUS SOLVENT EXTRAC...IJSIT Editor
The leaves of the plant Annonareticulata were collected and extracted using different ranges of polar
organic solvents like low (Ethyl acetate), medium (Butanol) and high (Methanol). Qualitative analysis and
antimicrobial activity was investigated. The phytochemical screening of the leaf extract revealed that the
presence of alkaloids, tannins, steroids, terpenoids and coumarins. The Ethyl acetate and Methanol extracts
showed better antibacterial activity, the significant inhibitory effect against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas
putida and Lactobacillus acidophilus, and thus displayed highest inhibitory zone of 19.5mm, 19mm and 19mm
when compared to Butanol. FT-IR spectroscopic analysis of the Ethyl acetate, Butanol and Methanol extract of
A.reticulata revealed the presence of -CH, -OH, CH-OH and –NH2 bond stretching. The clinical isolates were
collected from patients suffered from different microbial infections. The antibacterial and antifungal activity
was determined by using leaf extracts.
Ajuga bracteosa L., and Otostegia limbata L., are two
plant species of family Lamiaceae. The crude methanol leaves
extracts of these two medicinal plants were examined for their
antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant (radical scavenging)
activity using 1,1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical
against clinically important species of bacteria and fungi were
examined. Leaves extracts of these two plants were screened
against six strains of bacteria (two were gram positive i.e.
Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus and four were gram
negative i.e. Vibrio cholerae, Enterobacter aerogenes, Escherichia
coli and Klebsiella pneumonia) and two strains of fungi
(Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus fumigatus). Eight
concentrations (15 mg/ml, 12.5 mg/ml, 10 mg/ml, 7.5 mg/ml, 5
mg/ml, 3 mg/ml, 2 mg/ml and 1 mg/ml) were used to check the
antimicrobial activity of plant extracts. Maximum inhibitory
zone 30 mm was observed in Otostegia limbata and 25 mm in
Ajuga bracteosa at 15 mg/ml mm for antibacterial activity. Ajuga
bracteosa and Otostegia limbata gave response against both
Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus fumigatus. This study
establishes the effective ethnomedicinal use of these plants in the
treatment of various infectious diseases. There is high potential
for the exploitation of the plants for development of novel
antimicrobial agents.
Antimicrobial activity of herbal productionkarimbscdu
The use of plants in treatment of burns, dermatophytes and infectious diseases is common in traditional medicine. The development of new antimicrobial agents against resistant pathogens is increasing interest. Therefore, the methanolic extracts from different parts of four medicinal plants used locally in folk medicine were evaluated for antimicrobial activity. It was found that most plant extracts studied had antibacterial and antifungal activities. The methanolic extract of leaf of the plant Azadiracta indica, Acacia nilotica and Witania somnifera showed significant antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Escherchia coli, stphaylocuccus aureus and pseudomonas fluorescence. Azadiracta indica and A.tinolica showed significant antifungal activity against A. flavus, Ziziphus mauritiana. The rhizome extract of curcuma longa showed significant activity against all tested bacteria and showed higher anti fungal activity against Fusarium verticillioides
This document combined the microscopic analysis, DNA barcoding results, and phytochemical fingerprints for the botanical identification of the following commercial plant materials: Epimedium sagittatum (leaf powder), Marrubium vulgare (crushed aerial parts), Pausinystalia johimbe (bark powder), Senna alexandrina (leaf powder), Trigonellum foenum-graecum ( seed powder), and Trifolium pratense (crushed aerial parts).
Phytochemical Potential and Antimicrobial Activity of Andrographispaniculataiosrjce
The Herbal medicine today ensures safety in contrast to the synthetic preparations. Herbs the Nature’s
Physician, have been reported as an important source of medicine for years and years. Using of herbs for
curing diseases dated back to prehistory and people of all continents have this old tradition.Recently, wide
research proposals highlight the property of medico potential from phytalsources. My herb of interest is also the
above said, ofcourseAndrographispaniculata (Acanthaceae) is a medicinal plant used for the treatment of
various ailments, which has been documented in history of all civilizations. The present study is to learn the
phytochemical properties and the antimicrobial activity of the above using disc diffusion method
Fatty Acid Pattern and Alkaloids of Echium RauwolfiiEditor IJCATR
The GC/MS analysis of hexane extract revealed the presence of palmitic acid as saturated fatty acid (1.05%), versus oleic acid (2.18%), linoleic acid (1.13%), cis-8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid (2.12%) as unsaturated fatty acids. On the other hand, CH2Cl2 extract contained palmitic acid methyl ester (3.55%), and methyl isostearate (1.17%) as saturated fatty acids, versus linoleic acid methyl ester (3.57%) and linolenic acid methyl ester (10.01%) as unsaturated fatty acids. The GC/MS analysis of the alkaloid-rich fraction indicated the presence of the pyrazolidine alkaloids petranine (2.97%), 7-angeloyl-9-(2-methylbutyryl) retronecine (4.22%), 7-angeloylretronecine (0.59%) and 9-angeloylretronecine (0.47%).
The butanol extract showed the heights DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50 = 14.3 µg),. while ethyl acetate extract was very weak in activity (IC50 = 432.3 µg) and no activity with hexane and methylene chloride extract.
The antimicrobial potentials of E. rauwolfii extracts were examined. The inhibition of the fungi species by ethyl acetate extract exert was comparable to Amphotericin B. The inhibition zone of the butanol extract against Streptococcus pneumonia was comparable to Ampicillin, against Pseudomonas aeruginosa was comparable to Gentamicin and Escherichia coli was comparable to Gentamicin.
The cytotoxicity against HePG-2 of ethyl acetate extract and butanol extract were “very strong”, and that of hexane extract and methylene chloride extract were “moderate”, against MCF-7 of ethyl acetate extract and butanol extract were “strong”, that of methylene chloride extract was “moderate”, and that of hexane extract was “weak” and against HCT-116 of butanol extract was “very strong”, of ethyl acetate extract was“strong”, of methylene chloride extract and hexane extract were “moderate”.
Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities Of Algerian Populus Nigra L. Buds Ex...bioejjournal
This study is part of a goal to investigate chemical composition, antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activities of the flower buds extracts from the Algerian Polulus nigra L., which were collected from Djarifet - mansourah at Tlemcen city in the West Northern of Algeria. In organic extracts, tanins, flavonoïds, coumarins, alkaloids and terpenoïds were the principals secondary metabolites identified from the flower buds of black poplar. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of
extracts were tested using agar-well diffusion method and micro-well determination of MIC assay against
eleven bacteria and two Candida species. It was found that extracts of black poplar buds exhibit
antibacterial and anticandidal activities with agar disk diffusion (7 to 43mm) and MIC methods (MIC=
90.33 µg/ml against several strains of bacteria and MIC=45.16 µg/ml against Candida albicans). The
antioxidant effect of hydroalcoholic extract was evaluated using DPPH and FRAP assays. It was showed good and similar activity than ascorbic acid and BHA by DPPH method: IC50= 220µg/mL for hydroethanol extract.
ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF ALGERIAN POPULUS NIGRA L. BUDS EX...bioejjournal
his study is part of a goal to investigate chemical composition, antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activities of the flower buds extracts from the Algerian Polulus nigra L., which were collected from Djarifet - mansourah at Tlemcen city in the West Northern of Algeria. In organic extracts, tanins, flavonoïds, coumarins, alkaloids and terpenoïds were the principals secondary metabolites identified from the flower buds of black poplar. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of extracts were tested using agar-well diffusion method and micro-well determination of MIC assay against eleven bacteria and two Candida species. It was found that extracts of black poplar buds exhibit antibacterial and anticandidal activities with agar disk diffusion (7 to 43mm) and MIC methods (MIC= 90.33 µg/ml against several strains of bacteria and MIC=45.16 µg/ml against Candida albicans). The antioxidant effect of hydroalcoholic extract was evaluated using DPPH and FRAP assays. It was showed good and similar activity than ascorbic acid and BHA by DPPH method: IC50= 220µg/mL for hydroethanol extract.
Fatty Acid Pattern and Alkaloids of Echium RauwolfiiEditor IJCATR
The GC/MS analysis of hexane extract revealed the presence of palmitic acid as saturated fatty acid (1.05%), versus oleic
acid (2.18%), linoleic acid (1.13%), cis-8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid (2.12%) as unsaturated fatty acids. On the other hand, CH2Cl2
extract contained palmitic acid methyl ester (3.55%), and methyl isostearate (1.17%) as saturated fatty acids, versus linoleic acid
methyl ester (3.57%) and linolenic acid methyl ester (10.01%) as unsaturated fatty acids. The GC/MS analysis of the alkaloid-rich
fraction indicated the presence of the pyrazolidine alkaloids petranine (2.97%), 7-angeloyl-9-(2-methylbutyryl) retronecine (4.22%), 7-
angeloylretronecine (0.59%) and 9-angeloylretronecine (0.47%).
The butanol extract showed the heights DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50 = 14.3 μg),. while ethyl acetate extract was very weak
in activity (IC50 = 432.3 μg) and no activity with hexane and methylene chloride extract.
The antimicrobial potentials of E. rauwolfii extracts were examined. The inhibition of the fungi species by ethyl acetate extract exert
was comparable to Amphotericin B. The inhibition zone of the butanol extract against Streptococcus pneumonia was comparable to
Ampicillin, against Pseudomonas aeruginosa was comparable to Gentamicin and Escherichia coli was comparable to Gentamicin.
The cytotoxicity against HePG-2 of ethyl acetate extract and butanol extract were “very strong”, and that of hexane extract and
methylene chloride extract were “moderate”, against MCF-7 of ethyl acetate extract and butanol extract were “strong”, that of
methylene chloride extract was “moderate”, and that of hexane extract was “weak” and against HCT-116 of butanol extract was “very
strong”, of ethyl acetate extract was“strong”, of methylene chloride extract and hexane extract were “moderate”.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF ALGERIAN POPULUS NIGRA L. BUDS EX...bioejjournal
This study is part of a goal to investigate chemical composition, antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant
activities of the flower buds extracts from the Algerian Polulus nigra L., which were collected from Djarifet
- mansourah at Tlemcen city in the West Northern of Algeria.
In organic extracts, tanins, flavonoïds, coumarins, alkaloids and terpenoïds were the principals secondary
metabolites identified from the flower buds of black poplar. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of
extracts were tested using agar-well diffusion method and micro-well determination of MIC assay against
eleven bacteria and two Candida species. It was found that extracts of black poplar buds exhibit
antibacterial and anticandidal activities with agar disk diffusion (7 to 43mm) and MIC methods (MIC=
90.33 μg/ml against several strains of bacteria and MIC=45.16 μg/ml against Candida albicans). The
antioxidant effect of hydroalcoholic extract was evaluated using DPPH and FRAP assays. It was showed
good and similar activity than ascorbic acid and BHA by DPPH method: IC50= 220μg/mL for
hydroethanol extract.
Evaluation of antinociceptive effect of Terminalia arjuna bark ethanol extractOpen Access Research Paper
Stem bark of the plant Terminalia arjuna were extracted in 50% ethanol to evaluate for centrally acting analgesic potential using formalin, hot plate and peripheral pharmacological actions using acetic acid induced writhing test in mice. The extract of the plant were found to have significant (p<0.01) analgesic activity at the oral dose of 250 & 500 mg/kg body weight, in the tested models. In hot plate test, at both dose levels (250mg/kg and 500mg/kg), T. arjuna extract showed significant (p<0.001) increased latency period than the control group. In acetic acid induced writhing test and formalin test T. arjuna also showed reduced number of writhes than the control group at two dose levels which are significant (p<0.05) compared to control. The results obtained support the use of stem bark of T.arjuna in painful conditions acting both centrally and peripherally.
PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF VARIOUS SOLVENT EXTRAC...IJSIT Editor
The leaves of the plant Annonareticulata were collected and extracted using different ranges of polar
organic solvents like low (Ethyl acetate), medium (Butanol) and high (Methanol). Qualitative analysis and
antimicrobial activity was investigated. The phytochemical screening of the leaf extract revealed that the
presence of alkaloids, tannins, steroids, terpenoids and coumarins. The Ethyl acetate and Methanol extracts
showed better antibacterial activity, the significant inhibitory effect against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas
putida and Lactobacillus acidophilus, and thus displayed highest inhibitory zone of 19.5mm, 19mm and 19mm
when compared to Butanol. FT-IR spectroscopic analysis of the Ethyl acetate, Butanol and Methanol extract of
A.reticulata revealed the presence of -CH, -OH, CH-OH and –NH2 bond stretching. The clinical isolates were
collected from patients suffered from different microbial infections. The antibacterial and antifungal activity
was determined by using leaf extracts.
Ajuga bracteosa L., and Otostegia limbata L., are two
plant species of family Lamiaceae. The crude methanol leaves
extracts of these two medicinal plants were examined for their
antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant (radical scavenging)
activity using 1,1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical
against clinically important species of bacteria and fungi were
examined. Leaves extracts of these two plants were screened
against six strains of bacteria (two were gram positive i.e.
Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus and four were gram
negative i.e. Vibrio cholerae, Enterobacter aerogenes, Escherichia
coli and Klebsiella pneumonia) and two strains of fungi
(Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus fumigatus). Eight
concentrations (15 mg/ml, 12.5 mg/ml, 10 mg/ml, 7.5 mg/ml, 5
mg/ml, 3 mg/ml, 2 mg/ml and 1 mg/ml) were used to check the
antimicrobial activity of plant extracts. Maximum inhibitory
zone 30 mm was observed in Otostegia limbata and 25 mm in
Ajuga bracteosa at 15 mg/ml mm for antibacterial activity. Ajuga
bracteosa and Otostegia limbata gave response against both
Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus fumigatus. This study
establishes the effective ethnomedicinal use of these plants in the
treatment of various infectious diseases. There is high potential
for the exploitation of the plants for development of novel
antimicrobial agents.
Antimicrobial activity of herbal productionkarimbscdu
The use of plants in treatment of burns, dermatophytes and infectious diseases is common in traditional medicine. The development of new antimicrobial agents against resistant pathogens is increasing interest. Therefore, the methanolic extracts from different parts of four medicinal plants used locally in folk medicine were evaluated for antimicrobial activity. It was found that most plant extracts studied had antibacterial and antifungal activities. The methanolic extract of leaf of the plant Azadiracta indica, Acacia nilotica and Witania somnifera showed significant antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Escherchia coli, stphaylocuccus aureus and pseudomonas fluorescence. Azadiracta indica and A.tinolica showed significant antifungal activity against A. flavus, Ziziphus mauritiana. The rhizome extract of curcuma longa showed significant activity against all tested bacteria and showed higher anti fungal activity against Fusarium verticillioides
This document combined the microscopic analysis, DNA barcoding results, and phytochemical fingerprints for the botanical identification of the following commercial plant materials: Epimedium sagittatum (leaf powder), Marrubium vulgare (crushed aerial parts), Pausinystalia johimbe (bark powder), Senna alexandrina (leaf powder), Trigonellum foenum-graecum ( seed powder), and Trifolium pratense (crushed aerial parts).
Phytochemical Potential and Antimicrobial Activity of Andrographispaniculataiosrjce
The Herbal medicine today ensures safety in contrast to the synthetic preparations. Herbs the Nature’s
Physician, have been reported as an important source of medicine for years and years. Using of herbs for
curing diseases dated back to prehistory and people of all continents have this old tradition.Recently, wide
research proposals highlight the property of medico potential from phytalsources. My herb of interest is also the
above said, ofcourseAndrographispaniculata (Acanthaceae) is a medicinal plant used for the treatment of
various ailments, which has been documented in history of all civilizations. The present study is to learn the
phytochemical properties and the antimicrobial activity of the above using disc diffusion method
Fatty Acid Pattern and Alkaloids of Echium RauwolfiiEditor IJCATR
The GC/MS analysis of hexane extract revealed the presence of palmitic acid as saturated fatty acid (1.05%), versus oleic acid (2.18%), linoleic acid (1.13%), cis-8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid (2.12%) as unsaturated fatty acids. On the other hand, CH2Cl2 extract contained palmitic acid methyl ester (3.55%), and methyl isostearate (1.17%) as saturated fatty acids, versus linoleic acid methyl ester (3.57%) and linolenic acid methyl ester (10.01%) as unsaturated fatty acids. The GC/MS analysis of the alkaloid-rich fraction indicated the presence of the pyrazolidine alkaloids petranine (2.97%), 7-angeloyl-9-(2-methylbutyryl) retronecine (4.22%), 7-angeloylretronecine (0.59%) and 9-angeloylretronecine (0.47%).
The butanol extract showed the heights DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50 = 14.3 µg),. while ethyl acetate extract was very weak in activity (IC50 = 432.3 µg) and no activity with hexane and methylene chloride extract.
The antimicrobial potentials of E. rauwolfii extracts were examined. The inhibition of the fungi species by ethyl acetate extract exert was comparable to Amphotericin B. The inhibition zone of the butanol extract against Streptococcus pneumonia was comparable to Ampicillin, against Pseudomonas aeruginosa was comparable to Gentamicin and Escherichia coli was comparable to Gentamicin.
The cytotoxicity against HePG-2 of ethyl acetate extract and butanol extract were “very strong”, and that of hexane extract and methylene chloride extract were “moderate”, against MCF-7 of ethyl acetate extract and butanol extract were “strong”, that of methylene chloride extract was “moderate”, and that of hexane extract was “weak” and against HCT-116 of butanol extract was “very strong”, of ethyl acetate extract was“strong”, of methylene chloride extract and hexane extract were “moderate”.
Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities Of Algerian Populus Nigra L. Buds Ex...bioejjournal
This study is part of a goal to investigate chemical composition, antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activities of the flower buds extracts from the Algerian Polulus nigra L., which were collected from Djarifet - mansourah at Tlemcen city in the West Northern of Algeria. In organic extracts, tanins, flavonoïds, coumarins, alkaloids and terpenoïds were the principals secondary metabolites identified from the flower buds of black poplar. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of
extracts were tested using agar-well diffusion method and micro-well determination of MIC assay against
eleven bacteria and two Candida species. It was found that extracts of black poplar buds exhibit
antibacterial and anticandidal activities with agar disk diffusion (7 to 43mm) and MIC methods (MIC=
90.33 µg/ml against several strains of bacteria and MIC=45.16 µg/ml against Candida albicans). The
antioxidant effect of hydroalcoholic extract was evaluated using DPPH and FRAP assays. It was showed good and similar activity than ascorbic acid and BHA by DPPH method: IC50= 220µg/mL for hydroethanol extract.
ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF ALGERIAN POPULUS NIGRA L. BUDS EX...bioejjournal
his study is part of a goal to investigate chemical composition, antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activities of the flower buds extracts from the Algerian Polulus nigra L., which were collected from Djarifet - mansourah at Tlemcen city in the West Northern of Algeria. In organic extracts, tanins, flavonoïds, coumarins, alkaloids and terpenoïds were the principals secondary metabolites identified from the flower buds of black poplar. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of extracts were tested using agar-well diffusion method and micro-well determination of MIC assay against eleven bacteria and two Candida species. It was found that extracts of black poplar buds exhibit antibacterial and anticandidal activities with agar disk diffusion (7 to 43mm) and MIC methods (MIC= 90.33 µg/ml against several strains of bacteria and MIC=45.16 µg/ml against Candida albicans). The antioxidant effect of hydroalcoholic extract was evaluated using DPPH and FRAP assays. It was showed good and similar activity than ascorbic acid and BHA by DPPH method: IC50= 220µg/mL for hydroethanol extract.
Fatty Acid Pattern and Alkaloids of Echium RauwolfiiEditor IJCATR
The GC/MS analysis of hexane extract revealed the presence of palmitic acid as saturated fatty acid (1.05%), versus oleic
acid (2.18%), linoleic acid (1.13%), cis-8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid (2.12%) as unsaturated fatty acids. On the other hand, CH2Cl2
extract contained palmitic acid methyl ester (3.55%), and methyl isostearate (1.17%) as saturated fatty acids, versus linoleic acid
methyl ester (3.57%) and linolenic acid methyl ester (10.01%) as unsaturated fatty acids. The GC/MS analysis of the alkaloid-rich
fraction indicated the presence of the pyrazolidine alkaloids petranine (2.97%), 7-angeloyl-9-(2-methylbutyryl) retronecine (4.22%), 7-
angeloylretronecine (0.59%) and 9-angeloylretronecine (0.47%).
The butanol extract showed the heights DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50 = 14.3 μg),. while ethyl acetate extract was very weak
in activity (IC50 = 432.3 μg) and no activity with hexane and methylene chloride extract.
The antimicrobial potentials of E. rauwolfii extracts were examined. The inhibition of the fungi species by ethyl acetate extract exert
was comparable to Amphotericin B. The inhibition zone of the butanol extract against Streptococcus pneumonia was comparable to
Ampicillin, against Pseudomonas aeruginosa was comparable to Gentamicin and Escherichia coli was comparable to Gentamicin.
The cytotoxicity against HePG-2 of ethyl acetate extract and butanol extract were “very strong”, and that of hexane extract and
methylene chloride extract were “moderate”, against MCF-7 of ethyl acetate extract and butanol extract were “strong”, that of
methylene chloride extract was “moderate”, and that of hexane extract was “weak” and against HCT-116 of butanol extract was “very
strong”, of ethyl acetate extract was“strong”, of methylene chloride extract and hexane extract were “moderate”.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF ALGERIAN POPULUS NIGRA L. BUDS EX...bioejjournal
This study is part of a goal to investigate chemical composition, antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant
activities of the flower buds extracts from the Algerian Polulus nigra L., which were collected from Djarifet
- mansourah at Tlemcen city in the West Northern of Algeria.
In organic extracts, tanins, flavonoïds, coumarins, alkaloids and terpenoïds were the principals secondary
metabolites identified from the flower buds of black poplar. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of
extracts were tested using agar-well diffusion method and micro-well determination of MIC assay against
eleven bacteria and two Candida species. It was found that extracts of black poplar buds exhibit
antibacterial and anticandidal activities with agar disk diffusion (7 to 43mm) and MIC methods (MIC=
90.33 μg/ml against several strains of bacteria and MIC=45.16 μg/ml against Candida albicans). The
antioxidant effect of hydroalcoholic extract was evaluated using DPPH and FRAP assays. It was showed
good and similar activity than ascorbic acid and BHA by DPPH method: IC50= 220μg/mL for
hydroethanol extract.
Evaluation of antinociceptive effect of Terminalia arjuna bark ethanol extractOpen Access Research Paper
Stem bark of the plant Terminalia arjuna were extracted in 50% ethanol to evaluate for centrally acting analgesic potential using formalin, hot plate and peripheral pharmacological actions using acetic acid induced writhing test in mice. The extract of the plant were found to have significant (p<0.01) analgesic activity at the oral dose of 250 & 500 mg/kg body weight, in the tested models. In hot plate test, at both dose levels (250mg/kg and 500mg/kg), T. arjuna extract showed significant (p<0.001) increased latency period than the control group. In acetic acid induced writhing test and formalin test T. arjuna also showed reduced number of writhes than the control group at two dose levels which are significant (p<0.05) compared to control. The results obtained support the use of stem bark of T.arjuna in painful conditions acting both centrally and peripherally.
ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF ALGERIAN POPULUS NIGRA L. BUDS EX...bioejjournal
In organic extracts, tanins, flavonoïds, coumarins, alkaloids and terpenoïds were the principals secondary
metabolites identified from the flower buds of black poplar. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of
extracts were tested using agar-well diffusion method and micro-well determination of MIC assay against
eleven bacteria and two Candida species. It was found that extracts of black poplar buds exhibit
antibacterial and anticandidal activities with agar disk diffusion (7 to 43mm) and MIC methods (MIC=
90.33 µg/ml against several strains of bacteria and MIC=45.16 µg/ml against Candida albicans). The
antioxidant effect of hydroalcoholic extract was evaluated using DPPH and FRAP assays. It was showed
good and similar activity than ascorbic acid and BHA by DPPH method: IC50= 220µg/mL for
hydroethanol extract.
ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF ALGERIAN POPULUS NIGRA L. BUDS EX...bioejjournal
This study is part of a goal to investigate chemical composition, antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant
activities of the flower buds extracts from the Algerian Polulus nigra L., which were collected from Djarifet
- mansourah at Tlemcen city in the West Northern of Algeria.
In organic extracts, tanins, flavonoïds, coumarins, alkaloids and terpenoïds were the principals secondary
metabolites identified from the flower buds of black poplar. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of
extracts were tested using agar-well diffusion method and micro-well determination of MIC assay against
eleven bacteria and two Candida species. It was found that extracts of black poplar buds exhibit
antibacterial and anticandidal activities with agar disk diffusion (7 to 43mm) and MIC methods (MIC=
90.33 µg/ml against several strains of bacteria and MIC=45.16 µg/ml against Candida albicans). The
antioxidant effect of hydroalcoholic extract was evaluated using DPPH and FRAP assays. It was showed
good and similar activity than ascorbic acid and BHA by DPPH method: IC50= 220µg/mL for
hydroethanol extract.
ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF ALGERIAN POPULUS NIGRA L. BUDS EX...bioejjournal
This study is part of a goal to investigate chemical composition, antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant
activities of the flower buds extracts from the Algerian Polulus nigra L., which were collected from Djarifet
- mansourah at Tlemcen city in the West Northern of Algeria.
In organic extracts, tanins, flavonoïds, coumarins, alkaloids and terpenoïds were the principals secondary
metabolites identified from the flower buds of black poplar. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of
extracts were tested using agar-well diffusion method and micro-well determination of MIC assay against
eleven bacteria and two Candida species. It was found that extracts of black poplar buds exhibit
antibacterial and anticandidal activities with agar disk diffusion (7 to 43mm) and MIC methods (MIC=
90.33 µg/ml against several strains of bacteria and MIC=45.16 µg/ml against Candida albicans). The
antioxidant effect of hydroalcoholic extract was evaluated using DPPH and FRAP assays. It was showed
good and similar activity than ascorbic acid and BHA by DPPH method: IC50= 220µg/mL for
hydroethanol extract.
Pharmacognostic, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of fractions of the l...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Studies of Extracts from the Leaves of Tithon...IOSR Journals
Phytochemical screening of extracts from the leaves of Tithonia diversifolia displayed the presence of
Alkaloids, Saponin, Saponin glycoside, Tannin, Balsam, Cardiac glycoside and Volatile oil. Spectrophotometric
analysis for trace metals, Phosphorus and Sulphur showed that T. diversifolia contained Mn (0.490+0.001
mg/100g), Zn (1.609+0.001 mg/100g), Cu (0.454+0.001 mg/100g), Ni (0.758+0.001 mg/100g), Fe
(0.690+0.002 mg/100g), P (55.62+0.200 mg/100g) and S (709+1.000 mg/100g). The medicinal properties of
the extract were evaluated in-vitro by antimicrobial and antifungal assays. The aqueous extract (but not
methanol and petroleum ether extracts) showed growth inhibitory effects on Staphylococcus aureus and
Escherichia coli, but Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Saccharomyces cerevisiae were resistant to all the plant
extracts and the antibiotic controls. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the aqueous extract of T.
diversifolia on S. aureus and E. coli were both 12.50mg. The Minimum Bacterial Concentration (MBC) of the
aqueous extract against the test organism ranged from 12.50mg to 25.00mg.
Phytochemical Analysis of some Macrophytes of Lake Kondakarla, Visakhapatnam ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Abstract— Roots of Panax notoginseng were fermented with 30 fungi respectively. Almost one-third of the products showed increasing antibacterial activity. All products could inhibit GST-CDC25 phosphatase as a potential antitumor agent. HPLC profiles proved that components of unfermented P. notoginseng and fermented P. notoginseng have obviously changes.
Similar to 2003. the survey of trypanocidal constituents in some mexican plants. (20)
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Comparative structure of adrenal gland in vertebrates
2003. the survey of trypanocidal constituents in some mexican plants.
1. — 167 —
21. The Survey of Trypanocidal Constituents
in Some Mexican Plants
Fumiko Abe", Tatsuo Yamauchi", Híkaru Okabe",
Hiroshige Akahane^', Jun Maki^', Hiroo Higo**.
Abigail Aguilar^', Manuel Jiménez-Estrada^'
and Ricardo Reyes-Chilpa^'
" Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences. Fukuoka University
^' School of Medicine, Fukuoka University
^' School of Medicine, Kitasato University
" Gradúate School of Medical Sciences. Kyushu University
^' Herbarium, Mexican Institute of Social Security
^' Institute of Chemistry, National University of México
Abstract
Chagas' disease (American trypanosomiasis) is one of the most serious protozoal
diseases in Latín America. The etiological agent for Chagas' disease is Trypanosoma
cruzi. which is found in a blood-sucking triatomine bug. Seeking new chemotherapeutíc
agents effective against Chagas' disease, we screened various crude extracts of Mexican
medicinal plants for trypanocidal activity.
There were 43 kinds of methanohc and other organic extracts from 39 plants
which were examined by the preliminary screening test to see immobilization of
epimastigotes of T. cruzi in vitro. Eighteen of them showed activity at the concentration
of 2 mg/ml after incubation for 2 h, while 13 showed activity at the concentration of
1 mg/ml after incubation for 48 h. - . .
Among them, the MeOH extracts of the roots of Aristolochia taiiscana and the
seeds of Persea americana were subjected to bioassay-guided fractionation in order to
identify principal compounds for this activity. From the active fractions of A. taiiscana,
four neolignans, eupomatenoid-7 (1), licarin A (2), eupomatenoid-1 (5) and licarin
B (6), and two Iignans, austrobailignan-7 (3) and fragransin El (4) were isolated.
Compounds 1-4 immobihzed all the epimastigotes at the mínimum concentration of 25-
75ng/ml after incubation for 48 h, while compounds 5 and 6 were inactive. From
the seeds of P. americana fíve heptadecyl alcohol derivatives (7-11) were obtained,
and four of them were active at the mínimum concentration of 60-90 |Ag/mI. Cx)rresponding
( 1 )
2. — 168 —
concentration of gossypol, berberine chloride and harmine was 280ng/ml, 300
and >500jig/ml, respectively.
Key words trypanocidal activity; Trypanosoma cruzi'. Aristolochia taiiscana] Persea
Americana: Chagas' disease
INTRODUCTION
Protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi is the etiological agent of Chagas' disease (American'
trypanosomiasis), which affects 16-18 miliion people in Latin America and is responsible
for the death of more than 45,000 patients per year. " It is transmitted to humans
by triatomine bugs or through blood transfusión. During its life cycle, T. cruzi
differentiates into three stages, namely epimastigote ¡n the insect gut, trypomastigole,
an ínfectious form in the blood stream, and amastigote, an intracellular form.
Medication for Chagas' disease is usually effective when given during the acute
stage of infection. Once the disease has progressed to later stages, no medication
has been proven to be effective. Moreover, synthetic drugs, such as nifurtimox and
benznidazole, have severe side effects. There rises an urgent need to develop
new drugs. In order to seek new chemotherapeutic agents from natural resources,
we started a survey of trypanocidal constituents in Mexican plants following previous
work on Piquería trinervia.*' As a preliminary screening test, we examined crude
extracts of Mexican medicinal plants for trypanocidal activity against epimastigotes of
T. cruzi in vitro as previously reported in the case of plants in Guatemala. Among
them. the MeOH extract of roots of Aristolochia taiiscana (Aristolochiaceae) and seeds
of Persea americana (Lauraceae) have shown trypanocidal activity. A. taiiscana and
some other species of Aristolochia are iocally called "Guaco" and used as remedies for
diarrhea, snake bites. dermatological affections and so on. Chemical investigation
of A. taiiscana has been previously accomplished by G. Enriquez et al. and four neolignans
have been isolated. '' P. americana is grown in the tropical áreas of the world for the
harvest of its edible fruit, avocado. Cytotoxic and other bioactive constituents of it
have been studied by many groups. ^' In this paper we describe the resuits of preliminary
screening tests for trypanocidal activity in some Mexican plants, and identification of
the active constituents in the roots of A. taiiscana and the seeds of P. americana.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Plant Materials and Preparation of Thelr Extracts Plant materials including
Aristolochia taiiscana were mainly purchased at Sonora medicinal plants market in
México City and collected in the fields. Identification of the plants was done by A.
Aguilar, one of the co-authors and M. E. López-VÜlafranco of National University of
México, Iztacala. The voucher specimens were deposited in the Herbariums I2TA
and IMSSM of National University of México, Iztacala and Mexican Institute for Social
Seciuity. The plants examined are listed in Table 1. Dried and powdered materials
were extracted with MeOH, MeOH-CH2CÍ2 or acetone at room temperature overnight.
In the case of fresh materials, chopped materials were soaked in MeOH and fíltered.
( 2 )
3. The Survey of Trypanocidal Constituents in Some Mexican Plants (Fumiko Abe, et al.) —169 —
The residue was extracted again with MeOH. The solvent was concentrated in vacuo
to give each extract.
Cultivation of T. cruzi The strain of T. cruzi used in this study was H6
(Ínternational code: MHOM/GT/95/SMI-06), which was originally collected from a
patient of Chagas' disease ín Guatemala by Dr. T. Yanagi of Nagasaki University,
Dr. C. Monroy and Dr. V. Matta of San Carlos University in Guatemala, and Dr.
H. Higo, one of the co-authors. The epimastigotes of T. cruzi have been cultured in
liver infusion-tryptose (LIT) médium as described by S. G. Baum. " Hemin was
replaced by hemoglobin.
Reagents Tryptose and liver infusión broth were obtained from Difco, fetal
bovine serum from GIBCO and hemoglobin from Japan Biotest Institute. Gossypol
and harmine were purchased from Sigma Chemical C)ompany, and berberine chloride
(n-hydrate) from Tokyo Chemical Industries Co. Ltd.
Trypanocidal Assay Preliminary Screening: Each extract was dissolved Ín
dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) first and then diluted with LIT médium to get certain
concentration. The final DMSO concentration was less than 1%. 1% DMSO solution
itself caused no affection on motion of epimastigotes. Under condítion 1, the final
concentration of each extract was 2 mg/ml and incubation time was 2 h, Under condition
2, the final concentration was 1 mg/ml and incubation time was 48 h. Each 50 of
sample solution and cell suspensión {ca. 2x10* epimastigotes/ml) was placed in 96-we!l
micro píate in duplícate and incubated at 26" C. The control was free from samples.
The motion of epimastigotes was observed under inverted light microscope (x 100),
after checking the epimastigotes in the control well were freely movíng. Each test
was run twice. The resuits are shown in Table 1. The mark (+) means that all
the epimastigotes became immobilized, while the mark (±) means 80-90% of the
whoie epimastigotes became immobilized. The mark (-) means that more than 50%
of the epimastigotes kept mobilíty.
Estimation of Trypanocidal Activity: Sample solutions in different concentration were
treated as mentioned above. The activity is shown by MCioo valué, which was defined
as the mínimum concentration at which all the epimastigotes became immobilized
after 48 h incubation at 26° C.
Extracción and Isolatíon of the Active Constituents from the Roots of Aristolochia taiiscana
The dried and powdered roots (142 g) of A. taiiscana were extracted with MeOH
(500 mi) under reflux for 1 h and fíltered. Further extractíon for 30 min was done
twice. The filtrates were combined, concentrated and dried in vacuo to give a dark
brown residue (19.4 g). The MCioo valué of the MeOH extract was 0.5 mg/ml.
The residue was suspended in 60% MeOH and centrifuged. The precipítales were
extracted with MeOH, and then with AcOEt. The supematant of 60% MeOH was
passed through a coiumn of styrene polymer, Diaion HP-20, and the coiumn was
washed with 60% MeOH. The MeOH solution was passed through the same coiumn
and the coiumn was washed with MeOH. The AcOEt solution was treated in the
same way. The 60% MeOH eluate was concentrated in vacuo to remove MeOH and
the aqueous solution was passed through a new Diaion HP-20 coiumn. The coiumn
was eluted with H20 and then 60% MeOH. Each eluate was concentrated and dried
( 3 )
4. — 170-
in vacuo to obtain brown residue: H 2 O eluate ífr. 1, 10. I g ) : 60% MeOH eluate (fr. 2,
1.4g): MeOH eluate (fr. 3, 5.2g): AcOEt eluate (fr. 4. 2.3g). MCioo valúes of frs.
1-4 are >1000ng/ml, >1000ng/nil, 60^g/ml, and 400ng/nil, respectively. Fractions
3 and 4 were chromatographed with siUca gel (hexane-AcOEt), Sephadex LH-20
( C H C I 3 ) , and ODS (YMC gel) (70% MeOH) cdumn, successively, to afford eupcmiatenoid-
7"" (1, 826 mg), licarin-A" (2, 324 mg), mixture of 3 and 4 (230 mg), eupomatenoid-l"*
(5, 109mg), and licarin B"' (6, 368mg). Austrobailignan-7'*' (3, 139mg) and
fragransin Ei'^' (4, 35 mg) were separated by preparative HPLC (ODS, KC-Pack,
60% MeOH). Identification of 1 - 6 was performed by analyses of MS and NMR
spectra and comparison of the physical data with those reported. MCioo valúes of
compounds 1 - 6 were estimaled as described above and shown in Table 2.
Extractíon and Isolatíon of the Active Constítuents from the Seeds of Persea americana
The dried and powdered seeds (340 g) of P. americana were extracted with MeOH
(800 mi) under reflux for 1 h and fíltered, Further extractíon for 30 min was done
twice. The fíltrates were combined, concentrated and dried in vacuo to give a brown
residue (49.2 g). The residue was suspended in 60% MeOH and centrifuged. The
precipítales were extracted with MeOH, and then with AcOEt. The supernatant of
60% MeOH was passed through a coiumn of styrene polymer, Diaion HP-20, and the
coiumn was washed with 60% MeOH. The MeOH solution was passed through the
same coiumn and the coiumn was washed with MeOH. The AcOEt solution was
treated in the same way. The 60% MeOH eluate was concentrated in vacuo to remove
MeOH and the aqueous solution was passed through a new Diaion HP-20 coiumn.
The coiumn was eluted with H 2 O and then 60% MeOH. Each eluate was concentrated
and dried in vacuo to obtain brown residue: H 2 0 eluate (fr. 1, 31.9g) ; 60% MeOH
eluate (fr. 2, 9.2 g): MeOH eluate (fr. 3, 7.1 g): AcOEt eluate (fr. 4, 4.2 g), MC
100 valúes of frs. 1-4 are >1000ng/ml, >1000ng/ml, 250ng/ml, and 1 mg/ml, respectively.
Fractions 3 and 4 were chromatographed with silica gel (hexane-AcOEt), Sephadex
LH-20 (CHCb-MeOH). and ODS (YMC gel) (80% MeOH) columns, successively, to
afford 7 ' " (107 mg), 8 ' " (60 mg), 9 ' " (221 mg), 1 0 ' " (32 mg). and 11 (217 mg).
Identification of 7 - 1 1 was performed by analyses of MS and NMR spectra and
comparison of the physical data with those of reported. MCioo valúes of compounds
7 - 1 1 were estimated as described above and shown in Table 3.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Many trypanocidal constituents from natural resources have been isolated and
were first reviewed by S. Sepúlveda-Boza and B. K. Cassels in 1996.'" In this review,
various kinds of natural ccxnpounds were reported such as hydroquinones, naphthoquinones,
diterpenes and many types of alkaloids, It is difficult to compare activity of each
compound due to the diversity of straíns, stages of its life cycle, and experimental
conditions applied. Sínce B. R. Schlemper et ai mentioned the positive correlation
between activity against epimastigotes in vitro and activity against trypomastigote in
wVo,"' we used epimastigotes to estímate trypanocidal activity. The method of assay
by Hocquemillar et al was modified for estimation of trypanocidal activity in vitro.^
For preliminary screening tests, we chose plants and herbal medicines traditionally
( 4 )
5. The Survey <rf Trypanocidal Constituents in Some Mexican Plants ÍFumiko Abe, et al.) — 171 —
used mainiy for antiparasitic purposes in México"" and Guatemala.^ The list of crude
extracts is shown in Table 1 with scientific ñames, local ñames and parts examined.
It is comprised of 20 families and 37 species. The 18 extracts out of 43 have shown
the trypanocidal activity at 2 mg/m! so far, while 13 extracts have shown activity
even at 1 mg/ml. We started the chemicai investigation of these active plant materials.
Table 1. Ust of Plants Examined and Their Trypanocidal Activity' (epimastigotes, in vitro)
Family Scienti6c Ñame Local Ñame PartíSolvenO" (I)'» (2)'
Annonaceae Annona reliculaui Anona LT (M) + +
Annona muricala Guanábana S (M) +
Aristolochiaceae Aristolochia taliscara Guaco R (M) + +
Burseraceae Bursera simaniba Palo mulato LT (M) - -
F (M) - -
Cecropiaceae Cecropia obtusifotia Guarumbo L (M) + -
Chenopodiaceae Ckenopodium graveolens Epazote de zorrillo G (M) + ±
Chenopodium ambrosioides Epazote morado G 00 - -
Compositae Artemisia ludoviciana var. mexicana Estafiate L (M) ± -
Bidens odorata Mosote blanco G (M) + ±
Cucurbitaceae Maximowitzia sonóme Guareque R (M) - -
Elaeocarpaceae Muntingia calabura Capulín rojo L (M) + -
F (M) - -
Euphorbiaceae Crotón draco Sangre de grado L (M) - Hura polyandra Haba o Ha billa S (M) - --
Guttiferae CaiophyUum brasiliense'^ Bari L CA) + +
Calophyllum brasitiense^^ Bari L (M) - -
Clusic salvinii Lobo de tigre L (M+C) - -
Clusia guaUmalensis Lobo de tigre L (M) - -
Garcinia intermedia Limoncillo L (M+C) + +
Mammea americana Zapote Domingo P (A) + +
Vismia bacci/era Vismia L 0^) - -
Lauraceae Persea americana Aguacate S (M) + ±
Leguminosae Brongniartia podalyrioides Hierba de la Víbora R (M) - - Eysenhartia poiysiachia Palo Dulce S (M) - -
Gliricidia septum Cocui te L (M) + -
Haemaioxylum brasiUlo Palo de Brasil S (M) + ±
Lonchocarpus unifoliolatum
L m - -
Lonchocarpus oaxacensis R (M) - -
Senna hirsuta Yecapahtzin LT (M) + ±
Zomia ihymifolia Hierba de la víbora L (M) + ±
Marvaceae Malvaviscus arboreus Azocopacle L (M) - -
Myrtaceae Psidium guajava Guayaba L (M) - -
S (M) - -
Piperaceae Piper sp. L (M) + +
Piper aurilum Acuyo L (M) - - Polypodiaceae Phlebodium aureum Lengua de ciervo RG ((MM)) -- -- Rubiaceae Hamelia paiens BatletíUa LT (M) - - Sapotaceae Pouteria sapoía Mamey S (M) ± -
Uriicaceae Unica dioica Ortiga LT (M) - -
Verbenaceae Aloysia triphylUt Té cedrón L (M) - -
Lippia dulcís Hierba dulce L (M) - - wah) olTe heep immaarskti g(o+t)e s mweearnes iamll mtohbei liezpeidm. asbti)g oLteTs : wleearvee si manmdo btiwliizgesd, . R:T rhoeo tsm, aFrk: fr(±u)i ts, mLe:a nlesa v8e0s-,9 0G%: gorfo utnhde pda) rtAs,cSti:v itsyte mat s.1 mP:g /mple é(is48 hof) . freu)i tsC, oMllec: teMd eaOt HS,a nAta: Maacretthoan, e,V eCra; crCuHz.z Cbí). Cc) cAücteivcityt eadt 2 amt gL/mosl T(u2xÍtíi}a.s , Veracruz.
( 5 )
6. — 172 —
The MeOH extracts of roots of Aristolochia taiiscana, immobilized all the epimastigotes
at 1 mg/ml. When MeOH extract was separated into 4 fractions (Frs. 1-4) by a
polystyrene coiumn (Diaion HP-20), activity was observed in less polar fraction 3
eluted with MeOH and fraction 4 eluted with AcOEt. Fractions 3 and 4 were combined
and subjected to various kinds of chromatographies to afford four neolignans,
eupomatenoid-7 (1), licarin A (2), eupomatenoid-1 (5) and ücarin B (6), and two
Iignans, austrobailignan-7 (3) and fragransin Ei (4). Although this is the first isolation
of iignans 3 and 4 from Guaco, these neolignans were already isolated from Guaco by
G. Enriquez et al. " MCioo valúes of these compounds are listed in Table 2.
Trypanocidal natural compounds, gossypol, °' berberine chloride'*' and harmine^*' are
also estimated as positive control and listed in Table 2. Among six compounds isolated
from Guaco, 1- 4 exhibited higher activity than any of positive controls, and 5 and
6. Comparisons of 1 with 5 and 2 with 6 suggest that the loss of hydroxyl group
reduces activity. The differences of activity between 1 and 2, and 3 and 4 are not
neírfigible. It suggests that steric structures would give influences on activity. Judging
from yield and MCioo vaiue, trypanocidal activity of Guaco is mainly due to 1
(eupomatenoid-7).
1 R=CH). R -H
(euponiate no id- 7)
3 R.R =-CHr (cupomaieiKitd'l)
2: R-CHj. R-H
(licuiii A)
6; RJÍ-CHi-
(licahD B)
( • V M d l i v I p I v v M D h d i
Ftg.1. Isolated Compounds from the Roots of A. taiiscana
7. Survey of Trypanocidal Constituents in Some Mexican Plants (Fumiko Abe. et al.) - 1 7 3 -
Table 2. MCi» Valúes of Compounds 1 - 6 ,
Gossypol. Berberine Chloride. and Harmine
against Epimastigotes of T. cruzi in Vitro
Mdoo
Compds jig/nú jiM^
i1 4205 17273 43 5705 124169 5 >I000
é >iooo
gboesrsbyeprionl e Cl 238000 580470 harmine >5(X)
Recently Bastos et ai have isolated seven Iignans from Zanthoxylum naranjilto
(Rutaceae) and revealed that (-)-methylpulviatolide is highly active against
trypomastigotes of the two strains of T. cruzi, the Bolivia and Y s t r a i n s . L i g n a ns
from Guaco are the second instance of trypanocidal lignans.
The drved seeds ot P. americana were irealed m ihe same way as mentioned
above. Again the trypanocidal activity is shown in less-polar fractions 3 and 4. From
these fractions compounds 7 - H were isolated by bioassay-guided fractionation (Fig. 2).
Compounds 7 , 8, and 9 are 1,2,4-trihydroxy-heptadec-16-ene derivatives, while
compounds 10 and 11 are l,2,4-trihydroxy-heptadec-16-yne derivatíves. The trypanocidal
activity of the compounds is shown in Table 3. These compounds have been described
previously as the bitter, antifungal.^' antibacterial,'"^'' cytotoxic*' and insecücidal"
constituents of P. americana. This is the very first time to make a reference to the
trypanocidal activity oí these types of compounds.
O R 2 OH
H2C= C H - ( C H 2 ) i 1 — C H - C H 2 — O H — C H 2 O R1
17 16 4 2 1
7 : Ri=H. R2=COCH3
8: R,=C0CH3. Rj^H
9: Ri=R2=H
OI R OIH H C = C — ( C H 2 ) i i — C H - C H 2 — C H - C H 2 OH
17 16 * 2 1
10 : RsCOCHj
11: R»H
F i g . 2 . Isolated Compoimds from the Seeds of P. americana
i 7 )
8. - 1 7 4 —
Table 3. MCi» Valúes of Compounds 7-11 against Epimastigotes of T. cruzi in Vitro
MCioo
Compds Hg/ml
7 60 183
8 9 7700 221485 10 90 276 11 >1000
Acknowledgements The authors are grateful to Dr. M. A. Martínez Alfaro for
valuable suggestion on the medicinal plants in México. The authors are also grateful
to Dr. M.E. López-Vil lafr anco, National University of México, Campus Iztacala, for
the authentifícation of the plant specimens. We thank Ms. Y. Iwase and Mr. H.
Hanazono for NMR and MS measurements. This work was supported ¡n part by the
fund (No. 001001) from the Central Research Institute of Fukuoka University: 2000-
2001.
REFEREN CES AND NOTES
1) WHO Tropical Disease Research: Progress 1997-98: World Health Organization: Geneva
(1999).
2) Gutteridge W. E.. British Medical Bulletin. 41, 162-168 (1985).
3) Umezawa E. S., Stolf A. M. S., Corbett C. E. P., Shikanai-YasudaM. A, Lancet,
357, 797-799 (2001).
4) Castro C., Jiménez-Estrada M., González de la Parra M.. Planta Med.. 58, 281-282
(1992),
5) A Cáceres A , López B., González S., Berger I., Tada I., Maki J., /. Ethnophamu,
62, 195-202 (1998).
6) Diaz J. L., "Usos de las Plantas Medicinales de México", IMEPLAM, México City,
1976. pp. 145-150.
7) Enriquez R. G., Chavez M. A., Reynolds W. F., / Nat. Prod., 47, 896-899 (1984).
8) Oberlies N. H., Rogers L. L., Martin J. M., / Nat. Prod., 61, 781-785 (1998) and
references cited therein.
9) Baum S. G., Wittner M., Jeffrey P. N., Nadler J. P., Horwitz S. B., Dennis J. E.,
SchiffP. B., TanowitzH. B., Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. USA. 78, 4571-4575 (1981).
10) Bowden B. F., Ritchie E.. Taylor W. C , Aust. J. Chem.. 25, 2659-2669 (1972),
11) Read R. W., Taylor W. C , Aust. 3. Chem.. 32, 2317-2321 (1979).
12) McCredie R. S., Ritchie E., Taylor W. C , Aust J. Chem.. 22, 1011-1032 (1969).
13) Takaoka D.. Watanabe K., Hiroi M., Bull. Chem.Soc. Jopan, 49, 3564-3566 (1976).
14) Murphy S. T.. Ritchie E., Taylor W. C. Aust. J. Chem.. 28, 81-90 (1975).
15) Hada S.. Hattori M.. Tezufca Y., Kikuchi T.. Namba T.. Phytochemistry, 27, 563-568
9. ioe a«rvcy cí Trypmocidal Constituents in Some Mexican Plants i Fumiko Abe. et aJ. -175 —
16 Kashman Y.. Néeman I.. Lifshitz A., Tetrahedron. 26, 1943-1951 (1970).
17 Kashman Y.. Xéeman I., Lifshitz A., Tetrahedron, 25, 4617-4631 (1969).
18í SepiJlveda-Boza S., Cassels B. K., Planta Medica, 62, 98-105 (1996).
ly Schlemper B. R. Jr., Chiari E-, Brener Z., /. Protozooi. 24. 544-547 (1977).
2-J HocquemillerR., Cortes D.. Arango G. J., Myint S. H., Cavé A , Angelo A , Muñoz
W, Fournet et A., J. Nat. Prod. 54, 445-452 (1991).
-¡ .Argucia-Villamar A., Cano-Asseleih L. M.. Rodarte M. E. (eds.). "Atlas de las
Plantas de la Medicina Tradicional Mexicana" Vols. I, II & m. Instituto Nacional
Indigenista, México City, 1994.
22) Cáceres A., Maki ] . , López B.,"Eníennedades Tropicales en Guatemala 93", Guatemala,
JICA, pp. 140-143.
23) Montamat E. E.. Burgos C.. (3erez de Burgos N. M. Rovai L. E., BlancoA., Segura
E. L.. Science. 218. 288-289 (1982).
24) Cavin J. C. Krassner S. M., Rodríguez E., J. Ethnopharm.. 19. 89-95 (1987).
25) Bastos J. K,, Albuquerque S., Silva M. L. A , Planta Medica, 65, 541-544 (1999).
26) Adikaram N. K. B.. Ewing D. F., Karunaratne A. M.. Wijeratne E. M. K.,
Phytochemistry, 31. 93-96 (1992).
27) Néeman L, Lifshitz A . KashmanY.. Appl Microbiol 19, 470-473 (1970).
( 9 )