This document discusses various C++ concepts like constructors, static members, nested and local classes, and vectors. Constructors initialize class objects and have the same name as the class. Static members are initialized once outside the class. Nested classes can be public or private, while local classes are defined within a function. Vectors are like dynamic arrays that initialize elements using default constructors and add elements with push_back().

1. Kinan keshkeh
IT Engineering-Damascus University
3rd year
Summer course- 2014
2 bytes team

2. Welcome !

3. Constructors and Other Tools

4. Constructors !

5. Constructors
•It is a member function like any function in a class , But !! :
•It has to be in PUBLIC section !!
•Its name == class name!
•Doesn’t return a value !
•It is called automatically when an object of the class is declared. or it’s called clearly !
•It is used to initialize class objects

6. Constructors

7. Constructors
First method to definition constructor (it’s the one which is like other functions definitions)

8. Constructors

9. Constructors
second method to definition constructor It’s in “ : “

10. Constructors
•Call it :
By this by value( … , … )
Or By this clearly !!
Or By this default constructor !!

11. Constructors

12. Constructors
What is it for ?

13. Constructors
It’s for the class..
OOOnly inside of it !

14. Constructors

15. Constructors
Output :

16. Constructors
•Class type , defines members in another class !
•They are members in a class2 so , To initialize them (in the class2 constructor) ,use class1 constructors

17. Constructors

18. Constructors

19. Constructors

20. Constructors

21. Constructors
Output :

22. Constructors
•Calling by value and by reference in functions !!

23. Constructors
•Calling by value and by reference in functions !!
•A call-by-reference parameter is more efficient than a call- by-value parameter.
•A call-by-value parameter is a local variable that is initialized to the value of its argument, so when the function is called there are two copies of the argument.
•With a call-by-reference parameter, the parameter is just a placeholder that is replaced by the argument, so there is only one copy of the argument.

24. Constructors
•Calling by value and by reference in functions !!

25. Constructors
•Constant functions in classes !

26. Constructors
•Constant functions in classes !
• If you have a member function that should not change the value of a call-ing object, you can mark the function with the const modifier
•the computer will then issue an error message if your function code inadvertently changes the value of the call-ing object.

27. Constructors
•Constant functions in classes !

28. Constructors
•Constant functions in classes !
NOTE:
If you use const for one parameter
of a particular type, then you should use it for every other parameter that has that type and that is
not changed by the function call

29. Constructors
•Constant functions in classes !
NOTE:
If you use const for one parameter
of a particular type, then you should use it for every other parameter that has that type and that is
not changed by the function call

30. Inline Functions !

31. Inline Functions
•They ‘re used only with tiny functions !
•Unlike other functions !! : with inline functions , compiler replaces the whole definition in calling
•To get inline function , just place the keyword inline before the function declaration and function definition

32. Inline Functions
#include <iostream>
#include<cstdlib>
using namespace std;
inline void welcome(int T);
int main( )
{
welcome( 5);
return 0;
}
inline void welcome(int t){
cout << "Welcome To Our Bank.N"
<< "The Status Of Your Account Is:N"
<< t;
}

33. Static members !

34. Static members
•To get Static members , just place the word ‘ static ‘ before any member ( private or public) .
•NOTE: static functions don’t take nonstatic members
•Calling:( ClassName :: staticmemberName)
•Private Static members:
•Initialized out of class once only !!
•Then they still private(only visible inside class members)

35. Static members
•To get Static members , just place the word ‘ static ‘ before any member ( private or public) .
•NOTE: static functions don’t take nonstatic members
•Calling:( ClassName :: staticmemberName)
•Private Static members:
•Initialized out of class once only !!
•Then they still private(only visible inside class members)
•Initialize(public&private) once only anyway

36. Static members

37. Static members
Initialize out of class once !!

38. Static members

39. Static members
Output:

40. NESTED AND LOCAL CLASS DEFINITIONS

41. NESTED AND LOCAL CLASS DEFINITIONS
•A nested class can be either public or private .
•If it is private , then it cannot be used outside of the outer class .
•If it is public , then we use “ :: “ .

42. NESTED AND LOCAL CLASS DEFINITIONS
•If it is public , then we use “ :: “ .

43. NESTED AND LOCAL CLASS DEFINITIONS
• Local Class : when a class definition is defined within a function definition , the class is called a local class.

44. Vectors !

45. Vectors !

46. Vectors !

47. Vectors
•Like Arrays , partly ! ( elements 0size() - 1 )
•It’s a ClassTemplate in Vector library .
•vector<Base_Type> var_name;
•vector<int> v; //default constructor producing an empty vector.
•vector<AClass> record(20); //vector constructor uses the //default constructor for AClass to initialize 20 elements.

48. Vectors
•The member function push_back adds an element in the next available position.(back of vector)
•Changing value : v[i] = 42;
• size() to determine how many elements are in a vector.

49. Vectors

50. Vectors
Output:

51. That’s for today
That’s for today !
Bye Bye !

52. 2 bytes team
Group : group link Mobile phone- Kinan : 0994385748 Facebook account : kinan’s account
2 bytes team