The document discusses several ways that human rights are incorporated into domestic law in Australia. It notes that the Australian Constitution contains some references to rights but is limited. Statute law and common law also provide some protections of rights, though common law can be overridden by legislation. The roles of separation and division of powers in the constitution are also outlined.
DEFINITIONS-Genocide-Crimes Against Humanity-War Crimes-Ethnic CleansingMYO AUNG Myanmar
http://knowledgenuts.com/2015/08/02/the-difference-between-ethnic-cleansing-and-genocide/
The Difference Between Ethnic Cleansing And Genocide
By Debra Kelly on Sunday, August 2, 2015
http://digitalcommons.law.seattleu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1984&context=sulr
Expanding the Crime of Genocide to Include Ethnic
Cleansing: A Return to Established Principles in Light of
Contemporary Interpretations
https://www.menorahreview.org/article.aspx?id=63
Ethnic Cleansing and Genocide: Similarities and Differences
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing
Ethnic cleansing
http://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/ethnic-cleansing.html
Ethnic Cleansing
http://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/genocide.html
Genocide
http://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/crimes-against-humanity.html
Crimes Against Humanity
https://www.academia.edu/30464193/The_Difference_between_Genocide_and_Ethnic_Cleansing
The Difference between Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing
https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/whats-the-difference-between-genocide-and-ethnic-cleansing
What’s the difference between genocide and ethnic cleansing?
https://www.cato.org/blog/ethnic-cleansing-vs-genocide-politics-behind-labeling-rohingya-crisis
Ethnic Cleansing vs. Genocide:
The Politics Behind Labeling the
Rohingya Crisis
http://www.differencebetween.net/miscellaneous/politics/difference-between-ethnic-cleansing-and-genocide/
https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/difference-between-genocide-ethnic-cleansing-kagusthan-ariaratnam/
Nature of law and administration of justice by Dr. Rajashree J. Jawalesundarsasane
This topic deals with definition and concept of law , kinds and sources of law and Administration of Justice under Jurisprudence. This topic is useful for law students and for general public to understand the basic concepts ,
DEFINITIONS-Genocide-Crimes Against Humanity-War Crimes-Ethnic CleansingMYO AUNG Myanmar
http://knowledgenuts.com/2015/08/02/the-difference-between-ethnic-cleansing-and-genocide/
The Difference Between Ethnic Cleansing And Genocide
By Debra Kelly on Sunday, August 2, 2015
http://digitalcommons.law.seattleu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1984&context=sulr
Expanding the Crime of Genocide to Include Ethnic
Cleansing: A Return to Established Principles in Light of
Contemporary Interpretations
https://www.menorahreview.org/article.aspx?id=63
Ethnic Cleansing and Genocide: Similarities and Differences
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing
Ethnic cleansing
http://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/ethnic-cleansing.html
Ethnic Cleansing
http://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/genocide.html
Genocide
http://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/crimes-against-humanity.html
Crimes Against Humanity
https://www.academia.edu/30464193/The_Difference_between_Genocide_and_Ethnic_Cleansing
The Difference between Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing
https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/whats-the-difference-between-genocide-and-ethnic-cleansing
What’s the difference between genocide and ethnic cleansing?
https://www.cato.org/blog/ethnic-cleansing-vs-genocide-politics-behind-labeling-rohingya-crisis
Ethnic Cleansing vs. Genocide:
The Politics Behind Labeling the
Rohingya Crisis
http://www.differencebetween.net/miscellaneous/politics/difference-between-ethnic-cleansing-and-genocide/
https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/difference-between-genocide-ethnic-cleansing-kagusthan-ariaratnam/
Nature of law and administration of justice by Dr. Rajashree J. Jawalesundarsasane
This topic deals with definition and concept of law , kinds and sources of law and Administration of Justice under Jurisprudence. This topic is useful for law students and for general public to understand the basic concepts ,
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. It has been rightly proclaimed in the American declaration of independence that “all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Created with certain unalienable rights….” Similarly, Indian Constitution has ensured and enshrined Fundamental rights for all citizens irrespective of caste, creed, religion, color, sex or nationality. These basic rights, commonly known as human rights, are recognized the world over as basic rights with which every individual is born.
This presentation explain the horror of Genocide in the context of International law. It also marks the Muslim states suffering from Genocide since world war 2.
The concept of human rights is a universal concept. In 1948, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was proclaimed by the United Nations, known as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Since the Human Rights protection Act of 1993, the Government of India has taken a number of initiatives, some of which have been put into practice. Rights refer to those civic amenities that are recognized and protected by the state. The relationship between the state and its law is very close to the concept or rights and indeed human rights can only be preserved when citizens are aware of their duties and rights. The human rights act enacted by the government of India states that human rights are the right to life, liberty, equality and dignity recognized by the constitution or recognized by the international treaties. But many things that are related to human rights have not been implemented. I have tried to show through this paper that the state of human rights in India and the success and failure of human rights is moving forward through various debates. Surojit Mallick "Human Rights in India: A Brief Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38424.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/social-science/38424/human-rights-in-india-a-brief-study/surojit-mallick
Actions in Aid of Civil Power: Analysis and Recommendations (February 2013)fatanews
Recommendations on Pakistan's Actions in Aid of Civil Power Regulation 2011 as made by Amnesty International and the International Crisis Group (ICG). Read the full text of the actual regulation at: http://www.slideshare.net/fatanews/fata-actions-in-aid-of-civil-power-2011-0627-june
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. It has been rightly proclaimed in the American declaration of independence that “all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Created with certain unalienable rights….” Similarly, Indian Constitution has ensured and enshrined Fundamental rights for all citizens irrespective of caste, creed, religion, color, sex or nationality. These basic rights, commonly known as human rights, are recognized the world over as basic rights with which every individual is born.
This presentation explain the horror of Genocide in the context of International law. It also marks the Muslim states suffering from Genocide since world war 2.
The concept of human rights is a universal concept. In 1948, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was proclaimed by the United Nations, known as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Since the Human Rights protection Act of 1993, the Government of India has taken a number of initiatives, some of which have been put into practice. Rights refer to those civic amenities that are recognized and protected by the state. The relationship between the state and its law is very close to the concept or rights and indeed human rights can only be preserved when citizens are aware of their duties and rights. The human rights act enacted by the government of India states that human rights are the right to life, liberty, equality and dignity recognized by the constitution or recognized by the international treaties. But many things that are related to human rights have not been implemented. I have tried to show through this paper that the state of human rights in India and the success and failure of human rights is moving forward through various debates. Surojit Mallick "Human Rights in India: A Brief Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38424.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/social-science/38424/human-rights-in-india-a-brief-study/surojit-mallick
Actions in Aid of Civil Power: Analysis and Recommendations (February 2013)fatanews
Recommendations on Pakistan's Actions in Aid of Civil Power Regulation 2011 as made by Amnesty International and the International Crisis Group (ICG). Read the full text of the actual regulation at: http://www.slideshare.net/fatanews/fata-actions-in-aid-of-civil-power-2011-0627-june
The Phrase We The People
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1. In what way do INGOs and NGOs (Global Civil Society) participate .docxblondellchancy
1. In what way do INGOs and NGOs (Global Civil Society) participate within the International Human Rights Regime?
Are they effective and what are some of the challenges they face
2. According to the Council on Foreign Relations, what mechanisms within the United Nations help enforce human rights? Are they effective?
3. According to the CFR, what is one of the greatest challenges of utilizing these mechanisms?
(300 Words)
-------
INFORMATION
https://www.cfr.org/report/global-human-rights-regime
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o6QQTiAnOVM
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sTUDENT EXAMPLES
2. According to the Council on Foreign Relations, what mechanisms within the United Nations help enforce human rights? Are they effective?
The United Nations is known as the central global authority for developing standards on issues and laws all across the world. They are known for being able to develop international norms and find legitimate ways to be able to enforce those standards in countries. In order for all of these standards, norms, and laws to be enforced, there are many different mechanisms within the United States placed there to make sure that everything runs smoothly and that the standards are reached. According to the Council on Foreign Relations, the mechanisms within the United Nation include the UNSC Action, UN Human Rights Council, committees of elected experts, various rapporteurs, special representatives and working groups. Together, all of these mechanisms work together to attempt to enforce human rights. What all of these have in common is that they all have the same goals of raising political will as well as public awareness, they also seek to evaluate the ways that states assess issues dealing with human rights, and offer technological advice to states on how to improve how they deal with human rights. In addition to these mechanisms, there are also war crime tribunals such as the International Criminal Court, tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda, and hybrid courts in Sierra Leone and Cambodia. The war crime tribunals also aid the United Nations in making sure that human rights are being enforced in all of these nations, and if there is a legal issue between two nations on whether the standards are being kept or not, one nation may bring legal action against another.
References:
“The Global Human Rights Regime.”
Council on Foreign Relations
, Council on Foreign Relations, www.cfr.org/report/global-human-rights-regime.
-------------
In what way do INGOs and NGOs (Global Civil Society) participate within the International Human Rights Regime? Are they effective and what are some of the challenges they face?
INGOs and NGOs have become a prominent part of global society. Starting from the UN Charter and the UN Declaration of Human Rights, several countries have now joined various organizations to promote human rights. HRINGOs are motivated by their principles and are powered by their committed constituencies. Hence why they are.
Each response is 250 words eachResponse 1For me, this.docxjoellemurphey
Each response is 250 words each
Response 1:
For me, this weeks’ readings were more difficult than last weeks. Human right is such a powerful subject because, in my view, it’s a big “What’s in it for me”? “There was outrage about the Holocaust, but the fact is that genocide and crimes against humanity were integral to European colonization of the 18th through 20th centuries” (Benjamin 2009). I keep circling back to this point as Western Democracies hold themselves in such esteem, a vast majority of issues were self-created through colonization. Only four of the worlds’ countries were not colonized by Europe; Japan, Korea, Thailand, Liberia (Fisher 2015). I believe that legacy of living under forced rule creates a deep, systemic culture of potential abuse. The 2020 Human Rights Watch world reports identifies human rights violations or notable situations in120 nations or 61 percent of all countries (Human Rights Watch 2020). As complete as that sounds, it further reports more situation under investigation (ibid). It includes the United States for its criminal legal system (death penalty, racial disparity of incarcerated), juveniles in the court system, racial justice and policing and on and on. Going back further in our history, our genocide against the Native American population and the linkage between Nazi Germany patterning its Nuremburg Laws after our Jim Crow laws (Rose 2018) should give us pause for thought on why this is so important and how committed we should be to the cause. How did the United States escape shame and punishment for its own apartheid with Jim Crow when South Africa did not? So, we ask how we determine if human rights IOs are effective? Big issues like genocide, famine, displacement, refugees, make headlines, create some international action but then fade into the former news cycle. Human Rights Watch (HRW) provides an annual report on global issues. But how many people know what HRW is? This comes across as rather jaded and I suppose it is a realist point of view as only the strongest survive and nations only act when they can get something in return. Agreeing to human rights treaties offers nothing in return aside from the satisfaction of standing up for other humans.
Hathaway (2007) considers important factors of why states agree to human rights treaties. I find it obvious that less than democratic countries with poor human rights records buck these types of treaties because they have no foundational respect for human rights. The observation, “formal international legal enforcement of the treaties is minimal to nonexistent” Merry (2006), reminds me of Robin Williams describing how the police in the UK stop a crime by saying, “Stop, or I’ll say stop again!” (Williams 1986). It goes back to my original question of what is in it for me? Is naming and shaming the best route (Meernik, et al. 2012)? Is it the boomerang theory? IOs have made strides in broadening our understanding of human rights.
household goods you might purchase at a department store - Japanese vocabulary and images.
Suitable for flashcards. Drill and practice. Written in hiragana.
no conviction recorded
caution
fine
bond
suspended sentence
probation
criminal infringement notice
penalty units
community service order
home detention
periodic detention
forfeiture of assets
imprisonment
diversionary programs
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
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An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH GLOBAL SUCCESS LỚP 3 - CẢ NĂM (CÓ FILE NGHE VÀ ĐÁP Á...
2 promoting and enforcing human rights
1.
2. International Community
State Sovereignty
The Roles of
UN
Intergovernmental Organisations
Courts, Tribunals and Independent
statutory authorities
NGOs
The Media
Australia
Incorporation of Human Rights into
Domestic Law
Roles of
Constitution
Division of Powers
Separation of Powers
Statute Law
Common Law
Courts and Tribunals
NGOs
The Media
Charter of Rights - arguments for and
agains
3.
4. Key part of being a nation state
Supreme control over its own territory
Absolute control over its legal system
Right to choose whether or not to recognise other nations or IGOS
Freedom to choose WITHOUT OUTSIDE INTERFERENCE
Each nation must accept and enforce human rights individually – the UN cannot
enforce this
5. pros
Nations can choose to adopt
covenants and treaties to support
human rights – may lead to higher
level of compliance than if they were
imposed
Promotes equality across nations (no
one nation’s values are more
important)
States could deal with breaches more
efficiently than a global organisation
cons
Not all governments accept and
acknowledge human rights
Governments can (and do) justify the
mis-treatment of people by claiming
“state sovereignty”
Breaches of human rights are difficult
to punish – often the UN’s only
recourse is to “lecture”
6. “States are simultaneously a threat to human rights and their principal protector”
State Capacity, State Failure, and Human Rights, Journal of Peace Research
7.
8. UN General
Assembly
Main forum for international discussions, deliberations, declarations and
recommendations. Made up of all UN member states (193).
UN Security
Council
Responsible for maintenance of international peace and security.
Has the power to intervene in the most serious Human Rights abuses by states.
Economic &
Social
Council
Multiple committees which act as a forum to discuss international issues re:
economic, social, environmental and humanitarian concerns.
Secretariat
Provides information, studies, tasks and facilities needed by the UN.
Comprised of UN Departments and offices. Main administrative body of the UN.
International
Court of
Justice
Principal judicial organ; has jurisdiction to deal with international conflicts brought
to them by member states and to advise on issues in International Law.
9. Zeid Ra’ad Al Hussein – current High Commissioner
OHCHR is part of the UN Secretariat, based in Geneva
Established in 1993
Aims to:
Promote universal ratification and implementation of UDHR
Promote universal enjoyment of human rights and international cooperation
Provide support and information for other UN human rights bodies
10. Established in 2006
Responsible for strengthening the promotion and protection of human rights around
the globe
Also aims to address situations of human rights violations and make
recommendations on them
Works closely with OHCHR
Established to replace the Commission on Human Rights – which was generally
agreed to be ineffective
UNHRC has gained the backing of the US, which has strengthened its influence
HOWEVER, some have criticised the UNHRC for being too easily influenced by China
and Russia
11.
12. Separate & independent from government.
May take the role of observers at the UN, but others are completely separate
No authority to enforce Human Rights
They do often promote - can push & influence people with authority.
In the 1990s, the number & strength of NGOs grew significantly.
13. Direct action
letters etc, that go directly to people
who are able to stop the abuse
Eg:
Indirect action
naming and shaming, eg: reports and
press releases
Eg:
14. Criticism by NGOs has been found to
be more effective than criticism from
IGOs (in Latin America - shame on you
2008)
Different NGOs have different
strategies which in turn have different
levels of influence.
Eg: if China were to criticise Australia,
our government woulld be unlikely to
listen because Ti An An Men Square...
BUT NGOs are generally not involved
in Human Rights Abuses, so
governments are more likely to listen
to them.
“Human rights criticism does lead
governments to reduce repression of
subsequent challenges in cases where
there are relatively strong economic ties
to other countries. However, the duration
of this impact is relatively short - less
than 6 months. Examination of the
source of human rights criticism shows
that criticism by NGOs, religious groups,
and foreign governments was more
effective than criticism from inter-
governmental organizations.”
Shame on You: The Impact of Human
Rights Criticism on Political
Repression in Latin America 2008
15. Amnesty International
When was it established?
How large is it?
Main way of operation?
What does it aim to abolish?
Human Rights Watch
Human Rights Watch
Since when?
Main way of operation?
Aims? (Themes)
16. Failures
targets larger nations
indirect action has had limited effect
less successful with disappearances &
death penalty
target countries according to "donor
interest"... Prioritised based on what
people care about, not what's actually
worst
Successes
admits this( says it focuses on nations
where it can make a difference)
direct action has resulted in changes
("urgent action campaigns")
more successful with torture, prisoners
of conscience, arbitrary arrest
17.
18. Role - to report human rights abuses to the public by making them part of the news.
Human rights are considered "important" when they're "newsworthy“
May act as a deterrent to the government - they make act (refuse to act) for fear of
making the news.
Media may be a conscience trigger. Result in people acting after reading a story and
then lobby the government of join an NGO etc.
Supposed to be independent & to report facts. BUT, a media source may be
government owned or influenced, or published and influenced by NGOs.
19.
20.
21. Although it is getting increasingly
difficult for the ABC to report without
fear of reprisals from our government
22. Some places won't let journalists
publish freely. Eg: North Korea.
Some news channels don't want to
report negative stories. “Dumbing
down of news.”
Proper journalism is harder to find than
it used to be.
Some people aren't allowed to access
international news (eg: Myanmar;
great firewall of China)
23. Online Journalism
Provides access to international
stories.
However, it can still be controlled by
the government…
24. Social Media
Instant and global.
Has been largely successful
However, it can still be limited –
eg: Syria pulled the plug on net
27. The difference sources of Human
Rights in Australian Domestic Law
Statute Law
Common
Law
Constitution
28. Only contains a few references to Human Rights
s.116 freedom of religion
s.24 right to vote
s.51(xxxi) right to acquisition of property on just terms
s.117 the right not to be discriminated against as a result of residence in one state
Division and Separation of Powers
Division of Powers – distribution of legislative rights between The Commonwealth and the
States
Separation of Powers – separation of the Commonwealth into 3 arms: legislature
(parliament), executive (government & its departments), judiciary (court system) – all are
equal before the law [“rule of law”]
Some rights have been found to be “implied” in the Constitution
Roach v Electoral Commissioner (2007)
29. Traditionally, common law was the primary source of protection of individual and
collective rights (although this is changing)
Common law is limited in how much it can protect our rights by the fact that parliament
can reverse its decisions through legislation – some people say this is a serious
limitation, and this makes common law rights insignificant
Common law has also impeded human rights in Australia
Right to legal representation
Right to appeal
Right to silence
Discretion to admit evidence unlawfully gained