The document discusses machine element design and manufacturing. It covers determining shape, dimensions and material when designing elements. It also discusses limits, fits and tolerances when manufacturing elements. Standard tolerance grades and fundamental deviations are defined according to hole and shaft basis systems. Common manufacturing processes like casting, forming, machining and joining are also summarized.
This document discusses limits, tolerances, and fits in manufacturing. It defines limits as the maximum and minimum permissible sizes of a component. Tolerance is the permissible variation from the nominal or basic size of a component. There are different types of fits between holes and shafts, including clearance fits, interference fits, and transition fits. The document also discusses hole basis and shaft basis systems for specifying fits and interchangeability in manufacturing.
This document discusses limits, tolerances, and fits in manufacturing. It defines limits as the maximum and minimum permissible sizes of a component. Tolerance is the permissible variation from the nominal or basic size of a component. There are different types of fits between holes and shafts, including clearance fits, interference fits, and transition fits. The document also discusses hole basis and shaft basis systems for specifying fits and interchangeability in manufacturing.
This document provides an overview of limits, fits, and tolerances in manufacturing. It defines key terms like basic size, tolerance, allowance, and describes different types of fits (clearance, interference, transition) and how they are specified using hole basis and shaft basis systems. It also discusses interchangeability and selective assembly, explaining how classifying components by size within their tolerance ranges enables proper assembly of mating parts from different sources.
Design & development of multi orientation drilling special purpose machine su...IJERD Editor
The growth of Indian manufacturing sector depends largely on its productivity & quality. Productivity depends upon many factors, one of the major factors being manufacturing efficiency with which the operation /activities are carried out in the organization. Productivity can be improved by reducing the total machining time, combining the operations etc. In case of mass production where variety of jobs is less and quantity to be produced is huge, it is very essential to produce the job at a faster rate. This is not possible if we carry out the production by using general purpose machines. The best way to improve the production rate (productivity) along with quality is by use of special purpose machine. Usefulness and performance of the existing radial drilling machine will be increased by designing and development of multispindle drilling head attachment. This paper deals with such development undertaken for similar job under consideration along with industrial case study. Keywords- Various methods, Design, Manufacturing, Statistical process control (Process capability)
System of Limits, Fits, Tolerance and GaugingTushar Makvana
To satisfy the ever-increasing demand for accuracy, the parts have to be produced with a less dimensional variation.
Hence, the labour and machinery required to manufacture a part has become more expensive.
It is essential for the manufacturer to have an in-depth knowledge of the tolerances to manufacture parts economically but, at the same time, adhere to quality and reliability aspects.
This document discusses limits, fits, tolerances and surface roughness. It defines standardization and interchangeability, explaining their benefits. It describes limit systems and the terminology used, including types of fits. Clearance, interference and transition fits are defined. Surface roughness is discussed, including how it is measured and expressed. Preferred number series for dimensions are also covered.
Datum Features:
Functional datum, datum for manufacturing, changing the datum;examples.
Component Design:
Design features to facilitate machining: drills, milling cutters, keyways, Doweling procedures, counter sunk screws, Reduction of machined area, simplification by separation, simplification by amalgamation, Design for machinability, Design for economy, Design for clampability, Design for accessibility. Design for assembly
IRJET- Fabrication of Roller Bending MachineIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and development of a hydraulic powered roller bending machine. Some key points:
- The machine uses rollers, bearings, a hydraulic jack, and a supporting frame to bend metal into different angles and curvatures as required.
- It is designed to be portable, lightweight, and easy to operate with low skill.
- The bending process is described along with diagrams of the machine components like rollers, spindle wheel, bearings, hydraulic jack, and frame.
- Materials selected for parts include mild steel, bearing steel, and stainless steel considering properties like strength, hardness, and corrosion resistance.
- Advantages are that it is useful for fabrication, can make
This document discusses limits, tolerances, and fits in manufacturing. It defines limits as the maximum and minimum permissible sizes of a component. Tolerance is the permissible variation from the nominal or basic size of a component. There are different types of fits between holes and shafts, including clearance fits, interference fits, and transition fits. The document also discusses hole basis and shaft basis systems for specifying fits and interchangeability in manufacturing.
This document discusses limits, tolerances, and fits in manufacturing. It defines limits as the maximum and minimum permissible sizes of a component. Tolerance is the permissible variation from the nominal or basic size of a component. There are different types of fits between holes and shafts, including clearance fits, interference fits, and transition fits. The document also discusses hole basis and shaft basis systems for specifying fits and interchangeability in manufacturing.
This document provides an overview of limits, fits, and tolerances in manufacturing. It defines key terms like basic size, tolerance, allowance, and describes different types of fits (clearance, interference, transition) and how they are specified using hole basis and shaft basis systems. It also discusses interchangeability and selective assembly, explaining how classifying components by size within their tolerance ranges enables proper assembly of mating parts from different sources.
Design & development of multi orientation drilling special purpose machine su...IJERD Editor
The growth of Indian manufacturing sector depends largely on its productivity & quality. Productivity depends upon many factors, one of the major factors being manufacturing efficiency with which the operation /activities are carried out in the organization. Productivity can be improved by reducing the total machining time, combining the operations etc. In case of mass production where variety of jobs is less and quantity to be produced is huge, it is very essential to produce the job at a faster rate. This is not possible if we carry out the production by using general purpose machines. The best way to improve the production rate (productivity) along with quality is by use of special purpose machine. Usefulness and performance of the existing radial drilling machine will be increased by designing and development of multispindle drilling head attachment. This paper deals with such development undertaken for similar job under consideration along with industrial case study. Keywords- Various methods, Design, Manufacturing, Statistical process control (Process capability)
System of Limits, Fits, Tolerance and GaugingTushar Makvana
To satisfy the ever-increasing demand for accuracy, the parts have to be produced with a less dimensional variation.
Hence, the labour and machinery required to manufacture a part has become more expensive.
It is essential for the manufacturer to have an in-depth knowledge of the tolerances to manufacture parts economically but, at the same time, adhere to quality and reliability aspects.
This document discusses limits, fits, tolerances and surface roughness. It defines standardization and interchangeability, explaining their benefits. It describes limit systems and the terminology used, including types of fits. Clearance, interference and transition fits are defined. Surface roughness is discussed, including how it is measured and expressed. Preferred number series for dimensions are also covered.
Datum Features:
Functional datum, datum for manufacturing, changing the datum;examples.
Component Design:
Design features to facilitate machining: drills, milling cutters, keyways, Doweling procedures, counter sunk screws, Reduction of machined area, simplification by separation, simplification by amalgamation, Design for machinability, Design for economy, Design for clampability, Design for accessibility. Design for assembly
IRJET- Fabrication of Roller Bending MachineIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and development of a hydraulic powered roller bending machine. Some key points:
- The machine uses rollers, bearings, a hydraulic jack, and a supporting frame to bend metal into different angles and curvatures as required.
- It is designed to be portable, lightweight, and easy to operate with low skill.
- The bending process is described along with diagrams of the machine components like rollers, spindle wheel, bearings, hydraulic jack, and frame.
- Materials selected for parts include mild steel, bearing steel, and stainless steel considering properties like strength, hardness, and corrosion resistance.
- Advantages are that it is useful for fabrication, can make
The document discusses systems of limits, fits, tolerances and gauges. It defines key terms like tolerance, size, deviation, limits of size, and fits. There are three main types of fits - clearance fit, interference fit, and transition fit - depending on how the tolerance zones of the hole and shaft relate. The document also discusses interchangeability, tolerance accumulation, and specifies different positional and geometric tolerances. It compares hole basis and shaft basis systems for specifying fits and concludes with symbols and terms used in standards for fits and tolerances.
This document provides an overview of general principles of machine tool design. It discusses classifications of machine tools, working motions including drive and feed motions, parameters that define working motions like cutting speed and feed. It also outlines general requirements for machine tool design such as high productivity, accuracy, simplicity, safety, appearance and low cost. Finally, it describes the engineering design process for machine tools including design proposal, preliminary design and detailed design stages.
The document summarizes the design and manufacturing process of a compound tool for a speedometer component. It includes sections on the presentation flow, abstract, introduction, literature review, problem statement, objectives, methodology, flow chart, calculations, design, progress, and references. The methodology section outlines the key steps in compound tooling which performs multiple operations in a single stroke using a blanking tool and piercing tool. The design section describes the main components of the compound tool like the punch, die plate, forming punch, guide bush, and pins. The objectives are to simultaneously perform more than one operation per stroke to reduce costs and improve efficiency over separate machines for each operation.
1) Injection molding is an important manufacturing process that is used to produce plastic parts in large quantities. It is important to design parts for injection molding considering manufacturing guidelines to ensure quality parts and reduce costs.
2) Traditional DFM reviews are time-consuming and inconsistent. A new software called DFMPro automates DFM checks for injection molded parts using predefined rules.
3) DFMPro includes rules for injection molded parts related to wall thickness, draft angles, ribs, bosses, and undercuts that help improve manufacturability and part quality. Users can customize rules and the software enforces checks.
This document describes the design and analysis of an indexing type drill jig. It begins with introducing the purpose and basic elements of jigs and fixtures in manufacturing. It then details the design process which includes modeling the component, base plate, locators, clamps, bushes, and indexing mechanism. An assembly of the drill jig is presented and analyzed using finite element analysis software. The results of the analysis show the clamping force is greater than the drilling force, indicating the design is safe and effective for its intended machining operation. In conclusion, the indexing drill jig design meets the objectives of locating and clamping the component accurately and efficiently for mass production.
Design and Development of a Tool for Combined Depression and Piercing Operation, rim manufacturing, piercing operation, the operation is done for seating the Valve stem which protrudes out of the wheel for inflating tubes &Tyres
igs and fixtures are specialised tools used in manufacturing to secure workpi...yhchauhan
igs and fixtures are specialised tools used in manufacturing to secure workpieces and guide cutting or shaping tools, ensuring precision and repeatability in production processes.
This paper discusses the development of a CAD system for designing die-sets used in sheet metal punching and blanking dies. The system can operate as a standalone program or integrated with a blanking die design CAD system. It automatically designs die-sets in both 2D and 3D based on parameters like the blank part shape, material properties, and die holder dimensions. The design calculations consider factors like cutting forces and guide post sizing. The system helps save die designers significant time by automating the repetitive die-set design process.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF MULTIFACE HYDRAULIC BENDING MACHINE DIEIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and analysis of a multifaceted hydraulic bending machine die. It begins with an introduction to bending machine operations and describes how existing die designs require multiple dies and more time/space. The proposed new die design would combine multiple bending shapes into a single die to reduce material usage, errors, and improve efficiency. The document then analyzes the proposed die design using finite element analysis software to simulate stresses and strains on sample materials. Results found the new die design reduced stresses on materials compared to existing designs. In conclusion, the bending die process was determined to be important for manufacturing and the new integrated die design improved production over previous methods.
Design & developement of swing frame testing fixture of Bandsaw Machine.Vaibhav Koli
The document describes the design and development of a testing fixture for the swing frame of a bandsaw machine. Key details include:
- The fixture was created to reduce inspection time and improve accuracy by properly aligning and drilling holes in the swing frame.
- Materials like mild steel, EN24 and EN8 were selected for different fixture components based on properties like strength, machinability and wear resistance.
- The design of the fixture was tested and different plates were allocated to wing positions to locate and securely hold the swing frame for drilling operations.
- The fixture allows for reduced manufacturing cycle time and increased precision, reliability and productivity when inspecting the swing frame.
The document discusses size reduction, which is the process of reducing the size of solid materials through mechanisms like impact, attrition, compression, and cutting. Size reduction is important to increase surface area for applications like reactions. Common size reduction equipment includes crushers, grinders, and cutting machines. Crushers are used for coarse size reduction through impacts. Grinders provide intermediate and fine size reduction through impacts or abrasion. Factors that influence equipment choice include the feed and desired product sizes, material properties, and capacity needs. The efficiency of size reduction depends on factors like the energy required to generate new surface area.
IRJET- Design and Development of Collet ChuckIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and development of a collet chuck for holding workpieces in a lathe. It begins with an introduction that explains the need for an alternative workholding device when internal diameters are too small for a standard jaw chuck. It then discusses some of the advantages of a collet chuck over a jaw chuck, such as improved accuracy, speed, and productivity. The remainder of the document provides details on the design and manufacturing of the collet chuck, including specifications for the main body, mandrel, and other components to securely hold workpieces for machining operations. In summary, the document presents a solution for securely holding small internal diameter workpieces in a lathe by designing and fabricating a custom collet chuck
Design and Manufacturing of Jigs for Drilling MachineIRJET Journal
The document describes the design and manufacturing of acrylic jigs for a drilling machine. It aims to address problems with traditional heavy metal jigs by creating lighter weight acrylic jigs. The acrylic jigs were designed in Solid Edge and analyzed in ANSYS for stress and deformation. Two jigs were manufactured, one with two steps for drilling different sized holes and the other to drill perpendicular holes. Analysis found stress and deformation to be well below allowable limits. The acrylic jigs reduced weight by over 20 kg compared to traditional metal jigs, helping to address issues like worker stress and increased productivity.
The limit fit tolerance refers to the acceptable degree of variation allowed in a part's dimensions or the permissible difference between the minimum and maximum sizes of mating parts in engineering and manufacturing. This system ensures that parts fit together properly while accounting for unavoidable variations in the manufacturing process.
The tolerance consists of two main components:
Limits: These are the extreme values (upper and lower bounds) within which the actual dimension of a part must fall.
Fits: The relationship between the parts based on the prescribed tolerance. Fits can be categorized into various types, such as clearance fit, interference fit, and transition fit, based on the allowances for the difference between the mating parts.
The ANSI (American National Standards Institute) and ISO (International Organization for Standardization) often provide standard charts and tables that detail various limit fit tolerance classes. These classes specify the allowances for different fits to ensure proper functionality while allowing for ease of assembly or providing a snug fit, depending on the application.
Selecting the appropriate limit fit tolerance depends on the specific requirements of the application, considering factors like function, material, environmental conditions, and manufacturing capabilities. This ensures that parts fit together with the required precision, avoiding issues like parts being too loose or too tight.
When specifying a limit fit tolerance for manufacturing or engineering purposes, it's essential to consider:
Design requirements: What function does the part need to fulfill?
Material properties: Different materials expand, contract, or behave differently under varying conditions.
Environmental factors: Temperature, humidity, and other external conditions may affect the parts' dimensions.
Manufacturing processes: The methods used for manufacturing can influence the achievable tolerance.
Ultimately, the right limit fit tolerance is a balance between functionality, ease of assembly, and ensuring the required performance of the final product. Engineering standards, charts, and tables provided by organizations like ANSI and ISO offer guidance in selecting appropriate tolerances for specific applications.
Module 2 part i limits, fits, and tolerancessubhashFTVET
The document discusses limits, fits, and tolerances in manufacturing. It defines key terms like basic size, tolerance, deviation, allowance and different types of fits and tolerances. Tolerance is specified to indicate the permissible variation in a part's actual size from its nominal dimensions. Allowance refers to the intentional difference between mating features to achieve a desired fit. The document also discusses principles of interchangeability and how tolerances are accumulated in an assembly. Maximizing interchangeability requires minimizing the effects of tolerance stacking.
IRJET- Experimental Analysis and Geometrical Effect on Mild Steel with Un...IRJET Journal
This document describes an experimental analysis of drilling mild steel with both uncoated and tungsten carbide coated high-speed steel drill bits using the Taguchi technique. The experiment analyzed the impact of drilling speed, feed rate, and depth of cut on surface roughness, hole diameter, and material removal rate. Experiments were conducted on a CNC milling machine without cutting fluid. Results for the uncoated and coated drilling were collected and analyzed using Minitab software to determine the optimal drilling parameters.
This document is a project report submitted by five students at the National Institute of Technology Raipur for their Bachelor of Technology degree. The report details a project to develop an association of a data acquisition system in a CNC machine for micro milling processes. The report includes an introduction on micro milling, copper machining, and data acquisition. It then reviews relevant literature, identifies problems with current micro milling processes like poor surface finish and lack of accuracy. It describes the experimental setup used and the process, with the goal of overcoming issues by integrating a data acquisition system to provide additional feedback parameters like cutting forces.
Comparing Bearing and Gear Options: How to Buy Bearings Based on Life, Not Ju...Sentient Science
Sentient Science’s Computational Tribologist, ElonTerrell, PhD, for a discussion on comparing bearing performance and failure rates within the new DigitalClone computational testing solution. We compared the performance of 3 unidentified bearing OEMs and display the weibull comparisons. DigitalClone can be used to compare bearings, gears, gearboxes, and drive trains within a software environment to accelerate testing and get new products to market faster. We will examine the different failure modes and look at potential changes to improve component life.
IRJET- Modelling & Analysis of Drill Bit with Different MaterialsIRJET Journal
This document analyzes the modeling and performance of drill bits made from different materials, including high-speed steel (HSS) and two types of titanium alloy (alpha and beta). A twist drill bit model with dimensions of 8mm diameter and 80mm flute length is created in SOLIDWORKS. Finite element analysis is performed in ANSYS to compare equivalent stress, strain, and deformation between the materials when subjected to torque loads. The results show that the beta titanium alloy exhibits the highest effective strain but lowest equivalent stress compared to the other materials.
The document discusses systems of limits, fits, tolerances and gauges. It defines key terms like tolerance, size, deviation, limits of size, and fits. There are three main types of fits - clearance fit, interference fit, and transition fit - depending on how the tolerance zones of the hole and shaft relate. The document also discusses interchangeability, tolerance accumulation, and specifies different positional and geometric tolerances. It compares hole basis and shaft basis systems for specifying fits and concludes with symbols and terms used in standards for fits and tolerances.
This document provides an overview of general principles of machine tool design. It discusses classifications of machine tools, working motions including drive and feed motions, parameters that define working motions like cutting speed and feed. It also outlines general requirements for machine tool design such as high productivity, accuracy, simplicity, safety, appearance and low cost. Finally, it describes the engineering design process for machine tools including design proposal, preliminary design and detailed design stages.
The document summarizes the design and manufacturing process of a compound tool for a speedometer component. It includes sections on the presentation flow, abstract, introduction, literature review, problem statement, objectives, methodology, flow chart, calculations, design, progress, and references. The methodology section outlines the key steps in compound tooling which performs multiple operations in a single stroke using a blanking tool and piercing tool. The design section describes the main components of the compound tool like the punch, die plate, forming punch, guide bush, and pins. The objectives are to simultaneously perform more than one operation per stroke to reduce costs and improve efficiency over separate machines for each operation.
1) Injection molding is an important manufacturing process that is used to produce plastic parts in large quantities. It is important to design parts for injection molding considering manufacturing guidelines to ensure quality parts and reduce costs.
2) Traditional DFM reviews are time-consuming and inconsistent. A new software called DFMPro automates DFM checks for injection molded parts using predefined rules.
3) DFMPro includes rules for injection molded parts related to wall thickness, draft angles, ribs, bosses, and undercuts that help improve manufacturability and part quality. Users can customize rules and the software enforces checks.
This document describes the design and analysis of an indexing type drill jig. It begins with introducing the purpose and basic elements of jigs and fixtures in manufacturing. It then details the design process which includes modeling the component, base plate, locators, clamps, bushes, and indexing mechanism. An assembly of the drill jig is presented and analyzed using finite element analysis software. The results of the analysis show the clamping force is greater than the drilling force, indicating the design is safe and effective for its intended machining operation. In conclusion, the indexing drill jig design meets the objectives of locating and clamping the component accurately and efficiently for mass production.
Design and Development of a Tool for Combined Depression and Piercing Operation, rim manufacturing, piercing operation, the operation is done for seating the Valve stem which protrudes out of the wheel for inflating tubes &Tyres
igs and fixtures are specialised tools used in manufacturing to secure workpi...yhchauhan
igs and fixtures are specialised tools used in manufacturing to secure workpieces and guide cutting or shaping tools, ensuring precision and repeatability in production processes.
This paper discusses the development of a CAD system for designing die-sets used in sheet metal punching and blanking dies. The system can operate as a standalone program or integrated with a blanking die design CAD system. It automatically designs die-sets in both 2D and 3D based on parameters like the blank part shape, material properties, and die holder dimensions. The design calculations consider factors like cutting forces and guide post sizing. The system helps save die designers significant time by automating the repetitive die-set design process.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF MULTIFACE HYDRAULIC BENDING MACHINE DIEIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and analysis of a multifaceted hydraulic bending machine die. It begins with an introduction to bending machine operations and describes how existing die designs require multiple dies and more time/space. The proposed new die design would combine multiple bending shapes into a single die to reduce material usage, errors, and improve efficiency. The document then analyzes the proposed die design using finite element analysis software to simulate stresses and strains on sample materials. Results found the new die design reduced stresses on materials compared to existing designs. In conclusion, the bending die process was determined to be important for manufacturing and the new integrated die design improved production over previous methods.
Design & developement of swing frame testing fixture of Bandsaw Machine.Vaibhav Koli
The document describes the design and development of a testing fixture for the swing frame of a bandsaw machine. Key details include:
- The fixture was created to reduce inspection time and improve accuracy by properly aligning and drilling holes in the swing frame.
- Materials like mild steel, EN24 and EN8 were selected for different fixture components based on properties like strength, machinability and wear resistance.
- The design of the fixture was tested and different plates were allocated to wing positions to locate and securely hold the swing frame for drilling operations.
- The fixture allows for reduced manufacturing cycle time and increased precision, reliability and productivity when inspecting the swing frame.
The document discusses size reduction, which is the process of reducing the size of solid materials through mechanisms like impact, attrition, compression, and cutting. Size reduction is important to increase surface area for applications like reactions. Common size reduction equipment includes crushers, grinders, and cutting machines. Crushers are used for coarse size reduction through impacts. Grinders provide intermediate and fine size reduction through impacts or abrasion. Factors that influence equipment choice include the feed and desired product sizes, material properties, and capacity needs. The efficiency of size reduction depends on factors like the energy required to generate new surface area.
IRJET- Design and Development of Collet ChuckIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and development of a collet chuck for holding workpieces in a lathe. It begins with an introduction that explains the need for an alternative workholding device when internal diameters are too small for a standard jaw chuck. It then discusses some of the advantages of a collet chuck over a jaw chuck, such as improved accuracy, speed, and productivity. The remainder of the document provides details on the design and manufacturing of the collet chuck, including specifications for the main body, mandrel, and other components to securely hold workpieces for machining operations. In summary, the document presents a solution for securely holding small internal diameter workpieces in a lathe by designing and fabricating a custom collet chuck
Design and Manufacturing of Jigs for Drilling MachineIRJET Journal
The document describes the design and manufacturing of acrylic jigs for a drilling machine. It aims to address problems with traditional heavy metal jigs by creating lighter weight acrylic jigs. The acrylic jigs were designed in Solid Edge and analyzed in ANSYS for stress and deformation. Two jigs were manufactured, one with two steps for drilling different sized holes and the other to drill perpendicular holes. Analysis found stress and deformation to be well below allowable limits. The acrylic jigs reduced weight by over 20 kg compared to traditional metal jigs, helping to address issues like worker stress and increased productivity.
The limit fit tolerance refers to the acceptable degree of variation allowed in a part's dimensions or the permissible difference between the minimum and maximum sizes of mating parts in engineering and manufacturing. This system ensures that parts fit together properly while accounting for unavoidable variations in the manufacturing process.
The tolerance consists of two main components:
Limits: These are the extreme values (upper and lower bounds) within which the actual dimension of a part must fall.
Fits: The relationship between the parts based on the prescribed tolerance. Fits can be categorized into various types, such as clearance fit, interference fit, and transition fit, based on the allowances for the difference between the mating parts.
The ANSI (American National Standards Institute) and ISO (International Organization for Standardization) often provide standard charts and tables that detail various limit fit tolerance classes. These classes specify the allowances for different fits to ensure proper functionality while allowing for ease of assembly or providing a snug fit, depending on the application.
Selecting the appropriate limit fit tolerance depends on the specific requirements of the application, considering factors like function, material, environmental conditions, and manufacturing capabilities. This ensures that parts fit together with the required precision, avoiding issues like parts being too loose or too tight.
When specifying a limit fit tolerance for manufacturing or engineering purposes, it's essential to consider:
Design requirements: What function does the part need to fulfill?
Material properties: Different materials expand, contract, or behave differently under varying conditions.
Environmental factors: Temperature, humidity, and other external conditions may affect the parts' dimensions.
Manufacturing processes: The methods used for manufacturing can influence the achievable tolerance.
Ultimately, the right limit fit tolerance is a balance between functionality, ease of assembly, and ensuring the required performance of the final product. Engineering standards, charts, and tables provided by organizations like ANSI and ISO offer guidance in selecting appropriate tolerances for specific applications.
Module 2 part i limits, fits, and tolerancessubhashFTVET
The document discusses limits, fits, and tolerances in manufacturing. It defines key terms like basic size, tolerance, deviation, allowance and different types of fits and tolerances. Tolerance is specified to indicate the permissible variation in a part's actual size from its nominal dimensions. Allowance refers to the intentional difference between mating features to achieve a desired fit. The document also discusses principles of interchangeability and how tolerances are accumulated in an assembly. Maximizing interchangeability requires minimizing the effects of tolerance stacking.
IRJET- Experimental Analysis and Geometrical Effect on Mild Steel with Un...IRJET Journal
This document describes an experimental analysis of drilling mild steel with both uncoated and tungsten carbide coated high-speed steel drill bits using the Taguchi technique. The experiment analyzed the impact of drilling speed, feed rate, and depth of cut on surface roughness, hole diameter, and material removal rate. Experiments were conducted on a CNC milling machine without cutting fluid. Results for the uncoated and coated drilling were collected and analyzed using Minitab software to determine the optimal drilling parameters.
This document is a project report submitted by five students at the National Institute of Technology Raipur for their Bachelor of Technology degree. The report details a project to develop an association of a data acquisition system in a CNC machine for micro milling processes. The report includes an introduction on micro milling, copper machining, and data acquisition. It then reviews relevant literature, identifies problems with current micro milling processes like poor surface finish and lack of accuracy. It describes the experimental setup used and the process, with the goal of overcoming issues by integrating a data acquisition system to provide additional feedback parameters like cutting forces.
Comparing Bearing and Gear Options: How to Buy Bearings Based on Life, Not Ju...Sentient Science
Sentient Science’s Computational Tribologist, ElonTerrell, PhD, for a discussion on comparing bearing performance and failure rates within the new DigitalClone computational testing solution. We compared the performance of 3 unidentified bearing OEMs and display the weibull comparisons. DigitalClone can be used to compare bearings, gears, gearboxes, and drive trains within a software environment to accelerate testing and get new products to market faster. We will examine the different failure modes and look at potential changes to improve component life.
IRJET- Modelling & Analysis of Drill Bit with Different MaterialsIRJET Journal
This document analyzes the modeling and performance of drill bits made from different materials, including high-speed steel (HSS) and two types of titanium alloy (alpha and beta). A twist drill bit model with dimensions of 8mm diameter and 80mm flute length is created in SOLIDWORKS. Finite element analysis is performed in ANSYS to compare equivalent stress, strain, and deformation between the materials when subjected to torque loads. The results show that the beta titanium alloy exhibits the highest effective strain but lowest equivalent stress compared to the other materials.
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The CBC machine is a common diagnostic tool used by doctors to measure a patient's red blood cell count, white blood cell count and platelet count. The machine uses a small sample of the patient's blood, which is then placed into special tubes and analyzed. The results of the analysis are then displayed on a screen for the doctor to review. The CBC machine is an important tool for diagnosing various conditions, such as anemia, infection and leukemia. It can also help to monitor a patient's response to treatment.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
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2. Design of Machine Elements - Limits and Fits.pptx
1. Design of Machine Elements
Dr. G.Praveen Kumar
Assistant Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department
IIITDM Kurnool
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3. • Whenever we are going to design an element we need decide various
aspects like
• Shape
• Dimension
• Material, etc.
• Ultimately it should be able to successfully manufactured to give appropriate
shape to the product as per the design
• Will discuss on ideas of manufacturing
Design and Manufacturing
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4. •Concept of limits and fits
•Preferred numbers
•Various manufacturing processes
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Design and Manufacturing
5. • First thing we need to think while designing a machining element is its
size
• E.g. if a shaft is designed to have a diameter of 20 mm. Means
manufacturing department should be able to make a shaft of 20 mm
• However it is very difficult to make a shaft with diameter exactly 20
mm
• Hence, while designing a tolerance band is defined
• This in general refers to as limits and fits.
•
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Design and Manufacturing
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Fig. 1. Interrelationship between tolerances and limits
• Figure 1 explains the terminologies
used in defining tolerance and
limit
• For the convenience, shaft and
hole are chosen to be two mating
components
• The zero line is the basic size or
the nominal size.
Design and Manufacturing
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Fig. 1. Interrelationship between tolerances and limits
Tolerance:
• Tolerance is the difference
between maximum and minimum
dimensions of a component
• i.e. between upper limit and lower
limit
• Tolerance is of two types,
• Bilateral
• Unilateral
• When tolerance is present on
• both sides of nominal size, it is
termed as bilateral;
• Unilateral has tolerance only on
one side. Fig. 2 Types of tolerance
Design and Manufacturing
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Fig. 1. Interrelationship between tolerances and limits
Allowance :
• It is the difference of dimension between two
mating parts.
Upper deviation:
• It is the difference of dimension between the
maximum possible size of the component and its
nominal size.
Lower deviation
• Similarly, it is the difference of dimension between
the minimum possible size of the component and
its nominal size.
Fundamental deviation
• It defines the location of the tolerance zone with
respect to the nominal size.
• It is the nearest deviation from the basic size.
Design and Manufacturing
9. • A machine part when manufactured has a specified tolerance
• When two mating parts fit with each other, the nature of fit is dependent
on the limits of tolerances and fundamental deviations of the mating parts
• The degree of tightness or looseness between the two mating parts is
known as a fit of the parts.
• The nature of assembly of two mating parts is defined by three types of fit
system,
• Clearance Fit
• Transition Fit
• Interference Fit
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Design and Manufacturing – Fit System
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Design and Manufacturing – Fit System
Fig. 3. Schematic view of Fit system
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Design and Manufacturing – Fit System
CLEARANCE FIT : In this type of fit, the largest permitted shaft diameter is less than the
smallest hole diameter so that the shaft can rotate or slide
according to the purpose of the assembly.
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Design and Manufacturing – Fit System
INTERFERENCE FIT: It is defined as the fit established when a negative
clearance exists between the sizes of holes and the shaft.
In this type of fit, the minimum permitted diameter of
the shaft is larger than the maximum allowable diameter
of the hole.
In case of this type of fit, the members are intended to be
permanently attached.
Ex: Bearing bushes, Keys & key ways
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Design and Manufacturing – Fit System
TRANSITION FIT : In this type of fit, the diameter of the largest
allowable hole is greater than the smallest
shaft, but the smallest hole is smaller than the
largest shaft, such that a small positive or
negative clearance exists between the shaft &
hole.
Ex: Coupling rings, Spigot in mating holes, etc.
14. • Two ways of representing a fit system
• Hole basis system
• Shaft basis system
• Hole basis system
• The dimension of the hole is considered to be the datum
• Shaft basis system
• Dimension of the shaft is considered to be the datum
• The holes are normally made by drilling, followed by reaming. Therefore, the dimension
of a hole is fixed due to the nature of the tool used.
• However, the dimension of a shaft is easily controllable by standard manufacturing
processes.
• Hence, the hole basis system is much more popular than the shaft basis system
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Design and Manufacturing – Fit System
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Design and Manufacturing – Fit System
If the hole basis system is used, there will be reduction in
production costs as only one tool is required to produce the Hole
and the shaft can be easily machined to any desired size. Hence
hole basis system is preferred over shaft basis system
Hole basis system
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Design and Manufacturing – Fit System
Shaft basis system
In this system, the basic diameter of the shaft is constant while the hole size is varied
according to the type of fit. It may, however, be necessary to use shaft basis system where
different fits are required along a long shaft.
For example, in the case of driving shafts where a single shaft may have to accommodate to
a variety of accessories such as couplings, bearings, collars, etc.,
it is preferable to maintain a constant diameter for the permanent member, which is the
shaft, and vary the bore of the accessories
18. • Basic shat and Basic hole: The shafts and holes that have zero fundamental
deviations. The basic hole has zero lower deviation and the basic shaft has zero
upper deviation
• Hole designation: By upper case letters from A, B, ……, Z, Za, Zb, Zc (excluding I, L,
O, Q, W and adding Js, Za, Zb, Zc) – 25 numbers
• Shaft designation: By lower case letters from a, b, ….. z, za, zb, zc (excluding i, l, o,
q, w and adding js, za, zb, zc) – 25 numbers
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Design and Manufacturing – Fit System
19. • Figure shows the schematic view of a standard limit and fit system
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Design and Manufacturing – Fit System
• Tolerance is denoted as IT and it has 18
grades( IT01,IT0 and IT1 to IT16)
• Greater the number, more is the
tolerance limit
• The fundamental deviations for the hole
are denoted by capital letters from A and
ZC, having altogether 25 divisions.
• Similarly, the fundamental deviations for
the shaft is denoted by small letters from
a to zc
• Here H or h is a typical case, where the
fundamental deviation is zero having an
unilateral tolerance of a specified IT
grade.
20. • The values of standard tolerances and fundamental deviations can be obtained
from design hand book
• The choice of tolerance grade is related to the type of manufacturing process;
• For example, attainable tolerance grade for lapping process is lower compared to
plain milling
• Choice of fundamental deviation largely depends on the nature of fit, running fit
or tight fit etc.
• Manufacturing processes involving lower tolerance grade are generally costly
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Design and Manufacturing – Fit System
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Design and Manufacturing – Fit System
Fig. Typical zones of fit
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Design and Manufacturing – Fit System
Prob1: The main bearing of an engine is shown in Fig. 1. Calculate (i) the
maximum and minimum diameters of the bush and crank pin; and (ii) the
maximum and minimum clearances between the crank pin and bush. Suggest
suitable machining methods for both.
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Design and Manufacturing – Fit System
Prob2: The valve seat fitted inside the housing of a pump is shown in Fig. 2.
Calculate (i) the maximum and minimum diameters of the housing and valve
seat; and (ii) the magnitude of the maximum and minimum interferences
between the seat and housing.
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Design and Manufacturing – Fit System
Prob3: The valve seat fitted inside the housing of a pump is shown in Fig. 3.
Calculate (i) the maximum and minimum diameters of the housing and valve
seat; and (ii) the magnitude of the maximum and minimum interferences
between the seat and housing.
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Design and Manufacturing – Fit System
From Tables 3.2 and 3.3b, the tolerances for the small end of connecting rod and bush are as follows:
Connecting rod (inner diameter) (15H6) = 15.000 15.011 mm Bush (outer diameter) (15r5) = 15.023 15.031 mm
Maximum interference = 15.031 – 15 = 0.031 mm Minimum interference = 15.023 - 15.011 = 0.012 mm
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Design and Manufacturing – Fit System
Prob4: The exhaust valve of an IC engine is shown in Fig. 4 There is a clearance
fit between the valve stem and its guide and an interference fit between the
valve seat and its housing. Determine (i) diameters of the valve stem (ii) inner
diameters of guide for valve stem (iii) the clearances between the stem and
guide (iv) diameters of the valve seat (v) inner diameters of housing of the valve
seat (vi) the interferences between the valve seat and its housing.
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Design and Manufacturing – Fit System
From Tables 3.2 and 3.3a,
Limiting dimensions of valve stem (5d8) = 4.952 4.970 mm
Limiting dimensions of guide for valve stem (5H7) = 5.000 5.012 mm
Maximum clearance = 5.012 - 4.952 = 0.06 mm Minimum clearance = 5 - 4.97 = 0.03 mm From
Tables 3.2 and 3.3b, Limiting dimensions of valve seat (20s5) = 20.035 20.044 mm
Limiting dimensions of housing (20H6) = 20.000 20.013 mm
Maximum interference = 20.044 – 20 = 0.044mm Minimum interference = 20.035 – 20.013 = 0.022 mm
34. Preferred numbers (Renard series)
• A designed product needs standardization
• It means that some of its important specified parameter should be common in
nature
• E.g., the sizes of the ingots available in the market have standard sizes. A
manufacturer does not produce ingots of sizes of his wish, he follows a definite
pattern and for that matter designer can choose the dimensions from those
standard available sizes.
• Motor speed, engine power of a tractor, machine tool speed and feed, all follow a
definite pattern or series
• This also helps in interchangeability of products
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Design and Manufacturing – Fit System
35. Preferred numbers (Renard series)
• It has been observed that if the sizes are put in the form of geometric
progression, then wide ranges are covered with a definite sequence
• These numbers are called preferred numbers having common ratios
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Design and Manufacturing – Fit System
36. Typical values of the common ratio for four basic G.P. series are given below
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Design and Manufacturing – Fit System
37. Examples for preferred number
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Design and Manufacturing – Fit System
38. The types of common manufacturing processes are
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Common manufacturing processes
39. The types of shaping processes are
25/07/22 Dr. G.Praveen Kumar, IIITDM Kurnool 39
Common manufacturing processes
The types of machining processes are
40. The types of joining processes are
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Common manufacturing processes
The types of surface finishing
processes are
41. The non-conventional machining processes are
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Common manufacturing processes