This document outlines the curriculum for a Bachelor of Pharmacy (BPharm) degree program at the University of Zambia's School of Medicine. The 5-year program aims to train pharmacists to meet Zambia's critical shortage. It will provide a wide range of training to support various pharmacy careers. The curriculum covers basic sciences, pharmaceutical production and quality control, supply chain management, dispensing, clinical skills, communication, research, and continuing education. It is designed to produce graduates with the knowledge and skills to provide optimal pharmaceutical services in Zambia.
UNZA BPharm Curriculum Provides Training for Pharmacy Careers
1. UNIVERSITY OF ZAMBIA
SCHOOL OF MEDICINE
Map of Zambia and Immediate Neighbours
CURRICULUM
FOR THE DEGREE OF PHARMACY
(BPharm)
Front View of UNZA, Great East Road Campus Front View of UNZA, Ridgeway Campus
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACY
SCHOOL OF MEDICINE
UNIVERSITY OF ZAMBIA
Version 2002
June 2002
2. 2
TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE
Preamble ……………………………………………………………………… 4
Introduction…………………………………………………………………… 5
Background…………………………………………………………………… 5
Career Prospects………………………………………………………………. 5
Vision of the Degree Programme……………………………………………... 6
Aims ………………………………………………………………………….. 6
Objectives…………………………………………………………………….. 7
Capacity for the School of Medicine…………………………………………. 10
Entry Requirement for the Programme……………………………………….. 11
Duration of Training…………………………………………………………... 11
Regulations……………………………………………………………………. 11
Courses Outline……………………………………………………………….. 13
Determining Candidates Results……………………………………………… 14
Programme Outline for Semester I of Second Year Courses…………………. 15
PMY 211………………………………………………………………………. 16
PMY 221………………………………………………………………………. 20
PMY 231………………………………………………………………………. 24
AN 211………………………………………………………………………. 28
PGY 221………………………………………………………………………. 32
Programme Outline for Semester II of Second Year Courses…………………. 36
PMY 212………………………………………………………………………. 37
PMY 222………………………………………………………………………. 40
PMY 232………………………………………………………………………. 44
AN 212………………………………………………………………………. 47
PGY 222………………………………………………………………………. 52
Programme Outline for Semester I of Third Year Courses…………………… 56
PMY 311………………………………………………………………………. 57
PMY 321………………………………………………………………………. 60
PMY 331………………………………………………………………………. 63
PMY 341………………………………………………………………………. 67
PMY 351………………………………………………………………………. 70
PTH 211………………………………………………………………………. 74
4. 4
PREAMBLE
The School of Medicine for the University of Zambia is a separate institutional campus
that is mandated to train some of the health workers for the country. Among others that
are locally trained are medical doctors and the graduate nurses. The older of the two that
has continued to be trained at the School are the medical personnel while nursing was a
later program to convert the nursing diploma holders to a degree mainly for teaching
purpose in the many schools of nursing in the country while pharmacists training and
others has been non-existing until now.
The reasoning to localize the training was based on the critical understaffing of
appropriate pharmaceutical personnel both in the private and public health sector. There
was a political driving force behind the initiation of local pharmacy education at the
degree level through such government initiatives as the National Drug Policy of 1998 that
states that ‘as a matter of urgency the government shall actively support the
development of a pharmacy programme at university level in order to increase the
output of suitably trained pharmacists’. This with the training policy by the University
of Zambia for development of other health professionals in addition to the already
existing medical degree education, it was found very necessary and urgent that the degree
program for pharmacy is developed and initiated at the university of Zambia.
At the time, in line with the university regulations, pharmacy degree training was to be
initiated in the interim under the appropriate established training unit of the university
and the School of Medicine and specifically under the Physiological Sciences was found
to be more suitable. The program was started in 2001, after the appropriate curriculum
was formulated and ratified by the University Senate in 2000.
The program has been designed to run on a 5 years training pathway starting from the
Main Campus, from the School of Natural Sciences. The program will also recruit
students from Evelyn Hone College, from the diploma certificate pathways into the 3rd
year of the program after the applicants will have been screened for required entry
qualifications in line with the University of Zambia requirements.
Furthermore, the program is expected to add value to the general management of HIV /
AIDS by generating appropriately trained personnel that will effectively participate in
national remedial initiatives such as provision of ARVs, Rational Drug Use, Medication
and treatment counseling, proper storage of drugs both at ARV centers and pharmacies in
general.
5. 5
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
All the pharmacists currently working within Zambia have all been trained from abroad
or overseas, except for pharmacy technicians who have trained from Evelyn Hone
College of Applied Arts and Commerce. This mode of training pharmacists has since
proved not only expensive but also unsustainable resulting in the shortage of pharmacists
to undertake vital public and private pharmaceutical services.
The need for the Department of Pharmacy has been recognized by the government for a
long time as is evidenced by a number of feasibility studies undertaken by the
government through the Ministry of Health, the government agency which utilizes a lot
of pharmacists. In fact the Zambia National Drug Policy (ZNDP) of the Ministry of
Health launched on 19th
February 1999, states that as a matter of urgency the government
shall actively support the development of a pharmacy programme at university level in
order to increase the output of suitably trained pharmacist.
The Ministry of Education, being responsible for training, has taken up the challenge to
implement the programme at the University of Zambia at the School of Medicine, which
is in fact in conformity with the Ten Year Programme of Development of the School of
Medicine. To this end, School of Medicine, through the department of Physiological
Sciences has constituted an Initiating Curriculum Committee to develop a training
program. The committee has constituted the appropriate staff from the university, who
have co-ordinated the proceedings and membership from various stakeholders including
the Zambian Pharmaceutical Society, Pharmacy and Poisons Board, Ministry of Health,
Lecturing staff from Evelyn Hone College and other pharmaceutical private practitioners.
1.2 Career prospects
The profession of pharmacy encompasses a wide range of opportunities. Therefore, the
design of the training curriculum for UNZA is based on those opportunities within the
profession. There will be a wide variety of subjects to be taught and offer graduating
students a wide range of career options to choose from, such as in hospital pharmacy
community pharmacy, industrial pharmacy, pharmacy management and administration
pharmacy business, forensic pharmacy, pharmaceutical regulatory authorities and many
more. In addition capable and willing graduates will proceed to higher degrees in
pharmacy to become academicians or specialists.
6. 6
1.3 Vision of the degree programme
The University of Zambia is committed to develop and initiate the pharmacy degree
programme in Zambia. This is in line with Zambian government’s vision to provide and
actively support the development of pharmacy for the country in order to provide the
pharmaceutical services with appropriately trained personnel. This is Bachelor of Pharmacy
(BPharm.) degree as an undergraduate degree.
The progression of training in pharmacy after the undergraduate degree may follow the
following: Post-graduate diploma (Post Dip. Pharmacy), Master of Sciences (M.Sc.) or
Master of Clinical Pharmacy (Depending to the need of the country), Philosophy
(M.Phil.) and Doctor of philosophy (PhD) in pharmacy. For the future developments,
revision of the bachelor’s degree may consider changing to Doctor of Pharmacy
(Pharm.D - doctorate degree certification for pharmacists training)
2. AIMS OF THE DEGREE PROGRAMME
a. The pharmacy graduates must possess both general and some specific pharmaceutical
knowledge and demonstrate such in their pharmacy practice.
b. High quality regulatory, clinical, analytical and technological services within the laws
and code of conduct (ethics) pertaining to the practice of pharmacy;
c. Ability to solve scientific and social problems and make novel decisions in their
professional career by employing open minded, and cross-disciplinary approach in
drug formulation, preparation, control and use; logically and laterally think rather
than simply apply standard techniques and procedures
d. Effective Communication with their colleagues, other professions, suppliers, patients,
clients and the community. The training graduate should be able to write, speak, read,
listen, computer literate, and acquire and use data to convey, critic and share their
technical expertise.
e. Healthcare service of multidisciplinary vocation. Where the pharmacist finds himself
in such an environment he/she should be able to assume leadership and accept to be
lead with compassion and empathy for the societal welfare;
f. Pharmaceutical care provider whose ability is to manage the necessary requisites of
pharmacotherapy and these include human resources, financial, infrastructure, public
health commodities, (pharmaceuticals, vaccines, medical equipment and supplies).
g. The training focus at developing clinical skills necessary to advise on actions uses of
medicines and treatment outcomes.
h. Education and training and gain knowledge, skills and behavioural characteristics to
share with others.
7. 7
i. Lifelong learning with a propensity for continuing education. The profession of
pharmacy practice is a dynamic science requiring lifelong continuous learning. One
should be prepared to invest time in the maintenance and further development of
his/her own knowledge and skills, over and above the pursuit of higher professional
qualification.
3. DEGREE PROGRAMME OBJECTIVES
The objectives of the degree programme are to produce a graduate who will have the
following attributes and skills on entry as a pharmacist:
3.1. Organize and control the manufacturing, compounding and packaging of
pharmaceutical products
The outcome of this objective is to produce a graduate who is able to:
3.1.1 Plan the manufacturing process
3.1.2 Organise the synthesis of or isolation of drugs
3.1.3 Plan and formulate drugs which will have the intended pharmaceutical outcomes
3.1.4 Ensure quality assurance for pharmaceutical products
3.1.5 Prepare extemporaneous preparations
3.1.6 Plan, direct and control pharmaceutical outcomes
3.1.7 Be aware of the cost and pricing of pharmaceutical products for the benefit of the
patient as the focal prime point to the profession
3.2. Pharmaceutical Supply Management
This objective aims to produce a graduate who can:
3.2.1 Organise and control the procurement and receipt of pharmaceutical materials and
products.
3.2.2 Store and inventory control of the stocks
3.2.3 Organize and distribute pharmaceutical materials and products
3.2.4 Lead and participate in team work
3.2.5 Teach colleagues and other health professionals
8. 8
3.3. Dispense and ensure the optimal use of medicines prescribed to the patient
The outcome of this objective is to produce a graduate who is able to:
3.3.1 Read and evaluate a prescription
3.3.2 Communicate effectively with the Prescribers
3.3.3 Obtain patient profile
3.3.4 Interpret the prescription
3.3.5 Verify prescription with patient to ensure the optimum use of the medicines
3.3.6 Implement a care plan
3.3.7 Prepare the prescription
3.3.8 Provide drugs, instructions and advice on the use of the prescribed medicines
3.3.9 Counsel patients to encourage concordance with the recommended therapy
regimes
3.3.10 Maintain records
3.3.11 Monitor the drug therapy
3.3.12 Assist in the training of pharmacist’s assistants, pharmacist’s interns in achieving
the capabilities mentioned above.
3.4. Provide pharmacists initiated care to the patient and ensure the optimum use of
the medicine
The outcome of this objective is to provide a graduate who is able to:
3.4.1 Determine the reason for the request for the service
3.4.2 Provide the requested information
3.4.3 Provide and advise on the appropriate and safe use of products where requested
3.4.4 Elicit patient history
3.4.5 Refer patient to other health care professions where appropriate
3.4.6 Identify patient signs and symptoms
3.4.7 Devise an appropriate care plan in consultation with patient
3.4.8 Implement the plan
3.4.9 Monitor, evaluate and adjust care plan
3.4.10 Assist in training pharmacist’s interns in providing pharmacist initiated care to the
patient and ensuring the optimum use of the medicines
9. 9
3.5. Provide Information and education of health care and medicine
The outcome of this objective is to provide graduate who is able to:
3.5.1 Provide information on request
3.5.2 Initiate and/or participate in the provision of health care education and
information on the public and health care professions
3.5.3 Interpret scientific information to provide basis for rational drug use
3.5.4 Assist in the training of pharmacist interns in the provision of information and
educational health care and medicine.
3.6 Provide and Promote community health and related information and advice.
The outcome of this objective is to provide graduate to be to:
3.6.1 Disseminate drug information to other health care professionals and the public
3.6.2 Provide appropriate drug information to other participants in the manufacturing
industry
3.6.3 Gather and organize data and information pertinent to specific patients under their
care,
3.6.4 Are able to communicate with patients, colleagues and other health professionals,
3.6.5 Communicate with other citizens about health
3.7 Have a board of knowledge, confidence, attitudes and skills to read, listen and
speak in effective manner
The graduate must have the following:
3.7.1 Ability to adequately deal with dissents
3.7.2 Ability to disagree articulately and persuasively regarding patients therapeutic
plans
3.7.3 Ability to collaborate with patients and other health professionals
3.7.4 Ability to advise and seek advice for other pharmacists and health professionals
10. 10
3.8. Participate in research to ensure the optimal use of medicine
The outcome of this objective is to produce a graduate who should be:
3.8.1 Always a learner, have skills to learn from problem solving experiences
3.8.2 Able to use the health related professional and disciplinary literature as a means
of acquiring a continuing flow of new knowledge
3.8.3 To have a desire for scholarly concern for improvement and must recognize the
need to increase their knowledge to advance the profession through systematic,
cumulative research on problems of theory and practice
3.8.4 Able to have the spirit of inquiry, critical analysis and logical thinking
3.8.5 Able to have the spirit of intellectual inquiry and curiosity and motivation for
learning and equip students to learn throughout their professional lives
3.8.6 Able to lead others in problem solving
4. CAPACITY OF SCHOOL OF MEDICINE TO HOST THE PHARMACY
PROGRAM IN THE INTERIM
The mission of the school as from the beginning was to basically train the medical
personnel for the country’s health sector. Hence to host pharmacy training in the
school would be the most appropriate university unit.
Since the initial academic staff for pharmacy is significantly thin, most of the basic
sciences in pharmacy training such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pathology
& Microbiology and chemistry will be taught by the already employed staff from
UNZA units such as anatomy, Physiological Sciences and chemistry from the School
of Natural Sciences.
At the same time, the co-coordinating team of the new unit will embark of developing
the unit to a department status and through the identification and recruitment of other
relevant staff members for the department such as honorary and part-time teaching
staff.
11. 11
5. ENTRY REQUIREMENTS
The course will be open to those with qualifications, which satisfy the general
University of Zambia (UNZA) requirements from either of the two categories:
(a) School Leavers:
From UNZA, Main campus, after One year of study in the School of Natural Sciences or
any equivalent.
(b) School Leavers:
This category will involve those applicants with four (4) ‘A’ levels passes including pure
or combined sciences and mathematics; 5 ‘O’ level good passes or any relevant primary
undergraduate qualifications
(c) Non-School Leavers:
Diploma holders in pharmacy technology shall be eligible for the training programme
after meeting the selection criteria as determined by the University of Zambia.
6. DURATION
The course will be full time of five (5) years duration:
(a) Minimum of one year for pre-pharmacy studies in the School of Natural Sciences
(UNZA) or any equivalents
(b) Four year period in the department of pharmacy
(c) Three year period in the department of pharmacy with diploma in pharmacy entry
qualifications
7. GENERAL AND SPECIFIC REGULATIONS FOR PROGRAMME
These regulations should be read in conjunction with the general regulations for the
University of Zambia.
General Provisions: Candidates are eligible for admission to the program of
pharmacy training with the following:
12. 12
At least 5 ‘O’ level passes including English, Mathematics and sciences either in
combination or pure forms, and 3 ‘A’ level passes with at least ‘C’ including biology,
chemistry or appropriate combinations and mathematics.
Note: Normally, passes in Chemistry and Biology at ‘A’ level is a must and mathematics
and English may not be a pass or not done, but should indicated a good pass at ‘O’ level
for consideration into the pharmacy degree program.
Submission of the Applications:
On the official form obtainable from the academic office, Registrar’s Office
Adherence to the closing date as advertised by the school through the Registrar’s
office
Late applications will be treated in accordance to the general regulations of the
university
Registration
Before admission into the pharmacy program at Ridgeway Campus, the students are
expected to complete their registration formalities with academic office at the Main
Campus
The registration is complete with full conformity with Financial obligations with the
administration.
Admission Regulations to Pharmacy Program
This will follow the general regulations for admission into any of the university
programs
Those that register will be expected to be in attendance in all learning sessions for the
program
Any absence from any prescribed learning session will be expected to be expected to
be explained fully by the affected student
Any abstinence from prescribed learning sessions other than health reason, will be
expected to be granted with prior permission by the Dean through the department of
pharmacy Head.
Registered names for the pharmacy students will not be altered without the approval
of the university senate through the Registrar’s office.
13. 13
The Procession of the program of the five years period:
YEAR S E M E S T E R I S E M E S T E R II
1 FIRST YEAR OF
SCHOOL OF NATURAL
SCIENCES
FIRST YEAR OF SCHOOL OF
NATURAL SCIENCES
2
DDM – PMY 211
SBT – AN 211
SBT – PGY 221
SCD – PMY 221
SCD – PMY 231
DDM - PMY 212
SBT – AN 212
SBT – PGY 222
SCD – PMY 222
SCD – PMY 232
3
DDM – PMY 311
SBT – PMY 321
SBT – PTH 311
SCD – PMY 331
SCD – PMY 341
PHP – PMY 351
DDM – PMY 312
SBT – PMY 322
SBT – PTH 312
SCD – PMY 332
SCD – PMY 342
PHP – PMY 352
4
DDM – PMY 410; DDM – PMY 420; SBT – PMY 430
SCD – PMY 440; SCD – PMY 450;
PHP – PMY 460 (Pharmacy Practice Workshop sessions)
5
DDM – PMY 510; SBT – PMY 520; CPH – PMY 530
PROJECTS – PMY 540 (Final Year Project course)
Key
DDM (Dosage Form Design and Manufacture) – PMY 211 & PMY 212 (Pharmaceutics I & II)
SBT (Scientific Basis of Therapeutics) – AN 211 & AN 212 (Anatomy I & II)
SBT (Scientific Basis of Therapeutics) – PGY 211 & PGY 212 (Physiology I & II)
SCD (Sources and Chemistry of Drugs) – PMY 221 & PMY 222 (Pharm. Chemistry I & II)
SCD (Sources and Chemistry of Drugs) – PMY 231 & PMY 232 (Biochemistry I & II)
DDM (Dosage Form Design and Manufacture) – PMY 311 & PMY 312 (Pharmaceutics III & IV)
SBT (Scientific Basis of Therapeutics) - PMY 321 & PMY 322 (Pharmacology I & II)
SBT (Scientific Basis of Therapeutics) - PTH 211 & PTH 212 (Pathology I & II)
SCD (Sources and Chemistry of Drugs) - PMY 331 & PMY 332 (Pharm. Chemistry III & IV)
SCD (Sources and Chemistry of Drugs) - PMY 341 & PMY 342 (Pharmacognosy I & II)
PHP (Pharmacy Practice) - PMY 351 & PMY 352
DDF (Dosage Design and Formulation) – PMY 410(Pharmaceutics V)
SBT (Dosage Form Design and Manufacture) – PMY 420(Biopharmacy I)
SBT (Scientific Basis of Therapeutics) - PMY 430 (Clinical Pharmacology III)
SCD (Sources and Chemistry of Drugs) - PMY 440 (Medicinal Chemistry I)
SCD (Sources and Chemistry of Drugs) - PMY 450 (Clinical Pharmacognosy III)
PHP (Pharmacy Practice) - PMY 460 (Workshops)
DDF (Dosage Design and Formulation) - PMY 510 (Pharmaceutics VI)
SBT (Scientific Basis of Therapeutics) - PMY 520 (Clinical Pharmacological IV)
CPH (Clinical Pharmacy) - PMY 530 (Clinical Pharmacy I)
Final Year Project – PMY 540 (Final Year Project)
14. 14
Procedure for Determining Candidates’ Results
Initially, there should be a departmental or unit Board of Examiners to agree on all
the departmental results outcome and make recommendations to the School of
Medicine Board of Examiners.
This Board also compiles the list and makes recommendations for the award winners
in each category
The membership of the Departmental Examiners Board includes the Head as the
chairperson, All course coordinators, departmental lecturers (Full or Part-time),
Departmental Tutors (Full or Part-time), Technical Staff (Full or Part-time) and the
Departmental Secretary as the secretary of the meeting
The School of Medicine Board of Examiner follows the departmental Board meeting
to consider the recommendation from the departmental meeting and any other results
that may not have been discussed at the departmental level assessment meetings
Minute the decisions of the School’s Board for the senate’s considerations and
decisions that are final after the vice-chancellor’s ratification process.
Failure to Satisfy the Examination Board(s)
The School of Medicine Board of Examiners is mandated by the university examiners
regulations to make recommendations to the senate for the following decisions to be
undertaken and based on the guidance as given in the appendix II:
- Allowed to write a supplementary examination in the course(s) failed
- Allowed to repeat a semester or year in all the courses that are offered in that
particular semester or year of repeat.
- Excluded from the Program of Pharmacy
- Excluded from the School of Medicine
- Exclude from the university programs of training
16. 16
Dosage Form Design &Manufacturing-Pharmaceutics I
1. PROGRAMME : BPharm
2. COURSE CODE : PMY 211
3. COURSE TITLE : DDM - Pharmaceutics I
4. PRE-REQUESITE COURSE : 1ST
Year of NS, UNZA
5. YEAR : 2
6. SEMESTER : I
7. PRESENTED TO : University of Zambia Senate
8. PRESENTED BY : Pharmacy Unit
9. NUMBER OF LECTURING HRS : 60
10. NO. OF LAB. PRACTICAL HRS : 10
11. NUMBER OF TUTORIAL HRS : 24
12. METHOD OF ASSESSMENT:
Continuous Assessment: 40%
Submission of 2 - 3 written assignments, 2 - 3 tests and minimum of 5 completed
practical sessions on selected and demonstrable practical topics
Final Examination: 60%
Paper I - Multiple choices and short answer type of questions
Paper II - Long essay type of questions
13. AIM OF THE STUDY COURSE:
To provide Introductory and the basic foundation in the study Dosage Form Design
and Manufacture
14. COURSE OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the course the student should be able to:
Describe the evolution and development of pharmacy
Carry out pharmaceutical calculations
Describe the laws of thermodynamics and their application in pharmacy
Explain the physical properties of matter and relate them to drug preparations
Describe physicochemical processes of pharmaceutical significance
Undertake some simple and common unit process according to pharmaceutical
procedures
17. 17
Explain the rheological characteristics and applications of pharmaceutical
systems.
15. COURSE CONTENTS:
Introduction to foundations of physical pharmacy
General Introduction to Pharmaceutical process
Computing and pharmaceutical numeracy
Thermodynamics of Pharmaceutical systems
Physical properties of matter
Surface chemistry Properties
Chemical equilibrium
Electro-chemistry applications in pharmaceutical processes
Pharmaceutical formulation unit processes
- Review of the range of processes, factors affecting, physicochemical properties,
methods and equipments used, characteristics and applications of the following
processes:
Heat transfer
Evaporation
Drying
Mixing
Communition
Filtration
Extraction
Crystallization
Distillation
Sublimation
Flocculation
Precipitation
Sedimentation
Absorption / adsorption
Lyophilization
18. 18
Rheology
Flow of liquids
Newtonian fluids
Boundary layer laminar and turbulent flow
Non-Newtonian behaviours of plastic and pseudo plastic bodies
Dilantancy
Instrumentation, measurements and values
Application of Rheology in pharmacy
Pharmaceutics I Practical Topics
Demonstrating different types of Heat transfer processes
Demonstrating Evaporation Process
The Process of Drying
Factors affecting Mixing Process
Communition as particle sizing method
Demonstration of Filtration process
Extraction as a separation process
Crystallization
Steam Distillation
Sublimation
Flocculation
Factorial elucidation of Precipitation
SedimentationProcess
Operations of Rheometer:
16. PRESCRIBED TEXT BOOKS
Pharmaceutical Practice; 2nd
ed., 1998, A.J. Winfield, R.M.E. Richards, Churchill Livingstone
Physical Pharmacy, 4th
edition, Martin, Alfred
Physicochemical Principles of Pharmacy; 3rd
Ed. 2004, D. Attwood and A. T.
Florence, Churchill Livingstone
Pharmaceutical Sciences of Dosage Form Design, 2nd
edition, 2001, Aulton M.
Ansell’s Pharmaceutical Dosage forms and Drug Delivery Systems, 8th
edition, 2004,
Allen Lloyd
19. 19
17. RECOMMENDED TEXT BOOKS
Pharmaceutical Handbook; 10th
Ed., 1985, British Pharmaceutical Press
British Pharmaceutical Codex; 11th
Ed., 1979, The Pharmaceutical Press, London
British Pharmacopoeia; 1990, University Press, Cambridge
Pharmaceutical Calculations, 4th
edition, Zatz, Joel
International Pharmacopoeia; 1992, University Press, Cambridge
Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st
Ed., 1997, The Pharmaceutical Press,
London
20. 20
Sources & Chemistry of Drugs – Pharmaceutical Chemistry I
1. PROGRAMME : BPharm
2. COURSE CODE : PMY 221
3. COURSE TITLE : SCD - Pharmaceutical chemistry I
4. PRE-REQUESITE COURSE : 1ST
Year of NS, UNZA
5. YEAR : 2
6. SEMESTER : I
7. PRESENTED TO : University of Zambia Senate
8. PRESENTED BY : Pharmacy Unit
9. NUMBER OF LECTURING HRS : 60
10. NO. OF LAB. PRACTICAL HRS : 10
11. NUMBER OF TUTORIAL HRS : 24
12. METHOD OF ASSESSMENT:
Continuous Assessment: 40%
Submission of 2 - 3 written assignments, 2 - 3 tests and minimum of 5 completed
practical sessions on selected and demonstrable practical topics
Final Examination: 60%
Paper I - Multiple choices and short answer type of questions
Paper II - Long essay type of questions
13. AIM OF THE STUDY COURSE:
To provide a sound foundation in the fundamentals of physical and inorganic
chemistry suitable for the study of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Sciences in general.
14. COURSE OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the course the student should be able to:
Describe the principles and applications of chemical thermodynamics, reaction
kinetics, electrolyte conductance, laws of electrolysis and the concept of
photochemistry.
Interpret the periodic table and atomic structure (including the transition
elements) and apply the principles to other pharmaceutical systems
Carry out qualitative and quantitative chemical analysis in inorganic compounds
21. 21
15. COURSE CONTENTS:
Introduction to chemical thermodynamic
Laws of thermodynamics
Thermochemistry
The calculation of enthalpies and equilibrium of chemical reactions
Applications of Thermodynamics
Theory of chemical analysis
Laws of mass action and activity concept
Solubility
Theory of precipitation
Theories of acids and bases: Dissociation constants – pH;
Hydrolysis of salts, pH-titration curves, Indicators use of indicators, choice for
titrations;
Redox titrations
Precipitation titrations
Introduction to Reaction Kinetics
Rate, Order and Molecularity of reaction
Factors influencing reaction rates
Acid-base catalysis
Decomposition of compounds
Accelerated stability analysis
Kinetics of enzyme catalyzed reactions
Heterogeneous equilibrium
Phase rule in chemical reactions
Electrochemistry
Mechanism of electrolyte conductance and its measurement
Laws of electrolysis
Specific conductance – molar, ionic and equipment conductance
Variation of conductance with concentration, Arrhenius, Debye, Hückel
Electrodes and all potentials
Reversible electrodes and cells
22. 22
Electrometric determination of pH
Volumetric Analytical Procedures
Electrophoresis
Electrodialysis
X-rays analysis
Radiochemical techniques
Phytochemistry
General introduction of phytochemistry
Fundamentals of phytochemical process
Chemical structures of phytochemical agents
Chemical classification of phytochemical agents
Chemical separation and analysis of phytochemical agents
Light absorption
Photochemical reactions
Primary and secondary reactions
Photosensitization and photo catalysis
Photochemical equilibrium
Luminescence and fluorescence
Photolysis of medical compounds and photostabilisation
High energy reactions
Atomic structures, properties and pharmaceutical applications of chemical
agents / elements
Occurrence, properties, preparations and applications of official inorganic
substances
The periodic table of the elements as deduced from consideration of the atomic
radius
Electronegative ionization and standard electrode potential;
The chemistry of S-block elements of the periodic table (Alkali metals, Alkaline
earths, and hydrogen);
Transition elements;
The nature and general properties of co-ordination;
Valence- bond treatments of structures;
Influence of unfilled d-orbitals on properties (quantitative)
Pharmaceutical and pharmacological actions of inorganic ions
Pharmaceutical and pharmacological actions of non-essential ions
Pharmaceutical and pharmacological actions of essential trace elements
23. 23
Concept of limit testing
Titrimetric and quantitative analysis
The preparation and properties of inorganic materials used in medicine;
Analysis and synthesis
Inhalants, respiratory stimulants, antidotes, antioxidants, dental products
Pharmaceutical topic agents
Pharmaceutical Chemistry Practical Topics
Inorganic Preparations
Qualitative and Quantitative Estimations / Analysis / Titrations
Chemical Kinetics
Gravimetric analysis
Refractometric analysis
Polarimetry
Conductometry
16. PRESCRIBED TEXT BOOKS
Spectrometric Identification of Organic Compounds, 5th
Ed., 1998, Silverstein, R.
M., Clayton G. Bassler, Terence C. Morrill, John Wiley and Sons Inc.
Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Part Two, 4th
Ed. 1994, Beckett A. H. and
Stenlake J. B The Athlone Press of the University of London.
17. RECOMMENDED TEXT BOOKS
Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy, 3rd
ed. 1983, Banwell, C. N. McGraw-Hill
Book Comp. UK Ltd.
Modern Methods: Pharmaceutical Analysis; 4th
1990, Munson J. W, Marcel Dekker,
New York
Medicinal Chemistry; 2nd
ed. 1992, A. Ganellin and C. Roberts, Academic Press
24. 24
Sources & Chemistry of Drugs – Biochemistry I
1. PROGRAMME : BPharm
2. COURSE CODE : PMY 231
3. COURSE TITLE : SCD - Biochemistry I
4. PRE-REQUESITE COURSE : 1ST
Year of NS, UNZA
5. YEAR : 2
6. SEMESTER : 1
7. PRESENTED TO : University of Zambia Senate
8. PRESENTED BY : Pharmacy Unit
9. NUMBER OF LECTURING HRS : 60
10. NO. OF LAB. PRACTICAL HRS : 10
11. NUMBER OF TUTORIAL HRS : 24
12. METHOD OF ASSESSMENT:
Continuous Assessment: 40%
Submission of 2 - 3 written assignments, 2 - 3 tests and minimum of 5 completed
practical sessions on selected and demonstrable practical topics
Final Examination: 60%
Paper I - Multiple choices and short answer type of questions
Paper II - Long essay type of questions
13. AIM OF THE STUDY COURSE:
To enable the students to have a basic understanding of the structures and functions of
biomolecules and explain the catalytic action of enzymes.
14. COURSE OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the course the student should be able to:
Describe the structure of the main groups of simple biomolecules of
carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids
Explain the catalytic action, enzyme kinetics and the clinical importance of
enzymes
Use some basic biochemical techniques including electrophoresis,
Chromatography and Colorimetry.
25. 25
15. COURSE CONTENTS:
Cells
Molecular composition, properties and functions
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Water
Structure and physical properties
Hydrogen bonding
Henderson Hasselbalch equation
Buffers
Amino acids
Structure and classification
Chemical reactions
Peptide bond formation
Proteins
Levels of structure
Methods of separation and purification
Heamoglobin – structure and formation
Myoglobin – structure
Heamoglobinopathics
Heamo metabolism
Collagen and elastin
Enzymes
General properties
Classification
Coenzymes
Km and Vmax
Enzymes of clinical importance
Isoenzymes
26. 26
Purines and pyrimidines
Nucleosides
Nucleotides
Nucleic acid – RNA and DNA
Lipids
Chemistry of fatty acids, Triglycerides, cholesterol phospholipids
Membrane lipids – cholesterol, phospholipids
Carbohydrates
Chemistry
General reactions
Homo and hetero polysaccharides
Biochemistry Practical Topics
Chemical Reactions involving water
Buffering Effect of selected reaction processes
Chemical Reactions of the triglycerides
Chemical reactions of carbohydrates
Kinetics of a chemical reaction
16. PRESCRIBED TEXT BOOKS
Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations Thomas M Devlin 6th
edition 2006.
Clinical Chemistry Theory, Analysis, Correlation Laurence A Kaplan Amadeo
J Pesce Steven C Kazmierczak 4 th edition , 2003
Clinical Medicine and Metabolic Medicine Martin A. Crook 7th edition, 2006.
Textbook of Medical Biochemistry MN Chaherjea and Rana Shinde, 7th edition
, 2007
Lippincott’s Reviews of Biochemistry 8th
edition by Champe PC, Harvey RA,
Ferrier DR, Lippincott 3
27. 27
William & Wilkins London, 2005Principles of Biochemistry; 6th
Ed., 1990, A.L.
Lechninger, D.I. Nelson Worth Publishers, New York.
17. RECOMMENDED TEXT BOOKS
Harpers Review of biochemistry; 1991, D. W. Martin, P.A. Hayes and V.M.
Rodwell, Lange Medical Publications, California.
Biochemistry; 3rd
ed. 2000, Lupert Stryer, W. H. Freeman and Co.,
San Francisco
28. 28
Scientific Basis of Therapeutics – Human Anatomy I
1. PROGRAMME : BPharm
2. COURSE CODE : AN 211
3. COURSE TITLE : Human Anatomy I
4. PRE-REQUESITE COURSE : 1ST
Year of NS, UNZA
5. YEAR : 2
6. SEMESTER : 1
7. PRESENTED TO : University of Zambia Senate
8. PRESENTED BY : Pharmacy Unit
9. NUMBER OF LECTURING HRS : 60
10. NO. OF LAB. PRACTICAL HRS : 10
11. NUMBER OF TUTORIAL HRS : 24
12. METHOD OF ASSESSMENT:
Continuous Assessment: 40%
Submission of 2 - 3 written assignments, 2 - 3 tests and minimum of 5 completed
practical sessions on selected and demonstrable practical topics
Final Examination: 60%
Paper I - Multiple choices and short answer type of questions
Paper II - Long essay type of questions
13. AIMS OF THE STUDY COURSE:
To impart knowledge on gross, microscopic and developmental anatomy of the
human body and correlate this with the relationships of the various structures and
their functional and applied aspects.
To equip the students with knowledge of relevant radiological and clinical
anatomy.
29. 29
14. COURSE OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the course the student should be able to:
Demonstrate by inspection and palpation on the living body the position and
relationships of all major structures and bony prominences.
Identify on the cadaver all main gross anatomical structures in the regions studied
and relate them to their histology and embryology.
Identify on the skeleton, cadaver or models, the bones and major muscles nerves
blood vessels and lymph nodes groups and relate them to their function in the
living body.
Interpret anatomical appearances in radiographs of the regions studied.
Analyse locomotors functions of the body and explain their anatomical basis.
Describe in simple terms the effect of injury or dysfunction of the above
structures.
15. COURSE CONTENTS:
NOMENCLATURE
General anatomical terms for body parts
Anatomical planes
Terms for movements
Terms for positions
CYTOLOGY
Structure of the cell
Cell division – mitosis, meiosis
EMBRYOLOGY
Muscular system
Skeletal system
Nervous system
31. 31
Muscles
Neurovascular supply (including lumbar and sacral plexuses)
Joints
Radiographic anatomy
AXIAL SKELTON
Skull
Cervical vertebra
Thoracic vertebra
Lumbar vertebra
Sacrum
Coccyx
Erector spinae muscles
Anatomy I Practical Topics
Microscopic observation of human cell slides
Identification measurements of some selected human bones
16. PRESCRIBED TEXT BOOKS
Anatomy, Palpation and Surface markings. Field D 1997). Butterworth
Heinemann.
Surface Anatomy. The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Examination Lumley JSP
(1996). 2nd Ed. Churchill Livingstone, London.
Clinical Anatomy for Medical Students. Snell RS (1995). 5th
Ed. Little Brown
Boston.
17. RECOMMENDED TEXT BOOKS
Colour Textbook of Histology. Garter PL, Haitt LJ (1997). WB Saunders
Functional Anatomy of the Lower Limbs and Back. Jenkins DB (1991). W B
Saunders Company.
Before We Were Born, Essentials of Embryology and Birth Defects. Moore
KL, Persaud TVN (1998). 5th
Ed. WB Saunders
Pocket Atlas of Anatomy. Pauchet V & Dupret S (1983) Oxford University
Press, New York.
Imaging Atlas of Human Anatomy. Weir J, Abrahams PH (1997). 2nd
Ed.
32. 32
Gray’s Anatomy. Williams PL, Rodgers W, Dyson M, Reader LHB, Berry MM,
Collins P, Dussek JE, Reader MD, Ellis H, Gabella G, Salmons S, Soames R,
Standring SM, Ferguson MWJ (1995). Churchill Livingstone.
33. 33
Scientific Basis of Therapeutics – Human Physiology I
1. PROGRAMME : BPharm
2. COURSE CODE : PGY 221
3. COURSE TITLE : Human Physiology I
4. PRE-REQUESITE COURSE : 1ST
Year of NS, UNZA
5. YEAR : 2
6. SEMESTER : 1
7. PRESENTED TO : University of Zambia Senate
8. PRESENTED BY : Pharmacy Unit
9. NUMBER OF LECTURING HRS : 60
10. NO. OF LAB. PRACTICAL HRS : 10
11. NUMBER OF TUTORIAL HRS : 24
12. METHOD OF ASSESSMENT:
Continuous Assessment: 40%
Submission of 2 - 3 written assignments, 2 - 3 tests and minimum of 5 completed
practical sessions on selected and demonstrable practical topics
Final Examination: 60%
Paper I - Multiple choices and short answer type of questions
Paper II - Long essay type of questions
13. AIMS OF THE STUDY COURSE:
To enable the students have an understanding of the basic physiological
processes.
To have the basis to understand the pathophysiology as compared to normal
physiology
14. COURSE OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the course the student should be able to:
Describe the important aspects of cellular physiology
Outline the various parts of the nerve, function and transmission at synapses.
Describe the overall functions of the gastro-intestinal system.
Outline the functions of the blood cells.
Describe the layout of the cardiovascular system and the various factors affecting
the system.
34. 34
15. COURSE CONTENTS:
BODY FLUID COMPARTMENTS
Regulation of body fluids
CELL MEMBRANE PHYSIOLOGY
The cell and its function
Physical structure of the cell.
Genetic control of the cell functions and cell reproduction.
Transport across cell membrane
Membrane potentials
Action potentials
Propagation of the action potentials
Excitation – the process of eliciting the action potential
SYNAPTIC AND JUNCTIONAL TRANSMISSION
Synaptic transmission
Chemical transmission
Neuromuscular transmission
PHSIOLOGY OF THE NERVE
Nerve cells.
Excitation and conduction, ionic basis for:
Excitation and conduction
Nerve fiber types and their function
PHYSIOLOGY OF THE MUSCLE
Skeletal and smooth muscles
Contractile responses
Excitation – contraction coupling
Mechanisms of muscle fatigue
Relation between muscle strength, fibre type and muscle length.
35. 35
GASTRO-INTESTINAL TRACT
Function of the gastrointestinal tract innervations of the Gastrointestinal tract
GIT smooth tract
Motility of the GIT
Secretion of the GIT
Digestion and absorption
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Blood and its functions
Blood groups
Blood coagulation
Cardiac cycle
Cardiac output and its control
Blood flow and circulation and circulation to various regions
Integrated responses of the cardiovascular system
Posture
Exercise
Cardiovascular regulatory mechanism
Physiology I Practical Topics
The use of dissecting instruments on lower primates
Dissecting a lower and high primates e.g. mouse and rabbit
Chemical enervations on both smooth and striated muscles from the frog and
the mouse
16. PRESCRIBED TEXT BOOKS
Review of Medical Physiology, Ganong WG (1996). 19th
Ed. Lange Medical
Publications, California.
Textbook of Medical Physiology Guyton AC, Hall JE (2000) 10th
Ed. WB
Saunders Co. Philadelphia
36. 36
17. RECOMMENDED TEXT BOOKS
Physiology Berne RA, Koeppen BM, Levy MN, Staton BA (1998). 4th
Ed.
Mosby, St Louis
Principles of Physiology. Berne RM, Levy MN (2000). 3rd
Ed. Mosby, St Louis.
An Introduction to Human Physiology. Green JH (1990) Medical Publications,
Oxford.
Illustrated Physiology. Mackenna BR, Collander R (1990). Churchill
Livingstone
Principles of Physiology. A Scientific Basis of Physical Therapy. Bovell D,
Nimme M
(1995). WB Saunders, Glasgow.
38. 38
Dosage Form Design &Manufacturing-Pharmaceutics II
1. PROGRAMME : BPharm
2. COURSE CODE : PMY 212
3. COURSE TITLE : DDM - Pharmaceutics II
4. PRE-REQUESITE COURSE : Pharmaceutics I
5. YEAR : 2
6. SEMESTER : II
7. PRESENTED TO : University of Zambia Senate
8. PRESENTED BY : Pharmacy Unit
9. NUMBER OF LECTURING HRS : 60
10. NO. OF LAB. PRACTICAL HRS : 10
11. NUMBER OF TUTORIAL HRS : 24
12. METHOD OF ASSESSMENT:
Continuous Assessment: 40%
Submission of 2 - 3 written assignments, 2 - 3 tests and minimum of 5 completed
practical sessions on selected and demonstrable practical topics
Final Examination: 60%
Paper I - Multiple choices and short answer type of questions
Paper II - Long essay type of questions
13. AIM OF THE STUDY COURSE:
To lay a strong base in the further understanding of solution behaviour in drug
formulation
14. COURSE OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the course the student should be able to:
Describe the effect of hydration and solutions on drugs
Describe colligative properties of solutions
Describe drug ionization processes
Describe factors influencing solubility of drugs in liquids
39. 39
15. COURSE CONTENTS:
Solution
Solubility control
pH profiles
common ion effects
pKa determinations
temperature effects
partition coefficient
dissolution process
Ideal and non-ideal solutions
Saturation curves
Colligative properties
Vapour pressure lowering
Elevation of boiling point
Freezing point depression
Osmotic pressure
Solubility of drugs in liquids
Expression for solubility
Factors affecting drug solubility
Solubility parameters on pharmaceutical and biological processes
Drug solubility on pharmaceutical and biological activity
Pharmaceutics II Practical Topics
Laboratory procedures in the preparations of solutions, suspensions,
mixtures, emulsions
Volumetric assays of solutions
Determination of colligative characteristics of selected substance
Demonstration to determine the solubility of selected substances
Quantification methods for quality assessment
40. 40
16. PRESCRIBED TEXT BOOKS
Pharmaceutical Practice; 2nd
ed., 1998, A.J. Winfield, R.M.E. Richards,
Churchill Livingstone
Physicochemical Principles of Pharmacy; 3rd
Ed. 1998, D. Attwood and A. T.
Florence, Churchill Livingstone
17. RECOMMENDED TEXT BOOKS
Pharmaceutical Handbook; 10th
Ed., 1998, British Pharmaceutical Press
British Pharmaceutical Codex; 14th
Ed., 1999, The Pharmaceutical Press,
London
British Pharmacopoeia; 1990, University Press, Cambridge
International Pharmacopoeia; 1992, University Press, Cambridge
Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st
Ed., 1997, The Pharmaceutical
Press, London
Pharmaceutics: The science of dosage design; 1998, M. Aulton, Churchill
Livingstone
41. 41
Sources & Chemistry of Drugs – Pharmaceutical Chemistry II
1. PROGRAMME : BPharm
2. COURSE CODE : PMY 222
3. COURSE TITLE : SCD - Pharmaceutical chemistry II
4. PRE-REQUESITE COURSE : Pharmaceutical chemistry I
5. YEAR : 2
6. SEMESTER : II
7. PRESENTED TO : University of Zambia Senate
8. PRESENTED BY : Pharmacy Unit
9. NUMBER OF LECTURING HRS : 60
10. NO. OF LAB. PRACTICAL HRS : 10
11. NUMBER OF TUTORIAL HRS : 24
12. METHOD OF ASSESSMENT:
Continuous Assessment: 40%
Submission of 2 - 3 written assignments, 2 - 3 tests and minimum of 5 completed
practical sessions on selected and demonstrable practical topics
Final Examination: 60%
Paper I - Multiple choices and short answer type of questions
Paper II - Long essay type of questions
13. AIM OF THE STUDY COURSE:
To introduce to the students the principles of analysis and laboratory procedures
necessary to determine and quality of medicine and other products in pharmaceutical
procedures.
14. COURSE OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the course the student should be able to:
Illustrate the importance of quality concepts such as accurate, precision
Describe various physical methods of analysis using emission and absorption
electromagnetic radiation.
Describe the application of physical methods of measurement using emission and
absorption of electromagnetic radiation.
Explain the use of other analytical methods in pharmacy
42. 42
Obtain and interpret analytical assay data to the approved standards in the country
15. COURSE CONTENTS:
Principles of Pharmaceutical Analysis
Theory of analytical process
Overview of Analytical methods in pharmacy
General nature of electromagnetic radiation
Nomenclature
The absorption of energy by molecules
Light sources
Monochrometers, monochromatic radiation, measurement, detectors
Filters
Spectrophotometry methods
Single
Double
Infra-red (IR) spectrometry
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectrometry
Mass Spectrometry
Atomic absorption and Emission Spectrometry
Flame Photometry
Fluorometry
Absorption spectroscopy
Lambert’s law
Beer’s law
Beer-Lambert law and its application
Factors influencing intensity and position of UV spectrometry
Visible Spectrophotometry
Practical application
43. 43
Thermal methods of analysis
Flame photometry
Atomic absorption (AA) Spectrophotometry
An introduction to inductively coupled plasma (ICP) AA
Spectrofluometry: fluoresce, Spectrofluorimetry
Infrared Spectrophotometry
Practical application
Chromatographic methods
Thin layer
Gas liquid
High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrophotometer (GC-MS)
Other Available Methods
Potentiometry
Polarography
Radiochemical techniques
Pharmaceutical Chemistry II Practical Topics
Raw materials identification
Titrimetric versus spectrometric analytical procedures of Ferrous Sulphate
Chromatographic separation methods
Other analytical methods
16. PRESCRIBED TEXT BOOKS
Spectrometric Identification of Organic Compounds, 5th
Ed., 1998,
Silverstein, R. M., Clayton G. Bassler, Terence C. Morrill, John Wiley and
Sons Inc.
Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Part Two, 4th
Ed. 1994, Beckett A. H.
and Stenlake J. B. The Athlone Press of the University of London.
44. 44
17. RECOMMENDED TEXT BOOKS
Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy, 3rd
ed. 1993, Banwell, C. N. McGraw-
Hill Book Comp. UK Ltd.
Modern Methods: Pharmaceutical Analysis; 4th
1990, Munson J. W, Marcel
Dekker, New York
Medicinal Chemistry; 2nd
ed. 1992, A. Ganellin and C. Roberts, Academic Press
45. 45
Sources & Chemistry of Drugs – Biochemistry II
1. PROGRAMME : BPharm
2. COURSE CODE : PMY 232
3. COURSE TITLE : SCD - Biochemistry II
4. PRE-REQUESITE COURSE : Biochemistry I
5. YEAR : 2
6. SEMESTER : II
7. PRESENTED TO : University of Zambia Senate
8. PRESENTED BY : Pharmacy Unit
9. NUMBER OF LECTURING HRS : 60
10. NO. OF LAB. PRACTICAL HRS : 10
11. NUMBER OF TUTORIAL HRS : 24
12. METHOD OF ASSESSMENT:
Continuous Assessment: 40%
Submission of 2 - 3 written assignments, 2 - 3 tests and minimum of 5 completed
practical sessions on selected and demonstrable practical topics
Final Examination: 60%
Paper I - Multiple choices and short answer type of questions
Paper II - Long essay type of questions
13. AIM OF THE STUDY COURSE:
To enable students to have basic understanding of metabolism of biomolecules with
particular emphasis on energy metabolism in human tissues.
14. COURSE OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the course the student should be able to:
Describe various pathways of energy metabolism
Explain the link of energy metabolism with other synthetic pathways of the cell
Describe the basic metabolism of nitrogenous compounds including nucleic acid
and protein synthesis.
Recognize the role of human nutrition
Use some basic biochemical techniques including some clinical tests
Describe the principles related to the commercial production of natural plants
Describe the phytochemistry of plants of medicinal value
46. 46
15. COURSE CONTENTS:
Bio-energetic
Principles
Standard and free energy
High energy compounds
Electron transport chain and oxidative, phosphorylation
Metabolic processes of the body
Carbohydrate metabolism
Lipid metabolism
Protein and amino acid metabolism
Nucleotide metabolism
Nucleic acid metabolism
Blood
Composition
Plasma protein and their separation
Lipoproteins
Immunoglobins
Human nutrition
Nutritional requirements
Protein energy malnutrition
Major and trace elements
Water soluble and fat soluble vitamins
Hormones
Peptide hormones and their mode of action
Steroid hormones and their mode of action
47. 47
Biochemistry II Practical Topics
Elucidation of metabolic pathways of the body cells
Identification and quantitative determination of trace elements
Confirm the varying solubility of vitamins
16. PRESCRIBED TEXT BOOKS
Organic Chemistry, 3rd
Ed. 1996, Morrison, R. T. and Boyd R.N. Academic
Press, London
Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry, 3rd
Ed. 1992, Fessenden and Fessenden,
Academic Press
Trease and Evans’ Pharmacognosy: 14th
Edition, 1996, W.C. Evans, Bailliere
Tindall, London
17. RECOMMENDED TEXT BOOKS
A guide to Mechanism in organic chemistry, 7th
Ed. 1995, Peter Sykes,
Longman.
Harpers Review of Biochemistry: 1991, D. W. Martin, P. A. Hayes and V. M.
Rodwell. Lange Medical Publications, California.
Principles of Biochemistry: 1990, A. L. Lechninger, D.I. Nelson Worth
Publishers, New York.
48. 48
Scientific Basis of Therapeutics – Human Anatomy II
1. PROGRAMME : BPharm
2. COURSE CODE : AN 212
3. COURSE TITLE : Human Anatomy II
4. PRE-REQUESITE COURSE : Human Anatomy I
5. YEAR : 2
6. SEMESTER : II
7. PRESENTED TO : University of Zambia Senate
8. PRESENTED BY : Pharmacy Unit
9. NUMBER OF LECTURING HRS : 60
10. NO. OF LAB. PRACTICAL HRS : 10
11. NUMBER OF TUTORIAL HRS : 24
12. METHOD OF ASSESSMENT:
Continuous Assessment: 40%
Submission of 2 - 3 written assignments, 2 - 3 tests and minimum of 5 completed
practical sessions on selected and demonstrable practical topics
Final Examination: 60%
Paper I - Multiple choices and short answer type of questions
Paper II - Long essay type of questions
13. AIM OF THE STUDY COURSE:
To impart knowledge of the different systems of the body in relation to their function.
14. COURSE OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the course the student should be able to:
Describe the gross, microscopic and developmental anatomy of the systems
studied.
Discuss the relationship of the structure to function.
Interpret the radiological images of these systems.
Discuss the clinical anatomical basis of the examination of these systems.
Describe the relevant anatomy of the disordered structure and function of these
systems.
49. 49
15. COURSE CONTENTS:
HEAD AND NECK AND NEUROANATOMY
Osteology
Skull
Muscles
Oral cavity
Nose, pharynx, larynx
Neuromuscular supply
Joints
Surface anatomy
CNS
Brain (functional lobes, blood supply)
Internal structures of hemispheres
Basal nuclei
Cerebellum
Spinal cord (structure, blood supply)
Main ascending and descending tracts
Ventricular system
Applied anatomy
PNS
Spinal nerves (formation and distribution)
Cranial nerves
ANS
Sympathetic system
Parasympathetic system
THORACIC CAGE AND RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Osteology
Ribs and costal cartilage
Sternum
Surface anatomy
Muscles
Neuro-vascular supply
Joints
50. 50
Trachea, bronchi, lungs
Anterior and posterior mediastinum
Pleura and pleural cavity
Neuromuscular supply
Lymphatic drainage
Development
Histology
Radiographic anatomy
Applied anatomy
SUPERIOR AND MIDDLE MEDIASTINUM AND CARDIO-VASCULAR
SYSTEM
Heart, great vessels
Main vessels
Development
Histology (of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins)
Applied anatomy
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
Thymus, Lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils GALT, MALT
Development
Histology
Applied anatomy
ANTERIOR ABDOMINAL WALL AND DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Muscles of the anterior abdominal wall
Muscles of the posterior abdominal wall (and diaphragm)
Neurovascular supply
Inguinal hernia
Stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, colon, rectum, anal canal
Salivary glands, liver and biliary system, pancreas
Neurovascular supply
Lymphatic drainage
Development
Histology
Radiographic anatomy
Applied anatomy
51. 51
POSTERIOR ABDOMINAL WALL AND URINARY SYSTEM
Muscles of the posterior abdominal wall (and diaphragm)
Kidney, ureter, bladder, urethra
Neurovascular supply
Lymphatic drainage
Development
Histology
Radiographic anatomy
Applied anatomy
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Pituitary, adrenal, thyroid, parathyroid, endocrine, Pancreas (islets of Langerhans)
Neurovascular supply
Lymphatic drainage
Development
Histology
Applied anatomy
GENITAL SYSTEM
Male – testes, epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory ducts, prostrate,
bulbourethral glands, penis
Female- ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, external genitalia, muscles of the
pelvic floor
Neurovascular supply
Lymphatic drainage
Development
Histology
Radiographic anatomy
Applied anatomy
Human Anatomy II Practical Topics
Microscopic observation of human cell slides
Identification measurements of some selected human bones
52. 52
16. PRESCRIBED TEXT BOOKS
Anatomy, Palpation and Surface markings. Field D 1997). Butterworth
Heinemann.
Surface Anatomy. The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Examination. Lumley
JSP (1990). Churchill Livingstone.
Clinical Anatomy for Medical Students. Snell RS (1995). 5th
Ed. Little Brown,
Boston.
17. RECOMMENDED TEXT BOOKS
Moore KL (1992). Clinically Oriented Anatomy. Garter Pl, Hiatt LJ (1997). 3rd
Ed. William, s and Wilkins, Baltimore.
Before We Were Born; Essentials of Embryology and Birth defects. Moore
KL, Persaud TVN (1998). 5th
Ed. WB Saunders.
Pocket Atlas of Anatomy. Pauchet V & Dupret S (1983). Oxford University
Press, New York.
Imaging Atlas of Human Anatomy. Weir J, Abrahams PH (1997). 2nd Ed.
Churchill Livingstone.
53. 53
Scientific Basis of Therapeutics – Human Physiology II
1. PROGRAMME : BPharm
2. COURSE CODE : PGY 222
3. COURSE TITLE : Human Physiology II
4. PRE-REQUESITE COURSE : Human Physiology I
5. YEAR : 2
6. SEMESTER : II
7. PRESENTED TO : University of Zambia Senate
8. PRESENTED BY : Pharmacy Unit
9. NUMBER OF LECTURING HRS : 60
10. NO. OF LAB. PRACTICAL HRS : 10
11. NUMBER OF TUTORIAL HRS : 24
12. METHOD OF ASSESSMENT:
Continuous Assessment: 40%
Submission of 2 - 3 written assignments, 2 - 3 tests and minimum of 5 completed
practical sessions on selected and demonstrable practical topics
Final Examination: 60%
Paper I - Multiple choices and short answer type of questions
Paper II - Long essay type of questions
13. AIM OF THE STUDY COURSE:
To equip the student with the knowledge of the normal systemic physiology and be
able them to describe the patho-physiology aspects.
14. COURSE OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the course the student should be able to:
Describe the respiratory system and the factors involved in its regulation
Outline the functions of the kidney
Outline the steps involved in the biosynthesis of hormones and describe the
physiological actions on the body
Describe the organization of the CNS
Outline the neural connections and the pathways of various sensations
Describe how posture and movement are regulated
Describe the autonomic nervous system
54. 54
15. COURSE CONTENTS:
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Gas transport between the lungs and the tissues
Regulation of respiration
Respiratory adjustment in health and disease
Effects of exercise
Hypoxia
Oxygen treatment
Hypo and hypercapmia
THE RENAL SYSTEM
Nephron function
Renal blood flow and pressures
Formation of urine
Glomerular filtration
Control of glomerular filtration role and renal blood flow.
PHYSIOLOGY OF EXERCISE
Muscles in exercise
Blood flow to tissues at rest and during exercise
Muscle metabolic systems in exercise
Nutrients used during muscle activity
Respiratory system in exercise
The cardiovascular system in exercise
Body heat in exercise
Body fluids and salt
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF ENDOCRINE PHYSIOLOGY
Hormone synthesis, storage and secretion
Regulation and hormone action
The hypothalamus and pituitary gland
Effects and functions of hormones
Pituitary gland
55. 55
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid gland
Pancreas
Adrenal cortex and medulla
REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTION
Sexual differentiation
Synthesis of sex hormones
Regulation of gonadal steroid hormone
Age-related changes in reproduction
MALE REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTION
Male hormones and their actions
Spermatogenesis and its regulation
Male puberty
FEMALE REPRODUCTION
Ovarian hormones and their actions
Oogenesis
Menstrual cycle, hormonal patterns
Female puberty
Menopause
Pregnancy-placental function
Maternal-fetal metabolism
Parturition changes at birth
Lactation
Contraception.
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
General design of the NS
Major levels of central nervous system function
Somatic sensations
Motor systems
Motor functions of the spinal cord and muscle receptors
Reflex activity and proprioception
Protective reflexes
56. 56
Postural reflexes
Conditional reflexes
Cortical and brain stem control of motor function
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
Sympathetic nervous system
Parasympathetic nervous system
Interplay of both systems
Visceral reflexes.
Human Physiology II Practical Topics
The use of dissecting instruments on lower primates
Dissecting a lower and high primates e.g. mouse and rabbit
Chemical enervations on both smooth and striated muscles from the frog and
the mouse
16. PRESCRIBED TEXT BOOKS
An Introduction to Human Physiology. Green JH (1990). Medical Publications,
Oxford.
Illustrated Physiology. Mackenna BR, Collander R (1990). Churchill
Livingstone
17. RECOMMENDED TEXT BOOKS
Principles of Physiology. Berne RM, Levy MN (2000). 3rd
Ed. Mosby, St Louis.
Physiology Berne RA, Koeppen BM, Levy MN, Staton BA (1998). 4th
Ed.
Mosby, St Louis.
Physiology. Berne RA (1998) Mosby USA
Illustrated Physiology. Mackenna BR, Collander R (1990). Churchill
Livingstone.
Textbook of Medical Physiology Guyton AC, Hall JE (2000). 10th
Ed. WB
Saunders, Philadelphia.
58. 58
Dosage Form Design &Manufacturing-Pharmaceutics III
1. PROGRAMME : BPharm
2. COURSE CODE : PMY 311
3. COURSE TITLE : DDM - Pharmaceutics III
4. PRE-REQUESITE COURSE : Pharmaceutics II
5. YEAR : 3
6. SEMESTER : I
7. PRESENTED TO : University of Zambia Senate
8. PRESENTED BY : Pharmacy Unit
9. NUMBER OF LECTURING HRS : 60
10. NO. OF LAB. PRACTICAL HRS : 10
11. NUMBER OF TUTORIAL HRS : 10
12. METHOD OF ASSESSMENT :
Continuous Assessment: 40%
Submission of 2 - 3 written assignments, 2 - 3 tests and minimum of 5 completed
practical sessions on selected and demonstrable practical topics
Final Examination: 60%
Paper I - Multiple choices and short answer type of questions
Paper II - Long essay type of questions
13. AIM OF THE STUDY COURSE:
To further understand the basic physicochemical properties of pharmaceutical
systems.
14. COURSE OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the course the student should be able to:
Describe chemical kinetics and stability in pharmaceutical systems
Explain the effects of Radio- pharmacy in pharmaceutical systems
Describe the properties of polymeric and colloidal systems in pharmaceutical
formulations
Describe the sterilization processes
59. 59
15. COURSE CONTENTS:
Chemical kinetics and stability
Molecularity
Rate constants
Reaction types
Reaction systems
Factors affecting rate of chemical reactions
Instabilities and incompatibilities of pharmaceuticals and containers
Stability testing of drugs
Radiopharmacy
Properties of ionizing particles
Radiation phenomena
Radiological safety and precautions
Applications of radio-pharmaceuticals
Polymeric systems
Introduction and definitions
Properties of polymeric systems
Types and chemical reactions
General, pharmaceutical and medical uses
Colloidal and dispersed systems
Properties of the systems
Types
HLB system, determination
Pharmaceutical application of the systems and their theories to other systems
Biopharmaceutical aspects of the systems
60. 60
Sterile systems
Properties
Sterilization methods or types
Sterilization techniques, equipments and products
Design and operations of sterile rooms
Uses of sterilization
Sterility testing
Stability evaluation of specific sterile products
Pharmaceutics III Practical Topics
Preparation of polymeric pharmaceutical systems
Preparation of a sterile systems
Identification of radioactive substances
16. PRESCRIBED TEXT BOOKS
Pharmaceutical Practice; 2nd
ed., 1998, A.J. Winfield, R.M.E. Richards,
Churchill Livingstone
Physicochemical Principles of Pharmacy; 3rd
Ed. 1998, D. Attwood and A. T.
Florence, Churchill Livingstone
17. RECOMMENDED TEXT BOOKS
Pharmaceutical Handbook; 10th
Ed., 1985, British Pharmaceutical Press
British Pharmaceutical Codex; 11th
Ed., 1979, The Pharmaceutical Press, London
British Pharmacopoeia; 1990, University Press, Cambridge
Pharmacopoeia; 1992, University Press, Cambridge Martindale,
The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st
Ed., 1997, The Pharmaceutical Press, London
Pharmaceutics: The science of dosage design; 1988, M. Aulton, Churchill
Livingstone
Pharmaceutical Preformulation. The Physicochemical properties of drug
substances, 1992, James I. Wells, Allis Harwood.
61. 61
Scientific Basis of Therapeutics – General Pharmacology
1. PROGRAMME : BPharm
2. COURSE CODE : PMY 321
3. COURSE TITLE : SBT – General Pharmacology I
4. PRE-REQUESITE COURSES : Physiology PGY 222 / Anatomy 212
5. YEAR : 3
6. SEMESTER : I
7. PRESENTED TO : University of Zambia Senate
8. PRESENTED BY : Pharmacy Unit
9. NUMBER OF LECTURING HRS : 60
10. NO. OF LAB. PRACTICAL HRS : 10
11. NUMBER OF TUTORIAL HRS : 10
12. METHOD OF ASSESSMENT :
Continuous Assessment: 40%
Submission of 2 - 3 written assignments, 2 - 3 tests and minimum of 5 completed
practical sessions on selected and demonstrable practical topics
Final Examination: 60%
Paper I - Multiple choices and short answer type of questions
Paper II - Long essay type of questions
13. AIMS OF THE STUDY COURSE:
To provide a solid foundation in the fundamental concepts of pharmacology
suitable for the study of therapeutics and other uses of drugs.
To study therapeutic applications to pharmacological aspects of nervous,
cardiovascular and respiratory systems
14. COURSE OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the course the student should be able to:
Discuss the development of pharmacology, clinical pharmacology and
therapeutics
Describe the principles of pharmacodynamics and their applications
Perform basic experiments elaborating the pharmacokinetic and
pharmacodynamics principles
Discuss the basics of chemical transmission in the autonomic nervous systems
and central nervous system
62. 62
Describe the treatment of the specific pathological state using pharmacological
agents.
Describe the beneficial outcomes, drug interactions, and side effects, from the
treatment of the diseases.
15. COURSE CONTENT
General Pharmacology
Introduction to the pharmacological basis of clinical pharmacy
Basic aspects of pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics
Drugs acting on the nervous systems
Classification of drugs
Eye
Gastro Intestinal Tract (GIT)
Neuromuscular Junction
Cardiovascular System
Respiratory System
Genito Urinary Tract
Central Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System
Miscellaneous Action
Drugs acting on Cardiovascular System (CVS)
Cardiac arrhythmia
Heart failure
Angina pectoris
Hypertension
Hyperlipidaemia
Drugs acting on Respiratory System
Obstructive defects
Diffusion defects
Restrictive defects
Ventilatory defects
63. 63
General Pharmacology I Practical Topics
Design and set animal experiments for chemical innervations
16. PRESCRIBED TEXT BOOKS
Pharmacology, 3rd
Edition, 1998, Rang, Dale and Ritter, Churchill Livingstone
Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, 1987, Walker and Edwards, Churchill
Livingstone
Lecture notes on Clinical Pharmacology, 5th
Edition, 1996, J.L. Reid, P.C. Rubin
and B. Whiting, Oxford Blackwell Science
Pathology and Therapeutics for Pharmacists, 1st
Edition, 1993, R. J. Greene and
N.D. Harris, Chapman and Hall.
Livingstone
17. RECOMMENDED TEXT BOOKS
Text book of Pharmacology; 2nd
Ed., 1982, W.C. Bowman and M.J. Rand,
Blackwell Scientific Ltd, London
Antibiotic and chemotherapy, 6th
Edition (1991), L. O. Garrote, H.P. Lambert
and F.O. Grady, Churchill Livingstone.
Minor illness or Major disease? Responding to symptoms in the Pharmacy, 2nd
Edition (1995), C. Edwards and P. Stillman, London, The Pharmaceutical Press.
Pathophysiology: Concepts of altered health states, 5th
ed. (1998), C. M. Porth,
Lippincott, New York.
Textbook of Clinical Pharmacology and Drug Treatment,
Graeme-Smith D.G., Aronson J. K., Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984.
Pathology and Therapeutics for Pharmacists: A Basis for Clinical Pharmacy
Practice, Green R. J., Harris N. D., Chapman and Hall, London, 1993.
Lecture notes on respiratory disease, 4th
Edition (1991) B. Ral, Oxford, Blackwell
Scientific
Lecture notes on gastroenterology, 1st
Edition (1991), E.E. Hawkins, Oxford,
Jackwell Scientific
Lecture notes on rheumatology 1st
Edition 1992, J. Edmonds and G. Hughes,
Oxford, Blackwell Scientific
64. 64
Sources & Chemistry of Drugs – Pharmaceutical Chemistry III
1. PROGRAMME : BPharm
2. COURSE CODE : PMY 331
3. COURSE TITLE : SCD – Pharmaceutical Chemistry III
4. PRE-REQUESITE COURSES : Pharmaceutical II
5. YEAR : 3
6. SEMESTER : I
7. PRESENTED TO : University of Zambia Senate
8. PRESENTED BY : Pharmacy Unit
9. NUMBER OF LECTURING HRS : 60
10. NO. OF LAB. PRACTICAL HRS : 10
11. NUMBER OF TUTORIAL HRS : 10
12. METHOD OF ASSESSMENT :
Continuous Assessment: 40%
Submission of 2 - 3 written assignments, 2 - 3 tests and minimum of 5 completed
practical sessions on selected and demonstrable practical topics
Final Examination: 60%
Paper I - Multiple choices and short answer type of questions
Paper II - Long essay type of questions
13. AIMS OF THE STUDY COURSE:
To introduce advanced spectroscopic methods of measurement, study
chromatographic methods of separation and purification and radioactivity and its
application and study heterocyclic and macromolecular organic compounds.
14. COURSE OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the course the student should be able to:
Define the structure and nomenclature of various organic compounds / substances
Describe the configurational and conformational structures of organic compounds
Describe the structure of benzene and other ring structured systems
Describe the general methods of preparations for both biological and
pharmaceutical applications
Describe the general and physical aspects of organic compounds
Explain the reaction kinetics involving organic compounds
Describe the rearrangement of neighbouring group effects of non-classical ions
65. 65
Describe the Heterocyclic organic compounds and their relevance in medicine and
pharmaceutical science.
15. COURSE CONTENTS:
An introduction to the organic chemistry
Nomenclature of aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons compounds.
Industrial sources of aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons compounds.
Preparations of aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons compounds.
Reactions and mechanisms of aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons compounds.
Isomerism (configurational and confirmational)
Configurational and confirmational stereoisomerism to include projection
formulae
Relative and absolute configuration of aliphatic and alicyclic compounds
Other organic compounds
Alkyl halides
Alcohols, ethers and epoxides
Carboxylic acids, Aldehydes and ketones
Functional derivatives of carboxylic acids, Carbon ion, Amines and aryl halides.
Benzene chemistry
The structure of benzene,
Aromaticity and stability of the benzene structure
Nomenclature
The reaction of benzene and its derivatives
Orientation: Functional group transformation of some benzene derivatives.
Heterocyclic systems
Five member rings
Structure of pyrrole, furan, thiophene
Sources of pyrrole, furan, thiophene
Reactions of pyrrole, furan, thiophene
Heterocyclic analogues of naphthalene with one heteroatom
Structures
Physical and chemical properties
Derivatives
66. 66
Synthetic pathways
Compounds with two heteroatoms in a five-member ring
Physical and chemical properties of pyrazole and imidazole
Derivatives and synthetic methods of pyrazole and imidazole
Compounds with two heteroatoms in six members ring
Structure and source of pyrimidines
Reactions of pyrimidines
Heterocyclic compounds with seven member and larger rings
Structure of diazepines
Synthetic methods
Rearrangements and neighbouring group effects
Hoffman rearrangements
Rearrangement of hydroperoxides
Pinol rearrangements
Polynuclear aromatic compounds
Naphthalene derivatives
Naphalenene derivatives
Anthracene and phenanthrene
Pharmaceutical Chemistry III Practical Topics
Refractometry analysis
Synthetic process
Identification processes of organic compounds
16. PRESCRIBED TEXT BOOKS
An introduction of the Chemistry of Heterocyclic compounds, 3rd
Ed., 1991,
Acheson, A.M., Wiley-Interscience Publication.
Organic Chemistry; 3rd
Ed. 1996, Morrison, R. T. and Boyd R. N., Prentice
Hall, London
67. 67
17. RECOMMENDED TEXT BOOKS
Fundamentals of Chemotherapy; 5th
Ed., 1998, W.B. Pratt. Oxford University
Press.
Medicinal Chemistry; 2nd
ed. 1992, A. Ganellin and C. Roberts, Academic Press
68. 68
Source & Chemistry of Drugs – General Pharmacognosy
1. PROGRAMME : BPharm
2. COURSE CODE : PMY 341
3. COURSE TITLE : SCD – General Pharmacognosy I
4. PRE-REQUESITE COURSES : Pharmaceutics I
Pharmaceutics II
Pharmaceutical Chemistry II
5. YEAR : 3
6. SEMESTER : I
7. PRESENTED TO : University of Zambia Senate
8. PRESENTED BY : Pharmacy Unit
9. NUMBER OF LECTURING HRS : 60
10. NO. OF LAB. PRACTICAL HRS : 10
11. NUMBER OF TUTORIAL HRS : 10
12. METHOD OF ASSESSMENT :
Continuous Assessment: 40%
Submission of 2 - 3 written assignments, 2 - 3 tests and minimum of 5 completed
practical sessions on selected and demonstrable practical topics
Final Examination: 60%
Paper I - Multiple choices and short answer type of questions
Paper II - Long essay type of questions
13. AIMS OF THE STUDY COURSE:
To introduce the principles related to the commercial production, quality and
standardization of natural products.
14. COURSE OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the course the student should be able to:
Identify natural products
Extract and isolate active principle components
Describe the source and principles related to the commercial production of natural
plants
Describe the phytochemistry of plants of medicinal value.
69. 69
Have an understanding of common existing medicinal plants in the country
15. COURSE CONTENTS:
Natural sources and products
Introduction: History of pharmacognosy; Development of pharmacognosy in the
middle ages; Approaches to the study of medicinal plants; Importance and
relevance of pharmacognosy in modern therapeutics
Overview of plants and animals as sources of drugs: Biological and
geographical sources of drugs; Biological active compounds from marine
organisms; other products
Medicinal plants: Overview of taxonomy; Biological nomenclature; Botanical
systems of classification; Thallophytes; Bryophytes; Pteridophytes;
Gymnosperms; Monocotyledons and dictyledons
Morphology and anatomy of medicinal plants: Definition, chemical structure,
physicochemical evaluations of the following Leaves and tops; Herbs; Barks and
wood; Flowers; Fruits and Seeds
Commercialization of natural products:
Environmental conditions: Cultivated and wild plants; Plants and soil
relationship; Plants growth regulators
Plant cell and tissue culture: Biochemical conversions; Clonal propagation,
Genetic aspects; Deterioration; Quality control
Plant phytochemistry: Introduction to general methods; The living plant cell;
Basic metabolic pathways; Origin of secondary metabolites
General Pharmacognosy I Practical Topics
Physicochemical evaluation sessions for identified therapeutical agents from
leaves and tops, herbs, barks, wood, flowers, fruits and seeds
Separation of therapeutic agents from the natural sources for formulation
Chemical structure determination and elucidation of the extracted therapeutical
agents
Qualification and Quantification of the therapeutical agents
Formulation exercise for the extracted agents from the natural sources
70. 70
16. PRESCRIBED TEXT BOOKS
Trease and Evans’ Pharmacognosy: 14th
Edition, 1996, W. C. Evans, W.B.
Saunders, London
Spectrometric Identification of Organic Compounds, 5th
Ed., 1998, Silverstein, R.
M., Clayton G. Bassler, Terence C. Morrill: John Wiley and Sons Inc.
Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Part Two, 4th
Ed. 1994, Beckett A. H. and
Stenlake J. B.: The Athlone Press of the University of London.
17. RECOMMENDED TEXT BOOKS
Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy, 3rd
ed. 1993, Banwell, C. N. ,
McGraw-Hill Book Comp. UK Ltd.
Modern Methods: Pharmaceutical Analysis; 4th
1990, Munson J. W. Marcel
Dekker, New York
Medicinal Chemistry; 2nd
ed. 1992, A. Ganellin and C. Roberts, Academic Press
Medical Botany: Plants affecting Mans’ health; 1998, W.H. Lewis, John Wiley
and Sons, Inc., New York
71. 71
Basis of Pharmacy Practice – Pharmacy Practice I
1. PROGRAMME : BPharm
2. COURSE CODE : PMY 351
3. COURSE TITLE : Pharmacy Practice I
4. PRE-REQUESITE COURSES : Pharmaceutics I
Pharmaceutics II
5. YEAR : 3
6. SEMESTER : I
7. PRESENTED TO : University of Zambia Senate
8. PRESENTED BY : Pharmacy Unit
9. NUMBER OF LECTURING HRS : 60
10. NO. OF LAB. PRACTICAL HRS : 10
11. NUMBER OF TUTORIAL HRS : 10
12. METHOD OF ASSESSMENT :
Continuous Assessment: 40%
Submission of 2 - 3 written assignments, 2 - 3 tests and minimum of 5 completed
practical sessions on selected and demonstrable practical topics
Final Examination: 60%
Paper I - Multiple choices and short answer type of questions
Paper II - Long essay type of questions
13. AIMS OF THE STUDY COURSE:
To introduce the students, the history of pharmacy and the general principles of
law.
To provide detailed knowledge of the various aspects and branches of the practice
of pharmacy and to provide an understanding of the role of pharmacy in the health
care system.
14. COURSE OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the course the student should be able to:
Describe the history of the profession of pharmacy and how it has evolved
Describe the nature of law, sources of law and the legislative system in Zambia
Describe the organization of the health care system
72. 72
Describe the role of the pharmacist as a health care professional and his
relationship with other health care professionals.
Explain the local and international Pharmaceutical Organization
15. COURSE CONTENTS:
History of pharmacy
Antiques
Middle age
Renaissance
Principles of Pharmacy Practice
Hospital Pharmacy
Industrial Pharmacy
Forensic Pharmacy
Community Pharmacy
Operational and non operational Research in pharmacy
Pharmaceutical Literature and Information
Pharmacy Education and Administration
General principles of law
Nature of law: Law in general; Law in the strict sense; Law and morality;
Private & public law; Common Law; Substantive law and procedure; Law
and fact
Source of law: Customary law; English common law; Legislation; Case law;
Equity
Legislature, executive and judicial systems in Zambia: Parliament; Local
courts; Subordinate /Magistrate’s courts; The High court; The Industrial
relations court; The Supreme Court
Branches of pharmacy practice and its role in health care system
Health Care Organization: Central level; Tertiary level; Secondary level;
Primary level; Referral system; Community level
Prescribers and patients: Different categories of prescribers; Prescriber
obligations; Patient rights; Patients obligations
73. 73
Manufacture and marketing of pharmaceuticals
Supplies of pharmaceuticals: Branded product; Generic products; Specialized
Dispensing services
Government control of pharmaceuticals: Suppliers; Drug manufacturers;
Wholesalers; Marketing of pharmaceuticals; Prescribing process; Supplies &
Distribution and the personnel
Promotional activities: New drugs; Role of the pharmacist in clinical trials;
Post marketing studies of licensed products; Qualified person or company
pharmacist
Pharmacist as a health care profession: Characteristics of a profession;
Profession of pharmacy; Doctors and pharmacists professional relationship;
Pharmacists and Nurses professional relationship; Pharmacist and Law
enforcements Officers; Professional practice standards; Procedures for
maintaining safety standards; Poisoning; Pharmacist and the patient
Pharmacy Practice I Practical Topics
Hospital Pharmacy professional procedures
Retail Pharmacy professional procedures
Wholesale Pharmacy professional procedures
Pharmaceutical Warehousing procedural requirements
Drug / medicines procurement process
Cold chain mechanics in pharmaceutical setting
Understanding the regulatory framework of the country on medicines
control
National policy implementation on pain management
Implementation process on the control of infectious diseases in the country
Immunization process during the pandemics or epidemics
16. PRESCRIBED TEXT BOOKS
Pharmacy History: A Pictorial Record, 1991, The pharmaceutical press,
London
Pharmacy and Ethics; 5th
Ed., 1993, The pharmaceutical press, London
Code of Ethics for Pharmacists, Pharmaceutical Society of Zambia, 1992
Textbook of Pharmaceutical Information, 2000, A. Robson, Churchill
Livingstone
74. 74
17. RECOMMENDED TEXT BOOKS
National Drug Policy, Ministry of Health – Zambia, 1998
Pharmaceutical Regulatory Authority, 2004
Medicines, Ethics and Practice; A guide for pharmacists, S/N 21, 1999,
The pharmaceutical press, London
Pharmacists’ directory and year book, 1998, The pharmaceutical press,
London
Pharmaceutical Handbook 10th
Ed., 1992, The pharmaceutical press,
London
Managing drug supply; 2nd
ed., 1992, Management Sciences for Health,
Boston
Zambia’s’ Pharmacy and Poisons Act
Medical and Allied Professions Act
The Constitution: Pharmaceutical Society of Zambia
World Health Organization (WHO) Model Drug Legislation and
Guidelines to Small Drug Regulatory Authorities (SDRA)
History of Pharmacy: A guide and a Survey; 26th
Ed., 1991, E. Kremer
and G. Urdang, J.B. Lippincott Company
History of Pharmacy in Britain: 7th
ed., 1992, L.G. Mathews, E & S
Livingstone Ltd, London
75. 75
Scientific Basis of Therapeutics - General Pathology
1. PROGRAMME : BPharm
2. COURSE CODE : PTH 211
3. COURSE TITLE : General Pathology I
4. PRE-REQUESITE COURSES : Human Anatomy &
Human Physiology
5. YEAR : 3
6. SEMESTER : I
7. PRESENTED TO : University of Zambia Senate
8. PRESENTED BY : Pharmacy Unit
9. NUMBER OF LECTURING HRS : 60
10. NO. OF LAB. PRACTICAL HRS : 10
11. NUMBER OF TUTORIAL HRS : 10
12. METHOD OF ASSESSMENT :
Continuous Assessment: 40%
Submission of 2 - 3 written assignments, 2 - 3 tests and minimum of 5 completed
practical sessions on selected and demonstrable practical topics
Final Examination: 60%
Paper I - Multiple choices and short answer type of questions
Paper II - Long essay type of questions
13. AIMS OF THE STUDY COURSE:
To provide the student with the knowledge of the abnormal functioning of the
body systems caused by disease and injury
Demonstrate the knowledge of microorganism in general and HIV in particular
Describe psychosocial therapy of HIV/AIDS and other infectious diseases
14. COURSE OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the course the student should be able to:
Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the body’s reaction to disease and
injury
Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of signs and symptoms of abnormal
functioning of the body systems.
76. 76
Briefly trace the history of the AIDS epidemic, transmission and effective means
treatment
15. COURSE CONTENTS:
PATHOLOGY
INTRODUCTION TO PATHOLOGY
o Definition, aims and objectives of Pathology
o Concept of disease
TYPES OF INJURIES AND THEIR EFFECTS
o Endogenous injury
o Exogenous injury
o Effects of injury
HOST RESPONSE TO INJURY
o Acute inflammation
o Chronic inflammation
o Tissue repair and wound healing
DISORDERS OF DEVELOPMENT DIFFERENTIATION MATURATION
AND GROWTH
o Disorders of development
o Disorders of differentiation
o Disorders of maturation
o Disorders of growth
CANCER BIOLOGY
o Carcinogenesis and pre-neoplasia
o Classification and differentiation of tumours
o Genetics of cancer
o Diagnosis and treatment of cancer
o Cancer Epidemiology
o Methods of cancer control
77. 77
INTRODUCTION TO IMMUNOLOGY
GENERAL OVERVIEW OF IMMUNOLOGY
o Impact of infectious disease
o Immune system
o Immune response
BIOLOGY OF MICRO-ORGANISMS – (Viral microbial)
Properties of viruses
Structure of viruses
The effect of physicochemical agents on viruses
Types of viruses
Reproduction of viruses
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
PATHOGENICITY AND EPIDEMIOLOGY OF (MICRO-ORGANISMS (viral
infections in general)
o Entry routes
o Establishments
o Manifestation of disease
o Host tissue damage
o Exit of microorganisms
o Clinical course of the disease
o Psychosocial issues of the disease
o Epidemic and transmission of the HIV
VIRAL INFECTIONS
Health education for prevention and precautions
Antimicrobial agents and their mechanism of action
Immune boosters and their mode of action
INNATE IMMUNITY
Physical and chemical defenses
Leukocytes
Extracellular chemical defenses
Complement system
Acute inflammatory reaction
78. 78
ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
o Cells of adaptive immunity
o Molecules of adaptive immunity (Antibody, MHC & T cell receptor)
ANTIGENS
o General features of antigens
o Types of antigen
o Antigen-antibody interactions
IMMUNITY TO INFECTION
Collaboration between innate and adaptive immunity
Adversarial strategies: Bacterial, viral and parasite escape strategies
Prophylaxis: Vaccination
IMMUNOREGULATION
o Consequences of immune response
o Regulatory mechanisms
DISORDERS OF IMMUNITY
Immunodeficiency: Congenital and Acquired
Hypersensitivity reactions
Autoimmunity and autoimmune diseases
Tumour immunology
TOLERANCE AND TRANSPLANTATION
o Mechanisms of tolerance induction
o Induction and maintenance of tolerance
o Histocompatibility antigens
o Mechanisms of graft rejection
o Prevention of graft rejection
79. 79
INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY
INTRODUCTION TO PARASITISM
o Common nomenclature
o Parasitic taxonomy
o Host-parasite relationships
o Epidemiology of parasitic diseases
ROTOZOA
o Pathogenic amoebae
o Intestinal and haemoflagellates
o Ciliates
HELMINTHS
o Cestodes (tapeworms)
o Nematodes (roundworms)
o Trematodes (flukes)
PICOMPLEXA
o Opportunistic parasites and HIV infection
o Cryptosporidium
o Microsporidium
o Isospora belli
o Pneumocystis carinii
o Toxoplasma gondii,
o Babesia
o Plasmodia – falciparum, vivax, ovale, malariae
General Pathology I Practical Topics
Use of microscopic method for examinations or assessment
Preparatory stages for microscopic examination procedure
80. 80
16. PRESCRIBED TEXT BOOKS
8. Concise Pathology. Lange, Prentice-Hall International, Chandrasoma P, Taylor
CR (1995). New Jersey.
9. Muir’s Textbook of Pathology. Macsween, R., (1996). Edward Arnold London.
10. General and Systematic Pathology Underwood, JCE, Hunter J (2000). 3rd Ed.
Churchill Livingstone.
17. RECOMMENDED TEXT BOOKS
1. Basic Pathology. Robbins, S.L. and Kumar, V. (1996). W.B. Saunders Co.,
London.
2. Pathology: Implications for the Physical Therapist. Goodmann CC, Boissonault
WG, Madison WI (1998). WB Saunders. Indianapolis.
3. General Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology for Health Care Students.
Playfair JHL, Lydyard PM (1997). Churchill Livingstone, London.
82. 82
Dosage Form Design &Manufacturing-Pharmaceutics IV
1. PROGRAMME : BPharm
2. COURSE CODE : PMY 312
3. COURSE TITLE : DDM - Pharmaceutics IV
4. PRE-REQUESITE COURSE : Pharmaceutics III
5. YEAR : 3
6. SEMESTER : II
7. PRESENTED TO : University of Zambia Senate
8. PRESENTED BY : Pharmacy Unit
9. NUMBER OF LECTURING HRS : 60
10. NO. OF LAB. PRACTICAL HRS : 10
11. NUMBER OF TUTORIAL HRS : 10
12. METHOD OF ASSESSMENT :
Continuous Assessment: 40%
Submission of 2 - 3 written assignments, 2 - 3 tests and minimum of 5
completed practical sessions on selected and demonstrable practical topics
Final Examination: 60%
Paper I - Multiple choices and short answer type of questions
Paper II - Long essay type of questions
13. AIM OF THE STUDY COURSE:
To further understand the properties of solution in drug compounding
14. COURSE OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the course the student should be able to:
To describe surface chemistry of solutes in solution
To undertake interfacial studies and be able to relate to pharmaceutical
concept such as wettability, adsorption, detergents action
To describe the solubilisation process in solution
83. 83
15. COURSE CONTENTS:
Surface chemistry of solutes
Amphiphilic compounds
Effects of amphiphiles on the surface and interfacial tension
Adsorption Isotherms
Pharmaceutical application of Adsorption Isotherms
Surface activity of drugs
Insoluble mono-layers and spreading
Pharmaceutical applications of surface film studies
Interfacial studies
Contact angle
Wettability of solid surfaces
Adsorption at the solid-liquid interface
Micellization
Surfactants and their properties
Detergents and their properties
Solubilisation studies
Determination of maximum additive concentration
Location of solubilisate
Factors affecting solubilisation
Pharmaceutical application of solubilisation
Pharmaceutics IV Practical Topics
Set up an experimental procedure to study surface effects of various
detergents
How to measure and vary the contact angle of a detergent solution
Location of a solubilisate in a micelle solution using a tracer
To prepare a solubilized pharmaceutical solution
84. 84
16. PRESCRIBED TEXT BOOKS
Physicochemical Principles of Pharmacy, 3rd
Ed., 1998, A.T. Florence
and D. Atwood, MacMillan, London
Lecture notes on Tropical Medicine; 4th
Ed., 1998, D.R. Bell, Blackwell
Science Ltd., London
17. RECOMMENDED TEXT BOOKS
Pharmaceutical Handbook; 10th
Ed., 1985, British Pharmaceutical Press
British Pharmaceutical Codex; 11th
Ed., 1979, The Pharmaceutical Press,
London
British Pharmacopoeia; 1990, University Press, Cambridge
Pharmacopoeia; 1992, University Press, Cambridge Martindale,
The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st
Ed., 1997, The Pharmaceutical Press,
London
Pharmaceutics: The science of dosage design; 1988, M. Aulton, Churchill
Livingstone
Pharmaceutical Preformulation. The Physicochemical properties of drug
substances, 1992, James I. Wells, Allis Harwood.
85. 85
Scientific Basis of Therapeutics – Pharmacology II
1. PROGRAMME : BPharm
2. COURSE CODE : PMY 322
3. COURSE TITLE : SBT - Pharmacology II
4. PRE-REQUESITE COURSE : Pharmacology I
5. YEAR : 3
6. SEMESTER : II
7. PRESENTED TO : University of Zambia Senate
8. PRESENTED BY : Pharmacy Unit
9. NUMBER OF LECTURING HRS : 60
10. NO. OF LAB. PRACTICAL HRS : 10
11. NUMBER OF TUTORIAL HRS : 10
12. METHOD OF ASSESSMENT:
Continuous Assessment: 40%
Submission of 2 - 3 written assignments, 2 - 3 tests and minimum of 5 completed
practical sessions on selected and demonstrable practical topics
Final Examination: 60%
Paper I - Multiple choices and short answer type of questions
Paper II - Long essay type of questions
13. AIM OF THE STUDY COURSE:
To study therapeutic applications to pharmacology of specific organ systems
14. COURSE OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the course the student should be able to:
1. Describe the treatment of the specific pathological state of gastrointestinal,
body defence, renal and body joints using pharmacological agents.
2. Describe the beneficial outcomes, drug interactions, and side effects, from the
treatment of the diseases.
86. 86
15. COURSE CONTENTS:
Drugs acting on Gastro-intestinal Tract (GIT)
Oesophageal defects
Stomach and duodenum defects
Small intestine defects
Inflammation bowel disease
Constipation
Diarrhoea
Irritable bowel syndrome
Diverticular disease
Body defence and drugs
Iron deficiency anaemia
Megaloblastic anaemia
Drug induced blood conditions
Drug induced marrow depression
Drug induced neutropenia
Haemostasis and thrombosis
Cancer chemotherapy
Infections
Drugs affecting renal functions, fluid and electrolyte
Defects in body fluid and electrolytes
Dehydration
Hypernatraemia
Hyponatraemia
Hypokalaemia
Hyperkalaemia
Acid-base imbalance
Acute renal failure
Chronic renal failure
Renal diseases
87. 87
Drugs, which cause alterations in neural, skeletal and musculotendi
Defects of brain junction
Cerebral oedema
Hydrocephalus
Stroke
Anaeurysmal subarachoid haemorrhage
Seizure disorders
Extra pyramidal diseases
Headache
Skeletal muscle disorders
Neuromuscular junctions disorders
Peripheral nerve disorders
Basal ganglia disorders
Cerebellum disorders
Multiple sclerosis
Psychotropic conditions
Depression and anxiety
Hypnosis
Symptom modifying antirheumatic therapies (SMARTS)
Disease controlling antirheumatic therapies (DCARTS)
Gout condition
General Pharmacology Practical Topics
Design and set animal experiments for chemical innervations
16. PRESCRIBED TEXT BOOKS
Pharmacology, 3rd
Edition, 1998, Rang, Dale and Ritter, Churchill
Livingstone
Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, 1987, Walker and Edwards, Churchill
Livingstone
Lecture notes on Clinical Pharmacology, 5th
Edition, 1996, J.L. Reid, P.C.
Rubin and B. Whiting, Oxford Blackwell Science
Pathology and Therapeutics for Pharmacists, 1st
Edition, 1993, R. J. Greene
and N.D. Harris, Chapman and Hall.
Livingstone