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2. The floraof India is one of the richest in the world due to the wide range of climate, topology
and habitat in the country. There are estimated to be over 16,000 species of flowering plants in
India, which constitute some 6-7 percent of the total plant species in the world. India is home to
more than 45,000 species of plants, including a variety ofendemics. The use of plants as a source
of medicines has been an integral part of life in India from the earliest times. There are more
than 3000 Indian plant species officially documented as possessing great medicinal potential.
India is divided into eight main floristic regions : Western Himalayas, Eastern
Himalayas, Assam, Indus plain, Ganges plain, the Deccan, Malabar and the Andaman
Islands.[1]

4. India has some of the world's most biodiverse regions. The political boundaries of India encompass a wide
range of ecozones—desert, high mountains, highlands, tropical and temperate forests, swamplands, plains,
grasslands, areas surrounding rivers, as well as island archipelago. It hosts 3 biodiversity hotspots:
the Western Ghats, the Himalayas and the Indo-Burma region. These hotspots have
numerous endemic species.[1]
India, for the most part, lies within the Indomalaya ecozone, with the upper reaches of
the Himalayas forming part of the Palearctic ecozone; the contours of 2000 to 2500m are considered to be
the altitudinal boundary between the Indo-Malayan and Palearctic zones. India displays
significant biodiversity. One of eighteen megadiverse countries, it is home to 7.6% of all mammalian, 12.6%
of all avian, 6.2% of all reptilian, 4.4% of all amphibian, 11.7% of all fish, and 6.0% of all flowering
plant species.[2]

5. India, for the most part, lies within the Indomalaya ecozone, with the upper reaches of
the Himalayas forming part of the Palearctic ecozone; the contours of 2000 to 2500m are considered to be
the altitudinal boundary between the Indo-Malayan and Palearctic zones. India displays
significant biodiversity. One of eighteen megadiverse countries, it is home to 7.6% of all mammalian,
12.6% of all avian, 6.2% of all reptilian, 4.4% of all amphibian, 11.7% of all fish, and 6.0% of all flowering
plant species.[2]
The region is also heavily influenced by summer monsoons that cause major seasonal changes in vegetation
and habitat. India forms a large part of the Indomalayanbiogeographical zone and many of the floral and
faunal forms show Malayan affinities with only a few taxa being unique to the Indian region. The unique
forms includes the snake family Uropeltidae found only in the Western Ghats and Sri Lanka. Fossil taxa
from the Cretaceous show links to the Seychelles and Madagascar chain of islands.[3]

9. Uses of (i)Ginger (ii) Neem

14. Forest: Type # 1. Tropical Forest:
This type of forest is generally spectacular over the plain region in India. Except is some
high altitude zone, tropical forest are visible everywhere.
(i) Tropical wet evergreen forest:
Very tall trees, innumerable species, large number of epiphytes are common in this type
of vegetation. These forests are widely known as rain forest of India. Major areas of
occurrence are along the coast lines, plateaus, and Andaman & Nicobar Islands. Major
species include toon, dhup, jamun etc.
(ii) Tropical semi-evergreen forest:
Here, evergreen forests are mixed up with deciduous trees. This is the transition zone
between evergreen and deciduous forest. These forests occur in Assam, West Bengal,
Orissa. Major species are Haldu, Kusum, Simul, Mango etc.
(iii) Tropical moist deciduous:
For a very short span of the year, this forest remains deciduous. Major areas of
occurrence are Kerala, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh. Major species are Badam,
Haldu, Simul, Bijasal, Laurel etc.

16. Forest: Type # 2. Sub-Tropical Forest:
(i) Sub-Tropical hill forest
Most of the trees are having broad leaf, generally visible & (viii) in the slopes of the
Himalaya, Nilgiri within altitude of 2,000 mts. Oak, Chestnuts are common species.
(ii) Sub-Tropical pine forest:
These forests are found comparatively on higher altitudes than hill forest, & most by
occur between 2,000-3,000 mts. Major species i.e., Oak, Rhododendron are mostly
found in the North-Eastern hilly states.
(iii) Sub-Tropical dry evergreen forest:
This forest also occurs in the moderately high altitude area. Western Himalaya and
adjacent regions abound in this type of trees, scrub forest is predominant. Height of the
trees are very low. Olive is the main species.

18. Forest: Type # 3. Temperate Forest:
(i) Wet temperate forest:
Mostly occur within eastern Himalaya and peninsular Plateaus. 1,000-1,500 mts. altitude
is favourable for the maximum growth of this vegetation. Major species are Laurel, Oak,
and Chestnut.
(ii) Moist temperate forest:
It develops above 2,000 mts. altitude. This type of forest is widespread in Himalayas.
Major species are Oak, Deodar, Fir, Maple and Spruce.
(iii) Dry temperate forest:
Due to pronounced dryness, vegetation growth is stunted here. Vegetation types are
mostly confined to Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim, and hilly Uttar Pradesh. This type of
vegetation consists of conifers and xerophtic shrubs. Major species are Deodar, Oak,
Maple.

19. Forest: Type # 4. Alpine Forest:
(i) Alpine desert:
In the snow-capped mountain of sub-Himalaya, though vegetation is rare, some
meadows and grasslands exist.
(ii) Alpine meadows:
Due to increased precipitation, grasslands evolved above 3,500 mts.
(iii) Moist alpine forest:
Above 3,500 mts. Rhododendron, Birch and various ferns developed. Apart from these
forests, from economic, social and ecological point of view, some other forests are also
important. Among these forests tidal forest, mangrove forest and swampy forest are
important. All these three varieties are characterized by the presence of saline water.
Tidal forests are frequent in the deltaic regions of all major Indian rivers.
The peculiar characteristic of this forest is that it remains under water everyday for a
considerable period. Mangrove forest and its growth is a unique development in India
and unparalleled in the world. Entire stretch of Sundarban consists of dense mangrove
forest. Swampy vegetation occurs mostly in the low-lying areas of Tarai and Assam.