2- Animals- including humans- are characterized by a diplontic life cy.pdf
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2. Animals, including humans, are characterized by a diplontic life cycle: non-reproductive cells (somatic) are diploid and only the sexual cells (gametes) are haploid. During embryonic development and growth. diploid cells divide via mitosis. However, not all multicellular organisms are diplontic. For instance, fungi are haplontic. All cells in fungi are haploid; during sexual reproduction, a cell from a ( + ) individual interacts with a cell from a ( ) individual allowing nuclear fusion, forming a diploid zygote. This diploid zygote divides by meiosis forming 4 haploid spores (when these spores germinate, they will produce a ( + ) or ( ) multicellular fungi). You guessed it right! It's exactly the opposite compared to animals! All cells in fungi are haploid, except for the zygote, which is diploid. a) Explain the meaning of haploid and diploid. Use your own words. ( 1 points) b) Fungi grow by mitosis of haploid cells. Do these haploid cells have homologous chromosomes? And sister chromatids? Explain your answer. (1 points) 2) Measurements of the amount of DNA per nucleus were taken on a large number of cells from a growing fungus. The measured DNA levels ranged from 3-6 picograms per nucleus. In which stage of the cell cycle was the nucleus with 6 picograms of DNA? Choose one option: G1, Monly, between S and Telophase, Telophase. Explain your answer. (I points) d) Linked to c). What about nucleus with 3 picograms of DNA? Choose one option: GI or G2. Explain \$ your answer. ( 1 points).
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1 Most of the chromosomes in humans are sex chromosomes Tr.pdf
1) Most of the chromosomes in humans are sex chromosomes. True/False
2) The same sequence of genes is found on ______chromosomes
3) In the human life cycle, somatic cells are: a)diploid, while gametes are diploid.
b)diploid, while gametes are haploid.
c)haploid, while gametes are diploid.
d)haploid, while gametes are haploid.
4) If the human reproductive cycle only included diploid cells, the offspring of each generation
would have twice as much genetic material in each cell as in the parent cells. true/false
5) If the somatic cells of a species have 25 pairs of homologous chromosomes, the number of
chromosomes in haploid gametes would be____
6) Sister chromatids are separated during mitosis and _____
7)In what types of organism(s) and where does meiosis occur? What type of cell division occurs in
bacteria?
8) How many cells are produced at the end of meiosis?
9) How many chromosomes does each of the daughter cells contain?
10) Are these daughter cells haploid, diploid, or tetraploid? Explain.
2) The same sequence of genes is found on ______chromosomes
3) In the human life cycle, somatic cells are: a)diploid, while gametes are diploid.
b)diploid, while gametes are haploid.
c)haploid, while gametes are diploid.
d)haploid, while gametes are haploid.
4) If the human reproductive cycle only included diploid cells, the offspring of each generation
would have twice as much genetic material in each cell as in the parent cells. true/false
5) If the somatic cells of a species have 25 pairs of homologous chromosomes, the number of
chromosomes in haploid gametes would be____
6) Sister chromatids are separated during mitosis and _____
7)In what types of organism(s) and where does meiosis occur? What type of cell division occurs in
bacteria?
8) How many cells are produced at the end of meiosis?
9) How many chromosomes does each of the daughter cells contain?
10) Are these daughter cells haploid, diploid, or tetraploid? Explain..
Ploidy presentation
Ploidy, Types: Autoploidy, Aneuploidy, Turner syndrome, Patau syndrome, Cri du chat syndrome, Ploidy experiment in plants, Robertsonian translocation, Down syndrome, Trisomy, Nullisomy, Monosomy, Genetic disorders.
Please answer these following questions only if you are sure about t.pdf
Please answer these following questions only if you are sure about the answer.
Thank you.
Solution
14. B. Choanoflagelleates share common ancestry with animals.
Analysis of the combined data set (concatenated) along with sequences from other closely
related species (animals and fungi) demonstrate that choanoflagellates are strongly supported as
monophyletic and confirm their position as the closest known unicellular living relative of
animals.
15. B. Multicellular haplaid gamete producing organism.
Two single-celled haploid gametes, fuse to form a single-celled diploid zygote. The single-celled
diploid zygote germinates, dividing by the normal process (mitosis),The result is a multi-cellular
diploid organism, called thesporophyte(because at maturity it produces spores).
When it reaches maturity, the sporophyte produces one or moresporangia(singular: sporangium)
which are the organs that produce diploid spore mother cells (sporocytes). These divide by a
special process (meiosis) that reduces the number of chromosomes by a half. This initially results
in four single-celled haploid spores, each containingnunpaired chromosomes. The single-celled
haploid spore germinates, dividing by the normal process (mitosis), which maintains the number
of chromosomes at n. The result is a multi-cellular haploid organism, called
thegametophyte(because it produces gametes at maturity).
16. B. Haploid, gametes.
explanation in the above question..
Assignment 4BIO 151 Summer 2016Upload by Sunday, July 24t.docx
Assignment 4 BIO 151 Summer 2016
Upload by Sunday, July 24th at 11:00 PM
CHAPTER 12: THE CELL CYCLE
1.Define genome:
2. What is the difference between DNA in the chromatin form and the chromosome form? What form is DNA in during most of the cell cycle?
3. What is the difference between the centromere and the kinetochore?
4. What happens during each of these phases of the cell cycle?
G1:
S:
G2:
M:
5. The mitotic spindle is mainly made of what type of protein fiber?
6. How does cytokinesis differ between plant and animal cells?
7. Is binary fission truly mitosis? What type of organisms use binary fission for reproduction? Is this process sexual or asexual?
8. Draw/depict the phases of mitosis from prophase to the end of cytokinesis for an animal cell containing a total of six chromosomes.
9. What is the cell cycle control system and why is it important?
10. What happens to most mammal cells when they reach the G1 checkpoint?
11. Explain how MPF helps to regulate the cell cycle. (See Fig 12.16)
12. What is a growth factor? Provide an example from the chapter.
13. What does cancer have to do with the cell cycle?
14. Explain why each of the following would undergo mitosis:
An early embryo:
An amoeba:
Skin cells:
A broken bone:
15. How is prokaryotic DNA different from eukaryotic DNA?
16. Are the daughter cells produced by mitosis clones of the parent cell?
17. When mitosis is used for reproduction, is it sexual or asexual? What type(s) of organisms use mitosis for reproduction?
CHAPTER 13: MEIOSIS & SEXUAL LIFE CYCLES
1.Define:
Gene
Allele
Locus
Gametes
Somatic cells
2. What is the difference between sexual and asexual reproduction (in terms of number of parents, and variation in offspring)?
3. What is the difference between homologous chromosomes and sister chromatids? (Where do they “come from”? Are they identical?)
4. What are autosomes? How many pairs of autosomes do humans have?
5. Meiosis produces gametes.
What are gametes used for?
What is the union of gametes called?
The union of gametes creates what?
6. What is the difference between cells that are haploid and cells that are diploid?
Are gametes haploid or diploid?
Are somatic cells haploid or diploid?
7. Do the following eukaryotes primarily reproduce sexually or asexually?
Animals:
Plants:
Fungi:
8. How many daughter cells does meiosis produce?
Are they diploid or haploid?
Are they clones of the parent cell?
9. Draw/depict Meiosis Prophase I and Metaphase I for three pairs of chromosomes:
10. What happens during synapsis? Does synapsis happen during mitosis?
11. What are three things that happen during meiosis but not mitosis? (See P.260)
12. What is independent assortment of chromosomes? During which phase of meiosis does this occur?
13. If a cell undergoing meiosis has a haploid number of ...
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1 Most of the chromosomes in humans are sex chromosomes Tr.pdf
1) Most of the chromosomes in humans are sex chromosomes. True/False
2) The same sequence of genes is found on ______chromosomes
3) In the human life cycle, somatic cells are: a)diploid, while gametes are diploid.
b)diploid, while gametes are haploid.
c)haploid, while gametes are diploid.
d)haploid, while gametes are haploid.
4) If the human reproductive cycle only included diploid cells, the offspring of each generation
would have twice as much genetic material in each cell as in the parent cells. true/false
5) If the somatic cells of a species have 25 pairs of homologous chromosomes, the number of
chromosomes in haploid gametes would be____
6) Sister chromatids are separated during mitosis and _____
7)In what types of organism(s) and where does meiosis occur? What type of cell division occurs in
bacteria?
8) How many cells are produced at the end of meiosis?
9) How many chromosomes does each of the daughter cells contain?
10) Are these daughter cells haploid, diploid, or tetraploid? Explain.
2) The same sequence of genes is found on ______chromosomes
3) In the human life cycle, somatic cells are: a)diploid, while gametes are diploid.
b)diploid, while gametes are haploid.
c)haploid, while gametes are diploid.
d)haploid, while gametes are haploid.
4) If the human reproductive cycle only included diploid cells, the offspring of each generation
would have twice as much genetic material in each cell as in the parent cells. true/false
5) If the somatic cells of a species have 25 pairs of homologous chromosomes, the number of
chromosomes in haploid gametes would be____
6) Sister chromatids are separated during mitosis and _____
7)In what types of organism(s) and where does meiosis occur? What type of cell division occurs in
bacteria?
8) How many cells are produced at the end of meiosis?
9) How many chromosomes does each of the daughter cells contain?
10) Are these daughter cells haploid, diploid, or tetraploid? Explain..
Ploidy presentation
Ploidy, Types: Autoploidy, Aneuploidy, Turner syndrome, Patau syndrome, Cri du chat syndrome, Ploidy experiment in plants, Robertsonian translocation, Down syndrome, Trisomy, Nullisomy, Monosomy, Genetic disorders.
Please answer these following questions only if you are sure about t.pdf
Please answer these following questions only if you are sure about the answer.
Thank you.
Solution
14. B. Choanoflagelleates share common ancestry with animals.
Analysis of the combined data set (concatenated) along with sequences from other closely
related species (animals and fungi) demonstrate that choanoflagellates are strongly supported as
monophyletic and confirm their position as the closest known unicellular living relative of
animals.
15. B. Multicellular haplaid gamete producing organism.
Two single-celled haploid gametes, fuse to form a single-celled diploid zygote. The single-celled
diploid zygote germinates, dividing by the normal process (mitosis),The result is a multi-cellular
diploid organism, called thesporophyte(because at maturity it produces spores).
When it reaches maturity, the sporophyte produces one or moresporangia(singular: sporangium)
which are the organs that produce diploid spore mother cells (sporocytes). These divide by a
special process (meiosis) that reduces the number of chromosomes by a half. This initially results
in four single-celled haploid spores, each containingnunpaired chromosomes. The single-celled
haploid spore germinates, dividing by the normal process (mitosis), which maintains the number
of chromosomes at n. The result is a multi-cellular haploid organism, called
thegametophyte(because it produces gametes at maturity).
16. B. Haploid, gametes.
explanation in the above question..
Assignment 4BIO 151 Summer 2016Upload by Sunday, July 24t.docx
Assignment 4 BIO 151 Summer 2016
Upload by Sunday, July 24th at 11:00 PM
CHAPTER 12: THE CELL CYCLE
1.Define genome:
2. What is the difference between DNA in the chromatin form and the chromosome form? What form is DNA in during most of the cell cycle?
3. What is the difference between the centromere and the kinetochore?
4. What happens during each of these phases of the cell cycle?
G1:
S:
G2:
M:
5. The mitotic spindle is mainly made of what type of protein fiber?
6. How does cytokinesis differ between plant and animal cells?
7. Is binary fission truly mitosis? What type of organisms use binary fission for reproduction? Is this process sexual or asexual?
8. Draw/depict the phases of mitosis from prophase to the end of cytokinesis for an animal cell containing a total of six chromosomes.
9. What is the cell cycle control system and why is it important?
10. What happens to most mammal cells when they reach the G1 checkpoint?
11. Explain how MPF helps to regulate the cell cycle. (See Fig 12.16)
12. What is a growth factor? Provide an example from the chapter.
13. What does cancer have to do with the cell cycle?
14. Explain why each of the following would undergo mitosis:
An early embryo:
An amoeba:
Skin cells:
A broken bone:
15. How is prokaryotic DNA different from eukaryotic DNA?
16. Are the daughter cells produced by mitosis clones of the parent cell?
17. When mitosis is used for reproduction, is it sexual or asexual? What type(s) of organisms use mitosis for reproduction?
CHAPTER 13: MEIOSIS & SEXUAL LIFE CYCLES
1.Define:
Gene
Allele
Locus
Gametes
Somatic cells
2. What is the difference between sexual and asexual reproduction (in terms of number of parents, and variation in offspring)?
3. What is the difference between homologous chromosomes and sister chromatids? (Where do they “come from”? Are they identical?)
4. What are autosomes? How many pairs of autosomes do humans have?
5. Meiosis produces gametes.
What are gametes used for?
What is the union of gametes called?
The union of gametes creates what?
6. What is the difference between cells that are haploid and cells that are diploid?
Are gametes haploid or diploid?
Are somatic cells haploid or diploid?
7. Do the following eukaryotes primarily reproduce sexually or asexually?
Animals:
Plants:
Fungi:
8. How many daughter cells does meiosis produce?
Are they diploid or haploid?
Are they clones of the parent cell?
9. Draw/depict Meiosis Prophase I and Metaphase I for three pairs of chromosomes:
10. What happens during synapsis? Does synapsis happen during mitosis?
11. What are three things that happen during meiosis but not mitosis? (See P.260)
12. What is independent assortment of chromosomes? During which phase of meiosis does this occur?
13. If a cell undergoing meiosis has a haploid number of ...
Assignment 4BIO 151 Summer 2016Upload by Sunday, June 12t.docx
Assignment 4 BIO 151 Summer 2016
Upload by Sunday, June 12th at 11:00 PM
CHAPTER 12: THE CELL CYCLE
1.Define genome:
2. What is the difference between DNA in the chromatin form and the chromosome form? What form is DNA in during most of the cell cycle?
3. What is the difference between the centromere and the kinetochore?
4. What happens during each of these phases of the cell cycle?
G1:
S:
G2:
M:
5. The mitotic spindle is mainly made of what type of protein fiber?
6. How does cytokinesis differ between plant and animal cells?
7. Is binary fission truly mitosis? What type of organisms use binary fission for reproduction? Is this process sexual or asexual?
8. Draw/depict the phases of mitosis from prophase to the end of cytokinesis for an animal cell containing a total of six chromosomes.
9. What is the cell cycle control system and why is it important?
10. What happens to most mammal cells when they reach the G1 checkpoint?
11. Explain how MPF helps to regulate the cell cycle. (See Fig 12.16)
12. What is a growth factor? Provide an example from the chapter.
13. What does cancer have to do with the cell cycle?
14. Explain why each of the following would undergo mitosis:
An early embryo:
An amoeba:
Skin cells:
A broken bone:
15. How is prokaryotic DNA different from eukaryotic DNA?
16. Are the daughter cells produced by mitosis clones of the parent cell?
17. When mitosis is used for reproduction, is it sexual or asexual? What type(s) of organisms use mitosis for reproduction?
CHAPTER 13: MEIOSIS & SEXUAL LIFE CYCLES
1.Define:
Gene
Allele
Locus
Gametes
Somatic cells
2. What is the difference between sexual and asexual reproduction (in terms of number of parents, and variation in offspring)?
3. What is the difference between homologous chromosomes and sister chromatids? (Where do they “come from”? Are they identical?)
4. What are autosomes? How many pairs of autosomes do humans have?
5. Meiosis produces gametes.
What are gametes used for?
What is the union of gametes called?
The union of gametes creates what?
6. What is the difference between cells that are haploid and cells that are diploid?
Are gametes haploid or diploid?
Are somatic cells haploid or diploid?
7. Do the following eukaryotes primarily reproduce sexually or asexually?
Animals:
Plants:
Fungi:
8. How many daughter cells does meiosis produce?
Are they diploid or haploid?
Are they clones of the parent cell?
9. Draw/depict Meiosis Prophase I and Metaphase I for three pairs of chromosomes:
10. What happens during synapsis? Does synapsis happen during mitosis?
11. What are three things that happen during meiosis but not mitosis? (See P.260)
12. What is independent assortment of chromosomes? During which phase of meiosis does this occur?
13. If a cell undergoing meiosis has a haploid number of ...
Which of the following is true about mitosis and meiosis- Choose all c.pdf
Which of the following is true about mitosis and meiosis? Choose all correct answers. In mitosis,
chromosomes do not pair during metaphase; in meiosis I, homologous pairs align along the
metaphase plate. Mitosis is the only type of cell division that occurs in unicellular eukaryotes
that undergo asexual reproduction; meiosis is the only type of cell division that occurs in
multicellular eukaryotes that undergo sexual reproduction. In mitosis, a haploid parent cell will
divide to produce haploid daughter cells; in meiosis a diploid germ cell will divide to produce
haploid gametes. In mitosis, homologous pairs align along the metaphase plate; in meiosis,
chromosomes do not pair during metaphase. Both mitosis and meiosis occur in multicellular
eukaryotes that undergo sexual reproduction. In mitosis, a diploid parent cell will divide to
produce diploid daughter cells; in meiosis a diploid germ cell will divide to produce haploid
gametes..
What is the difference between a dinoflagellate and a Stramenopi.pdf
What is the difference between a dinoflagellate and a Stramenopile?
What is a shared character of the radiolarians and Foraminfera?
How long is the haploid phase of Rhizopus compared to the length of the diploid phase?
What are the three main sexually reproducing fungal divisions listed in the manual?
What is the difference between a dinoflagellate and a Stramenopile?
What is a shared character of the radiolarians and Foraminfera?
How long is the haploid phase of Rhizopus compared to the length of the diploid phase?
What are the three main sexually reproducing fungal divisions listed in the manual?
What is the difference between a dinoflagellate and a Stramenopile?
What is a shared character of the radiolarians and Foraminfera?
How long is the haploid phase of Rhizopus compared to the length of the diploid phase?
What are the three main sexually reproducing fungal divisions listed in the manual?
Solution
1. Difference between Dinoflagellate and heterokont
Dinoflagellate :
2. Most are marine plankton, but they are common in freshwater habitats, as well.
3. Dinoflagellates are considered to be protists, with their own division, Dinoflagellata
4. Dinoflagellates are unicellular and possess two dissimilar flagella arising from the ventral
cell side.
Heterokont
2. What is a shared character of the radiolarians and Foraminfera?
The character of the radiolarians and Foraminfera is “amoeboids with complex shells”
3. How long is the haploid phase of Rhizopus compared to the length of the diploid phase?
Haploid life history of Rhizopus (Asexual Reproduction)
Once the zygote undergoes meiosis, germination occurs forming mycelia and sporangia with
opposite mating strains, (+) and (-). The sproangia produces mitospores which through mitosis
developes into gametangia, or sex organs. When the gametangia fuse, syngamy occurs and
produces a zygote (2n). The zygote then goes through meiosis to form new 1n spores and the life
cycle repeats.
Diploid life history of Rhizopus (Sexual Reproduction)
The zygospores are the only diploid phase. The zygospore forms from two special haploid
hyphae of opposite mating types that touch due to hormones and being in close proximity of each
other. The two cytoplasms intermingle, also known as plasmogamy. As this occurs the nuclei of
both parents enter the conjunction, causing the resting spore to develop. Karyogamy is the term
used to describe the fusion of the two nuclei. After the zygospore has fully formed, meiosis
occurs and haploid spores are formed and dispersed. The zygospore can become dormant for
severalmonths at a time. Meiosis still occurs and a sporangium similar to the asexually produced
sporangium is created when the zygospore finally cracks open.
4. W`hat are the three main sexually reproducing fungal divisions listed in the manual?
Sexual reproduction in the fungi consists of three sequential stages
Plasmogamy
Karyogamy
Meiosis.
7 THE CELLULAR BASISOF INHERITANCEFigure 7.1 Each of u.docx
7 | THE CELLULAR BASIS
OF INHERITANCE
Figure 7.1 Each of us, like these other large multicellular organisms, begins life as a fertilized egg. After trillions of cell
divisions, each of us develops into a complex, multicellular organism. (credit a: modification of work by Frank Wouters;
credit b: modification of work by Ken Cole, USGS; credit c: modification of work by Martin Pettitt)
Chapter Outline
7.1: Sexual Reproduction
7.2: Meiosis
7.3: Errors in Meiosis
Introduction
The ability to reproduce in kind is a basic characteristic of all living things. In kind means that the offspring of any organism
closely resembles its parent or parents. Hippopotamuses give birth to hippopotamus calves; Monterey pine trees produce
seeds from which Monterey pine seedlings emerge; and adult flamingos lay eggs that hatch into flamingo chicks. In kind
does not generally mean exactly the same. While many single-celled organisms and a few multicellular organisms can
produce genetically identical clones of themselves through mitotic cell division, many single-celled organisms and most
multicellular organisms reproduce regularly using another method.
Sexual reproduction is the production by parents of haploid cells and the fusion of a haploid cell from each parent to form
a single, unique diploid cell. In multicellular organisms, the new diploid cell will then undergo mitotic cell divisions to
develop into an adult organism. A type of cell division called meiosis leads to the haploid cells that are part of the sexual
reproductive cycle. Sexual reproduction, specifically meiosis and fertilization, introduces variation into offspring that may
account for the evolutionary success of sexual reproduction. The vast majority of eukaryotic organisms can or must employ
some form of meiosis and fertilization to reproduce.
7.1 | Sexual Reproduction
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
• Explain that variation among offspring is a potential evolutionary advantage resulting from sexual reproduction
• Describe the three different life-cycle strategies among sexual multicellular organisms and their commonalities
Sexual reproduction was an early evolutionary innovation after the appearance of eukaryotic cells. The fact that most
eukaryotes reproduce sexually is evidence of its evolutionary success. In many animals, it is the only mode of reproduction.
Chapter 7 | The Cellular Basis of Inheritance 153
And yet, scientists recognize some real disadvantages to sexual reproduction. On the surface, offspring that are genetically
identical to the parent may appear to be more advantageous. If the parent organism is successfully occupying a habitat,
offspring with the same traits would be similarly successful. There is also the obvious benefit to an organism that can
produce offspring by asexual budding, fragmentation, or asexual eggs. These methods of reproduction do not require
another organism of the opposite sex. There is no need to expend energy finding or a.
1. What is the difference between a prokaryote and a eukaryote cell
1. What is the difference between a prokaryote and a eukaryote cell?
2. Draw a eukaryote cell. Label and give the function of its main parts.
3. What is a somatic cell?
4. What is a sex cell called?
5. What is meant by ‘genome’?
6. What does it mean when we say that every organism’s DNA is homoplasmic?
7. What structures in DNA turn food molecules into ATP, the high-energy molecule that powers cells and in turn, powers every tissue in the body?
8. Why is DNA considered to be the body’s ‘genetic code’ or the ‘blueprint for life’?
9. What is a chromosome? During which process do chromosomes appear?
10. In somatic cells chromosomes occur in
homologous pairs
. One is the maternal chromosome and contains the DNA or genetic information from the mother, the other is the ___________chromosome and contains the DNA from the _________.
11. Within each chromosome, DNA molecules form a sequence or code that is a template for the production of a protein, or part of a protein. Each protein has a specific function, and collectively proteins determine all physical characteristics and govern the functions of all ________, ________ and organs in the body.
12. Each protein generating code is a gene. The complete set of genes is called the ________.
13. Where in a cell is its DNA?
14. “The genetic code, DNA, is universal.” Explain
15. On a separate page:
a.
Draw
a DNA molecule and label the parts
b.
Draw
and label a nucleotide.
16. How does a DNA molecule replicate itself?
Describe and draw
the process.
17. How do somatic cells replicate themselves?
Describe (or draw)
the process.
18. Which cells divide through meiosis?
Describe
(or draw)
the process of meiosis.
19. What is the evolutionary significance of meiosis?
20. What can go wrong during meiosis?
21. Study Figure 3.14.
Which of Gregor Mendel’s laws does it demonstrate?
What does the Punnett Square demonstrate?
Understand figures a and b thoroughly enough to explain it to the class.
22. ‘Linkage’ is an exception to Mendel’s second law. How does linkage work?
23. Chromosomes come in pairs. All normal human somatic cells have 22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes. How many pairs are there in all?
24. To function normally each human cell has to have both members of each chromosome pair, with a total of how many chromosomes?
25. What can happen if a fetus doesn’t have the correct number of chromosomes?
26. Offspring inherit one member of each
chromosomal pair
from the father and one from the _______.
27. Are partner chromosomes genetically identical? Explain
28. What is a karyotype?
29. Does the genetic information carried by chromosome partners govern the same or different traits?
30. How many pairs of chromosomes are there in a somatic cell (diploid)?
31. How many chromosomes are there in a gamete (sex cell) (haploid)?
32. What is the female’s gamete called? What is the father’s gamete called?
33. Every female ga ...
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Chapter wise important questions in Biology for Karnataka 2 year PU Science students. This is taken from the PU board website and compiled together.
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Assignment 4BIO 151 Summer 2016Upload by Sunday, June 12t.docx
Assignment 4 BIO 151 Summer 2016
Upload by Sunday, June 12th at 11:00 PM
CHAPTER 12: THE CELL CYCLE
1.Define genome:
2. What is the difference between DNA in the chromatin form and the chromosome form? What form is DNA in during most of the cell cycle?
3. What is the difference between the centromere and the kinetochore?
4. What happens during each of these phases of the cell cycle?
G1:
S:
G2:
M:
5. The mitotic spindle is mainly made of what type of protein fiber?
6. How does cytokinesis differ between plant and animal cells?
7. Is binary fission truly mitosis? What type of organisms use binary fission for reproduction? Is this process sexual or asexual?
8. Draw/depict the phases of mitosis from prophase to the end of cytokinesis for an animal cell containing a total of six chromosomes.
9. What is the cell cycle control system and why is it important?
10. What happens to most mammal cells when they reach the G1 checkpoint?
11. Explain how MPF helps to regulate the cell cycle. (See Fig 12.16)
12. What is a growth factor? Provide an example from the chapter.
13. What does cancer have to do with the cell cycle?
14. Explain why each of the following would undergo mitosis:
An early embryo:
An amoeba:
Skin cells:
A broken bone:
15. How is prokaryotic DNA different from eukaryotic DNA?
16. Are the daughter cells produced by mitosis clones of the parent cell?
17. When mitosis is used for reproduction, is it sexual or asexual? What type(s) of organisms use mitosis for reproduction?
CHAPTER 13: MEIOSIS & SEXUAL LIFE CYCLES
1.Define:
Gene
Allele
Locus
Gametes
Somatic cells
2. What is the difference between sexual and asexual reproduction (in terms of number of parents, and variation in offspring)?
3. What is the difference between homologous chromosomes and sister chromatids? (Where do they “come from”? Are they identical?)
4. What are autosomes? How many pairs of autosomes do humans have?
5. Meiosis produces gametes.
What are gametes used for?
What is the union of gametes called?
The union of gametes creates what?
6. What is the difference between cells that are haploid and cells that are diploid?
Are gametes haploid or diploid?
Are somatic cells haploid or diploid?
7. Do the following eukaryotes primarily reproduce sexually or asexually?
Animals:
Plants:
Fungi:
8. How many daughter cells does meiosis produce?
Are they diploid or haploid?
Are they clones of the parent cell?
9. Draw/depict Meiosis Prophase I and Metaphase I for three pairs of chromosomes:
10. What happens during synapsis? Does synapsis happen during mitosis?
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12. What is independent assortment of chromosomes? During which phase of meiosis does this occur?
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chromosomes do not pair during metaphase; in meiosis I, homologous pairs align along the
metaphase plate. Mitosis is the only type of cell division that occurs in unicellular eukaryotes
that undergo asexual reproduction; meiosis is the only type of cell division that occurs in
multicellular eukaryotes that undergo sexual reproduction. In mitosis, a haploid parent cell will
divide to produce haploid daughter cells; in meiosis a diploid germ cell will divide to produce
haploid gametes. In mitosis, homologous pairs align along the metaphase plate; in meiosis,
chromosomes do not pair during metaphase. Both mitosis and meiosis occur in multicellular
eukaryotes that undergo sexual reproduction. In mitosis, a diploid parent cell will divide to
produce diploid daughter cells; in meiosis a diploid germ cell will divide to produce haploid
gametes..
What is the difference between a dinoflagellate and a Stramenopi.pdf
What is the difference between a dinoflagellate and a Stramenopile?
What is a shared character of the radiolarians and Foraminfera?
How long is the haploid phase of Rhizopus compared to the length of the diploid phase?
What are the three main sexually reproducing fungal divisions listed in the manual?
What is the difference between a dinoflagellate and a Stramenopile?
What is a shared character of the radiolarians and Foraminfera?
How long is the haploid phase of Rhizopus compared to the length of the diploid phase?
What are the three main sexually reproducing fungal divisions listed in the manual?
What is the difference between a dinoflagellate and a Stramenopile?
What is a shared character of the radiolarians and Foraminfera?
How long is the haploid phase of Rhizopus compared to the length of the diploid phase?
What are the three main sexually reproducing fungal divisions listed in the manual?
Solution
1. Difference between Dinoflagellate and heterokont
Dinoflagellate :
2. Most are marine plankton, but they are common in freshwater habitats, as well.
3. Dinoflagellates are considered to be protists, with their own division, Dinoflagellata
4. Dinoflagellates are unicellular and possess two dissimilar flagella arising from the ventral
cell side.
Heterokont
2. What is a shared character of the radiolarians and Foraminfera?
The character of the radiolarians and Foraminfera is “amoeboids with complex shells”
3. How long is the haploid phase of Rhizopus compared to the length of the diploid phase?
Haploid life history of Rhizopus (Asexual Reproduction)
Once the zygote undergoes meiosis, germination occurs forming mycelia and sporangia with
opposite mating strains, (+) and (-). The sproangia produces mitospores which through mitosis
developes into gametangia, or sex organs. When the gametangia fuse, syngamy occurs and
produces a zygote (2n). The zygote then goes through meiosis to form new 1n spores and the life
cycle repeats.
Diploid life history of Rhizopus (Sexual Reproduction)
The zygospores are the only diploid phase. The zygospore forms from two special haploid
hyphae of opposite mating types that touch due to hormones and being in close proximity of each
other. The two cytoplasms intermingle, also known as plasmogamy. As this occurs the nuclei of
both parents enter the conjunction, causing the resting spore to develop. Karyogamy is the term
used to describe the fusion of the two nuclei. After the zygospore has fully formed, meiosis
occurs and haploid spores are formed and dispersed. The zygospore can become dormant for
severalmonths at a time. Meiosis still occurs and a sporangium similar to the asexually produced
sporangium is created when the zygospore finally cracks open.
4. W`hat are the three main sexually reproducing fungal divisions listed in the manual?
Sexual reproduction in the fungi consists of three sequential stages
Plasmogamy
Karyogamy
Meiosis.
7 THE CELLULAR BASISOF INHERITANCEFigure 7.1 Each of u.docx
7 | THE CELLULAR BASIS
OF INHERITANCE
Figure 7.1 Each of us, like these other large multicellular organisms, begins life as a fertilized egg. After trillions of cell
divisions, each of us develops into a complex, multicellular organism. (credit a: modification of work by Frank Wouters;
credit b: modification of work by Ken Cole, USGS; credit c: modification of work by Martin Pettitt)
Chapter Outline
7.1: Sexual Reproduction
7.2: Meiosis
7.3: Errors in Meiosis
Introduction
The ability to reproduce in kind is a basic characteristic of all living things. In kind means that the offspring of any organism
closely resembles its parent or parents. Hippopotamuses give birth to hippopotamus calves; Monterey pine trees produce
seeds from which Monterey pine seedlings emerge; and adult flamingos lay eggs that hatch into flamingo chicks. In kind
does not generally mean exactly the same. While many single-celled organisms and a few multicellular organisms can
produce genetically identical clones of themselves through mitotic cell division, many single-celled organisms and most
multicellular organisms reproduce regularly using another method.
Sexual reproduction is the production by parents of haploid cells and the fusion of a haploid cell from each parent to form
a single, unique diploid cell. In multicellular organisms, the new diploid cell will then undergo mitotic cell divisions to
develop into an adult organism. A type of cell division called meiosis leads to the haploid cells that are part of the sexual
reproductive cycle. Sexual reproduction, specifically meiosis and fertilization, introduces variation into offspring that may
account for the evolutionary success of sexual reproduction. The vast majority of eukaryotic organisms can or must employ
some form of meiosis and fertilization to reproduce.
7.1 | Sexual Reproduction
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
• Explain that variation among offspring is a potential evolutionary advantage resulting from sexual reproduction
• Describe the three different life-cycle strategies among sexual multicellular organisms and their commonalities
Sexual reproduction was an early evolutionary innovation after the appearance of eukaryotic cells. The fact that most
eukaryotes reproduce sexually is evidence of its evolutionary success. In many animals, it is the only mode of reproduction.
Chapter 7 | The Cellular Basis of Inheritance 153
And yet, scientists recognize some real disadvantages to sexual reproduction. On the surface, offspring that are genetically
identical to the parent may appear to be more advantageous. If the parent organism is successfully occupying a habitat,
offspring with the same traits would be similarly successful. There is also the obvious benefit to an organism that can
produce offspring by asexual budding, fragmentation, or asexual eggs. These methods of reproduction do not require
another organism of the opposite sex. There is no need to expend energy finding or a.
1. What is the difference between a prokaryote and a eukaryote cell
1. What is the difference between a prokaryote and a eukaryote cell?
2. Draw a eukaryote cell. Label and give the function of its main parts.
3. What is a somatic cell?
4. What is a sex cell called?
5. What is meant by ‘genome’?
6. What does it mean when we say that every organism’s DNA is homoplasmic?
7. What structures in DNA turn food molecules into ATP, the high-energy molecule that powers cells and in turn, powers every tissue in the body?
8. Why is DNA considered to be the body’s ‘genetic code’ or the ‘blueprint for life’?
9. What is a chromosome? During which process do chromosomes appear?
10. In somatic cells chromosomes occur in
homologous pairs
. One is the maternal chromosome and contains the DNA or genetic information from the mother, the other is the ___________chromosome and contains the DNA from the _________.
11. Within each chromosome, DNA molecules form a sequence or code that is a template for the production of a protein, or part of a protein. Each protein has a specific function, and collectively proteins determine all physical characteristics and govern the functions of all ________, ________ and organs in the body.
12. Each protein generating code is a gene. The complete set of genes is called the ________.
13. Where in a cell is its DNA?
14. “The genetic code, DNA, is universal.” Explain
15. On a separate page:
a.
Draw
a DNA molecule and label the parts
b.
Draw
and label a nucleotide.
16. How does a DNA molecule replicate itself?
Describe and draw
the process.
17. How do somatic cells replicate themselves?
Describe (or draw)
the process.
18. Which cells divide through meiosis?
Describe
(or draw)
the process of meiosis.
19. What is the evolutionary significance of meiosis?
20. What can go wrong during meiosis?
21. Study Figure 3.14.
Which of Gregor Mendel’s laws does it demonstrate?
What does the Punnett Square demonstrate?
Understand figures a and b thoroughly enough to explain it to the class.
22. ‘Linkage’ is an exception to Mendel’s second law. How does linkage work?
23. Chromosomes come in pairs. All normal human somatic cells have 22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes. How many pairs are there in all?
24. To function normally each human cell has to have both members of each chromosome pair, with a total of how many chromosomes?
25. What can happen if a fetus doesn’t have the correct number of chromosomes?
26. Offspring inherit one member of each
chromosomal pair
from the father and one from the _______.
27. Are partner chromosomes genetically identical? Explain
28. What is a karyotype?
29. Does the genetic information carried by chromosome partners govern the same or different traits?
30. How many pairs of chromosomes are there in a somatic cell (diploid)?
31. How many chromosomes are there in a gamete (sex cell) (haploid)?
32. What is the female’s gamete called? What is the father’s gamete called?
33. Every female ga ...
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