The study surveyed 104 butterfly species across 5 families in 5 major tea gardens in Sivasagar District, Assam, India from March 2012 to February 2013. The Nymphalidae family had the most species with 46, followed by Lycaenidae with 23 species. A total of 5696 individual butterflies were recorded, with the highest numbers found in the Behubor Tea Estate. The study found the tea garden areas to be undisturbed and rich in butterfly diversity.
Biogeographical classification of India:Biodiversity, Himalayan zone, semi arid zone, deccan plateau, north east india, indian deserts, red panda, monal pheasant, xerophytic plants, salt desert, rann of kutch
India has 10 major biogeographic regions that vary widely in climate, vegetation and wildlife. These regions are the Trans-Himalayan zone, Himalayan zone, Gangetic plain, Indian desert, semi-arid zone, Deccan Peninsula, Western Ghats, North East India, islands and coasts. Each region supports unique plant and animal communities that are adapted to the local terrain and climate. India's diverse biogeography contributes greatly to its status as one of the most biodiverse countries in the world.
BIOGEOGRAPHICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF INDIARajat Shukla
India has 10 biogeographical zones based on biological and geographic characteristics: Trans-Himalayan, Himalayan, Desert, Semi-Arid, Western Ghat, Deccan Plateau, Gangetic Plain, North East, Coastal, and Islands. Each zone has distinct climates, terrains, and ecologies that support unique assemblages of flora and fauna. India is considered a megadiversity nation, hosting 7-8% of all recorded species, including over 15,000 flowering plants, 45,000 fauna, 350 mammals, 1,224 birds, and more. The Western Ghats and North East zones have especially high biodiversity.
This document outlines the 9 major phytogeographical regions of India: 1) Western Himalayas, 2) Eastern Himalayas, 3) Indus Plains, 4) Gangetic Plains, 5) Central India, 6) Deccan, 7) Western Coast of Malabar, 8) Assam, and 9) Bay Islands of Andaman and Nicobar. Each region is characterized by its climate, vegetation, altitude, rainfall, and dominant plant species. The Western Himalayas contain 3 subzones from the shoreline to the snowline dominated by Sal, oaks, and conifers respectively. The Eastern Himalayas also have 3 zones with tropical and temperate forests and alpine
Zoo geographical region of wildlife distribution in indiaramkumarlodhi3
India has 10 zoo-geographic zones based on wildlife distribution: Trans-Himalayan, Himalayan, Indian Desert, Semi-Arid, Western Ghats, Deccan Plateau, Gangetic Plain, North East, Coastal, and Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The Trans-Himalayan region contains sparse vegetation and wildlife adapted to high altitudes like snow leopards. The Western Ghats and North East regions have high biodiversity and endemism. The Deccan Plateau and Gangetic Plain cover large areas and support diverse but common wildlife.
This document provides an overview of the geography, agriculture, and livestock sectors of Chhattisgarh, India. It notes that Chhattisgarh falls into three agro-climatic zones covering 137.9 lakh hectares. The net sown area is 47.7 lakh hectares. Rice is the major kharif crop occupying 75% of the cropped area. The average landholding is 1.6 hectares with 76% of land owned by small/marginal farmers. The livestock sector policy aims to improve breeds through capacity building and situation analysis. Key festivals celebrated in Chhattisgarh include Bhagoriya, Bhoramdeo Mahotsav, and Dussehra.
Kaziranga national park ppt (vinay anam)Vinay anam
Kaziranga National Park is located in Assam, India and is best known as the home to the largest population of Indian one-horned rhinoceros in the world. The park covers an area of 430 square kilometers and is bounded by the Brahmaputra River to the north. Kaziranga hosts diverse wildlife including over 2,400 rhinos, as well as wild water buffalo, elephants, and tigers. It was declared a national park in 1974 and a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1985 in recognition of its significant biodiversity.
This document provides an overview of the alpine flora of Pakistan. It begins with a general introduction about Pakistan's landscape and climate. It then discusses the alpine flora found in mountainous regions above 3000 meters, which include small trees, grasses, and medicinal plants. Key points covered include the ecology of the alpine zone, divisions of alpine vegetation, distribution of alpine flora across regions like Chitral and Gilgit Baltistan, typical species found, and adaptations of alpine plants to the cold climate. Specific examples of alpine flora are also provided for areas like Nanga Parbat, Mastuj Valley, and Naran Valley.
Biogeographical classification of India:Biodiversity, Himalayan zone, semi arid zone, deccan plateau, north east india, indian deserts, red panda, monal pheasant, xerophytic plants, salt desert, rann of kutch
India has 10 major biogeographic regions that vary widely in climate, vegetation and wildlife. These regions are the Trans-Himalayan zone, Himalayan zone, Gangetic plain, Indian desert, semi-arid zone, Deccan Peninsula, Western Ghats, North East India, islands and coasts. Each region supports unique plant and animal communities that are adapted to the local terrain and climate. India's diverse biogeography contributes greatly to its status as one of the most biodiverse countries in the world.
BIOGEOGRAPHICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF INDIARajat Shukla
India has 10 biogeographical zones based on biological and geographic characteristics: Trans-Himalayan, Himalayan, Desert, Semi-Arid, Western Ghat, Deccan Plateau, Gangetic Plain, North East, Coastal, and Islands. Each zone has distinct climates, terrains, and ecologies that support unique assemblages of flora and fauna. India is considered a megadiversity nation, hosting 7-8% of all recorded species, including over 15,000 flowering plants, 45,000 fauna, 350 mammals, 1,224 birds, and more. The Western Ghats and North East zones have especially high biodiversity.
This document outlines the 9 major phytogeographical regions of India: 1) Western Himalayas, 2) Eastern Himalayas, 3) Indus Plains, 4) Gangetic Plains, 5) Central India, 6) Deccan, 7) Western Coast of Malabar, 8) Assam, and 9) Bay Islands of Andaman and Nicobar. Each region is characterized by its climate, vegetation, altitude, rainfall, and dominant plant species. The Western Himalayas contain 3 subzones from the shoreline to the snowline dominated by Sal, oaks, and conifers respectively. The Eastern Himalayas also have 3 zones with tropical and temperate forests and alpine
Zoo geographical region of wildlife distribution in indiaramkumarlodhi3
India has 10 zoo-geographic zones based on wildlife distribution: Trans-Himalayan, Himalayan, Indian Desert, Semi-Arid, Western Ghats, Deccan Plateau, Gangetic Plain, North East, Coastal, and Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The Trans-Himalayan region contains sparse vegetation and wildlife adapted to high altitudes like snow leopards. The Western Ghats and North East regions have high biodiversity and endemism. The Deccan Plateau and Gangetic Plain cover large areas and support diverse but common wildlife.
This document provides an overview of the geography, agriculture, and livestock sectors of Chhattisgarh, India. It notes that Chhattisgarh falls into three agro-climatic zones covering 137.9 lakh hectares. The net sown area is 47.7 lakh hectares. Rice is the major kharif crop occupying 75% of the cropped area. The average landholding is 1.6 hectares with 76% of land owned by small/marginal farmers. The livestock sector policy aims to improve breeds through capacity building and situation analysis. Key festivals celebrated in Chhattisgarh include Bhagoriya, Bhoramdeo Mahotsav, and Dussehra.
Kaziranga national park ppt (vinay anam)Vinay anam
Kaziranga National Park is located in Assam, India and is best known as the home to the largest population of Indian one-horned rhinoceros in the world. The park covers an area of 430 square kilometers and is bounded by the Brahmaputra River to the north. Kaziranga hosts diverse wildlife including over 2,400 rhinos, as well as wild water buffalo, elephants, and tigers. It was declared a national park in 1974 and a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1985 in recognition of its significant biodiversity.
This document provides an overview of the alpine flora of Pakistan. It begins with a general introduction about Pakistan's landscape and climate. It then discusses the alpine flora found in mountainous regions above 3000 meters, which include small trees, grasses, and medicinal plants. Key points covered include the ecology of the alpine zone, divisions of alpine vegetation, distribution of alpine flora across regions like Chitral and Gilgit Baltistan, typical species found, and adaptations of alpine plants to the cold climate. Specific examples of alpine flora are also provided for areas like Nanga Parbat, Mastuj Valley, and Naran Valley.
Himachal Pradesh has a high level of biodiversity with forests covering over 75% of its land area. These forests play an important role in the rural economy, providing resources worth over 1083 crore rupees annually to local communities. The state has 2 national parks and 33 wildlife sanctuaries that are home to over 77 mammal species, 463 bird species, and 80 fish species. Key threatened species found in Himachal include the snow leopard, brown bear, black bear, musk deer, and western tragopan. The government is undertaking conservation efforts like Project Snow Leopard and sterilization programs to manage wildlife and protect communities and crops from animal conflicts.
This document discusses the classification of forests in India. It identifies 5 major categories of forests: 1) moist tropical forests, 2) dry tropical forests, 3) montane subtropical forests, 4) temperate forests, and 5) alpine forests. Each category contains several different forest types based on factors like temperature, rainfall, and elevation. The document also briefly discusses India's rich wildlife, which is protected in many national parks, sanctuaries, and biosphere reserves, and notes that India is home to about 7.6% of mammalian and 12.6% of avian species globally.
Kaziranga National Park is located in Assam, India and is home to large populations of rare and threatened species. It contains the world's largest population of one-horned rhinos and is recognized as an important habitat for many other endangered species. The park experiences seasonal flooding and covers varied habitats of grasslands and forests. It is protected by strict conservation efforts due to poaching threats to rhinos and is an important site for both wildlife and tourism.
Kaziranga National Park is located in Assam, India and is home to large populations of endangered species like the one-horned rhinoceros and Indian tiger. The park contains tall grasslands and forests along rivers and hosts over 200 species of mammals, birds, and reptiles. Established in 1905, Kaziranga has been successful in conservation and was declared a World Heritage Site in 1985 for its unique biodiversity.
The document provides information on national parks in India. It begins by defining national parks and noting that India has over 100 national parks and 500 wildlife sanctuaries reflecting the importance of nature conservation. Corbett National Park is highlighted as India's oldest national park, established in 1936, and home to diverse wildlife. Brief descriptions are then provided of some of India's most notable national parks, including Ranthambore, Kaziranga, Sunderbans, Gir Wildlife Sanctuary, Periyar, Keoladeo and Valley of Flowers National Parks, highlighting their key features, establishment dates and flagship species. Kanha National Park is also summarized as India's largest tiger reserve, known for its tiger population and inspiration for Rudyard
AEON MANAGEMENT INC is a company based in Chennai, India that provides tour services in Ladakh, India. The Hemis High Altitude Wildlife Sanctuary, located at altitudes ranging from 3,300 to 6,000 meters above sea level, is one of the top sightseeing destinations offered. It is home to rare snow leopards and other wildlife like ibex and birds. Visitors can enjoy forest walks through alpine trees and shrubs across the valley bottoms.
The document discusses the biodiversity of India. It notes that India has over 16,000 species of flowering plants and is home to more than 45,000 total plant species. It also hosts 3 biodiversity hotspots - the Western Ghats, Himalayas, and Indo-Burma region - which contain many endemic species. India has significant biodiversity and is home to 7.6-12.6% of various animal species. The region experiences seasonal changes from monsoons that impact vegetation and habitat types.
Nagarhole National Park is located in Karnataka, India across Kodagu and Mysore districts. It covers an area of 643 square kilometers and contains a variety of wildlife including tigers, leopards, elephants, deer, bears, and over 250 bird species. The park derives its name from the Kannada words "Nagar," meaning snake, and "hole," meaning streams. It has dense forests, hills, valleys, and streams that provide habitat for its diverse wildlife.
Bandhavgarh National Park is a popular national park located in Madhya Pradesh, India. It covers an area of 105 square kilometers and was declared a national park in 1968. The park has a high density of tigers and is one of the best places in India to spot the royal Bengal tiger in the wild. It contains over 37 species of mammals and 250 species of birds. Tourism is important for the park and it is known as one of the best places to see tigers in India.
India is a land full of unmatched wild treasures. The climatic conditions and the geographical features make the country one of the top bio-diverse spot on Earth.
India hosts a wide variety of ecosystems and is considered one of the most biodiverse countries in the world. It contains 3 biodiversity hotspots - the Western Ghats, Himalayas, and Indo-Burma region. These areas have numerous endemic species and high levels of biodiversity. The Western Ghats in particular have over 75% of amphibian species and 62% of reptile species that are found nowhere else.
1. The document discusses the different biogeographic zones of India, including the Trans-Himalaya, Himalaya, Desert, Semi-arid, Western Ghats, Deccan Plateau, Gangetic Plains, Coast, North-East, and Islands.
2. Each zone is characterized by its climate, topography, vegetation, and fauna. For example, the Trans-Himalaya is a cold and arid region above 4500 meters with sparse vegetation and wildlife including the snow leopard and Marco Polo sheep.
3. The document also covers the value of biodiversity at the global, local, and national levels in India, and discusses in situ and ex situ conservation
Jerdon's Jumping Ant in Karnala Bird SanctuaryAniruddha
Vishal and I stumbled upon a curious ant under the shadow of Karnala Fort in the heavy June downpour of 2012. It happened to be lone Jerdon’s Jumping Ant – Harpegnathos saltator, a rather uniquely beautiful ant recorded from southern India. T. C. Jerdon, its discoverer, named it Harpegnathos (= hyper + gnathos: Latin for ultra-big jaws), and saltator (= saltare: Latin for "leaper" or "dancer"). This was the first time it was recorded within Mumbai and so far north of its previous range.
This article (Pp 13-14) and other interesting ones in this month’s Bugs ‘R All newsletter: http://www.zoosprint.org/ZoosPrintNewsLetter/BugsRall_No_21_Apr_14.pdf
Abstract: Harpegnathos saltator, Jerdon 1815 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Ponerinae) an ant whose known distribution is considered to be restricted in India to Southern Indian states, was first sighted in Karnala Bird Sanctuary, Raigad District, Maharashtra, India. The ant is known to prefer undisturbed forest ecosystems of moist deciduous, scrubland, semi-evergreen and evergreen forests. The presence of this ant so far north from its published range signifies an extension of the range of its distribution.
Keoladeo National Park or Keoladeo Ghana National Park formerly known as the Bharatpur Bird Sanctuary in Bharatpur, Rajasthan, India is a famous avifauna sanctuary that hosts thousands of birds, especially during the winter season. Over 230 species of birds are known to be resident. It is also a major tourist centre with scores of ornithologists arriving here in the hibernal season. It was declared a protected sanctuary in 1971. It is also a World Heritage Site.[3]
The document provides information about various wildlife sanctuaries and national parks located across India. It discusses sanctuaries such as Gir Wildlife Sanctuary, which protects the last remaining Asiatic lions, and Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary, home to elephants, deer, monkeys and other species. It also mentions the IUCN Red Data Book which maintains an international list of threatened species.
Phytogeography is concerned with all aspects of plant distribution, from the controls on the distribution of individual species ranges to the factors that govern the composition of entire communities and floras.
Natural vegetation in India includes various forest types and plant communities that have developed under different climatic and soil conditions. The major forest types are tropical evergreen forests, tropical deciduous forests, thorn forests and scrubs, montane forests, and mangrove forests. These forests support a diversity of flora and fauna, including elephants, tigers, rhinos, lions, and marine species in mangroves. However, hunting, habitat loss, and pollution now pose major threats to India's natural heritage. The government has established various protected areas and conservation projects to help protect vulnerable plants and animals.
The document provides information about Periyar National Park in Kerala, India. Some key points:
- It is one of India's 27 tiger reserves and also an elephant reserve located in Idukki district of Kerala.
- The protected area covers 925 sq km, with 350 sq km designated as the core zone national park.
- The park is home to diverse wildlife including tigers, elephants, leopards, gaur, and many endemic plant and animal species.
- Eco-tourism activities like boating, trekking and camping are carried out in the 10 sq km tourism zone in a sustainable manner.
India can be divided into nine main phytogeographic regions based on uniform climatic conditions and vegetation types. These include the Western Himalayas, Eastern Himalayas, Indus Plain, Gangetic Plain, Assam Valley, Central India, Malabar, Deccan, and the Andaman and Nicobar Bay Islands. Each region has distinct climate patterns such as rainfall and temperature, as well as characteristic plant species and vegetation zones ranging from alpine to tropical forests.
Yogesh Kumar Walia* and Dinesh Kumar Gupta**Dheeraj Vasu
This document describes a study on the periodate oxidation of purified non-cellulosic polysaccharides (hemicelluloses) from Ceiba pentandra and Morus nigra plants. Periodate oxidation reactions were performed on the purified hemicelluloses over various time periods. The amount of periodate consumed was measured and found to increase over time, leveling off after 120 hours of reaction. The results indicate the hemicelluloses have a linear structure, with some branching detected in the Ceiba pentandra sample. Specifically, the Ceiba pentandra structure contains a mainly linear glucomannan chain, while the Morus nigra contains a linear xylan chain.
1) The document describes a study that evaluated the hepatoprotective potential of extracts from in vitro regenerated Boerhaavia diffusa plants compared to extracts from naturally grown plants.
2) Mice of both sexes were intoxicated with carbon tetrachloride to induce hepatic injury, then treated with extracts from in vitro plants or natural plants. Serum levels of liver enzymes (SGOT and SGPT) were measured to assess hepatoprotection.
3) Treatment with both in vitro and natural plant extracts significantly reduced elevated liver enzyme levels compared to untreated intoxicated mice, indicating both were effective at protecting the liver from carbon tetrachloride toxicity. This suggests the in vitro regenerated plants produced bioactive molecules with
Himachal Pradesh has a high level of biodiversity with forests covering over 75% of its land area. These forests play an important role in the rural economy, providing resources worth over 1083 crore rupees annually to local communities. The state has 2 national parks and 33 wildlife sanctuaries that are home to over 77 mammal species, 463 bird species, and 80 fish species. Key threatened species found in Himachal include the snow leopard, brown bear, black bear, musk deer, and western tragopan. The government is undertaking conservation efforts like Project Snow Leopard and sterilization programs to manage wildlife and protect communities and crops from animal conflicts.
This document discusses the classification of forests in India. It identifies 5 major categories of forests: 1) moist tropical forests, 2) dry tropical forests, 3) montane subtropical forests, 4) temperate forests, and 5) alpine forests. Each category contains several different forest types based on factors like temperature, rainfall, and elevation. The document also briefly discusses India's rich wildlife, which is protected in many national parks, sanctuaries, and biosphere reserves, and notes that India is home to about 7.6% of mammalian and 12.6% of avian species globally.
Kaziranga National Park is located in Assam, India and is home to large populations of rare and threatened species. It contains the world's largest population of one-horned rhinos and is recognized as an important habitat for many other endangered species. The park experiences seasonal flooding and covers varied habitats of grasslands and forests. It is protected by strict conservation efforts due to poaching threats to rhinos and is an important site for both wildlife and tourism.
Kaziranga National Park is located in Assam, India and is home to large populations of endangered species like the one-horned rhinoceros and Indian tiger. The park contains tall grasslands and forests along rivers and hosts over 200 species of mammals, birds, and reptiles. Established in 1905, Kaziranga has been successful in conservation and was declared a World Heritage Site in 1985 for its unique biodiversity.
The document provides information on national parks in India. It begins by defining national parks and noting that India has over 100 national parks and 500 wildlife sanctuaries reflecting the importance of nature conservation. Corbett National Park is highlighted as India's oldest national park, established in 1936, and home to diverse wildlife. Brief descriptions are then provided of some of India's most notable national parks, including Ranthambore, Kaziranga, Sunderbans, Gir Wildlife Sanctuary, Periyar, Keoladeo and Valley of Flowers National Parks, highlighting their key features, establishment dates and flagship species. Kanha National Park is also summarized as India's largest tiger reserve, known for its tiger population and inspiration for Rudyard
AEON MANAGEMENT INC is a company based in Chennai, India that provides tour services in Ladakh, India. The Hemis High Altitude Wildlife Sanctuary, located at altitudes ranging from 3,300 to 6,000 meters above sea level, is one of the top sightseeing destinations offered. It is home to rare snow leopards and other wildlife like ibex and birds. Visitors can enjoy forest walks through alpine trees and shrubs across the valley bottoms.
The document discusses the biodiversity of India. It notes that India has over 16,000 species of flowering plants and is home to more than 45,000 total plant species. It also hosts 3 biodiversity hotspots - the Western Ghats, Himalayas, and Indo-Burma region - which contain many endemic species. India has significant biodiversity and is home to 7.6-12.6% of various animal species. The region experiences seasonal changes from monsoons that impact vegetation and habitat types.
Nagarhole National Park is located in Karnataka, India across Kodagu and Mysore districts. It covers an area of 643 square kilometers and contains a variety of wildlife including tigers, leopards, elephants, deer, bears, and over 250 bird species. The park derives its name from the Kannada words "Nagar," meaning snake, and "hole," meaning streams. It has dense forests, hills, valleys, and streams that provide habitat for its diverse wildlife.
Bandhavgarh National Park is a popular national park located in Madhya Pradesh, India. It covers an area of 105 square kilometers and was declared a national park in 1968. The park has a high density of tigers and is one of the best places in India to spot the royal Bengal tiger in the wild. It contains over 37 species of mammals and 250 species of birds. Tourism is important for the park and it is known as one of the best places to see tigers in India.
India is a land full of unmatched wild treasures. The climatic conditions and the geographical features make the country one of the top bio-diverse spot on Earth.
India hosts a wide variety of ecosystems and is considered one of the most biodiverse countries in the world. It contains 3 biodiversity hotspots - the Western Ghats, Himalayas, and Indo-Burma region. These areas have numerous endemic species and high levels of biodiversity. The Western Ghats in particular have over 75% of amphibian species and 62% of reptile species that are found nowhere else.
1. The document discusses the different biogeographic zones of India, including the Trans-Himalaya, Himalaya, Desert, Semi-arid, Western Ghats, Deccan Plateau, Gangetic Plains, Coast, North-East, and Islands.
2. Each zone is characterized by its climate, topography, vegetation, and fauna. For example, the Trans-Himalaya is a cold and arid region above 4500 meters with sparse vegetation and wildlife including the snow leopard and Marco Polo sheep.
3. The document also covers the value of biodiversity at the global, local, and national levels in India, and discusses in situ and ex situ conservation
Jerdon's Jumping Ant in Karnala Bird SanctuaryAniruddha
Vishal and I stumbled upon a curious ant under the shadow of Karnala Fort in the heavy June downpour of 2012. It happened to be lone Jerdon’s Jumping Ant – Harpegnathos saltator, a rather uniquely beautiful ant recorded from southern India. T. C. Jerdon, its discoverer, named it Harpegnathos (= hyper + gnathos: Latin for ultra-big jaws), and saltator (= saltare: Latin for "leaper" or "dancer"). This was the first time it was recorded within Mumbai and so far north of its previous range.
This article (Pp 13-14) and other interesting ones in this month’s Bugs ‘R All newsletter: http://www.zoosprint.org/ZoosPrintNewsLetter/BugsRall_No_21_Apr_14.pdf
Abstract: Harpegnathos saltator, Jerdon 1815 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Ponerinae) an ant whose known distribution is considered to be restricted in India to Southern Indian states, was first sighted in Karnala Bird Sanctuary, Raigad District, Maharashtra, India. The ant is known to prefer undisturbed forest ecosystems of moist deciduous, scrubland, semi-evergreen and evergreen forests. The presence of this ant so far north from its published range signifies an extension of the range of its distribution.
Keoladeo National Park or Keoladeo Ghana National Park formerly known as the Bharatpur Bird Sanctuary in Bharatpur, Rajasthan, India is a famous avifauna sanctuary that hosts thousands of birds, especially during the winter season. Over 230 species of birds are known to be resident. It is also a major tourist centre with scores of ornithologists arriving here in the hibernal season. It was declared a protected sanctuary in 1971. It is also a World Heritage Site.[3]
The document provides information about various wildlife sanctuaries and national parks located across India. It discusses sanctuaries such as Gir Wildlife Sanctuary, which protects the last remaining Asiatic lions, and Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary, home to elephants, deer, monkeys and other species. It also mentions the IUCN Red Data Book which maintains an international list of threatened species.
Phytogeography is concerned with all aspects of plant distribution, from the controls on the distribution of individual species ranges to the factors that govern the composition of entire communities and floras.
Natural vegetation in India includes various forest types and plant communities that have developed under different climatic and soil conditions. The major forest types are tropical evergreen forests, tropical deciduous forests, thorn forests and scrubs, montane forests, and mangrove forests. These forests support a diversity of flora and fauna, including elephants, tigers, rhinos, lions, and marine species in mangroves. However, hunting, habitat loss, and pollution now pose major threats to India's natural heritage. The government has established various protected areas and conservation projects to help protect vulnerable plants and animals.
The document provides information about Periyar National Park in Kerala, India. Some key points:
- It is one of India's 27 tiger reserves and also an elephant reserve located in Idukki district of Kerala.
- The protected area covers 925 sq km, with 350 sq km designated as the core zone national park.
- The park is home to diverse wildlife including tigers, elephants, leopards, gaur, and many endemic plant and animal species.
- Eco-tourism activities like boating, trekking and camping are carried out in the 10 sq km tourism zone in a sustainable manner.
India can be divided into nine main phytogeographic regions based on uniform climatic conditions and vegetation types. These include the Western Himalayas, Eastern Himalayas, Indus Plain, Gangetic Plain, Assam Valley, Central India, Malabar, Deccan, and the Andaman and Nicobar Bay Islands. Each region has distinct climate patterns such as rainfall and temperature, as well as characteristic plant species and vegetation zones ranging from alpine to tropical forests.
Yogesh Kumar Walia* and Dinesh Kumar Gupta**Dheeraj Vasu
This document describes a study on the periodate oxidation of purified non-cellulosic polysaccharides (hemicelluloses) from Ceiba pentandra and Morus nigra plants. Periodate oxidation reactions were performed on the purified hemicelluloses over various time periods. The amount of periodate consumed was measured and found to increase over time, leveling off after 120 hours of reaction. The results indicate the hemicelluloses have a linear structure, with some branching detected in the Ceiba pentandra sample. Specifically, the Ceiba pentandra structure contains a mainly linear glucomannan chain, while the Morus nigra contains a linear xylan chain.
1) The document describes a study that evaluated the hepatoprotective potential of extracts from in vitro regenerated Boerhaavia diffusa plants compared to extracts from naturally grown plants.
2) Mice of both sexes were intoxicated with carbon tetrachloride to induce hepatic injury, then treated with extracts from in vitro plants or natural plants. Serum levels of liver enzymes (SGOT and SGPT) were measured to assess hepatoprotection.
3) Treatment with both in vitro and natural plant extracts significantly reduced elevated liver enzyme levels compared to untreated intoxicated mice, indicating both were effective at protecting the liver from carbon tetrachloride toxicity. This suggests the in vitro regenerated plants produced bioactive molecules with
Review on Natural Aphrodisiac Plants and its Potential to Treat Sexual Dysfunction in Male Albino Rats
Dinesh K. Dabhadkar*, Varsha Zade**, Ajay Charjan*** and Vaibhao G. Thakare*
This document summarizes a study that used satellite images and supervised classification to monitor forest land cover in Gisoom forest park in Iran. Land samples were taken using GPS and classified using ENVI software. Maximum likelihood classification of satellite images from 2007 achieved a total accuracy of 75.98% and kappa coefficient of 74.73%, indicating good classification. The study found that residential development, construction of recreational structures, roads, and tourism led to decreases in forest areas over time.
Effect of radiomimetic agents on two varieties of Trigonella with emphasis o...Dheeraj Vasu
ABSTRACT
The radiomimetic agents like, EMS (Ethyl Methane Sulphonate), MMS (Methyl Methane
Sulphonate) and MES (Methyl Ethane Sulphonate) induce plant height and number of pods per plant
in two varieties of Trigonella foenum graecum L. i.e., Desi methi and Kasuri methi. Plant height at
maturity increases by the treatment of 0.3% MMS in Desi and 0.1%MES in Kasuri methi. Number
of pods per plant observed under the treatment of 0.3% EMS and 0.3% MMS in Desi methi and
Kasuri methi, respectively. The mutants obtained from the treatments 0.3% MMS for height, 0.3%
EMS for number of pods per plant in Desi methi and treatments 0.1% MES for height, 0.3% MMS
for number of pods per plant in Kasuri methi give more yield as compared to control plants.
This study assessed the growth of Oscar fish (Astronotus ocellatus) fed Artemia nauplii enriched with different levels of Mannan oligosaccharides (MOS) extracted from yeast cell walls. Over 8 weeks, 100 fish were fed one of four diets: a control with no MOS, or diets with Artemia enriched with 250, 500, or 750 mg/L of MOS. Later, diets included the fish food Biomar with 0%, 1%, 2%, or 3% yeast cell wall prebiotic. Growth was measured by weight gain, growth rate, biomass, and length. Fish fed 500 mg/L MOS and the 2-3% prebi
A study was conducted over 5 years to document the diversity, abundance and variations of water birds at Kolleru Lake in Andhra Pradesh, India. A total of 232 bird species from 62 families and 115 genera were recorded, including 101 water bird species. The highest number of species recorded was 123 in March 2007-2008, while the lowest was 30 in July 2010-2011. Bird populations fluctuated over time, with water bird populations ranging from 258 to 95 individuals and terrestrial bird populations ranging from 2 to 1 individuals. Threats to the birds at the lake included expansion of aquaculture and agriculture reducing habitat, as well as water quality issues, vegetation changes, and human disturbance. Conservation measures were proposed to improve sustainability of
F. Jafari *, A. Eslami **, M. Hasani*** and S.A. Hashemi***Dheeraj Vasu
ABSTRACT: Whereas in seed origin forests and in close-to-nature silviculture, the future of forests depends on the stable establishment of saplings planted in the gaps; hence, the current study was done by selection sampling method with the aim of qualitative and quantitative investigation of natural regeneration based on the gap area in two different beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) forests: pure beech forest and beech with other species, in three areas of 0.5-1, 1.5-3 and 4-6 R, totally amounting to 60 gaps for two different beech types(30 gaps per type) in Sourdar Anarestan forest management plan, Mazandaran province, North of Iran. For sampling, five plots 4×4 and five micro plots 1×1 were used per each gap and regeneration in them was counted, measured and statistically analyzed. Number of saplings in different gaps was significantly different at 0.01for both types. The number of saplings in small and medium area gaps was higher, whereas that of the larger ones was lower. Concerning the mean area of gap with beech forest types, there was significant difference at 0.01.The area of gaps created in the mixed beech stand was more than that in the pure beech forest and according to Duncan's test, maximum gap area was aspect east and then aspect eastern north and west. Also, results showed that as the gap area increased, the number of saplings and their quality decreased for each type. Therefore, maximum the best gap area of 5to6 R can be suggested to secure the future of the planted saplings.
Structure Properties of Yrast Superdeformed Bands
in the Mass Region Around Gd-144
A. M. Khalaf, M. Kotb, Asmaa AbdElSalam* and G.S.M. Ahmed
Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.
*Physics Department, Faculty of Science (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.
This document summarizes a study that examined the dorsal guard hairs of two Indian antelope species, the blackbuck (Antelope cervicapra) and Indian gazelle or chinkara (Gazella bennettii), to identify distinguishing morphological and microscopic characteristics. The researchers found that both species' hair profiles, colors, lengths, and diameters differed. Microscopically, the cuticular scale patterns, medullary structures, and cross-sectional shapes varied significantly between the species. Based on these combined hair characteristics, the researchers believe the two antelope species can be identified and that the hair reference photographs provided could aid in forensic and dietary analyses.
This document reports the first record of the species Enochrus nigropiceus in Loktak Lake, Manipur, India. Specimens of E. nigropiceus were collected from different sites around Loktak Lake and examined. Important morphological features are described, including male genitalia. This represents a new species record for the Loktak Lake region and for India. Further study may find additional species of hydrophilid beetles in Loktak Lake.
The document summarizes a study of oribatid mite fauna in the Konkan region of Maharashtra, India. 21 species across 20 genera and 14 families of soil oribatid mites were found. All species are considered new records for the state, with 3 also being new records for India. The study aims to provide baseline data on oribatid mites in this previously unexplored region. Specimens were collected from soil and litter across different districts and identified taxonomically.
This document describes a study that used molecular methods including PCR and sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) region to analyze the genetic diversity of anaerobic fungi in the gastrointestinal tracts of buffalo. Total DNA was extracted from rumen samples and the ITS1 region was amplified and sequenced. Sequence analysis of 12 clones showed diversity among the anaerobic fungal isolates. The results indicate that analysis of the ITS1 spacer through molecular techniques is a promising approach for comparing rumen fungal populations and diversity.
“International Journal on Emerging Technologies” (ISSN NO. Online: 2249-3255) a peer-reviewed and free open access journal, aims to provide the complete and reliable source of information on current developments in the fields of all sciences. The emphasis will be on publishing quality articles rapidly and openly available to researchers worldwide. Manuscripts submitted to “International Journal on Emerging Technologies” must be original work that has not been published or under consideration for publication elsewhere. All submissions must be written in English. Manuscripts should be typed double space on A4 size paper using font size 12 and preferably not more than 30 pages in length inclusive of tables, figures and illustrations. All submissions will be peer reviewed. The scope of “International Journal on Emerging Technologies” covers all aspects of Electrical, Electronics, Computer IT, Instrumentation, Mechanical, Civil engineering, Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics, Environmental Sciences and Agriculture Sciences, “International Journal on Emerging Technologies” is biannual journal. Papers solicited for “International Journal on Emerging Technologies” can be in the form of survey/tutorial, regular papers, brief papers, case studied and technical correspondence. This journal provides a national and international forum for rapid publication of work describing theoretical as well as practical aspects.
The document summarizes a study on floral diversity along altitudinal gradients in the Hango Valley of the cold desert region in Kinnaur district, Himachal Pradesh. A total of 130 plant species from 41 families and 101 genera were recorded. The dominant families were Asteraceae, Polygonaceae, Ranunculaceae, Lamiaceae and Umbelliferae. Species diversity decreased with increasing elevation. The lower elevations from 3400-3800m had the highest species richness and evenness. A total of 18 threatened medicinal plant species were also recorded in the area. The study highlights the need for conservation efforts to protect biodiversity in the fragile cold desert ecosystem.
This document analyzes the energy usage and CO2 emissions from greenhouse cucumber production in Iran. It finds that total energy input is 163,994 MJ/ha, with 94% from non-renewable sources like diesel fuel (45% of total) and fertilizers. CO2 emissions total 6.8 tons/ha, with diesel fuel responsible for the highest share. The energy efficiency ratio is low at 0.38 and net energy negative, indicating energy is being lost. The study concludes Iranian policy should promote more sustainable energy sources like solar to reduce fossil fuel dependency for greenhouse heating and operations.
Controlling the Root-knot Nematodes (RKNs) Hamid Abbasi Moghaddam*and Mohamma...Dheeraj Vasu
ABSTRACT: Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) are ubiquitous parasites with an amazing capacity to interact with a very large variety of plant species. They are sedentary endoparasitic nematodes that depend on the induction of a permanent feeding site in living roots to complete their life cycle. RKNs interfere with the genetic programmes of their hosts to transform root vascular cells into giant cells (GCs) through the injection of nematode effectors from their oesophageal glands. Dramatic rearrangements in GCs cytoskeleton, alteration of cell cycle mechanisms, such as mitosis and endoreduplication, readjustment of enzymes involved in carbohydrate synthesis and degradation are among those processes modified in GCs. GCs act as sinks to provide nutrients for life cycle completion from J2 larvae to adult females. The female produces an egg offspring protected by a gelatinous matrix and the free-living stage, J2, hatch from these eggs, completing the nematode life cycle. The understanding of the processes subjacent to GC differentiation and maintenance, as well as a deeper knowledge of RKN mode of parasitism, will provide tools for new control methods of these devastating agricultural pests.
India has high biological diversity due to its varied climate, topography and geology. It contains 6% of the world's known wildlife despite having only 2% of the world's landmass. India has 10 biogeographic zones and 26 biotic provinces. The zones range from cold, high Himalayan regions to coastal areas and islands. India's diverse ecosystems support over 45,000 plant species and 86,874 animal species. However, human activities like deforestation, exploitation, and pollution threaten India's rich biodiversity. Laws like the Wildlife Protection Act aim to conserve endangered species and their habitats.
Floral Diversity In Wetlands Of Nepal In Terai Region Of Nepalkiran
This article provides an overview of floral diversity in the wetlands of Nepal's Terai region. It finds that the Terai contains 720 species of vascular plants, including 23 pteridophytes, 2 gymnosperms, 469 dicots and 226 monocots. The Koshi Tappu and Ghodaghodi wetlands contain 670 and 473 species respectively. Many plant species in the Terai wetlands are economically important or endemic. However, the wetlands face threats from habitat loss and invasive alien species.
India has 10 major biogeographic zones based on climate and terrain: Trans-Himalayan, Himalayan, Desert, Semi-Arid, Western Ghats, Deccan Plateau, Gangetic Plain, Northeast, Coastal, and Islands. Each zone has distinct climates, ecosystems, flora and fauna. For example, the Trans-Himalayan zone is very cold and arid with sparse vegetation, while the Western Ghats zone contains high biodiversity including many endemic species of plants, animals and amphibians. India's diverse biogeography is due to its wide range of elevations, soils, and microclimates across the country.
India as mega biodiversity habitat, Biodiversity, Hot spots of India,
Khaziranga national park, Keoladeo national park Nanda devi national park, sunderbans
Exploration and inventorying of weeds in wheat CROP OF THE DISTRIC T MALAKAN...Shujaul Mulk Khan
District Malakand lies on the northern side of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. The landscape represents both plain and hilly regions. Various kinds of crops are grown among which wheat is cultivated on large scale. In order to explore weed species diversity in the region, a phytosociological survey was conducted in the summer 2014. Such study was required as there has been no such record of weeds diversity of the region. Different fields were selected at various localities of the district. The total number of fields selected was 120 and in each field 10, 1x1m 2 quadrats were laid. A questionnaire was also circulated to investigate about the farming practices and most dangerous species of weeds having greater effect on production and post harvest losses of wheat. Plants were collected from various localities, voucher numbers were given to specimens and other relevant data pertaining to locality i.e., habitat, habit, family, scientific and local names of each species. Mounted copy of each voucher specimen was deposited to the Herbarium of Hazara University Mansehra. This study not only provided first inventory of weed plants but it also helped point out most dangerous species related to wheat yield losses. Results of this study revealed a total of 132 weeds plant species belonging to 110 genera and 42 families. Most of the species investigated were Angiosperms. Family Asteraceae was the richest family related to species diversity with 18 species and 17 genera. It is followed by Poaceae having 16 species and 16 genera. Next in succession are family Brasicaceae with 10 genera and 16 species and family Boraginaceae with 5 genera and 7 species. Other families like Caryophyllaceae, Papilionaceae, Fabaceae, Polygonaceae, Scrophulariaceae and Umbilliferae have 6,6,4,5,4 and 3 species and 6,3,4,3,3 and 3 genera respectively. Species like Silybum marianum (Asteraceae), Emex spinosa (Polygonaceae) and Circium arvense (Asteraceae) are considered to be the most threatening species during the time of harvesting the crop. Further study along this line is the basic part of the on-going project which will provide a base line for the development of agricultural crops in the region.
1. Assam has high biodiversity due to its location and climate, with diverse forest types including evergreen, deciduous, swamp, and grasslands hosting over 600 orchid varieties and economically important plants like tea, lemon, and spices.
2. The major rivers Brahmaputra and Barak support diverse riparian vegetation and Assam has over 38 native bamboo species, with bamboo being widely cultivated and integral to livelihoods.
3. Tea is a dominant crop in Assam, with the region producing black and specialty teas due to its climate, and Assam tea has historically been an important commercial crop since the 19th century.
This document provides information about cardamom, including its botanical name, origin, uses, cultivation practices, and history. Some key points:
1) Cardamom is the third most expensive spice in the world and has therapeutic properties. It is widely used in Indian cuisine and traditional sweets.
2) India is the largest producer, though Guatemala exports more. Cardamom grows best in humid, high-rainfall regions of Western Ghats between 600-1200 meters elevation.
3) Propagation methods include seeds, suckers, and tissue culture. Various pre-sowing seed treatments can increase germination rates. Proper site selection, soil type, shade, temperature, and rainfall
India has 10 biogeographic zones based on its diverse climate, terrain and ecosystems. The Trans-Himalayan zone is very cold and arid with sparse vegetation. The Himalayan zone has unique biodiversity due to its high altitude and temperate forests. The Thar Desert and Rann of Kutch are hot and dry with adapted wildlife like wild asses. Semi-arid areas have thorn forests and bustard birds. The Western Ghats are a biodiversity hotspot with high endemism. The Deccan Plateau and Gangetic Plain have varied forests and agriculture. North-East India and islands also have distinctive ecosystems.
This document provides an overview of the floral diversity found in wetlands in the Terai region of Nepal. It summarizes that a total of 720 species of vascular plants have been recorded in the wetlands and surrounding areas of the Terai. Of particular note are the Koshi Tappu and Ghodaghodi wetlands, which are designated as Ramsar sites and contain 670 and 473 species, respectively. The document also discusses habitat types in the region, economically important species, invasive species, endemic and threatened species, and ethno-botanical uses of the flora.
In this ppt, you will study about the different biographical zone of India and types of forest in India and about Indian Biodiversity with a video made by me on youtube. you can follow me here and you can see my more video on youtube.
India has 10 major biogeographic zones based on geography, climate, vegetation and wildlife:
1) Trans-Himalayan region north of the Great Himalayas has sparse vegetation but the richest wild sheep and goat community and snow leopard.
2) Himalayas have very dense forests and grasslands and are home to monal, wild sheep, mountain goats, ibex, panda, and snow leopard.
3) Semi-arid areas between deserts and Western Ghats have thorn forests and support species like lions, birds, jackals, and buffaloes.
4) Western Ghats are one of the world's unique biological regions with high endemism
The document discusses India's natural vegetation and wildlife. It describes various types of natural vegetation found in India including tropical evergreen forests, tropical deciduous forests, thorn forests and scrubs, montane forests, and mangrove forests. It also discusses factors like relief and climate that affect the diversity of flora and fauna in India. The document further provides details on India's wildlife and the distribution of various animal species. It highlights government conservation efforts like projects tiger and rhino as well as the establishment of biosphere reserves and protected areas to conserve India's natural heritage.
Maruthamalai hills of Western Ghats, Coimbatore District, Tamil Nadu - A pote...researchplantsciences
The dry deciduous forests of Maruthamalai, part of Western Ghats, Coimbatore district, Tamilnadu hold rich number of 201 species belonging to 153 genera of 51 families. The families Poaceae, Fabaceae, Mimosaceae and Euphorbiaceae have contributed high number of species 19, 18, 13, 12 respectively to the community. In the floristic list, a high number of 165 species (82.5%) is recognized as economically important also. Based on the importance value index secured, it is determined that the species like Acacia tora, Albizzia amara, A. lebbeck, Azadirachta indica, Chromolaena odorata, Commiphora caudata, Erythroxylon monogynum, Euphorbia antiquorum, Fluggea leucopyrus, Pterolobium indicum and Zizyphus oenoplia are considered to be ecologically important and established well in the low hills of Maruthamalai (450m above m.s.l.). In higher altitudes at 750m above msl, the species like Albizzia amara, Azadirachta indica, Chloroxylon swietenia, Commiphora caudata, Erythroxylon monogynum, Fluggea leucopyrus and Holoptelea integrifolia have secured higher importance value index and established well in the habitats. At 950m above m.s.l., the vegetation has been occupied predominantly by the species like Acacia torta, Albizzia amara, Commiphora caudata, Erythroxylon monogynum, Fluggea leucopyrus and Syzigium cumini as they derived higher importance value index. Among the 165 medicinal plants, 37 species (22%) where present in all the three plots located at different altitudes. Despite the variation in species composition and ecological importance at all levels of altitudes throughout the Maruthamalai hills, the habitat conditions are favourable for the growth of plants of higher secondary metabolites of medicinal importance. Hence wastelands available in Maruthamalai hills may be suggested for the cultivation of native medicinal and other economically important plants.
Article Citation:
Paulsamy S.
Maruthamalai hills of Western Ghats, Coimbatore District, Tamil Nadu –
A potential ecosystem for medicinal plants.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2011) 1(1): 012-026.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0005.pdf
Virgin vegetation grows naturally without human influence. Temperature, precipitation, soil type and other environmental factors determine the type of vegetation in a region. India has a wide variety of vegetation types ranging from tropical rainforests to alpine shrubs due to its varied climate and terrain. However, human activities like agriculture, industry and urbanization have degraded much of India's natural vegetation. Conservation efforts include protected areas like biosphere reserves, national parks and wildlife sanctuaries.
The document discusses wildlife found across different regions of India. It describes various sub-regions of the Himalayas and their characteristic wildlife, including forests in the foothills containing elephants and tigers. It also outlines tropical rainforest areas containing langurs and pandas, and the unique wildlife of the Andaman and Nicobar islands.
The document discusses India's natural vegetation and wildlife. It describes various types of natural vegetation found in India, including tropical evergreen forests, tropical deciduous forests, thorn forests and scrubs, montane forests, and mangrove forests. It also discusses factors like relief, climate, and ecosystems that affect India's diversity of flora and fauna. Additionally, it provides examples of important plant and animal species found in different forest types and biome across India and conservation efforts undertaken by the government to protect natural heritage.
The document discusses India's natural vegetation and wildlife. It describes various types of natural vegetation found in India, including tropical evergreen forests, tropical deciduous forests, thorn forests and scrubs, montane forests, and mangrove forests. It also discusses factors like relief, climate, and ecosystems that affect India's diversity of flora and fauna. Additionally, it provides details on India's wildlife, conservation efforts, and important medicinal plants found in India.
The Sairam-Ugam National Park occupies northeastern territory in Western Tien Shan mountains. The park covers 149,053 hectares and contains 7 natural zones ranging from mountain steppe to highlands. It is home to 1,635 plant species, 59 mammal species, and 300 bird species, including 240 red-listed plants. Rare species in the park include Sogdian ash, wild grapes, Yanchevsky currant and Albert's iris. The park also protects juniper woodlands and populations of bears, wolves, mountain goats, and the endangered Menzbir marmot.
In this PPT presentation you will come to know about the different kinds of vegetations present/ located in INDIAN SUB-CONTINENT. And also you will come to know about different ANIMAL and PLANTS/TREES SPECIES which is located in that specific regions.
This document discusses plants used as fence and fuelwood in Manang District, Central Nepal. It reports on a study that identified 16 plant species from 9 families and 10 genera used by local people for these purposes. The plants included both trees and shrubs. Berberidaceae had the highest number of species used (4), followed by Cupressaceae (3 species). Eleven species were used as fence and 11 as fuelwood, with some serving both purposes. Fences protected crops from livestock and erosion, while fuelwood provided energy. Local communities in some villages now manage nearby forests sustainably rather than overharvesting them. Continued awareness of sustainable forest use is still needed.
2 k jeyaprakash diversity of medicinal plants used by adi community in and ar...Dheeraj Vasu
The present survey was carried out from March 2014 to June 2016 to document the diversity of medicinal plants among the Adi community in four settlements which are located nearby area of Daying Ering Memorial Wild Life Sanctuary, Arunachal Pradesh, North East India. The information was obtained through open and face-to-face interviews with the local knowledgeable people. A total of 73 plant species belonging to 66 genera and 44 families were documented in the study. The dominant family in the survey was Asteraceae (eight species) followed by Euphorbiaceae (seven species). Of the collected ethno medicinal plants, 46% herbs followed by 36% shrubs, 11% trees and 7% climbers. Among the different plant parts used for the preparation of medicine, leaves were mostly used and predominantly used herbal preparations were taking raw materials directly followed by decoction. The herbal medicines to treat variety of ailments such as to heal cuts and wounds (eight species), jaundice (six species), bone fracture and gastritis (six species each), blood pressure, and ring worm (four species each), diarrhoea, headache, snake bite and toothache (three species each), anaemia, antidote, asthma, diabetes, expel worms, gynaecological problems, loose motion, malaria, sinusitis, skin disease and stomach problems (two species each) and other diseases containing one species each were recorded. The plants like Alstonia scholaris, Diplazium esculentum, and Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides should be given priority in conservation point of view, since these plants eroding rapidly in study area due to over-exploitation. The usage of plants by the Adi community reflects their interest in herbal medicine and further investigation on these species may lead to the discovery of novel bioactive molecules.
10 nazir ahmad malla and mudasir bashir 215 plant protein kinases in signal ...Dheeraj Vasu
ABSTRACT: A protein kinase is a enzyme that modifies other proteins by adding phosphate groups to them. This results in a functional change of the target protein by changing enzyme activity, cellular location, or association with other proteins. Cells can interact to environmental fluctuations by transduction of extracellular signals, to produce intracellular responses. Membrane-impermeable signal molecules are recognized by receptors, which are localized on the plasma membrane of the cell. Binding of a ligand can result in the stimulation of an intrinsic enzymatic activity of its receptor or the modulation of a transducing protein. This review discusses the various protein kinases and their role in plants.
Sirogonium sticticum (J.E. Sm.) Kütz. and Zygnemopsis scorbiculata P. Sarma &...Dheeraj Vasu
ABSTRACT: In the present paper, two algal species viz. Sirogonium sticticum (J.E. Sm.) Kütz. and Zygnemopsis scorbiculata P. Sarma & Kargupta belonging to the family Zygnemataceae of the class Chlorophyceae have been reported for the first time from Hooghly district in West Bengal, India. These species are clearly different from each other on the basis of vegetative and reproductive characteristics. Both the species are filamentous and grown in ponds. One of the marked differences between the two species is that the former possesses straight and parallel chloroplasts while the later contains stellate chloroplasts in the cells of filaments. A study of the limnological profile and the relationship between water properties and distribution of these algal species has been assessed. Results of water analysis proved that temperature range between 24°C and 25°C, alkaline pH, DO with range of 6.6-7.0 mg l-1, slight higher COD values, lower total alkalinity, TSS, TDS, SO42- and nutrients values have a great impact on their seasonal occurrences.
Key Words: Taxonomy, limnology, Sirogonium, Zygnemopsis, West Bengal, India
Antifungal Activities and Phytochemical Screening of Xanthium strumariumDheeraj Vasu
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the antifungal activities and phytochemical composition of Xanthium strumarium (cocklebur) extracts. Leaf extracts of X. strumarium in distilled water and methanol were tested against 5 fungi (Alternaria brassicae, Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium oxysporum, Phytophthora capsici, Sclerotium rolfsii) at concentrations from 50-250 mg/ml. Both extracts inhibited fungal growth, with methanol extracts completely inhibiting some fungi at higher concentrations. F. oxysporum was most susceptible while A. brassicae and B. cinerea were most resistant. Phytochem
The document analyzes the energy consumption for cucumber greenhouse production in Iran using data envelopment analysis. Data was collected from 20 greenhouses and energy inputs (like diesel, fertilizer, labor) and outputs (cucumber yield) were calculated. Total energy input was 163,994 MJ/ha with diesel fuel as the highest at 45.15%. Output was 62,496 MJ/ha. Technical, pure technical and scale efficiencies were then calculated using DEA to evaluate energy efficiency and identify areas for improvement. The study found DEA to be useful for benchmarking energy use and determining how to reduce waste.
Promising Sudanese Medicinal Plants with Antibacterial Activity - a Review Ar...Dheeraj Vasu
ABSTRACT: This study is considered as the most comprehensive review of Sudanese medicinal plants with promising antibacterial activities, since it covered more than 60 published studies on that topic. A total of 142 plant species belonging to 64 families, which showed antibacterial activities when extracted using different solvents (polar and non-polar) and tested against some gram negative or gram positive bacteria in vitro (cup-plate method and disc diffusion method) have been presented. In conclusion, the list of medicinal plants presented in this review clearly indicates that most of them could be promising sources of new antibacterial drugs and encourages researchers for further microbiological and pharmacological studies.
Determining the Interrelationship between Macaque Population and Land Cover/ ...Dheeraj Vasu
ABSTRACT: Movement ecology has now become a significant topic for discussion. With the changing environment and climatic conditions, there are several factors that work for the movement of all type and size of organisms. These changes in animals are sometimes observed positive and sometimes it is negative in terms of their behavior and intra-specific interaction. The following study investigates the impact of changing land use pattern in relation between green cover and migratory ecology of monkeys, to understand the factors that affect their ecological movement and behavioral aspects. The research work also comprise of the analytical study of the approaches that were used for the sampling and study of monkeys. The project has a progressive look and is based on both comparative and a collection of secondary as well as primary data. It identifies the concepts that could be applied to the migration of the monkeys into the urbanized areas. The study also establishes the facts that determine parameters that might play a leading role in their movement, based on conduction of surveys of certain sites. The deduction of conclusion is based on identifying the reasons causing movement, discovering any change in the behavior which is causative of the movement and finally linking them to develop a conceptual framework that explains the entire process of movement.
ABSTRACT: Iran is a land which was historically attacked by alien natives during its life. The Mogul and Turk natives were always making significant developments including: their attacks and conquers which caused many Iranian people being killed. Among these natives, the Tatar led by commanders like Alagh Beig and Holaku who, unlike Genkhis Khan, were mostly regarding the cultural and scientific issues of Iran. The current research is intended to study comparatively the astronomical works of the Ilkhanian dynasty and those of the Safavid dynasty. Therefore, the astronomical works of different historical eras have been reviewed. The history of astronomy is considered as one of the most interesting scientific subjects of the Ancient Persian and Islamic eras in Iran. With entering Islam into Iran, the astrologists studied the Islamic astrology inspired by the ancient Iranian astrology. Either the astronomical works were observed by the astronomical instruments or they were discovered by them.
Reproductive Health, Population Control and Women’s Sexuality: the Indian Experience
www.researchtrend.net
ABSTRACT: Women’s sexuality has always been viewed in a narrow sense, reducing it into mere reproductive health of future mothers who are expected to give birth to healthy children for the nation’s growth and development. This paper traces the relationship of women’s sexuality and their health and tries to see how it shapes their lives and perspective of well-being. Women’s reproductive health has never been an independent concern except in relation to their reproductive capacities. It focuses on the linkages between women’s choice, autonomy, voices, rights and state health policies imposed on them. This paper also explores the shaping of the ‘motherhood’ imagery used by leaders of so called nation building. It is argued here that women are viewed as mother goddesses and expected to fulfill their motherly roles for nation building rather than acknowledge their existence as an individual having independent choice and rights. The article locates the discourse of sexuality, fertility and population control in pre- and post-independence India and its impact over women’s control of their body, fertility and access to basic health services through larger political debates and policy frameworks.
ABSTRACT: Lindernia dubia (L.) Pennell American species so far reported in North America, Central America, South America, Taiwan, China, Serbia, Bulgaria, Japan, Canada, Mexico, Cuba, Jamaica, Coata Rica, Panama, Colombia, Bolivia, Venezuela and Brazil. First time reported in India from the Western Ghats of Coimbatore in Tamil Nadu. A detailed description and photograph are provided to facilitate its easy identification.
This document summarizes some of the key ethical issues in genetic engineering and biotechnology. It discusses how biotechnology can impact ethics and how ethics shapes technological development. Some challenges of biotechnology include its potential to impact nature in unintended ways, produce long-term future consequences that are difficult to predict, and change what it means to be human. The document argues that biotechnology's power demands great responsibility and caution to ensure progress is ethical. Careful consideration of social and environmental implications is needed before developing new technologies.
This document describes a study that used a maximum entropy distribution model (Maxent) to predict suitable habitat for the Afghan pika (Ochotona rufescens) in Iran based on climatic parameters. The study identified annual mean temperature, temperature annual range, and precipitation of the coldest quarter as the most important climatic factors limiting the pika's distribution. The Maxent model performed well, with an average area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.846. The resulting suitability map is consistent with other studies and can help explain the pika's distribution in Iran.
This study examined the effect of converting forest land to tea gardens on soil properties in Siahkal Forests, Iran. Soil samples were taken from degraded forest areas and nearby tea gardens to a depth of 30 cm and analyzed. The results showed that both areas had clay loam soil texture. However, bulk density was higher and porosity was lower in forest soils compared to tea garden soils, indicating greater compaction in forests. This is likely due to higher foot traffic and erosion in visited forest areas. Overall, the conversion of degraded forest to tea gardens improved soil quality by increasing porosity and reducing compaction.
This document summarizes a study on the biology of Hypsopygia postflava, a snout moth parasitic on the nest of the paper wasp Polistes olivaceus. Key findings include:
1) H. postflava was found for the first time parasitizing P. olivaceus nests in Vietnam.
2) The lifecycle of H. postflava was studied, ranging from 33-49 days on average.
3) Survivorship of larvae was 88% and pupae was 82.5%. The sex ratio of emerged moths was 1:1.26 female to male.
The document summarizes a study on the life cycle and morphometric measurements of Callosobruchus analis, a pest that infests stored legumes. The study found that the life cycle consisted of egg, four larval instars, pupa and adult stages. The eggs hatched in 8-9 days, and the total life cycle was 53-62 days. Morphometric measurements were recorded for each life stage, with the average length and breadth provided. For example, egg length was 0.68±0.04 mm and breadth was 0.33±0.02 mm. The study helps provide details on the pest's development and size at each stage.
The document analyzes diameter and height data from 238 Fagus trees in northern Iran forests to determine which statistical distributions best fit the data. For diameter, the Normal distribution provided the best fit according to Kolmogorov-Smirnov testing. For height, the Beta distribution was found to fit the data best. The study aims to help forest management by characterizing the quantitative traits of Fagus stands using statistical distributions.
1. Biological Forum – An International Journal 6(2): 7-15(2014)
ISSN No. (Print): 0975-1130
ISSN No. (Online): 2249-3239
Butterfly Fauna (Order: Lepidoptera) in Five Major Tea Gardens of
Sivasagar District, Assam, India
Atanu Bora* and L.R. Meitei*
*Research Scholar, Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics,
Assam University, Silchar, Cachar District, Assam, India
(Corresponding author: Atanu Bora)
(Received 08 July, 2014, Accepted 09 August, 2014)
ABSTRACT: The present paper is based on observations and sighting records of butterfly fauna fromMarch
2012 to February 2013 in five major Tea Gardens, Sivasagar District of Assam, India. The district has 119 tea
estates which covers an area of 88, 008 hectares of land. The beautiful tea gardens provide a very attractive
landscape to the district. Based on the study of butterfly diversity in the study area, a checklist has been
prepared. A total of 104 butterfly species belonging to 5 families of order Lepidoptera were recorded during
the study period. The family Nymphalidae, represented by 46 species was the most dominant followed by
Lycaenidae (23 species), Hesperiidae (13 species), Pieridae (13 species) and Papilionidae (9 species) being the
least. From the conservation point of view, the study areas are undisturbed and rich in butterfly fauna.
Keywords: Tea gardens, Sivasagar District, Assam, India, butterfly species.
INTRODUCTION
Geographically, the state of Assam is situated between
24°10’ to 27°58’ N latitude and 89°49’ to 97°26’ E
longitude. Sharing its borders with Arunachal Pradesh
on the north; Nagaland, Manipur and Arunachal
Pradesh on the east; Meghalaya, Mizoram and Tripura
on the south and Meghalaya on the west, Assam is
located on the north-eastern part of the Indian sub-continent.
The state is connected with the rest of the
Indian Union by a narrow corridor in West Bengal that
runs for 56 Kms. below the foothills of Bhutan and
Sikkim. The prime geographical characters that form
the topographical features of Assam are the Barak
Valley and the River of Brahmaputra.
The state occupies a total area of about 78,523 sq km.
placed on the foothills of the majestic Himalaya, Assam
Forest covers a major part of the total land available in
the state. Going by a survey conducted by the Forest
Department of Assam Government, in the year 2003,
the state possessed a total of 26, 781.91 sq km forest
land. Bamboo and timber are the two prime forest
products of Assam. The specialty of Assam Climate lies
in its highest levels of humidity. Assam is known to
have maximum amount of rainfall. The temperatures
never go beyond the standard 35° to 38°C. While, the
hilly regions of Assam experience a suitable sub-alpine
climatic condition, the plain lands of the state go
through excessive humid weather. Primarily, the
climate of Assam is categorized under two prime heads
- rainy season and winter months.
The rainy season starts from June while the winter
months begin with the onset of October. The minimum
temperature which is found in the coldest of months in
Assam ranges from 6 to 8°C.
Assam is the world's largest tea growing region and not
only famous for its quality of tea as well as the natural
beauty of the tea plantation area. Beautiful tea estates of
Assam cover about 2, 16, 200 hectares of land
comprises of more than 100 tea estates. Enormously
found mountain region, its greenery and pleasant
climate make this location popular not only for its tea,
but also for being a popular spot for enjoying eco-vacations.
The both sides of the famous river,
Brahmaputra, constitute the world's largest Tea growing
area. The tea plants are grown in the lowlands of
Assam, unlike Darjiling and Nilgiris, which are grown
in the highlands. The Assam tea bush grows in a
lowland region, in the valley of the Brahmaputra River,
an area of clay soil rich in the nutrients of the
floodplain. The climate varies between a cool, and
winter and hot, humid rainy seasons- the conditions
ideal for growing tea. Because of its lengthy growing
seasons and generous rainfall of about 250-300 mm
(during the monsoon season), Assam is one of the most
prolific tea-producing region in the world. This region
of India is so famous for its tea plantation that Assam
tourism has organized the Assam Tea festival in the
month of November every year that makes a totally
new experience to enjoy this place.
2. Bora and Meitei 8
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Study Area. The present study was conducted to study
the diversity of butterfly fauna in five major tea gardens
of Sivasager district, Assam, India from March 2012 to
February 2013. Sivasagar district is situated in the
North-Eastern part of Assam between 94.25° to 95.25°
N latitude and 26.45° to 27.15° E longitude. It is placed
in 99 meters to 103 meters elevation range above sea
level.
Fig.1. Location map of Sivasagar District showing study sites.
3. Bora and Meitei 9
The district is surrounded by Lakhimpur and Dibrugarh
in the north, Arunachal Pradesh and Dibrugarh in the
east, Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland in the south,
Jorhat district of Assam in the west. The Naga Hills lie
towards the south, while the Brahmaputra River is on
the north. The district is located at Upper Brahmaputra
Valley of Agro-climatic zone of the state and occupies
a total geographical area of 2668 sq.km. The district is
situated in the humid sub-tropical region and
characterized by heavy rainfall and high relative
humidity above 90%; high temperature up to 38°C is
observed in the summer season and comparatively low
temperature up to 7°C in winter. The soils of this zone
is immature alluvial in char to mature ultisol in the
piedmont high and hill areas. The vegetation is mostly
tropical evergreen with trees like Hollong, Titachapa,
Nahor, Mekai etc. dominating the forest canopy.
Sivasagar’s biggest contribution to the world is its tea
plantation. There are 119 tea estates in the district
which covers an area of 88, 008 hectares. Besides these
tea estates, 80 registered small tea growers and 4, 004
small tea growers covers the 5356 hectares of land in
this district. The district produces some of the finest and
most expensive teas in the world. Tea gardens of the
district not only produce economy but also it adds the
scenic beauty. The beautiful tea gardens provide a very
attractive landscape to the district.
The five major tea gardens of the district where the
study was conducted are as follows –
Sector 1: Maskara Tea Estate, P.O. Rajmai: Total area
under tea cover is 44.71 hectares.
Sector 2: Bezbaruah Tea Estate, P.O. Sapekhati: Total
area under tea cover is 89.43 hectares.
Sector 3: Aideobari Tea Estate, P.O. Sonari: Total area
under tea cover is 150.65 hectares.
Sector 4: Bemolapur Tea Estate, P.O. Borhat: Total
area of the estate is 1214 hectares, out of which 527
hectares is under tea cover.
Sector 5: Behubor Tea Estate, P.O. Nazira: Total area
under tea cover is 533.86 hectares.
Taxonomic Study. Field notes, photographs (camera:
Nikon d5100) and observations of butterflies were
taken for the entire growing season during the day light
hours. The population trends of butterflies were
monitored for one year using transects counting method
(Barhaum et al., 1980). Butterflies were netted only
when necessary to prevent the possibility of handling
effect (Morton, 1984). Species were noted along with
the date, location of capture and any plant association.
Other factors noted include the time of day using a
twenty-four hour clock and the weather conditions. At
each location the same route of inspection was followed
each time to reduce the number of variables presents
(Pyle, 1984) and to avoid any personal difference all the
counts were made by the same person.
An effort has been made to use the latest nomenclature
and common names as far as possible as per Evan
(1932), D’ Abrera (1982-1986), Varshney (1990) and
Kehimkar (2008). The relative abundance or say status
of individual species is categorized within the tea
gardens as “Very Rare” (VR) when recorded rarely;
“Rare” (R) when recorded occasionally;
“Uncommon” (UC) when recorded frequently;
“Common” (C) when recorded regularly; “Very
Common” (VC) when recorded regularly in large
numbers.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
During the study, a total of 104 species belonging to 72
genera under 5 families were recorded from the selected
five major tea garden areas (Table 1). The family
Nymphalidae showed the maximum species richness,
comprising of 27 genera and 46 species, followed by
Lycaenidae (21 genera, 23 species), Hesperiidae (12
genera, 13 species), Pieridae (9 genera, 13 species) and
Papilionidae (3 genera, 9 species) being the least (Fig.
2). Abundance showed that out of the 104 butterfly
species recorded, 33 are uncommon, 39 are common,
11 are very common, 12 are rare and 9 are very rare to
the study area. A total of 5696 individuals were
recorded from the five tea gardens, of which the Sector
5 representing the Behubor Tea Estate contributing
1587 individuals was dominant while the Sector 1
representing the Maskara Tea Estate with 941
individuals was the least (Fig. 3). Eurema hecabe
(Linn.) was the most dominant species of butterfly in
terms of number of individuals (156) followed by
Papilio polytes (Linn.) (150), Pieris canidia (Sparrman)
(142), Catopsilia pomona (Fabricius) (141), Ypthima
baldus (Fabricius) (138) and 6 other species in the
study area (Table 1, *Marked Asterisks). Discophora
timora (Westwood) and Mycalesis gotama (Moore) (3
individuals each) were the rarest species followed by
Chliaria othona (Hewitson) (4), Polyura agraria
(Swinhoe) (4) and 5 other species (Table 1, #Marked
Asterisks).
Results suggested that the family Nymaphalidae
with 27 genera and 46 species was the most
dominant in the study area. Members of the
Nymphalidae were always dominant in the tropical
region because most of the species are polyphagous in
nature, consequently helping them to live in all the
habitats. Additionally, many species of this family are
strong, active fliers that might help them in searching
for resources in large areas (Eswaran and Pramod 2005;
Krishna Kumar et al. 2007). A high proportion of
nymphalid species thus clearly indicates high host plant
richness in the study areas.
8. Bora and Meitei 14
Sector 5
1587
Sector 4
1169
Sector 1
941
Sector 2
980
Sector 3
1019
Fig. 3. Pie Diagram showing no. of individuals recorded in the selected five tea gardens.
Common Mormon Great Mormon Common Lime
Papilio polytes (Linn.) Papilio memnon (Linn.) Papilio demoleus (Linn.)
Common Grass Yellow Red-spot Jazebel Common Pierrot
Eurema hacabe (Linn.) Delias descombesi (boisduval) Castalius rosimon (Fabricius)
Common Lascar Grey Count Vagrant
Pantoporia hordonia (Stoll) Tanaecia lepidea (Butler) Vagrans egista (Cramer)
Fig. 4. Photographs of some Butterfly fauna recorded within the study areas.
9. Bora and Meitei 15
The Government of India under Indian Wildlife
(Protection) Act, 1972 provided protection to 452
species of butterfly in three Schedules (out of six) as in
Schedule I, Part IV, 128 species of butterfly; in
Schedule II, Part II, 30 species and in Schedule IV
(Secs. 2, 8, 9, 11 and 61), 19 species listed
(Anonymous, 2003b). A milestone of the study is the
recording of the two species Castalius rosimon
(Common Pierrot) and Pantoporia hordonia (Common
Lascar) in the study area that are listed in the Indian
Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 as under Schedule I and
II (Anonymous, 2006). This two species were
recorded in all the selected gardens with reasonable
abundance indicating the superior quality habitat of the
study areas. The Ministry of Environment and Forests,
Government of India through various schemes and
simple methods try to encouraged researchers and
organization to develop and recreate habitats that might
play a role in conserving butterfly fauna of India. These
efforts were already become popular and successful in
some states of India including Kerala, Tamil Nadu and
Karnataka. Most tea gardens are governed by a strict
administration that does not allow illegal anthropogenic
activities inside the garden areas that fully supports the
wildlife. From this study, it can be clearly suggested
that tea gardens can be used as ideal habitats for
conserving butterfly fauna by introducing appropriate,
naturally occurring host plants. The photo gallery (Fig.
4.) provides the photographic proof of our study in the
proposed study area.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Authors are grateful to the Tea Garden officials and
staff members for their kind corporation and help
during the study.
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