1 EFFECTS OF UNHEALTHY EATING HABITS Effects of Unhealthy Eating Habits in society PSY625: Biological Bases of Behavior Instructor: Roxanne Beharie February 3, 2018 Effects of unhealthy eating habits Specific Aims 1). Concise statement of goals I would like to work with individuals experiencing health problems due to unhealthy eating habits, and inactivity. The purpose is to see if participants would agree to attend the program for 5 days to learn about healthy diet, food, exercise, food preparation, calorie count, and if they would use resources available to help them with their diet and exercise. 2). Novel Design Chart #1: Displays the numbers of people eating fruits, vegetables, and consuming a low cal diet, vegetarians, dieters, unhealthy eaters Chart #2: Displays the five categories that I will use to create manuals for participants to review to learn about the socio demographics, psychosocial knowledge and how beliefs attitudes and norms are part of self-efficacy and it establishes behavior patterns. Per: Raghunathan, Rajagopal, et al. “The Unhealthy = Tasty Intuition and Its Effects on Taste Inferences, Enjoyment, and Choice of Food Products. “Journal of Marketing, vol.70, no. 4 (2006), pp. 170-184 3). solve a specific problem I would like to design a comprehensive program on a community or state level that addresses poor eating habits, poor nutrition, and physical inactivity. Within the State of Maryland we have a large amount of chronic diseases and death per year due to the poor diets that people have become comfortable with, and the lack of physical activity which also contributes to the high rates of sugar diabetes, osteoporosis, obesity, and stroke. This is a serious matter when you think about it 1 out of 10 people suffer from one or more of the chronic diseases listed. I would like to have a facility where I can teaching people how to eat by using scales to measure the portion of meats, vegetables, fruits, measuring the amount of calories, carbohydrates, saturated fats, total fat, what foods to eat, how to prepare them. If I can encourage families to join us for a day to enjoy fun exercise activities, along with healthy meal made using fresh fruits and vegetables. Families will want to come again enthused to improve their dietary patterns and activities. Within this facility I would like a gym and track to allow them to exercise because this will boots their energy and if we meet with them three times a week to teach regular physical activity. The object is to show them how to improve their muscle strength and boost their endurance. The gym would afford them the resource needed to exercise. The exercise gives them great benefits to deliver oxygen and nutrients to their tissues and improve their cardiovascular system. The nutrition program and the exercise stem together would make this efficient. By showing participants end results that reflect a healthier heart and lung they will feel good an ...

1. 1
EFFECTS OF UNHEALTHY EATING HABITS
Effects of Unhealthy Eating Habits in society
PSY625: Biological Bases of Behavior
Instructor: Roxanne Beharie
February 3, 2018
Effects of unhealthy eating habits
Specific Aims
1). Concise statement of goals I would like to work with
individuals experiencing health problems due to unhealthy
eating habits, and inactivity. The purpose is to see if
participants would agree to attend the program for 5 days to
learn about healthy diet, food, exercise, food preparation,

2. calorie count, and if they would use resources available to help
them with their diet and exercise.
2). Novel Design
Chart #1: Displays the numbers of people eating fruits,
vegetables, and consuming a low cal diet, vegetarians, dieters,
unhealthy eaters
Chart #2: Displays the five categories that I will use to create
manuals for participants to review to learn about the socio
demographics, psychosocial knowledge and how beliefs
attitudes and norms are part of self-efficacy and it establishes
behavior patterns.
Per: Raghunathan, Rajagopal, et al. “The Unhealthy = Tasty
Intuition and Its Effects on Taste Inferences, Enjoyment, and
Choice of Food Products. “Journal of Marketing, vol.70, no. 4
(2006), pp. 170-184
3). solve a specific problem
I would like to design a comprehensive program on a
community or state level that addresses poor eating habits, poor
nutrition, and physical inactivity. Within the State of Maryland
we have a large amount of chronic diseases and death per year
due to the poor diets that people have become comfortable with,
and the lack of physical activity which also contributes to the
high rates of sugar diabetes, osteoporosis, obesity, and stroke.
This is a serious matter when you think about it 1 out of 10
people suffer from one or more of the chronic diseases listed. I
would like to have a facility where I can teaching people how to
eat by using scales to measure the portion of meats, vegetables,
fruits, measuring the amount of calories, carbohydrates,
saturated fats, total fat, what foods to eat, how to prepare them.
If I can encourage families to join us for a day to enjoy fun
exercise activities, along with healthy meal made using fresh
fruits and vegetables. Families will want to come again
enthused to improve their dietary patterns and activities.

3. Within this facility I would like a gym and track to allow them
to exercise because this will boots their energy and if we meet
with them three times a week to teach regular physical activity.
The object is to show them how to improve their muscle
strength and boost their endurance. The gym would afford them
the resource needed to exercise. The exercise gives them great
benefits to deliver oxygen and nutrients to their tissues and
improve their cardiovascular system. The nutrition program and
the exercise stem together would make this efficient. By
showing participants end results that reflect a healthier heart
and lung they will feel good and have more energy to live a
healthy lifestyle. I would like to have nutritious meals to feed
the participants, a facility with a kitchen to prepare/ teach, the
gym to train and exercise all are the specific goals of my
program.
Center for Civic Partnerships. (2002). Fresh ideas for
community nutrition and physical activity. Sacramento, CA:
Public Health Institute.
Background
Doctors are reporting high volumes of high cholesterol, sugar
diabetes, high blood pressure, heart attacks, and other chronic
disease that all stem from what people are eating. People are
eating foods, and putting on calories that contribute to behavior.
Eating is something that we must do to survive but everyone
will not or cannot survive eating foods that will cause you to
gain weight, or take on too much, carbohydrates that may lead
to changes to your body function. For this reason doctors
believe that knowledge may help improve societies eating
habits. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to explore which
factors influence nationalities residing within the United States
specifically the state of Maryland citizens eating behavior by
utilizing patients identified through the Maryland Physicians
Care who want to improve their health by participating in a 5
day study. I am ready to bring together thoughts and
suggestions from professional: dieticians, physicians,

4. motivators, advocates, and weight instructors to guide me in the
course of facilitating the expansion of a well-organized, in good
physical shape, eating nutritious meals, and routine activity
curriculum for the residents, to think of as: a customized
involved agenda designed to improve healthy eating habits in
society. As well as prevention of overweight, high blood sugars,
heart attacks, strokes, and cardiovascular performance.
Per: Wendell, Susan, “Unhealthy Disabled: Treating Chronic
Illnesses as Disabilities. “Hypatia, vol. 16, no. 4, 2001.pp. 17-
33 page.23 section 2
Significance
What people eat on a regular basis is very important to how the
individual will feel physically and mentally. However; what
people eat is something that people must pay close attention. Do
people think about what they eat, and if it is good for the body?
I wonder but by conducting this program and observing the
participants collaborating on their thoughts and ideas
concerning their diets. I believe that most people eat whatever
they want totally over looking that eating poorly usually results
in low energy levels, fatigue, and this can raise your chances of
becoming a potential candidate of a chronic disease, and this
reduces your longevity. Although; one critical barrier to
progress in this specific field would be one participants may not
have enough time to attend the programs. This may be due to
competing priorities; which supports how most people have a
mindset in terms of attending something that is not of an
interest. Let’s just say it is an interest but the individual works
and has kids. This could be a barrier for them to engage in this
program. If we could come to employer’s to allow them to join
during work hours to introduce the program to hard workers.
This project can improve poor eating habits, physical and
mental health problems as well as illness relating to obesity or
many diseases. Scientific research has revealed that poor
nutrition and lack of exercise are contributing factors to your
physical health. The scientific knowledge in terms of this
program would identify what factors influence eating habits of

5. women, men and children from the perspective of environmental
behavior. I feel that if I conduct things according to children,
parents, caretakers, or guardians I can develop a theoretical
support for family to learn how to change eating behavior. The
clinical study design should start with observation of 50
participants focusing on children of all ages ranging from 5-18
years old, focus groups = 12, N (participants) = 50), parents (n-
5, N= 20, and random professionals from local business (n = 5,
N = 20) in rural and urban Americans. The semi-structure will
answer questions surrounding the basis of development
according the attitudes, social influences and self-efficacy. I
can use technology to introduce participants to knowledge b y
identifying the mediators such as social influences.
Per: Wister, Andrew V. Baby Boomer Health Dynamics: How
Are We Aging? Buffalo: London, University of Toronto Press,
2005
Proposed Study
Twenty candidates will be selected from a referral data base
provided by state and local health care providers, including ten
families that sign up on our website interesting in changing
their eating habits. All candidates will come to the On call
Wellness center for 3 days to interact and assessed each
participant to get an understanding of what health issues they
have, and what they feel caused the problem during this session
we will provide an assortment of meals to choose from, each
candidate will fill out the form listing what they selected, why,
and they will take home a digital calorie counter and journal to
write down how they feel after eating, and return the next
evening for a prepared nutritious meal, and exercise program.
The will learn something new each day pertaining to health and
eating habits.
Procedures:
This study will be conducted on the urban 10 low, 10 middle
class, and 10 wealthy population. The procedure involves
attending the facility for assessments, meals, surveys, disclose,

6. and consent form. Individuals will require written approval
from the primary and or specialist physicians team to approve
of the participant eating the list of foods, and utilizing exercise
equipment, conducting strenuous activities. At any rate we will
need a licensed dietician, chief, weight instructor, physical
education instructor. The doctor will examine each individual to
observe their physical and mental appearance for participation.
If we fail to conduct the physical examine we may have some
issues with participants being unhealthy to participate.
Personnel must be sure to send each individual to the doctor
prior to attending.
Hypotheses & Analysis:
How does unhealthy eating affect individuals experiencing
health problems due to unhealthy eating habits, and inactivity.
The purpose is to see if participants would agree to attend the
program for 5 days to learn about healthy diet, food, exercise,
food preparation, calorie count, and if they would use resources
available to help them with their diet and exercise. I will
analyze the candidates: income, family size, family health
history, eating habits, current help concerns, relate them to their
diagnoses, explain the importance of healthy eating and
exercise.
Method Section
To identify the needed participants I used a semi structured
question guide, 3 focus group discussions were conducted
consisting of 5 adult men, 5 adult women from the local
community college with various eating habits, with a mean age
of 24.5+18 years. Using Nvivo9, which is an inductive thematic
advance used to determine data analysis.
Per: Von Ah D, Ebert S, Ngamvitroj A, Park N, Kang DH.
Predictors of health behaviors in college students. J Adv Nurs.
2004;48(5):463-474.doi:10.111/j.1365-2648.2004.03229.x.
Budget Justification
The funds that I am requesting will be used to pay the full time
research assistant to: assist with academic lines of

7. investigation, editing and preparation of manuscripts, duties
related to the production of academic journals, each
characteristic of subject recruitment, training, and data
collection. Additional funding of 30% is requested for the
primary examiner that organizes the study and performs
statistical psychoanalysis and publication of end results.
Financial travel support is needed for the Primary
Investigator to be present at one nationalized conference to
provide the finale outcome of the clinical trial. I am requesting
supplementary funds will cover the transportation fee for the
research assistant to visit the participant’s home. I would like to
pay each partaker $40 (50 total) is requested to compensate
individuals for their involvement.
I will need an Apple MacBook Pro 13, 2.3GHz dual core 7th –
generation Intel Core i5 processor, 1 TB hard drive) to perform
data collection and analysis. Additional funding will be used to
purchase : groceries, cooking materials, paper plates, forks,
cups, measuring cups, spoons, scales, serving materials, gym
equipment, Avaya telephone system, digital quality of Life
weight scales, office materials, monitoring security system,
security identification badge cards with the finger print chip,
and entering /exiting door devices.
Per: Forbes Entrepreneurs
1. Senior Personnel
The proposed Principle investigator, will spend 12 months or
15.0% of my academic year time on the project. The $11, 286
requested is 15.0% of my base salary of $75,241.
Constance Ares, Ed. D., the proposed Project Director, will
spend 30.0% of her time on the project for 9 months. The $17,
160 requested is 30% of her annual salary of $57, 200. Total
salaries: $28, 446.
2. Other Personnel
Graduate Assistants salary of $36,000 is requested to support 4

8. students for 9 months at 20 hours per week (2 semesters). The
stipend for full time GA’s is $4500 per semester (4 students x 2
semesters each x $4500 = $36,000. Full time GA’s also receive
18 credits tuition waiver at $362.27 per credit. Total tuition
waiver cost:$26,084 (4 students x 18 credits x 362.27= $26,084.
The total stipend and tuition waiver = $62,084 (4 students
stipends $36,000 + 4 students total tuition waiver $26,084).
Graduate Assistants will administer phone surveys in Phase I,
review patient records.
3. Total Direct Costs
The total direct costs requested for this project are $140,316
4. Indirect Costs
The Indirect Cost rate for Minnesota State University, Mankato
is 46%.
Total Indirect costs being requested are $48,706.
5. Total Direct and Indirect Costs $216,672.
Per: GROVE, LAUREL K. “ Finding Funding: Writing Winning
Proposals for Research Funds. “ Technical Communication, vol.
52, no. 1, 2004 pp. 25-35 page 33 section 1
Per: Forbes Entrepreneurs
SUMMARY PROPOSAL BUDGET c
FOR INSTITUTION USE ONLY
ORGANIZATION
Healthy Eating & Exercise Training Center

9. PROPOSAL NO.
V-3209
DURATION (MONTHS)
5 years
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR (PI)/PROJECT DIRECTOR
Instructor
AWARD NO.
V9203
A. PERSONNEL: PI/PD, Co-PIs, Faculty, Graduate Assistants,
etc.
Funds
List each separately with name and title.
Requested By
Proposer
1. Instructor ($70,000/year) - 10% effort for 12 months
$7,000
2. Research Assistant (RA) - 50% effort for 12 months
$25,000
TOTAL SALARIES
$32,000
B. EQUIPMENT (LIST ITEM AND DOLLAR AMOUNT FOR
EACH ITEM EXCEEDING $5,000.)
Cooking materials
Food,
Exercise Equipment, Digital Identification Entrance/ Exit Bar,
Identification cards
TOTAL EQUIPMENT

10. $15,000
C. TRAVEL
1. DOMESTIC - PI attendance at national meeting
$1,500
2. OTHER - Travel for RA to participants home
$1,000
TOTALTRAVEL
$17,500
D. PARTICIPANT SUPPORT
$2,000
1. STIPENDS
$
50
2. TRAVEL
3. SUBSISTENCE
4. OTHER
TOTAL NUMBER OF PARTICIPANTS (40)
TOTAL PARTICIPANT COSTS
$2000
E. OTHER DIRECT COSTS

11. 1. MATERIALS AND SUPPLIES- Computer for patient
training, data collection and analysis
$3000
2. OTHER Quality of Life scale
$1700
3 OTHER Office supplies
$900
4. OTHER
TOTAL OTHER DIRECT COSTS
$4,876
F. TOTAL DIRECT COSTS (A THROUGH E)
$61,976
G. TOTAL INDIRECT COSTS (F&A) (Rate = 37.5%)
$16,364
H. TOTAL DIRECT AND INDIRECT COSTS (F + G)
$140,316
Per: Quickbooks.intuit.com
References
Raghunathan, Rajagopal, et al. “The Unhealthy = Tasty

12. Intuition and Its Effects on Taste Inferences, Enjoyment, and
Choice of Food Products. “Journal of Marketing, vol.70, no. 4
(2006), pp. 170-184
Center for Civic Partnerships. (2002). Fresh ideas for
community nutrition and physical activity. Sacramento, CA:
Public Health Institute.
Wendell, Susan, “Unhealthy Disabled: Treating Chronic
Illnesses as Disabilities. “Hypatia, vol. 16, no. 4, 2001.pp. 17-
33 page.23 section 2
Wister, Andrew V. Baby Boomer Health Dynamics: How Are
We Aging? Buffalo: London, University of Toronto Press, 2005
GROVE, LAUREL K. “ Finding Funding: Writing Winning
Proposals for Research Funds. “ Technical Communication, vol.
52, no. 1, 2004 pp. 25-35 page 33 section 1
Donald, Gael. “Business Ethics: Practical Proposals for
Organizations. “ Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 19, no. 2,
1999.
Ustravel.org
Forbes Entrepreneurs
Quickbooks.intuit.com
Von Ah D, Ebert S, Ngamvitroj A, Park N, Kang DH. Predictors
of health behaviors in college students. J Adv Nurs.
2004;48(5):463-474.doi:10.111/j.1365-2648.2004.03229.x.

13. *Socio-demographic
*Behavioral beliefs & outcome evaluationn
*Normattive behliefs & motivation to comply
*Control beliefs & percieved power
*Attitudes
*Norms
*Self-Efficacy
*Environmental constraitnts
*Intentions
*Skills, Objective Knowledge
Behavior
Other psychosocial variables
Subjective Knowledge
Involvement
Intervention
Series 1 unhealthy eaters Dieter vegetarians

14. Fruits/veg/low cal 4.3 2.5 3.5 4.5 Series 2
unhealthy eaters Dieter vegetarians
Fruits/veg/low cal 2.4 4.4000000000000004 1.8
2.8 Series 3 unhealthy eaters Dieter vegetarians
Fruits/veg/low cal 2 2 3 5
PSY625: Biological Bases of BehaviorAshford University
1
Running Head: TRAUMSTIC BRAIN INJURY 1
TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY 12
Traumatic Brain Injury and the Tool Use to Help Prevent It
PSY 625: Biological Bases of Behavior
Instructor: Dr. Roxanne Behaire
February 5, 2018
Specific Aims
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) effects more than 1.7 million
people each year with 75 to 85% fitting into the mild category.
As this number doesn’t include individual seen in private
practices or by their primary doctor, it is underestimated.
(Shenton, 2012) It has become known as a “silent epidemic”
(Shenton, 1) and the attention in its regards have heighten due
to the rising number of individuals suffering from TBI as well
as the effects it has had on soldiers throughout the years. Often
time mild TBI goes undiagnosed as it is harder to detect using
the typical computed tomography (CT) as it will not put
abnormalities, so the brain will appear to be normal. In such

15. events mTBI will typical rectify itself with in a few days to a
few weeks. However, when the recovery takes up to 3 months,
the could be cause for concern as it could lead to permanent
disabilities known as post-concussive symptoms (PPCS) or
more commonly known as post-concussive syndrome (PCS).
This disability will cause symptoms such as headaches, fatigue,
blurred vision as well as cognitive disorders.
The specific aim for this proposal is to bring to light the
effectiveness of the angiograms we are using as a preventive
measure. Determine if the scales we are using to measure the
intensity of TBI are working and to provide information on new
treatment and medication that could help to elevate traumatic
brain injury altogether. As well as evaluation any new treatment
that could help to eliminate TBI.
Background
Of all the neurologic disorders, Mild traumatic brain injury
(mTBI) is one of the most common. Traumatic brain injury will
affect nearly 10 million individual worldwide each year. Of
with about 2 million are American, making it the most prevalent
of all neurological disorders. Although most patient who suffer
from mild traumatic brain injury recover within a few weeks or
months and without any specific intervention (Alexander, 1).
There is an overwhelm amount of people in the U.S. who suffer
from TBI that is severe enough to be hospitalized, will be result
in fatality, or will not recovery from their injuries.
Approximately 15% (70 to 90 thousand) of those who survive
TBI will develop long term disabilities that result in costly
medical and rehabilitation care. This total is equivalent to the
amount of individuals who suffer from Parkinson’s disease,
multiple sclerosis, Guillain-Barré syndrome and myasthenia
gravis combined each year. And like myasthenia gravis, mTBI
effect men in their early 20’s and 30’s more so than any other
gender or age group. Which means that those affected by it will
potentially be afflicted this disability for a great part of their
lives.

16. Children can also be affected by mild traumatic brain injury, it
is also referred to as a concussion. These injuries to their brains
are mostly sustained from sports and recreational activity,
shaken baby syndrome and motor vehicle accident with flexion
extension injuries. The symptoms of a concussion typically are
more refined as hours to days elapse, so the severity of the
injury cannot be determined at the time of the injury. Because
of this often time the outcome of these injuries (especially in
babies) result the leading cause of death or disabilities ranging
from physical, cognitive, emotional and behavioral deficits in
the United States.
Outside of the impairments that limit the daily functions of the
patient’s everyday life. The survivor of TBI will have to endure
substantial cognitive dysfunctions, i.e. memory loss, poor
response inhibition, distractibility and will not be able to form
and store new memory. “These attributes are not limited to
severe and moderate TBI cases, but patients with mild TBI that
suffer from post-concussion symptoms with cognitive
impairments comorbid with other neuro-behavioral symptoms
such as emotional alterations,” (Bondi, 1) will also experience
these disturbances.
“Postgraduate teaching in neurology doesn’t mirror the high
prevalence of this disorder – i.e. most residents probably do not
get proportionate instruction in the diagnosis and management
of mTBI”. (Alexander, 1). This is due to the following reasons:
treatment of the acute phase of mTBI is typical provided by
neurologist, most patient recover on their own, persistently
symptomatic patients in anguish due to mild traumatic brain
injury are often times thought to be lazy, unpleasant litigates,
because of unclear psychological issues, that isn’t cured by the
typical treatment, because when compared to other disorders,
mTBI isn’t academically fascinating and there’s not an
academic reward from the patients of mTBI. This could be due
to the fact that the clinical phenomenology of mTBI is
rationally comprehensive in neuropathology. While the
deficiencies due to neurologic injury can be manifestation of

17. impairment, the recovery time can usually be predicted. More
times than not the treatment for mild traumatic brain injury
works and the risk factor for developing prolonged symptoms
detected, and with the correct treatment, can stop chronic
disability from developing.
However, treatment for TBI is limited and continued research is
critical. There has been several models developed for
experimentation purposes, hoping to better understand the
pathophysiology and neurological condition that causes TBI.
These models are used primarily “to induce brain injury
replicating features and outcomes that are seen clinically”
(Bioni 1). One of the original ways to detect the severity of
mild traumatic brain injury, (mTBI) which is “defined by the
acute injury characteristics and not by the severity of the
symptoms at random points after trauma”(Alexander). Those
characteristic are as follows: head trauma due to force, how
long the patient was unconscious, (usually seconds to minutes),
or if there was no loss of consciousness, and by the use of the
Glosgow Coma Scale (GCS) in an emergency room. The GCS it
must be based on a score of 15 to be considered mild. A score
of 13 or 14 is due to confusion and will be considered post-
traumatic amnesia, (PTA). Those suffering from PTA will not
have focal signs.
Diffuse axonal injury (DAI) is the primary neuropathology of
TBI. Diffuse is caused by unaligned forces that generate in the
brain by unexpected deceleration. These forces can result in
tearing of the brain’s long connecting nerve fibers (axon) this
happens when the brain shift and rotate inside the skull. “The
combination of characteristic deficits in everyday activities and
apparently normal performance on clinical tests can convince
clinicians that the patient is exaggerating. Tests of divided
attention and working memory may be abnormal for weeks.
Initial complaints will include forgetfulness, neck pain,
headache, and dizziness. DAI severity expectations should be
based on the mechanism of injury, duration of coma, and
duration of PTA. Treatment of persistent post-concussive

18. syndrome should target the identifiable components of the
disorder.” (Alexander, 1).
Significance
Because the anemograms we are using to detect TBI will
not always actually read mTBI as a condition in patient.
Resulting in sever cognitive disabilities. It is import for
research to continue to not only promote awareness of this
disorder that was at one time thought to be serve. As the greater
the awareness is about the risk involved with mTBI, the more
likely funding will be made available to provided better ways to
diagnose, treat and prevent all forms of TBI.
In for years, the tools used to detect TBI were the
Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS). This scale is used to determine
the clinical severity of TBI. GCS measures loss of
consciousness and posttraumatic amnesia. And AIS “classifies
each injury by body region according to its relative
importance.” It uses a scoring systems of 6 point ordinal scale.
A computed tomography (CT) which is used in hospitals to
identify subtle brain injuries like diffuse axonal injury or
mirco-hemorrhage. When using a computed tomography (CT) it
is harder to diagnose mild TBI, as the brain will appear normal
and about only 10% of CT can detect mild TBI. MRI can detect
30% of common abnormalities in mTBI.
However, in more recent years other treatment methods
have been discovered that many help in limiting the severity of
and assist in revering TBI. Staying in down this vain, and in
order to drastically reduce the amount of individual that server
from TBI it is important to continue to fund studies that will be
a better defender of this disability.
Proposed Study
Participants:
In order to conduct this study 60 participants who have suffered
or currently suffering from all categories of traumatic brain
injury will be randomly selected. They will be divided into 3

19. groups of 20 according to the classification of the traumatic
brain injury they have incurred (i.e mild, moderate and sever
traumatic brain injury). Each individual would have to compete
an evaluation form to determine if they have had any kind of
medical or clinical treatment in the past or are currently taking
medication. Each participate will need to complete a consent for
experimental testing.
Each test will be conducted by physician’s or x-ray technicians
trained in each specific area. This will ensure that each test is
corrected conducted and read and eliminate risk of injury to the
participants. Each participant will meet with the staff that will
be responsible for the experimental and observational studies.
The will be provided with an informational packet and a
roundtable discussion will provide the participants with details
of the study and allow them to ask any questions or voice any
concerns they may have regarding the risk and or safety of this
study.
Procedure:
Test will be conducted first using the computed tomography
(CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) depending on the
time frame the injury occurred. Each abnormality (i.e. gray – or
which is composed mostly of neuronal cell bodies, glial cells
and capillaries. And white matter – which are believed to reflect
stretched or sheared axon bundles which are abnormal micro-
structures) will be record, as well as if the brain appeared
normal. After a week’s time, each participate shall be assessed
by the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) to measure the functional
capacity of their TBI. The white matter will be reviewed for
lesions. For individuals who are suffering from severe diffuse
axonal injury (DAI), clinical observation will be recommended
and those participants will be observed for 6 months to 1 year to
see if any improvement in functionality after trauma occurred.
Individuals who aren’t suffering from DAI, will be allowed to
go home, they will complete a self-evaluation. They will record
data of the day to day activities and provide information on
their ability to comprehend materials that were read to them,

20. that they read on their own and what they may have heard. This
will show if there are any signs of cognitive dysfunction. This
test will conclude after 3 weeks. If the participants find that
they are not able to complete the task, they shall report back to
the study lab immediately for, further observational evaluations.
If consent was given, brain on chip
Hypotheses & Analysis:
This study is expected to find the best way to determine if
an individual is suffering from TBI. It will evaluation the tools
used to help detect mTBI at its onset in order to elevate ongoing
cognitive disorders. It will examine new treatment options such
as brain on chip and cerebral micro-dialysis to conclude if the
change in molecular biomarker which are caused by TBI, and
what drugs are best to assist in reversing or preventing TBI
altogether taking some of the burden off of the healthcare
system as well as providing a better since of life for those who
have suffered from TBI.
Budget Justification
Funding would be necessary in order to employ assistants
to recruit participants, packets that will be provided and the
round table discussion presenter. Funding will also be necessary
for the x-ray technicians and physicians they will be on staff to
conduct the study. 15% of the funding will be allocated to the
inpatient observations.
Each subject shall receive funding for participation of
$70.00 each as well as supplemental payments for any medical
treatment, in house treatment stays and reimbursement for
mileage outside of 10 miles to reach the study lab. Funding will
also be needed for any technical equipment that may be used to
record data i.e. computers and/or testing equipment use in
hospital.
(See Appendix A:Budget Details)

21. Annotated Bibliography
Alexander M. P Neurology (1995), 45 (7) 1253-1260; DOI:
10.1212/WNL.45.7.1253
Bogoslovsky, T., Gill, J., Jeromin, A., Davis, C., & Diaz-
Arrastia, R. (2016). Fluid Biomarkers of Traumatic Brain Injury
and Intended Context of Use. Diagnostics, 6(4), 37.
http://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics6040037 States,
This research article outlines the major factors in clinical
practice to help measure the extent of TBI is one main be
suffering from. Provided the effectiveness of the the Glasgow
Coma Scale (GCS) and Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) when
used to determine the clinical severity of TBI. Given an account
of the percentage of TBI a CT and or a MRI will detect when
used to determine common abnormalities in mTBI.
Bondi, C. O., Semple, B. D., Noble-Haeusslein, L. J., Osier, N.
D., Carlson, S. W., Dixon, C. E., … Kline, A. E. (2015). Found
in translation: understanding the biology and behavior of
experimental traumatic brain injury. Neuroscience and
Biobehavioral Reviews, 58, 123–146.
http://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.12.004
Cesar Reis, Yuechun Wang, Onat Akyol, Wing Mann Ho,
Richard Applegate II, Gary Stier, Robert Martin, John H. Zhang
Int J Mol Sci. 2015 Jun; 16(6): 11903–11965. Published online
2015 May 26. doi: 10.3390/ijms160611903
Provides excellent information as to why it is important to
detect TBI early on. Shed light on new treatments such as brain
on chip and cerebral micro-dialysis can help with the changes in
molecular biomarkers caused from TBI. The researcher provides
updates on new treatment i.e. stem cell-base and
nanotechnology based as well as drugs that also reacts favorably

22. in reversing or preventing TBI.
Muschelli, J., Ullman, N. L., Mould, W. A., Vespa, P., Hanley,
D. F., & Crainiceanu, C. M. (2015). Validated Automatic Brain
Extraction of Head CT Images. NeuroImage, 114, 379–385.
http://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.03.074
Rapp, P. E., Rosenberg, B. M., Keyser, D. O., Nathan, D.,
Toruno, K. M., Cellucci, C. J., … Bashore, T. R. (2013). Patient
Characterization Protocols for Psychophysiological Studies of
Traumatic Brain Injury and Post-TBI Psychiatric
Disorders. Frontiers in Neurology, 4, 91.
http://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2013.00091
Shenton, M., Hamoda, H., Schneiderman, J., Bouix, S.,
Pasternak, O., Rathi, Y., … Zafonte, R. (2012). A Review of
Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Diffusion Tensor Imaging
Findings in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. Brain Imaging and
Behavior, 6(2), 137–192. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11682-012-
9156-5
Provides an extensive account of the percentages of people
suffering from Traumatic brain injury (TBI) each year. Gives an
overview of the many causes of TBI and why it has gained more
attention throughout the years. The author focuses on the
different reasons as to why mild TBI (mTBI) remains
undetected and what could happen if the usually recovery time
of a few day to a week, elapses into 3 months.
Toledo, E., Lebel, A., Becerra, L., Minster, A., Linnman, C.,
Maleki, N., … Borsook, D. (2012). The Young Brain and
Concussion: Imaging as a Biomarker for Diagnosis and
Prognosis. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 36(6),
1510–1531. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.03.007
Appendix A: Budget
SUMMARY PROPOSAL BUDGET
FOR INSTITUTION USE ONLY
ORGANIZATION

23. PROPOSAL NO.
DURATION (MONTHS)
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR (PI)/PROJECT DIRECTOR
Instructor R. Behaire Ph.D
AWARD NO.
A. PERSONNEL: PI/PD, Co-PIs, Faculty, Graduate Assistants,
etc.
Funds
List each separately with name and title.
Requested By
Proposer
1. Instructor R. Behaire, PhD ($90,000/year) - 10% effort for
12 months
$9,000
2. Research Assistant (RA) - 50% effort for 12 months
$25,000
TOTAL SALARIES
$34,000
B. EQUIPMENT (LIST ITEM AND DOLLAR AMOUNT FOR
EACH ITEM EXCEEDING $5,000.)
None
CT Scan Uses
1,2000
MRI machine uses
2,610
TOTAL EQUIPMENT
C. TRAVEL
1. DOMESTIC -
$0

24. 2. OTHER - Travel for RA to participants home
$0
TOTALTRAVEL
D. PARTICIPANT SUPPORT
$4,200
1. STIPENDS
$
70
2. TRAVEL
100
6,000
3. SUBSISTENCE
4. MEDICATION
125
7500
TOTAL NUMBER OF PARTICIPANTS (60)
TOTAL PARTICIPANT COSTS
$12,300
E. OTHER DIRECT COSTS
1. MATERIALS AND SUPPLIES- Computer for data
collection and analysis
$900.00
2. OTHER

25. $
3 OTHER Office supplies
$700
4. OTHER
TOTAL OTHER DIRECT COSTS
$1,600
F. TOTAL DIRECT COSTS (A THROUGH E)
$59,410
G. TOTAL INDIRECT COSTS (F&A) (Rate = 37.5%)
$22,279
H. TOTAL DIRECT AND INDIRECT COSTS (F + G)
$81,689
Applied Social Psychology Literature Review
Throughout this course, you have been exploring the ways in
which social psychological principles can be applied to various
careers. This week, you will create a literature review of
articles that cover some of the main topics of applied social
psychology. You should frame your review as if you were
explaining the purpose of the field to someone who does not
know about social psychology. To do this, you will write a
literature review that contains five articles, each of which
focuses on a different theory. Two of the five articles can be
from the literature review for your case study that you wrote
last week; however, they each must cover different theories.
The other three articles should pertain to different theories that
have been discussed throughout the course or that will be

26. discussed in Week Six.
Remember, even though these articles are not necessarily
related, the literature review must still have a thesis statement
(e.g., Applied social psychology is a field that is important
because it is relevant to…) and a conclusion that reinforces
your claim. Since you are allowed to use your review of two
articles from your previous literature review, please ensure you
make any necessary modifications to your analysis so that they
match the thesis statement and conclusion of this literature
review.
The literature review must be five to seven pages in length, not
including title and reference pages. All of the articles that you
use must be recent (published within the past 10 years). You
should also cite other material (e.g., seminal works about the
theories) as appropriate to help you contextualize and explain
the articles that you are discussing. Format your paper
according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing
Center (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.
As a side note: you may be able to draw from articles that you
have used in this literature review when completing the
Integrative Literature Review for PSY699, the capstone course.