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![1840 Females and Education
(part of tax laws)
This is the appropriate business of all the females of
these islands;
to teach the children to read, cipher, and write, and other
branches of learning,
to subject the children to good parental and school laws,
to guide the children to right behavior, and
[to] place them in schools, that they may do better than their
parents.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/2constitutionalmonarchy-230807183141-ce361e3f/85/2-Constitutional-Monarchy-pptx-12-320.jpg)
![Cheating
1865 Joseph H. Morrison measured the dimensions of
anahupuaa of almost 50,000 acres, reported to the
Hawaiian owner that it was only 1,200 acres, and then
purchased it for $600. [Later overturned by court]
However imprudent sales are upheld.
Users of kuleana (small plots distributed to those
previously responsible for the land) were frequently
harassed by the illegal diversion of water and by
foraging cattle from large ranches.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/2constitutionalmonarchy-230807183141-ce361e3f/85/2-Constitutional-Monarchy-pptx-34-320.jpg)
2 Constitutional Monarchy.pptx
- 2.
- 3. After Kamehameha • 1819Abandon the kapu system (for chiefs) • 1820 Arrival of missionaries • Conversion, Education • Missionaries were instructed to keep out of politics but get called in as advisors • Government effectively under Kamehameha’s favorite wife, Ka’ahumanu
- 4. Missionaries and theirimpact
- 5. Religion in theEarly Monarchy • Most chiefs wish to convert to favored Congregational Church • Missionaries stress education first • Roman Catholics suppressed; priests banished and followers persecuted
- 6. Sandwich Island Mission HawaiianMembers 1825 10 1832 537 1835 749 1840 18,451 1850 21,738 1856 23,652 Note: Church membership required literacy
- 7. 1822 First Book publishedin Hawai'i Not in Hawaiian
- 8. Schools – MissionFigures Schools Pupils Read Write Male Femal e 1828 225 5,000 5,200 6,000 1,000 1834 900 50,000 17,000 NA
- 9. Lahainaluna High School(Seminary) 1831 Founded as a school to train male teachers 1844 Train legislators, judges, secretaries, government agents and furnish clergymen, lawyers, and physicians 1834 Site of press for printing Bibles and the first newspaper
- 10. Schools for theElite 1839 Chiefs' Children's School (1846 Royal School) Run by Amos Starr and Juliette Cooke 1850 Opened to public Second Royal School, 1857
- 11. Schools for theElite 1841 Punahoe School, Daniel Dole, Principal (1853, Oahu College; 1934 Punahoe School)
- 12. 1840 Females andEducation (part of tax laws) This is the appropriate business of all the females of these islands; to teach the children to read, cipher, and write, and other branches of learning, to subject the children to good parental and school laws, to guide the children to right behavior, and [to] place them in schools, that they may do better than their parents.
- 13. 1841 School Law •Set up school committees to hire teachers • School attendance from 4 to 14 • Punishment for parents of truants under 8 • Public labor for truants over 8 – Children should work on teacher’s land – Children when at school are required to be quiet, and listen to the instruction of the teacher. But if any one is mischievous, the teacher shall be allowed to administer to him proper correction, but not improper.
- 14. Betsey Stockton • Freedslave of President of Princeton • Asked to join student in Hawaii in 1823 • Teacher of commoners at Lahaina, Maui until 1825.
- 15. Catholics in Hawai'i 1827First Catholic missionaries arrive (3 priests, 2 brothers) 1830 Ka’ahmanu orders Hawaiians to attend Mission services 1831 Catholic priests expelled
- 16. Catholics Return 1837 Priestsreadmitted through British intervention on behalf of an Irish immigrant 1843 Cathedral
- 17. New Kapus 1825 Ali‘iproclaim a kapu forbidding women from traveling to foreign ships in order to engage in the sex trade – The kapu is endorsed by Ka‘ahumanu making it applicable throughout the kingdom 1827 Ka’ahumanu, with missionary Hiram Bingham, drafts kapus against murder, theft, adultery, prostitution, gambling, and the sale of alcohol. – Only the first three are initially accepted.
- 18. Opposition to kapuon the sex trade 1826 U.S.S. Dolphin, under Lieutenant John “Mad Jack” Percival enters Honolulu harbor Argues with the chiefs over kapu on women Percival blames missionaries Rebuffed, his crew attacks missionaries and natives Under threat from Percival kapu is lifted for the remainder of the Dolphin’s stay in port
- 19. Kamehameha II andparty in London
- 20. The Monarchy 1825 KamehamehaII dies in London; his younger brother assumes the throne as Kamehameha III 1832 Kaʻahumanu dies • After an initial rebellion against the new laws Kauikeaou (Kamehameha III) begins to seek more advanced Western ideas of governance. .
- 21. Modernized Government • Adopta Constitution • Obtain recognition from Western powers
- 22. 1826 US-Hawaii Relations •Commodore Thomas ap Catesby Jones and the Peacock sent to Hawaii by US Navy to: – Deal with deserters from US whaling ships – Deal with debts to US merchants • Treaty of peace and friendship, neutrality, protection of damaged ships, most favored nation clause on duties and port fees • Endorsed in 1829 by Samuel Southard, Sec. of Navy • Not submitted to the US Senate and ratified by US
- 23.
- 24. Missionaries (?), Landand Sugar Mentioned in video • Claus Spreckels, German immigrant who developed a sugar importing business in California; Hawaiian plantations after 1875 • Castle and Cooke (part of Sugar Trust) – Missionaries functioning as supply agents; Cooke ran the Chief’s Children’s School • Sanford Dole, son of missionaries, involved in overthrow but did not own plantations; James Dole arrived in 1899 and started a pineapple plantation
- 25. Some new 21stcentury landowners • Larry Ellison (Oracle) 98% of Lanai • Steve Case (AOL) ~11% of Kauai • Mark Zuckerberg (Facebook) ~700 acres in Kauai (Conflict with kuleana rights) • Note: Niʻihau totally owned by Robinson family since 1864
- 26. Constitutional Rights 1839 Declarationof Rights life, limb, liberty, freedom from oppression; the earnings of his hands and the productions of his mind 1852, 1864 Constitutions life and liberty, the right of acquiring, possessing and protecting property, and of pursuing and obtaining safety and happiness
- 27. 1840 Constitution • Religiousbasis for Hawaiian law • Three branches of government but not completely separate • Two houses: Nobles and representatives – Nobles are hereditary
- 28. Cabinet • Gerrit P.Judd, Foreign Affairs, Interior, Finance • Robert Wyllie, Foreign Affairs • John Young, II., Interior • William Richards, Public Instruction • John Ricord, Attorney General • What is missing?
- 29. 1840 House ofNobles • Four native women • Nine native men • One Hawaiian-English man (John Young, II, known as Keoni Ana)
- 30. 1851 House ofRepresentatives • First directly elected • Total voters ~27,800 (only 800 foreign men on islands) • Representatives – Seven out of 24 are white • Legislature operates more through committees
- 31. Legal Changes underConstitutional Monarchy 1846 Introduction of coverture (US until Kirchberg v. Feenstra (1981)) 1848 Great Mahele distributed land to the Crown, chiefs and commoners 1850 Kuleana Act spelled out ownership and allowed commoners to petition for title to land they lived on and farmed 1850 Land Ownership Act allowed not-naturalized foreigners to own land
- 32. Land “Great Mahele” •Distribution of land • Guaranteed rights to property supersede common use • Formal procedure to claim land – Poorly understood by many commoners – Subsistence farming difficult
- 33. Land Distribution 600,000 acressold by 1893 (at ~92 cents per acre.) Most sales to Native Hawaiians Most acreage went to Westerners. Before 1864, over 320,000 acres were sold to 213 Westerners. 1865 The island of Niihau, over 61,000 acres, was sold to one Western entrepreneur. Lease of Crown and Government lands to Westerner By 1890, 76 lessees controlled 752,431 acres
- 34. Cheating 1865 Joseph H.Morrison measured the dimensions of anahupuaa of almost 50,000 acres, reported to the Hawaiian owner that it was only 1,200 acres, and then purchased it for $600. [Later overturned by court] However imprudent sales are upheld. Users of kuleana (small plots distributed to those previously responsible for the land) were frequently harassed by the illegal diversion of water and by foraging cattle from large ranches.
- 35. 1852 Constitution • Greaterseparation of powers • Representatives meet separately
- 36. Timoteo Haʻalilio (1808-44) Attendedfirst missionary school and then Lahainaluna School Secretary of Kamehameha III 1841 One of first members of the House of Nobles Founded Hawaiian Historical Society 1842 Foreign representative, seeking international recognition
- 37. William Richards (1793-1847) 1823Second company of missionaries 1838 Resigns from mission to become translator for Kamehameha III Asked to find a lawyer to help draft a code of law; takes on the task himself and drafts Declaration of Rights with aid of Hawaiian graduates of Lahainaluna School Accompanies Ha’allieo on mission to abroad
- 38. 1843 Lord GeorgePaulet, Carysfort Meanwhile, back in Honolulu, Paulet at the behest of the British consul makes demands: • Reparations for wrongs against British (consul) • The immediate adoption of firm steps to arrange matters in dispute between British subjects and natives, by jury trial—one half the jury to be approved by the Consul
- 39. Paulet 2/25 Under threatby Paulet to fire on the city, Kamehameha III cedes the country to Paulet • Paulet raises the British flag as symbol of British protection for Hawaii • Government – For natives, present government – For foreign affairs, commission, consisting of Kamehameha III, or a deputy appointed by him, and also the Right Honorable Lord George Paulet, Duncan Forbes Mackay, Esq., and Lieutenant Frere, R.N.
- 40. Protests • Hawaiian merchantsent as an envoy to Washington and London (Paulet had closed the port) • Gets strong support from Daniel Webster who says that if Hawaii’s rights are not restored “we will make a fuss.” • Meets in London with Richards, Ha’alilio
- 41. Restoration 7/11 Commodore LawrenceKearny, USS Constitution protests the cession and the commission; joined by USS United States 7/26 Rear Admiral Thomas arrives on HMS Dublin and on 7/31 ends British occupation and restores the monarchy to Kamehameha III
- 42. Recognition US (Tyler doctrine) Leopoldof Belgium promises to get them an audience in London. Sir George Simpson of the Hudson Bay Co, also intercedes Favorable reception in France UK (Lord Aberdeen) asks for equal treatment and reversal of (alleged) harsh treatment of Britons Joint Anglo-French statement of recognition (used to argue against US exclusive use of Pearl Harbor before 1898) In Paris 1843
- 43. The United States. . . are more interested in the fate of the islands and of their government than any other nation can be; and this consideration induces the President to be quite willing to declare, as the sense of the Government of the United States, that the Government of the Sandwich Islands ought to be respected; that no Power ought either to take possession of the islands as a conquest, or for the purpose of colonization; and that no Power ought to seek for any undue control over the existing government, or any exclusive privileges or preferences with it in matters of commerce. Daniel Webster, Secretary of State
- 44. Further Treaties ofFriendship and Recognition Kamehameha III – 1846 Denmark – 1846 US (Formal recognition from John C. Calhoun) – 1848 Hamburg – 1851 Bremen – 1851 UK Kamehameha IV – 1855 Sweden and Norway – 1857 France – 1862 Belgium, Netherlands, Luxemburg – 1863 Italy
- 45. 1849 French Attack •French Admiral Louis Tromelin arrives in Honolulu – Angered by past attacks on Catholics – Angered by duties on French products – Makes demands for compensation, governmental changes • Failing to get an answer – Attacks abandoned Honolulu fort – Raids and sacks government and private properties in Honolulu – Leaves with King’s yacht
- 46. 1849 Treaty ofFriendship, Commerce and Navigation with US • Negotiated by John M. Clayton, Secretary of State under Zachary Taylor and James Jackson Jarves for Hawaii • Most favored nation with regard to duties and tariffs • Free use of ports by mail boats • Whalers may stop for ‘refitment and refreshment’ at Hilo, Kealakekua and Hanalei (Kauai) in addition to the merchant ports of Honolulu and Lahaina
- 47. 1849 Treaty Rightto travel in each country and to own property Extradition for charges of of ‘murder, piracy, arson, robbery, forgery or the utterance of forged paper’ Religious toleration; right of Hawaii to control its own schools Protection for shipwrecked property Regular mail between the countries Independence of Hawai’i and its importance to the US recognized by President Fillmore in his 2nd annual address to Congress
- 48. US Protectorate orState? • 1851 Broach temporary cession to the US for protection in times of emergency • 1853 Threat of overthrow by filibusters from CA – Idea of annexation supported by some merchants – Idea opposed by clergy, British and French residents • Negotiations continue with US representative to enter as a state but are terminated by death of Kamehameha III and accession of Alexander Liholiho as Kamehameha IV and the offer of help by British and French naval officers.
- 49. Wylle, Foreign Affairs "Our Constitution, our laws and our land tenure are vastly improved, .., the administration of Justice compares favorably with that of California or any of the South Western States, education is more generally diffused that it is in many old nations ….'" Yet all these advantages and ameliorations go for nothing against the secret machinations and agitation of wretches whose loyalty, whose conscience and whose religion are at the bottom of their pockets, …Yet looking to the King's safety, and the absence of all physical force to insure it, we have yet to take things as they are, not as they ought to be.
- 50. Other Issues • 1852Constitution on slavery • British warning that Hawai'i was south of 36°30’ • Previous ill-treatment of Hawaiians in the US
- 51. Chinese in Hawai’i •Earliest arrivals were crew members on British and American ships • Later arrivals were involved in early attempts to establish a sugar industry but primarily in retail trade • Largest group were brought in by contractors for plantation work (coolies)
- 52. Origins of Chinesein Hawaii
- 53. Tin-Yuke Char andWai-Jane Char, “The First Chinese Contract Laborers to Hawaii, ” Hawaiian journal of History 9(1975):128–134
- 54. Origins within Guangdong •Most from Zhongshan 黃小平. "The Political Life of the Chinese in Hawaii, 1850s-1911." Chung-Hsing Journal of History (1993) .NORDYKE, ELEANOR C., and RICHARD KC LEE. "The Chinese in Hawai'i: A Historical and Demographic Perspective." Hawaiian Journal of History 23 (1989): 196.
- 55. Settlers • Generally learnedHawaiian and used it as a lingua franca • Often married native Hawaiians – Ancestry of late Senator Daniel Kahikina Akaka
- 56.
- 57. Retailers Listed inHonolulu Directory • Fruit shops • Teas shops • Dry goods • Chinese drug store
- 59. Chun Fong (Afong) 1849Arrived in Hawai’i 1857 Married a member of Hawaiian nobility Commercial representative for China 1879 Member, Privy Council 1888 Largest shareholder in Peepeekeo Plantation near Hilo. 1890 Retired to China Robert Paul Dye, “Merchant Prince: Chun Afong in Hawai‘i, 1849–90,” Chinese America: History & Perspectives – The Journal of the Chinese Historical Society of America (San Francisco: Chinese Historical Society of America with UCLA Asian American Studies Center, 2010), pages 23–36
- 60. 1869 Chinese Population Single males Chinese Couples Chinese-Hawaiian Couples 101070 121 Children 40 167
- 61.
- 62. Changing Economy • Supplystation for whalers • 1849 Supplier of produce to California • Conversion of land to sugar • 1859 Whaling industry mostly gone. – What happened? – Why blame Pennsylvania?
- 63. Population Decline • 1832130,313; • 1836 108,579; • 1850, 84,165, 1962 foreigners, ~100 Chinese. Causes – High death rates from introduced diseases; particularly infant deaths from venereal disease – Movement of young people, both men and women, into the port towns of Honolulu and Lahaina, – Out migration of Hawaiian males on ships
- 64. Chinese Contract Labor19th C. (wikimedia and Hawaii public radio)
Editor's Notes
- #2 1860 anthem
- #8 Decide on Hawaiian medium education after advice from a London Society missionary who had worked in Tahiti
- #9 225 schools 5,000 male and 5,200 female 1834, there were more than 900 schools and more than 50,000 pupils in the Hawaiian Islands, about one-third of whom were able to read 'with a good degree of ease
- #10 Beyer, Carl Kalani. "Manual and industrial education for Hawaiians during the 19th century." Hawaiian Journal of History 38 (2004): 1-34.
- #11 It was a long, two story frame building with a large dining room and separate sleeping quarters for the children and for the Cooke family. There was also the New England parlor, furnished with handmade and treasured furniture sent from home, and with much brought from China. It resembled nothing Hawaiian in its appearance nor its atmosphere. The royal children were taught how to act like Americans and to speak like Americans. The Hawaiian kahu (traditional caretaker of children) John Papa ʻĪʻī was selected as assistant teacher.
- #12 Founded in 1841 on lands given to Christian missionaries by Hawaiian ali’i (chiefs), Punahou School celebrates its legacy of two gifts: the centering focus of place, of the ‘aina, and an educational vision of pioneering missionaries. The intersection of a heritage of scholarly achievement with a reverence for place inspires a philosophy of educational reflection and renewal which thrives today. The early students were primarily missionary children, who were able to stay in Hawai‘i with their families for their education, but Punahou soon opened its doors to all the children of Hawai’i. The original E-shaped building, predecessor of Old School Hall, serves as cafeteria, kitchen, dormitory and classroom.
- #14 Later Ministry of Public Education that is national school funding and policy.
- #15 In 1817 she was admitted as a member of the First Presbyterian Church in Princeton, and formally manumitted (freed) at that time, taking the surname of Stockton. She remained as a paid domestic servant with the family, and was taught to read. Betsey Stockton learned of plans by Charles S. Stewart, a student at Princeton Theological Seminary and friend of the Green family, to go to Hawaii (then known as the Sandwich Islands) as a missionary. Stockton was commissioned by the Board as a missionary, and became the first single American woman sent overseas as a missionary. Also worked as servant to Stewarts. The Stewarts and Stockton settled at Lāhainā on Maui. She was the teacher of the first mission school opened to the common (non-chiefly) people of Hawaii. She also trained native Hawaiian teachers, who took over from her upon her departure until the arrival of another missionary. She returned with the Stewarts to the U.S. in 1825 due to Mrs. Stewart's poor health https://aardoc.sites.amherst.edu/Betsey_Stockton_Journal_1.html
- #17 Young, Chester Raymond. "American Missionary Influence on the Union of Church and State in Hawaii During the Regency of Kaahumanu." Journal of Church and State (1967): 165-179. Kelly CM. The Church in Hawaii. Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review. 1948 Sep 1:333-41.
- #19 Dolphin first US warship to arrive in Hawaii. Soon after Percival came ashore, he asked the chiefs to remove the kapu on women in favour of the Dolphin's crew. The chiefs conferred with the missionaries, and the missionaries quoted the Bible. Rebuffed, Percival employed rational argument: Lord Byron, so Percival claimed, had been allowed women (false, said the missionary Elisha Loomis). Then Percival tried bluster, telling Boki that he would tear down the missionaries' houses. Finally, he returned once more to argument by analogy: both the United States and Great Britain, he said, sanctioned a traffic in women. The chiefs remained unconvinced. - 71 On Sunday, February 26, as Hiram Bingham was preparing to hold afternoon services at Kalanimoku's stone house, a group of sailors from the Dolphin burst in, demanding women. Outside, a hundred more smashed windows with their clubs. Then they left to descend upon Bingham's house at Kawaiahao. Bingham, afraid for his wife and children, ran to his home, only to find that his wife had locked the door. The sailors caught him in his yard and surrounded him, flourishing clubs and knives. Some natives joined him, including the female chief Lydia Namahana. As Bingham lifted his umbrella to ward off a blow from a club, Namahana put up her arm to help him and was struck. At this the Hawaiians threw themselves upon the sailors, and in a few seconds knocked out several and seized and bound others. Bingham managed to get inside his house just as more sailors flung themselves at the door. Before the rioters could do more than break a window or two, Percival and his officers appeared and caned their men into silence. Daws, Gavan. "THE HIGH CHIEF BOKI: A biographical study in early nineteenth century Hawaiian history." The Journal of the Polynesian Society 75.1 (1966): 65-83.
- #20 Shortly after the Kamehameha II took office, his authority was under constant scrutiny and attack by the lesser ranking chiefs. This caused Liholiho to actually travel to “England to seek help from KingGeorge.” He went on a ship captain Starbuck of the New England whaling family. A Catholic priest by the name of Bachelot also explained that Liholiho travelled to London “in order to place his estates under the protection of the English and engage their powers against the enterprises of the old queen Tamanu[Ka‘ahumanu].”297It is clear that Liholiho’s intentions were to renegotiate the terms and conditions of the agreement that his father made with Britain nearly thirty years ago. Rather than the British Crown merely providing external protection over the islands, Liholiho wanted the British Crown to exercise authority in the internal affairs of the Kingdom. Doing so, Liholiho speculated, would prospectively subdue the aggressions felt from the chieflyclass.
- #23 The president also anxiously hopes that peace, and kindness, and justice, will prevail between your people and those citizens of the United States who Visit your islands ; and that the regulations of your government will be such as to enforce them upon all. Our citizens who violate your laws, or interfere with your regulations, violate at the same time their duty to their own government and country, and merit censure and punishment. We have heard with pain that this has sometimes been the case; and we havesought to know and to punish those who are guilty. Letter from Samuel Southard to Kamehameha III, January 20, 1829
- #29 Wyllie was British and according to British law could not renounce his citizenship. A category called denizen was created. It extendedtemporarily allthe rightsand privilegesto individuals who fulfilledparticular services to the government.Denizens were permitted to retaintheir originaln ationality whilealsopossessing Hawaiiancitizenship, thus theypossessed dualcitizenship.Denizenshiplawswerefirstenactedin1846.
- #31 14 have prior or future court and/or law experience
- #32 Kirchberg v. Feenstra, 450 U.S. 455 (1981), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court held a Louisiana Head and Master law, which gave sole control of marital property to the husband, unconstitutional Kuleana right or responsibility Mahele division
- #33 HAWAIIAN LANDThe "Great Mahele"--or division-began January 27, 1848, andended March 7. In the "Mahele Book," the interests of 245 chiefs andkonohiki were divided from the king's private interest and the kingquit-claimed his interest in specific ahupuaa and ili under each chief'scontrol. The chiefs reciprocally quit-claimed to the king their interestsin the balance of the divided lands, which then became the king's pri-vate land subject only to commoners' claims to one-third of that whichthey possessed and cultivated. Nevertheless, on March 8, 1848, theday after the last mahele between king and chiefs, the king "set apartforever to the chiefs and people of my Kingdom" approximately 1,500,000 acres,43 retaining for himself, his heirs and successors approxi-mately 1,000,000 acres. The latter were subsequently referred to asCrown lands and the former as Government lands. The Land Com-mission then awarded the remaining 1,500,000 acres of the kingdom tothe chiefs44 though these awards stated specifically that they were "re-serving the rights of the people. Adult males make application. Honolulu directory 33ff
- #36 Article 39, which empowered the King by andwith the approval of his Cabinet and Privy Council, to even alien-ate his Kingdom, " if indispensable to free it from the insult and oppression of any foreign power."
- #40 No land sales until Britian is notified. Hawaii government ships to be used for his majesty’s government service. See Melville on Hawaii in Typee
- #41 Frank W. Gapp (1985). ""The Kind-Eyed Chief": Forgotten Champion of Hawaii's Freedom". Hawaiian Journal of History. 19. Hawaii Historical Society. pp. 101–121
- #43 Last Wednesday, Haalilio embarked in New York for New Haven, aboard the steam boat Globe, together with the reverend Richards, who serves him as companion and interpreter on his diplomatic voyage. When the time came for lunch, one of the employees gave to the reverend two admission tickets, one for himself and one for his servant. Mr. Richards explained that the alleged servant was not less than one of the highest and most powerful lords of the Sandwich kingdom, and the ambassador to the government of the United States. The employee, after having examined Haalilio from head to foot, replied that he does not know anything about diplomacy, but that he knows how to distinguish white from black, and that in consequence, Haalilio, being of a very dark copper colour, would have lunch at the table of the servants, or he would not have lunch at all. This decision was appealed before the captain Stone, who refused to alter it. Thus the reverend, not wanting to separate himself from his illustrious companion, went to take part with him at the lunch of theservants.
- #44 Trask, Mililani B. "Historical and Contemporary Hawaiian Self-Determination: A Native Hawaiian Perspective." Ariz. J. Int'l & Comp. L. 8 (1991): 77. Shewmaker, Kenneth E. "Forging the" Great Chain": Daniel Webster and the Origins of American Foreign Policy toward East Asia and the Pacific, 1841-1852." Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 129.3 (1985): 225-259.
- #47 Secretary John Middleton Clayton (from Delaware) warned France not to interfere: The situation of the Sandwich Islands, in respect to our possessions on the Pacific and the bonds, commercial and of other descriptions, between them and the United States, are such that we could never with indifference allow them to pass under the dominion or exclusive control of any other Power. We do not ourselves covet sovereignty over them. We would be content that they should remain under their present rulers.
- #48 It is earnestly to be hoped that the differences which have for some time past been pending between the Government of the French Republic and that of the Sandwich Islands may be peaceably and durably adjusted so as to secure the independence of those islands. We were also influenced by a desire that those islands should not pass under the control of any other great maritime state, but should remain in an independent condition, and so be accessible and useful to the commerce of all nations. I need not say that the importance of these considerations has been greatly enhanced by the sudden and vast development which the interests of the United States have attained in California and Oregon, and the policy heretofore adopted in regard to those islands will be steadily pursued.
- #49 Conditions include compensation for ruler and chiefs initially stated as $300,000 plus support for schools. Private letters between white officials (Wylle from Scotladn and Lee from US) indicate concern for welfare of natives. If annexation to the US is not possible and there is dire threat of being colonized by a European power suggest consider annexation with Japan. https://evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/handle/10524/962/OP09.pdf
- #56 Paternal Grandfather from China married daughter of Chinese man and Hawaiian woman.