This document contains program code and notes about programming concepts like procedures, functions, variables, sets, and arrays. It discusses different types of variables, set operations, reading and printing sets, and provides examples of code for procedures to input and output sets. It also provides exercises asking the reader to write a program to manage student enrollment in math and English classes using sets and arrays.

1. Prog_2 course- 2014
2 bytes team
Kinan keshkeh
IT Engineering-Damascus University
3rd year

2. Let’s Remember!! SomeOf Prog_1 :D

3. Program 2Bytes_pro;
Uses wincrt;
Var k,x,y,z :integer;
Procedure proc1(a:integer; var b:integer ;)
var i,x: integer;
Begin
i:=10; x:=7; y:=12; a:=2; b:=4;
end;
Begin
x:=3; y:=5; proc1(k,z);
Writeln(„z=„,z);
Writeln(„k=„,k);
Writeln(„x=„,x);
Writeln(„y=„,y);
Writeln(„i=„,i);
End.
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+1
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{ z=4 }
{Random value often be zero}
{ x=3 }
{ y=12 }
{ error }

4. In procedures and functions There are four types of variables :
1.General Variables : are variables that are written at the top of the program befor all procedures and functions and we can see it and deal with it by all procedures and functions in the main program (like : k , x , y , z) .
2.Local Variables : are variables that are declared in the statements part within procedure or function and we can‟t see it and deal with it outside that procedures (like : i , x ) .
3.Formality Variables : are variables that appear in the header of procedure or function and it is formality and is not reserved place for it in memory (like a , b )
 we have two types of formality variables
1) input variables : Keeps the value entered by after the completion of the procedural ( like : a)
2)output variables : Keeps the value obtained by the procedure. And we writes before it the reserved word (var) (like : b )
4.Actual Variables : are variables that main program pass it to procedure or function during a summons and it agree formality variables in number and type (like : k , z)

5. Notes :
Local variables have priority from general variables in the same Field of vision ( ايؤرنا لاجي ) ( like : x)
 Execution always start form (begin) by the main program
 in string :
var : name , lname : string ;
begin writeln(„enter the name and lname „);
readln(name , lname);
writeln(name);
writeln(lname);
End.
Ahmed
Ali
Inputs :
Ahmed Ali
X nothing
outputs
name);
readln(lname);
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6. SETS
A П B
A
B

7. What is a DiscreteType??
Discrete Data Type:
Integer
boolean
char
Enumerated
Day=(sat,sun,mon,tu,wed,th,fri)
Like..

8. Definition
The SET is a Data Structure which contain discrete type elements ..
Doesn‟t have index.!!
<Nameof varible > :Set of < discrete type >
We can‟t define the set as this form :
S : Set of Integer;
Because set can have 256 components at most and all its component values should be in rang 0 .. 255 .

9. Ex:
•S1 : Set of 1..100;
•S2 : Set of „a‟..‟z‟;
•S : Set of Days;
•S : Set of 66..256;
•S: set of char ;
{True}
{True}
{True}
{False}
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{True}

10. Set Handling
Var:
s1:set of 0..255;
S2,s3:set of 40..100;
S4:set of „a‟..‟z‟;

11. S1 := [ 55, 80, 99, 80, 600, 41, 44..55];
Isn‟t added
S1:
41 44..55 80 99

12. S1 :
S1 := [];

13. S2 := [200,20];
S2:
40..100
“NO Change”

14. S4 := [‘B’,’A’,’c’,’a’];
S4:
„a‟ „c‟

15. S4 := [I,k];
Var I,k:integer;
i:=1; k:=k+1;
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S4:
Compile Error !!

16. S1 := [I,j];
Var I,j:integer;
i:=1; j:=i*9;
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S1:
1,9

17. i, j : integer; i := 1; j := i-1; S1 := [i, j]; S1 := S1 + [i*2];
S1:
0,1,2
+1

18. S1:=S4;
+1
Error
Ya fahmaneen !! :D

19. Operation
•To put a value in it , we use [value] .
•The operations on Sets :
⋂ ⇔ *
⋃ ⇔ +
/ ⇔ -
⊆ ⇔ <=
⊇ ⇔ >=
∈ ⇔ in

20. Program SetsOperator; Var A0 : set of 1..15; A1 : set of 1..10; A2 : set of 5..15; i : integer; Begin A1 := [1..10]; A2 := [5..15]; A0 := A1*A2; {A0=[5..10]} A0 := A1+A2; {A0=[1..15]} A0 := A1-A2; {A0=[1..4]} A0 := A0-[1]; {A0=[2..4]}

21. A1 := [2,3];
A2 := [1,2,3,4,5];
if (A1 <= A2) then {or (A2 >= A1)}
writeln ('A1 is a subset of A2');
readln (i);
if (i in A1) then
writeln (i,' is in A1')
else
writeln (i,' is not in A1');
End;

22. True statement
A0, A1 : Set of 1..15; A : boolean; A0 := [1, 2]; A1 := [2, 4]; A0 := A0 – [77]; A := A1 >= A0; A := 1 in A0;

23. Const Sets
Type
Digits = set of 0..9;
Const
HexD : set of '0'..'z‘ =
['0'..'9', 'A'..'F', 'a'..'f'];
ED : Digits = [0, 2, 4, 6, 8];
Var
d : Digits;
Begin
d := [8];
d := ED; {d=[0,2,4,6,8]}
ED:=ED+[9];
ED:=d;
End.
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Error .. Fateh 3eoonk !!

24. Enum Set
Type
Day = (sun,mon,….,sat);
Name=(koko,soso,fofo,fifi);
Var
days: Set of Day;
N:set of Name
Begin
Days:=[sun..sat];
N:=[KOKO,SOSO];
End.

25. Read & Print Sets :

26. Program Test(); Type SInt = Set of 1..150 ; SCh = Set of ‘0’..’z’; Var S1 : SInt; S2 : SCh; Slen : Integer; Begin Readln(Slen); ReadsetI(S1 , Slen); ReadsetC(S2 , Slen); PrintsetI(S1 , Slen); PrintsetC(S2 , Slen); Readln; End.

27. Read Integer Sets
Procedure ReadsetI (var S:SInt; L:integer) ;
var
i, x : integer;
Begin
s:=[];
For i:=1 to L do
begin
Read(x);
S := S + [x];
end;
End;

28. Read Char Sets
Procedure ReadsetC (var S:SCh; L:integer) ; var i, x : Char; Begin s:=[]; For i:=1 to L do begin Read(x); S := S + [x]; end; End;

29. Print Integer Sets Using While Loop:
Procedure PrintsetI (S : SInt) ;
var
I : Integer;
Begin
I := 0;
While ( S <> []) do
If (I in S) then
begin
Writeln(I);
S := S – [I];
end;
I := I + 1;
End;

30. Print Integer Sets Using For Loop
Procedure PrintsetI (S : SI) ; var I : Integer; Begin For I:=1 to 32700 do Begin If (I in S) then Begin Writeln(I); S := S – [I]; End; If (S = []) then I := 32700; End; End;

31. Exercise :
يرى في يؼهذ يا إػطاء دوراخ في يادذي انرياضياخ وانهغح الإ كَهيسيح
يؼطى كم طانة ػ ذُ ذسجيهه في ان ؼًهذ رقى فريذ يحصىر تي 1..100 فإرا ػه دً أ ػذد انطلاب في كم يادج لا يرجاوز 50 طانة
ان طًهىب كراتح تر اَيج ػاو تاسرخذاو الاجرائياخ وان جً ىًػاخ ورنك
نهقياو تان هًاو انرانيح :
.
1 ذشكيم يج ىًػح نطلاب انرياضياخ ويج ىًػح نطلاب انهغح
الإ كَهيسيح )إدخال ػ اُصر ان جً ىًػح (
.
2 إجراء نطثاػح ػ اُصر ان جً ىًػح
.
3 إجراء لإػطاء يج ىًػح تأرقاو انطلاب ان سًجهي تان اًدذي .
4 قررخ إدارج ان ؼًهذ ذخفيض ػذد انطلاب ورنك تالاسرغ اُء ػ ػذد
يحذد ي هُى يذخم ي نىحح ان فًاذيح ػهى أ يرى اخريار أرقاو
انطلاب ان فًصىني تشكم ػشىائي وان طًهىب كراتح إجراء ن قُم
أرقاو انطلاب ان فًصىني إنى يج ىًػح جذيذج
.
5 وضغ أرقاو انطلاب ان فًصىني ض شؼاع

32. Program prog2byte_team;
Uses wincrt;
Type students=set of 1..100;
numbers=array[1..50] of 1..100;
Var seng,smath : students;
Procedure inputset(var s : students; m:integer);
Var i,x: integer;
Begin
s:=[ ];
i:=0;
While (i<m) do
begin
writeln(„input students number „);
readln(x);
if (x in s) then
writeln(„ you input this number befor please enter
another number „)
else
begin
i:=i+1;
s:=s+[x];
end;
end;
End;
numbers of students

33. Procedure printset(s :students);
Var i:integer;
Begin
i:=1;
While (s<>[ ]) do
begin
if (i in s) then
begin
write(i:5);
s:=s-[ i ];
end;
i:=i+1;
end;
writeln;
End;

34. Procedure bothsub(s1,s2 : students; var s3: students);
Begin
s3:=s1*s2;
End;

35. Procedure deletestd(var s,n : students);
Var k,i,x ; integer;
Begin
n:= [ ];
Randomize;
i:=0;
Writeln(„enter the number you want to go throw out „);
Readln(x);
While (i<x) do
begin
k:= random(100) + 1;
if ( k in s ) then
begin
s:=s – [ k ];
seng:= seng – [ k ];
smath:=smath – [ k ];
i:=i+1;
n:=n + [ k ];
end;
end;
End;
بلاطنا حػىًجي
ان فًصىني يج ىًػح
انرقاطغ
:Randomize يقىو ترىنيذ
أرقاو ػشىائيح أػر اًدا ػهى
ساػح ان ظُاو
:Random(100)=0..99;
Random(100)+1=1..100

36. Procedure setinArray(s: students; var a: numbers ; var k: integer);
Var i : integer;
Begin
K:=0;
For i:=1 to 100 do
If (i in s) then
begin
k:=k+1;
a[k]:=i;
end;
End;
ي أجم اسرذػاء
انشؼاع في انثر اَيج
انرئيسي

37. Var nmath,neng,k,i :integer;
Aunaccepted : numbers;
Sunaccepted,sboth : students;
Begin
Writeln(„enter the number of math students „);
Readln(nmath);
Inputset(smath,nmath);
Writeln(„enter the number of English students „);
Readln(neng);
Inputset(seng,neng);
Bothsub(smath , seng , sboth);
Printset(sboth);
Deletestd(sboth,Sunaccepted);
Printset(Sunaccepted);
setinArray(Sunaccepted,Aunaccepted,k);
For i:=1 to k do
Writeln(Aunaccepted[i]:5);
Readln;
End.

38. Homework:
Creat and read two arrays of student numbers, student numbers in Prog and in English.
-We want to know the students numbers at the two subjects..?!
-what are the student numbers at the Prog and Not at English ??
+10 point

39. Group : group link Mobile phone- Kinan : 0994385748 Facebook account : kinan’s account
2 bytes team

40. Revision Practise

41. Ques:
write a programme DO:
1-Read An Array 2-Print An Array//Proce
3-function to find the min elem in the array
4-Procedure to find the Sum array(of the tow arrays).
5- Multi array
Write the Main Program..

42. Programme P-Matrix;
Const nMax=20; mMax=20;
Type Matrix=array[1..nmax,1..mmax] of real;
Var A,B,Add,mult :Matrix;
n1,n2 :1..nmax;
m1,m2 :1..mmax;
min: integer;

43. Procedure ReadMat(Var: n:1..nmax;var m:1..mmax; var A:matrix);
Var i,j:integer;
begin
writeln(„enter the first Dimention of matrix< ‟ ,nmax);
Readln(n);
writeln(„enter the second Dimention of matrix< ‟ ,mmax);
Readln(m);
for i:=1 to n do
begin
for j:=1 to m do read(A[I,j]); {hint}
readln; {hint}
end;
end;

44. Procedure WriteMat(Var: n:1..nmax;var m:1..mmax; var A:matrix);
Var i,j:integer;
begin
for i:=1 to n do
begin
for j:=1 to m do write(A[i,j],‟ ‟);
writeln;
end;
end;

45. Function MinOfMatrix(n:1..nmax,m:1..mmax;A:matrix):real
Var i,j:integer; min:real;
begin
min:=A[1,1];
For i:=1 to n do
for j:=1 to m do
if (A[i,j]<min) then
min:=A[i,j];
MinOfMatrix:=min;
end;

46. Procedure Add_Tow_Matrix(n1,n2:1..nmax; m1,m2:1..mmax; var n3:1..nmax; var m3:1..mmax; var c:Matrix);
Var i,j:integer;
begin
if(n1<>n2)or(m1<>m2) then
writeln(„the addition is impossible‟);
else
begin
n3:=n1; m3:=m1;
for i:=1 to n3 do
for j:=1 to m3 do
C[i.j]:=A[i,j]+B[i,j];
end;
end;

47. Procedure Mult_Tow_Matrix(n1,n2:1..nmax; m1,m2:1..mmax; var n3:1..nmax; var m3:1..mmax; var c:Matrix);
Var i,j,k:integer;
begin
if(n1<>m2) then
writeln(„the multi is impossible‟);
else
begin
n3:=n2; m3:=m1; { A(m1,n1)*B(m2,n2)=C(m3,n3)}
for i:=1 to n3 do
for j:=1 to m3 do
begin
C[i,j]=0;
for k:=1 to m2
C[i.j]:= C[i.j] +A[i,k]*B[k,j];
end;
end;
end;

48. Begin
ReadMat(n1,m1,A); WriteMat(n1,m1,A);
ReadMat(n2,m2,B); WriteMat(n2,m2,B);
writeln(„the minimum of the first Mat = ‟);
min:=MinOfMatrix(n1,m1,A); writeln(min);
Add_Tow_Matrix(n1.m1,n2,m2,A,B,n3,m3,Add);
WriteMat(n3,m3,Add);
Mult_Tow_Matrix(n1,n2,m1,m2,A,B, n3,m3,mult);
WriteMat(n3,m3,mult);
End;

49. Group : group link Mobile phone- Kinan : 0994385748 Facebook account : kinan’s account
2 bytes team