The document discusses various mathematical properties including: - Commutative and associative properties of addition and multiplication which allow changing the order or grouping of terms. - Identity properties which show that adding or multiplying a number by its identity (0 for addition, 1 for multiplication) does not change the number. - The opposite property which involves changing all addition signs to subtraction or multiplying the entire expression by -1. - The distributive property which allows multiplying a number by the terms inside parentheses. - Properties of equality including reflexive, symmetric, transitive, and substitution properties which define when expressions can be said to be equal.