The document is an email summarizing a news article about a Senate hearing on climate change policies. At the hearing, four Bush administration advisors defended the President's decision to withdraw from the Kyoto Protocol and pursue voluntary emissions reductions programs instead of mandatory caps. They argued mandatory cuts could cost billions and millions of jobs. Critics at the hearing said the administration's approach will not reduce emissions and is inadequate given warnings about climate change impacts. The administration officials said more study is needed before taking more aggressive action.
Attorneys general from 11 states sent a letter to President Bush calling on him to address the growing threat of global warming. The letter criticizes the administration for failing to create a national policy to curb emissions from automobiles and power plants. While applauding a recent report detailing the seriousness of global warming, the attorneys general argue the administration has not proposed an adequate plan. The letter pushes for a cap on carbon dioxide emissions and increased fuel efficiency standards.
The document summarizes that the Bush Administration has acknowledged the reality of climate change but still proposes doing nothing substantial to address it. It recognizes greenhouse gases as a major contributor to climate change but its plan only seeks to slow the rate of emissions, not reduce total amounts. Alternative proposals suggest mandatory caps on emissions that would make meaningful reductions while providing regulatory flexibility for industry.
The document summarizes the Bush Administration's changing position on climate change. It acknowledges that the Administration now accepts the science of climate change in a report to the UN, though it still advocates doing nothing substantive to address it. The document discusses alternative proposals from Senator Jeffords and the Progressive Policy Institute that would mandate emissions reductions from electric utilities in a more reasonable way. It argues the Administration will likely only follow, not lead, on dealing with the issue.
Development Economics: IMPACT OF GROWTH ON ENERGY REQUIREMENTS AND CARBON EMI...Deepmala Pokhriyal
This document summarizes a study analyzing the impact of per capita GDP growth on energy consumption and carbon emissions. It finds that energy consumption and emissions generally increase with rising incomes, though the relationship varies between high, middle, and low-income countries. The Kuznets curve hypothesis, which predicts an inverted U-shape relationship between pollution and economic growth, is also examined for different countries and time periods. Regression analysis of 189 countries from 1960-2005 shows pollution initially rising then falling with income, supporting the Kuznets curve. India and China see higher pollution increases from growth than other nations due to their economic compositions.
Government agencies reported US GDP growth at a 3.6 percent in Q3. The economy added 203,000 jobs in November and unemployment fell to 7 percent, a new low for the recovery
Climate Change and Disaster Risk_Case Study of KenyaOgaro Lugard
This document provides an overview of climate change and disaster risk in Kenya. It discusses Kenya's climate and natural hazard profile, which includes intermittent droughts that affect most of the country. It also describes the government of Kenya's role in disaster management, including establishing institutions and policies to address disasters. Projected climate changes for Kenya include increasing temperatures and uncertain changes to rainfall. Impacts may include effects on coastal areas, health, agriculture, water resources, and energy. Extreme weather events like floods and droughts are also expected to increase in frequency and severity. The role of climate information and coordination between disaster risk management and climate change efforts are discussed.
Over 25,000 excess winter deaths occur in England each year from 2001-2011, with the highest numbers in 2008-2009 and 2011-2012 winters. Improving energy efficiency in homes is the most sustainable way to reduce cold-related harm, fuel poverty, and health and social inequalities. The Cold Weather Plan for England outlines coordinated actions for health and social services to protect vulnerable people from avoidable health problems in winter.
The document is an email summarizing a news article about a Senate hearing on climate change policies. At the hearing, four Bush administration advisors defended the President's decision to withdraw from the Kyoto Protocol and pursue voluntary emissions reductions programs instead of mandatory caps. They argued mandatory cuts could cost billions and millions of jobs. Critics at the hearing said the administration's approach will not reduce emissions and is inadequate given warnings about climate change impacts. The administration officials said more study is needed before taking more aggressive action.
Attorneys general from 11 states sent a letter to President Bush calling on him to address the growing threat of global warming. The letter criticizes the administration for failing to create a national policy to curb emissions from automobiles and power plants. While applauding a recent report detailing the seriousness of global warming, the attorneys general argue the administration has not proposed an adequate plan. The letter pushes for a cap on carbon dioxide emissions and increased fuel efficiency standards.
The document summarizes that the Bush Administration has acknowledged the reality of climate change but still proposes doing nothing substantial to address it. It recognizes greenhouse gases as a major contributor to climate change but its plan only seeks to slow the rate of emissions, not reduce total amounts. Alternative proposals suggest mandatory caps on emissions that would make meaningful reductions while providing regulatory flexibility for industry.
The document summarizes the Bush Administration's changing position on climate change. It acknowledges that the Administration now accepts the science of climate change in a report to the UN, though it still advocates doing nothing substantive to address it. The document discusses alternative proposals from Senator Jeffords and the Progressive Policy Institute that would mandate emissions reductions from electric utilities in a more reasonable way. It argues the Administration will likely only follow, not lead, on dealing with the issue.
Development Economics: IMPACT OF GROWTH ON ENERGY REQUIREMENTS AND CARBON EMI...Deepmala Pokhriyal
This document summarizes a study analyzing the impact of per capita GDP growth on energy consumption and carbon emissions. It finds that energy consumption and emissions generally increase with rising incomes, though the relationship varies between high, middle, and low-income countries. The Kuznets curve hypothesis, which predicts an inverted U-shape relationship between pollution and economic growth, is also examined for different countries and time periods. Regression analysis of 189 countries from 1960-2005 shows pollution initially rising then falling with income, supporting the Kuznets curve. India and China see higher pollution increases from growth than other nations due to their economic compositions.
Government agencies reported US GDP growth at a 3.6 percent in Q3. The economy added 203,000 jobs in November and unemployment fell to 7 percent, a new low for the recovery
Climate Change and Disaster Risk_Case Study of KenyaOgaro Lugard
This document provides an overview of climate change and disaster risk in Kenya. It discusses Kenya's climate and natural hazard profile, which includes intermittent droughts that affect most of the country. It also describes the government of Kenya's role in disaster management, including establishing institutions and policies to address disasters. Projected climate changes for Kenya include increasing temperatures and uncertain changes to rainfall. Impacts may include effects on coastal areas, health, agriculture, water resources, and energy. Extreme weather events like floods and droughts are also expected to increase in frequency and severity. The role of climate information and coordination between disaster risk management and climate change efforts are discussed.
Over 25,000 excess winter deaths occur in England each year from 2001-2011, with the highest numbers in 2008-2009 and 2011-2012 winters. Improving energy efficiency in homes is the most sustainable way to reduce cold-related harm, fuel poverty, and health and social inequalities. The Cold Weather Plan for England outlines coordinated actions for health and social services to protect vulnerable people from avoidable health problems in winter.
This document discusses climate change in Bangladesh. It begins with an abstract that outlines how climate change has become an important global issue and threat. It then provides figures and chapters that discuss Bangladesh's climate patterns, evidence of climate change impacts in Bangladesh like increased flooding and cyclones. It discusses how climate change poses security risks in Bangladesh like threats to food security from crop losses, water scarcity, and land degradation from sea level rise and salinity intrusion. The document examines national and international efforts to address climate change impacts in Bangladesh.
The document is an email forwarding a news article about climate change. It summarizes that the Bush Administration has acknowledged the reality of climate change but still proposes doing nothing substantial to address it. Alternative proposals suggest mandatory emissions caps that are more reasonable than other proposals but still start reducing emissions.
The document is an email forwarding an article from the New Democratic Daily about the Bush Administration's changing position on climate change. It discusses how the Administration now acknowledges climate change is happening but still proposes doing nothing substantial to address it. The article also discusses alternative proposals from Senator Jeffords and the Progressive Policy Institute that seek mandatory emissions reductions from electric utilities.
Health Impacts of Oil and Natural Gas (and what we can do about it)Wendy Ring
presentation for medical students about health impacts of air pollution from oil and gas through their lifecycle, proposed EPA oil and gas methane rule, and clean air advocacy
Global energy consumption grew 2.3% in 2013, accelerating from 2012 but remaining below the 10-year average. Emerging economies accounted for 80% of growth, though their growth was below average. The US saw the largest increase in oil production in the world and offset supply disruptions elsewhere. Natural gas consumption growth was below average globally and in all regions except North America. Coal consumption grew the fastest of the fossil fuels. Renewable energy continued robust growth but from a low base.
Global energy consumption grew at an accelerated rate in 2013 despite weak economic growth worldwide. Consumption increased for all fuels, led by growth in the US, China, and other emerging economies. Oil production did not keep pace with rising consumption, and prices remained high despite declining slightly from 2012 levels. The US saw the largest oil production increase in history due to growth in tight oil. Coal consumption rose the most of the major fuels as its competitive position strengthened. Renewable energy continued robust growth but from a low base.
UPS announced rate increases for 2009, with average increases of 5.9% for ground packages and 4.9% for air express and international shipments. UPS Freight rates will increase 5.9% on average. The increases are due to rising costs and weak economic conditions reducing shipping volumes. Shippers are advised to negotiate rates with carriers and consider using the USPS to take advantage of competitive options.
According to data from the Energy Information Administration's Short-Term Energy Outlook, the average cost of diesel fuel in 2009 was $2.46 per gallon. Their estimate for the average cost of diesel fuel in 2010 is $2.84 per gallon, representing an estimated fuel inflation rate of 15.44% over 2009 prices. The data was prepared by Michael Hudson from the cited source and contact information.
This document discusses the impacts of climate change in South Asia and India. It notes that South Asia is home to over 1.6 billion people and will see population growth to over 2.2 billion by 2050. Key impacts include increased heat extremes, changes to precipitation patterns, increased monsoon variability, and amplified drought risk. Water resources are already at risk and extreme wet monsoons may occur every 10 years by 2100. Specific impacts in India include decreased snow and glacial melt, erratic monsoons affecting agriculture and resources, reduced wheat production, rising sea levels threatening coasts, and increased floods in vulnerable areas. Mitigation efforts are needed globally and locally to limit warming to under 2 degrees Celsius.
Global warming is likely to exacerbate water supply issues by increasing droughts and floods through changing precipitation patterns. The majority of the world's fresh water comes from glaciers and snowpacks, which are melting rapidly due to higher temperatures. This will initially increase water flows but ultimately lead to much reduced supplies. Over two billion people rely on Himalayan glaciers for water and are vulnerable to flooding from glacial lake outbursts and longer term shortages as the glaciers disappear. Increased water stress, conflicts over access, and migration are very possible outcomes of these changes to the hydrologic cycle. Global warming is also expanding the habitat ranges of diseases like malaria and dengue fever, exposing more people to health risks.
Global warming is causing worldwide effects like rising sea levels and species moving to cooler areas. The sea level has risen dramatically and is projected to rise even more in the future. This will affect small islands and coastal areas through increased flooding and storms. Many regions will see worsening extreme weather, forest fires, and water shortages that impact humans and natural environments. The economic and social costs of climate change are also significant.
How The End of the Pandemic Could Result In A Housing BoomTal Rappleyea
Mortgage relief and eviction bans enacted during the pandemic are coming to an end, which could result in a housing boom. As grace periods expire, many homeowners are facing large amounts of back payments. However, those behind on their mortgages can sell their homes and use the profits to pay off debts, increasing housing supply. At the same time, there is increased demand from renters facing eviction, driving up home prices. This mini-boom could displace some groups and exacerbate economic and social disparities if certain populations cannot afford increasingly expensive housing options.
[ARCHIVE] Aviva family finances report 22 august 2012Aviva plc
The concept of the ‘traditional’ family is now outmoded and
current thinking shows that family means different things
to different people. As such 84% of the UK now lives as part
of a modern family group and plays a significant role in the
economy and society as a whole. The Aviva Family Finances
Report looks at different types of family and their individual approaches to finances
including wealth, debt and expenditure.
Grand Rounds or CME type presentation about health effects of climate change, health benefits of climate action, and what a healthy climate policy would look like
The Article Critique assignment for this class is to choose and in.docxmattinsonjanel
The Article Critique assignment for this class is to choose and investigate a peer-reviewed article of interest from a professional journal related to solid waste management. The object of your critique is to describe how the study followed or failed to follow the criteria for good research. Speculate on which of the writer's conclusions were warranted and which were not. Please include the following topics in your critique:
A brief introduction of the article,
A statement of the research problem,
A description of the research procedures,
Any flaws in the procedural design,
An analysis of the data, and
Limited and justifiable conclusions.
Your critique should be at least two full pages of text in 12-point, double-spaced, Times New Roman font. Please include an APA style reference for the article that you are reviewing.
Introduction
Alternative sources of energy is one of the most current & widely discussed global issues that is due to rapidly growing energy demand, massive consumption of conventional energy and its devastative impacts on our eco-system, our economy & our environment.
Global average surface temperature is increasing anxiously. This temperature rising event is cause of concern for earth's all living creations. It will affect hydrology & biology of earth-everything including economy, ecosystem and substances. Earth's atmospheric GHG acceleration through human activities is mainly accountable for such as unusual global warming.
Global population growth, massive consumption of fossil fuel and mounting of MSW stockpile are closely linked with it-
Global population is growing shortly. World population will multiply to 9 billion by 2050 from current 7.093 billion in 2013 (World Bank 2013). With the rapidly growing population a relatively silent problem is soaring up daily that is skyrocketing enhancement of MSW landfill. Global generation of MSW will accelerates from 1.3 billion tons in 2013 to 2.2 billion tons in 2050 that is when the more dominant part of MSW will be organic fractions will accelerate the MSW related GHG emission more frequent than what is today, will creates new problems with global warming, global climate changes and ecological casualty that have to be faced (World Bank 2013).
This is concern with the other challenge that with the industrialization, urbanization and population growth in short order, world energy demand & consumption are increasing sharply. World energy consumption is estimated to increase from current 560 quadrillion Btu (British thermal unit) in 2013 (524 in 2010) to 630 Btu in 2020 and 820 quadrillion Btu in 2040, will play an extreme role of uncongenial acceleration of GHG in earth's atmosphere (IEO Reference case 2013).
The challenges with conventional energy & MSW are becoming more challenging, the challenges the current world are experiencing with global warming & global climate changes.
In this very condition when earth's atmospheric GHG emitted by combustion of fossil f ...
Climate change is a global problem caused by increased CO2 and other greenhouse gases from human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation over the last 100 years. This has led to increased global temperatures and climate change. While some regions may benefit, others will experience serious harmful impacts like more extreme weather, rising sea levels, and impacts on ecosystems. If warming is not limited to 2°C, the costs of these impacts will continue to rise significantly. Although developing countries contribute little to causing climate change, they are often the most vulnerable to its effects. The UN aims to finalize a new global climate agreement in Paris in December 2015 to limit warming through national commitments, but some major countries still need to strengthen their pledges to
The document provides an executive summary of ExxonMobil's 2050 global energy outlook. It finds that:
1) Global energy demand will increase 15% by 2050 to support a growing and more prosperous population of nearly 10 billion people. Nearly all of this growth will come from developing countries seeking to improve living standards.
2) Oil and gas will still meet over half of global energy needs in 2050, though renewables like solar and wind will quintuple their share to 11% of the total mix.
3) Energy-related carbon emissions will decline 25% by 2050 through efficiency gains and fuel switching, but will need to fall further to meet a 2-degree warming target according to
1) By 2050, global energy demand could more than double or triple due to population growth, development needs in emerging economies, and goals to raise living standards worldwide. Meeting these energy needs will require substantial investment in energy infrastructure transitions akin to those of the last century.
2) Rising energy usage has contributed to increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, which is the main driver of observed global temperature increases over the past century. Continued carbon emissions could cause further global warming of 1-4 degrees Celsius by 2100 and potentially disruptive climate change.
3) Transitioning to a more sustainable energy system by 2050 will require lowering carbon emissions to 2000 levels while still accommodating sharply rising energy demand, through a mix of
This document discusses climate change in Bangladesh. It begins with an abstract that outlines how climate change has become an important global issue and threat. It then provides figures and chapters that discuss Bangladesh's climate patterns, evidence of climate change impacts in Bangladesh like increased flooding and cyclones. It discusses how climate change poses security risks in Bangladesh like threats to food security from crop losses, water scarcity, and land degradation from sea level rise and salinity intrusion. The document examines national and international efforts to address climate change impacts in Bangladesh.
The document is an email forwarding a news article about climate change. It summarizes that the Bush Administration has acknowledged the reality of climate change but still proposes doing nothing substantial to address it. Alternative proposals suggest mandatory emissions caps that are more reasonable than other proposals but still start reducing emissions.
The document is an email forwarding an article from the New Democratic Daily about the Bush Administration's changing position on climate change. It discusses how the Administration now acknowledges climate change is happening but still proposes doing nothing substantial to address it. The article also discusses alternative proposals from Senator Jeffords and the Progressive Policy Institute that seek mandatory emissions reductions from electric utilities.
Health Impacts of Oil and Natural Gas (and what we can do about it)Wendy Ring
presentation for medical students about health impacts of air pollution from oil and gas through their lifecycle, proposed EPA oil and gas methane rule, and clean air advocacy
Global energy consumption grew 2.3% in 2013, accelerating from 2012 but remaining below the 10-year average. Emerging economies accounted for 80% of growth, though their growth was below average. The US saw the largest increase in oil production in the world and offset supply disruptions elsewhere. Natural gas consumption growth was below average globally and in all regions except North America. Coal consumption grew the fastest of the fossil fuels. Renewable energy continued robust growth but from a low base.
Global energy consumption grew at an accelerated rate in 2013 despite weak economic growth worldwide. Consumption increased for all fuels, led by growth in the US, China, and other emerging economies. Oil production did not keep pace with rising consumption, and prices remained high despite declining slightly from 2012 levels. The US saw the largest oil production increase in history due to growth in tight oil. Coal consumption rose the most of the major fuels as its competitive position strengthened. Renewable energy continued robust growth but from a low base.
UPS announced rate increases for 2009, with average increases of 5.9% for ground packages and 4.9% for air express and international shipments. UPS Freight rates will increase 5.9% on average. The increases are due to rising costs and weak economic conditions reducing shipping volumes. Shippers are advised to negotiate rates with carriers and consider using the USPS to take advantage of competitive options.
According to data from the Energy Information Administration's Short-Term Energy Outlook, the average cost of diesel fuel in 2009 was $2.46 per gallon. Their estimate for the average cost of diesel fuel in 2010 is $2.84 per gallon, representing an estimated fuel inflation rate of 15.44% over 2009 prices. The data was prepared by Michael Hudson from the cited source and contact information.
This document discusses the impacts of climate change in South Asia and India. It notes that South Asia is home to over 1.6 billion people and will see population growth to over 2.2 billion by 2050. Key impacts include increased heat extremes, changes to precipitation patterns, increased monsoon variability, and amplified drought risk. Water resources are already at risk and extreme wet monsoons may occur every 10 years by 2100. Specific impacts in India include decreased snow and glacial melt, erratic monsoons affecting agriculture and resources, reduced wheat production, rising sea levels threatening coasts, and increased floods in vulnerable areas. Mitigation efforts are needed globally and locally to limit warming to under 2 degrees Celsius.
Global warming is likely to exacerbate water supply issues by increasing droughts and floods through changing precipitation patterns. The majority of the world's fresh water comes from glaciers and snowpacks, which are melting rapidly due to higher temperatures. This will initially increase water flows but ultimately lead to much reduced supplies. Over two billion people rely on Himalayan glaciers for water and are vulnerable to flooding from glacial lake outbursts and longer term shortages as the glaciers disappear. Increased water stress, conflicts over access, and migration are very possible outcomes of these changes to the hydrologic cycle. Global warming is also expanding the habitat ranges of diseases like malaria and dengue fever, exposing more people to health risks.
Global warming is causing worldwide effects like rising sea levels and species moving to cooler areas. The sea level has risen dramatically and is projected to rise even more in the future. This will affect small islands and coastal areas through increased flooding and storms. Many regions will see worsening extreme weather, forest fires, and water shortages that impact humans and natural environments. The economic and social costs of climate change are also significant.
How The End of the Pandemic Could Result In A Housing BoomTal Rappleyea
Mortgage relief and eviction bans enacted during the pandemic are coming to an end, which could result in a housing boom. As grace periods expire, many homeowners are facing large amounts of back payments. However, those behind on their mortgages can sell their homes and use the profits to pay off debts, increasing housing supply. At the same time, there is increased demand from renters facing eviction, driving up home prices. This mini-boom could displace some groups and exacerbate economic and social disparities if certain populations cannot afford increasingly expensive housing options.
[ARCHIVE] Aviva family finances report 22 august 2012Aviva plc
The concept of the ‘traditional’ family is now outmoded and
current thinking shows that family means different things
to different people. As such 84% of the UK now lives as part
of a modern family group and plays a significant role in the
economy and society as a whole. The Aviva Family Finances
Report looks at different types of family and their individual approaches to finances
including wealth, debt and expenditure.
Grand Rounds or CME type presentation about health effects of climate change, health benefits of climate action, and what a healthy climate policy would look like
The Article Critique assignment for this class is to choose and in.docxmattinsonjanel
The Article Critique assignment for this class is to choose and investigate a peer-reviewed article of interest from a professional journal related to solid waste management. The object of your critique is to describe how the study followed or failed to follow the criteria for good research. Speculate on which of the writer's conclusions were warranted and which were not. Please include the following topics in your critique:
A brief introduction of the article,
A statement of the research problem,
A description of the research procedures,
Any flaws in the procedural design,
An analysis of the data, and
Limited and justifiable conclusions.
Your critique should be at least two full pages of text in 12-point, double-spaced, Times New Roman font. Please include an APA style reference for the article that you are reviewing.
Introduction
Alternative sources of energy is one of the most current & widely discussed global issues that is due to rapidly growing energy demand, massive consumption of conventional energy and its devastative impacts on our eco-system, our economy & our environment.
Global average surface temperature is increasing anxiously. This temperature rising event is cause of concern for earth's all living creations. It will affect hydrology & biology of earth-everything including economy, ecosystem and substances. Earth's atmospheric GHG acceleration through human activities is mainly accountable for such as unusual global warming.
Global population growth, massive consumption of fossil fuel and mounting of MSW stockpile are closely linked with it-
Global population is growing shortly. World population will multiply to 9 billion by 2050 from current 7.093 billion in 2013 (World Bank 2013). With the rapidly growing population a relatively silent problem is soaring up daily that is skyrocketing enhancement of MSW landfill. Global generation of MSW will accelerates from 1.3 billion tons in 2013 to 2.2 billion tons in 2050 that is when the more dominant part of MSW will be organic fractions will accelerate the MSW related GHG emission more frequent than what is today, will creates new problems with global warming, global climate changes and ecological casualty that have to be faced (World Bank 2013).
This is concern with the other challenge that with the industrialization, urbanization and population growth in short order, world energy demand & consumption are increasing sharply. World energy consumption is estimated to increase from current 560 quadrillion Btu (British thermal unit) in 2013 (524 in 2010) to 630 Btu in 2020 and 820 quadrillion Btu in 2040, will play an extreme role of uncongenial acceleration of GHG in earth's atmosphere (IEO Reference case 2013).
The challenges with conventional energy & MSW are becoming more challenging, the challenges the current world are experiencing with global warming & global climate changes.
In this very condition when earth's atmospheric GHG emitted by combustion of fossil f ...
Climate change is a global problem caused by increased CO2 and other greenhouse gases from human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation over the last 100 years. This has led to increased global temperatures and climate change. While some regions may benefit, others will experience serious harmful impacts like more extreme weather, rising sea levels, and impacts on ecosystems. If warming is not limited to 2°C, the costs of these impacts will continue to rise significantly. Although developing countries contribute little to causing climate change, they are often the most vulnerable to its effects. The UN aims to finalize a new global climate agreement in Paris in December 2015 to limit warming through national commitments, but some major countries still need to strengthen their pledges to
The document provides an executive summary of ExxonMobil's 2050 global energy outlook. It finds that:
1) Global energy demand will increase 15% by 2050 to support a growing and more prosperous population of nearly 10 billion people. Nearly all of this growth will come from developing countries seeking to improve living standards.
2) Oil and gas will still meet over half of global energy needs in 2050, though renewables like solar and wind will quintuple their share to 11% of the total mix.
3) Energy-related carbon emissions will decline 25% by 2050 through efficiency gains and fuel switching, but will need to fall further to meet a 2-degree warming target according to
1) By 2050, global energy demand could more than double or triple due to population growth, development needs in emerging economies, and goals to raise living standards worldwide. Meeting these energy needs will require substantial investment in energy infrastructure transitions akin to those of the last century.
2) Rising energy usage has contributed to increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, which is the main driver of observed global temperature increases over the past century. Continued carbon emissions could cause further global warming of 1-4 degrees Celsius by 2100 and potentially disruptive climate change.
3) Transitioning to a more sustainable energy system by 2050 will require lowering carbon emissions to 2000 levels while still accommodating sharply rising energy demand, through a mix of
This document discusses various aspects of climate change, including:
1) Global carbon dioxide emissions set a new record in 2012 and the CO2 level reached 400ppm in May 2013.
2) Costs of climate change are projected to be enormous, such as $1 trillion annually for drought costs in the US by 2100.
3) Impacts are already being seen around the world, including more extreme weather, rising sea levels threatening major coastal cities, and reduced agricultural productivity.
4) While efficiencies and alternative energies can help reduce emissions, complacency remains a major barrier to adequately addressing the climate crisis.
example is in the attachment. i just need a summary paragraph for 5 .docxmealsdeidre
example is in the attachment. i just need a summary paragraph for 5 short sentences.
Renewable Energy Sources Can Satisfy Energy Demands
Renewable Energy
,
2012
"A fully sustainable renewable power supply is the only way we can secure energy for all and avoid environmental catastrophe."
The following viewpoint is an extract from a report undertaken by the World Wildlife Fund (WWF), Ecofys (a consulting firm for sustainable energy projects), and the Office for Metropolitan Architecture. The viewpoint summarizes the findings of an Ecofys study that predicted the world can switch from
fossil fuels
to a fully
renewable energy
future by 2050. According to the study, most energy will be electricity-based, and that energy will be supplied chiefly by solar power.
Wind power
, geothermal heat, and water power will also serve to create electricity and heat homes. Finally the Ecofys scenario argues that biofuels will be needed to power some transport systems and industrial processes that require liquid fuels. According to the WWF and Ecofys, the renewables-driven future will save money, stall
climate change
, and create a sustainable energy system.
As you read, consider the following questions:
According to the WWF, by what percent does the International Energy Agency predict oil and gas reserves will fall by 2030?
What percent of the world's energy needs does Ecofys claim can be satisfied by renewables in 2050?
Why does Ecofys's scenario only provide for a small increase in hydropower by 2050?
The way we produce and use energy today is not sustainable. Our main fossil fuel sources—oil,
coal
and gas—are finite natural resources, and we are depleting them at a rapid rate. Furthermore they are the main contributors to climate change, and the race to the last 'cheap' fossil resources evokes disasters for the natural environment as seen recently in the case of the [2010] BP oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico. In the developing world, regional and local desertification is caused by depletion of fuelwood and other biomass sources that are often used very inefficiently, causing substantive indoor
pollution
and millions of deaths annually. A fully sustainable renewable power supply is the only way we can secure energy for all and avoid environmental catastrophe.
Risks and Harms of Fossil Fuels
While most of us take energy for granted as a basic right, a fifth of the world's population still has no access to reliable electricity—drastically reducing their chances of getting an education and earning a living. As energy prices increase, the world's poor will continue to be excluded.
At the same time, more than 2.7 billion people are dependent on traditional bioenergy (mainly from wood, crop residues and animal dung) as their main source of cooking and heating fuel. This is often harvested unsustainably, causing soil erosion and increasing the risk of flooding, as well as threatening biodiversity and adding to greenhouse gas
emissions
. Traditional.
Green house effects & the impact on bangladesh economy power point presentationAsad Sheikh
This document summarizes a presentation on the impacts of greenhouse effects and climate change on Bangladesh's economy. It discusses how climate change is predicted to increase global temperatures by 1.8-4°C by 2100, threatening food production and biodiversity. For Bangladesh, it may reduce agricultural output, increase flooding from sea level rise, heavy rainfall and glacier melt. This would negatively impact GDP, with the agricultural sector most affected. The document then outlines some mitigation and adaptation strategies Bangladesh is taking, such as using renewable energy, agroforestry, disaster preparedness, and climate-resistant agriculture and aquaculture.
pursuing sustainable planetary prosperity chapter 18 US-China 2022Michael P Totten
China and the U.S. are the two largest consuming nations, their combined gross do- mestic products (GDPs) comprising one third of global GDP. The two nations consume one quarter of world natural gas and one third of world oil production, and produce nearly two thirds of world coal. The two nations are also the planet’s largest CO2 emitters, jointly releasing nearly half of the world total.
Business-as-usual scenarios are insufficient to address the acute sustainability challenges that both nations – as well as the community of nations
– are facing. However, collaboration in pursuing solutions through unprecedented statesmanship, leadership and technological advances will simultaneously provide national and global sustainability solutions.
Joint initiatives are in both of our nations’ enlightened self interest – from immediate and sustained economic and environmental gains to long-term well being and prosperity of our peoples – and will make a major, essential contribution to finding global solutions to the devastating risks facing hu- manity and the biosphere.
Encompass hk climate change & the pandemicMattHanly
The document discusses climate change and what can be learned from the COVID-19 pandemic. It begins with an overview of climate change, its causes, and its impacts such as rising sea levels and extreme weather events. It then discusses how the pandemic response shows that society can take emergency action and compares some similarities between the threats of climate change and pandemics. Specifically, it notes that both issues saw warnings that were ignored and that speedy global transmission was facilitated by modern connectivity. The document concludes by suggesting lessons for climate action based on COVID-19 responses and discussing individual actions people can take to combat climate change such as changing diets and adopting zero waste practices.
Diana Kool discusses the potential impact of climate change on the global economy and financial markets, focusing on energy sources and the growth of renewable forms
Design and management of sustainable built environmentsSpringer
This chapter discusses the important role of buildings in addressing climate change through reducing energy usage and greenhouse gas emissions. It notes that buildings account for a large portion of global energy demand and CO2 emissions. In developed countries, improving efficiency in existing buildings is key, while in developing countries focusing on high-efficiency new construction is important as those nations continue to develop. The chapter outlines the massive investments that will be needed in building efficiency globally to achieve climate goals but also notes that these investments will be largely offset by future energy cost savings. Further technological advances will be required to achieve deeper emissions cuts over time.
1. The white book identifies five major ESG challenges that will shape the future global economy: changing demographics, water scarcity, climate change, increased attention to corporate governance, and a shortage of human capital.
2. Changing demographics will see population growth concentrated in Asia and Africa, with Asia's population dominating the global share. Water scarcity will be exacerbated by growing populations, industrialization, consumption patterns, and climate change, threatening nearly half the world's population by 2030.
3. Climate change presents very serious global risks and demands an urgent global response to cut carbon emissions at least 50% by 2020 to limit global warming. Increased attention to corporate governance is needed following the financial crisis attributed
This document summarizes a report on climate change that discusses: (1) how climate change poses life-threatening dangers and increasing global temperatures are causing more extreme weather events; (2) efforts by the UN and governments to negotiate new treaties by 2015 to reduce emissions, though developing countries resist restrictions on economic growth; and (3) predictions that the world will warm dangerously without action and failure to limit emissions could lead to severe consequences for humanity and nature.
By analyzing macro-economic themes that are representative of energy and resource production and consumption, this report provides an overview of the near-term themes in cleantech as we see it.
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Climate Change and Developing Countries in 2050
1. Climate Change and
Developing Countries in
2050
Will the citizens of present day developing countries be able to retain their wealth?
David Manukjan
10/17/2013
2. 1
Introduction to Climate Change and Its Effects on the Future
Climate change is inevitable; the only uncertainty is how severe its impacts will be. It is
widely accepted in the scientific community that in order to prevent the very worst impacts of
climate change, the increase in global temperature by 2050 should be below 2 degrees Celsius. If
global temperatures increase by more than 2°C, the effects compound and become even worse.
Since the year 2000, worldwide carbon dioxide concentrations have decreased by approximately
0.8% per year. However, to achieve the 2°C target by 2050, carbon dioxide concentrations would
have to be cut by 5.1% every year (Johnson, 2012). Even if this rate were achievable in the
future, it is unreasonable to expect it to be achieved in the short term, meaning that the reduction
in carbon in later years would need to be far greater than 5.1% in order to achieve the 2°C target.
However, governments’ ambitions to limit global warming to 2°C seem highly unrealistic, and I
believe that an increase in global temperatures between 2.5 and 4°C by the year 2050 seems most
likely, with 6°C and above a pessimistic, yet still plausible, scenario. Figure 1 shows the
estimated global temperature increases that will occur for different average annual rates of
decarburization to the year 2050. A ―business as usual‖ approach to global warming, where the
world continues to decarbonize at the current 0.8 rate, would result in a 6°C increase in global
temperatures. An annual decarburization rate of 2.9% would lead to a 4°C increase in
temperatures. This ―gradual greening‖ scenario would require energy intensity improvements in
the short term of twice the average rate since 2000, for China and India to significantly shift from
coal to natural gas, and for renewable fuels to be used worldwide by 2050. Past studies predict
that this kind of program should not reduce global GDP in 2050 by more than 2-3% of GDP, but
would require a much greater commitment from all major economies than what has occurred in
recent years (Johnson, 2012). It is important to note that while this is the most likely scenario to
3. 2
occur and is better than a 6°C rise in temperatures, it would still be highly damaging to the
world, economically, socially, and politically.
While most developed countries and most of the BRIC countries have had stable or
declining rates in change of carbon intensity, a growing concern is now on second and third
world countries that are showing signs of high economic growth rates for the future. As these
countries rush to develop, more CO2 emissions will be generated as a result, making it more
difficult to reduce worldwide carbon dioxide concentrations. This could possibly even lower
future annual rates of global decarburization, which would in turn raise the global temperature.
Figure 1: Implied concentration levels at different rates of decarburization.
Source: Johnson (2012).
The effects of global warming will severely risk human development. Extreme
temperatures, heat waves, rainfall, and droughts are projected to increase with rising
temperatures, and risks will be much higher in a 4°C warmer world compared to a 2°C warmer
world (World Bank, 2012). A 4°C increase in global temperatures would raise land temperatures
on average by 4 to 10°C, because the increase in overall global temperature is compounded
4. 3
rather than simply added on to current temperatures. In regions such as the Mediterranean, North
Africa, the Middle East, and the Tibetan plateau, almost all summer months are likely to be
warmer than the most extreme heat waves presently experienced. These heat waves would cause
death, forest fires, and harvest losses.
Aside from the heat risks, the increased carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere
would cause the world’s oceans to become more acidic. Ocean acidification would cause great
harm to marine life, coral reefs, and the people that depend on them for food, income, and
tourism. Climate change will become the number one cause of ecosystem damage, surpassing
habitat destruction by humans.
Rising sea levels are also a consequence of rising global temperatures, with a predicted
rise of .3 to .8 meters in sea level by 2100 from a 2°C increase in global temperatures. This
would lead to altered and severe weather patterns, endangering highly vulnerable small island
states and cities in Mozambique, Madagascar, Mexico, Venezuela, India, Bangladesh, Indonesia,
the Philippines, and Vietnam.
Global food security will be difficult to achieve, with changing weather patterns making
different parts of the world suitable for food production every decade and decreasing crop yields
(Nelson, 2010). These altered climate patterns and food and water shortages would displace large
populations of people (World Business Council for Sustainable Development). The comparative
advantage of food production will shift towards developed countries due to changing weather
patterns. Air pollution will overtake contaminated water and lack of sanitation as the prime cause
of premature mortality across the globe, potentially rising to 3.6 million deaths per year—mostly
in China and India (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2012). Poverty,
5. 4
nutritional deficits, water contamination, and incidences of epidemic diseases are all expected to
increase, mainly in developing countries.
Developing countries are geologically most affected by climate change, and their
economies are most likely too sensitive to absorb the costs of climate change while maintaining
high growth rates. I predict that as developing countries advance economically in the present
day, they will increase global carbon levels and prevent global decarburization levels from
reaching those needed to prevent severe climate change. As a result, I hypothesize that the
purchasing power parity of the people in these developing countries will not increase greatly
because the costs of food, clean water, and other necessities will rise due to decreased supply
caused by the environmental damage from globalization.
Hypothesis
The citizens of the United States and other developed countries will be able to absorb the
increased prices of commodities and the added costs of global warming, because they will still
have a high purchasing power parity per capita in 2050. Citizens in current developing countries
will not be able to adjust to these added costs because their spending power will not grow
enough by 2050 to cover these added costs.
6. 5
Methodology
It is difficult estimating what will happen 40 years from now, given what an
unpredictable environment the world will be in 2050. However, it is possible to give an
approximate estimate, which is something I will attempt to do. My calculations can be found on
pages 6 and 7. I first found the twenty countries with the largest gross domestic product at
purchasing power parity in 2011 (World Bank, 2011). I then found the populations for these
countries in 2011 using the World Bank database, and divided the GDP at PPP by the population
to find the gross domestic product at purchasing power parity per capita (World Bank, 2011).
This would give a person’s average spending power relative to the United States. I then ranked
the countries from greatest to lowest GDP at PPP per capita for comparison purposes. I chose to
use this this method of comparison as opposed to using market exchange rates so that I could
more easily compare spending power and average living standards across all twenty countries.
Next, I researched and found the projected GDP at PPP forecasts for the 20 largest
economies for the year 2050, estimated by PricewaterhouseCoopers (Hawksworth and Chan,
2013). I then used the World Bank’s estimates for the 2050 population to find and rank the GDP
at PPP per capita (World Bank, 2011). To get a better understanding of the quality of life in the
twenty countries with the largest economies, I then subtracted the 2011 poverty threshold in the
United States, which for an individual is an income of $11,484 or less, from the GDP at PPP per
capita for each country (United States Census Bureau, 2011). This would measure a person’s
average spending capacity after meeting their basic survival needs from their annual income.
Since purchasing power parity rates for each country are adjusted based on the cost of a basket of
goods that typically meet basic needs, I believe that this method is applicatory, though it is a
7. 6
Figures 2 and 3: 2011 and 2050 GDP at PPP per capita calculations
Country GDP at PPP ($billion) Population (thousands) GDP at PPP per capita
US 15,094 309,349 $48,793
China 11,347 1,338,300 $8,479
India 4,531 1,224,615 $3,700
Japan 4,381 127,451 $34,374
Germany 3,221 81,777 $39,388
Russia 3,031 141,750 $21,383
Brazil 2,305 194,946 $11,824
France 2,303 64,895 $35,488
UK 2,287 62,232 $36,750
Italy 1,979 60,483 $32,720
Mexico 1,761 113,423 $15,526
Spain 1,512 46,071 $32,819
South Korea 1,504 48,875 $30,772
Canada 1,398 34,126 $40,966
Turkey 1,243 72,752 $17,085
Indonesia 1,131 239,870 $4,715
Australia 893 22,299 $40,047
Poland 813 38,184 $21,292
Argentina 720 40,412 $17,816
Saudi Arabia 686 27,448 $24,993
2011
Country Projected GDP at PPP ($billion) Population (thousands) GDP at PPP per capita
China 53,856 1,273,054 $42,305
US 37,998 397,979 $95,477
India 34,704 1,684,197 $20,606
Brazil 8,825 218,655 $40,360
Japan 8,065 105,680 $76,315
Russia 8,013 124,280 $64,475
Mexico 7,409 142,253 $52,083
Indonesia 6,346 289,452 $21,924
Germany 5,822 71,992 $80,870
France 5,714 73,225 $78,033
UK 5,598 71,484 $78,311
Turkey 5,032 91,088 $55,243
Nigeria 3,964 388,428 $10,205
Italy 3,867 58,779 $65,789
Spain 3,612 51,452 $70,201
Canada 3,549 43,613 $81,375
South Korea 3,545 46,411 $76,383
Saudi Arabia 3,090 43,160 $71,594
Vietnam 2,715 101,377 $26,781
Argentina 2,620 50,003 $52,397
2050
8. 7
Figures 4 and 5: 2011 and 2050 GDP at PPP per capita over Poverty Threshold Calculations
Country GDP at PPP per capita GDP at PPP per capita over Poverty Threshold
US $48,793 $37,309
Canada $40,966 $29,482
Australia $40,047 $28,563
Germany $39,388 $27,904
UK $36,750 $25,266
France $35,488 $24,004
Japan $34,374 $22,890
Spain $32,819 $21,335
Italy $32,720 $21,236
South Korea $30,772 $19,288
Saudi Arabia $24,993 $13,509
Russia $21,383 $9,899
Poland $21,292 $9,808
Argentina $17,816 $6,332
Turkey $17,085 $5,601
Mexico $15,526 $4,042
Brazil $11,824 $340
China $8,479 -$3,005
Indonesia $4,715 -$6,769
India $3,700 -$7,784
2011
9. 8
rough comparison since levels of poverty are measured differently abroad. The reason some
countries have negative GDP at PPP per capita over the Poverty Threshold values is because
large parts of the populations of those countries are unable to meet their basic needs, and
starvation and malnutrition are still common there.
I then attempted to replicate the same comparison, but for the year 2050. I already had the
GDP at PPP per capita calculated, but after researching, I found no estimated values for the
estimated poverty threshold in 2050. However, I recognized that the poverty threshold was
adjusted yearly for inflation from the change in the consumer price index of urban customers
(Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2013). Thus, I used the 2011 poverty threshold in the United States
of $11,484 as the present value, and discounted it at the forecasted annual inflation rates of the
CPI-U index until the year 2022, which were provided by the Congressional Budget Office
(Congressional Budget Office, 2012). This would lead me to the future value of the poverty
threshold in 2022, $14,909.50. From there, I had to estimate my own inflation rates in order to
forecast the poverty threshold in 2050. For years 2022 – 2025, I used an annual 2.8% inflation
rate, for 2025-2035 a 3.3% rate, for 2035-2045 a 4% rate, and for 2046-2050 a 4.5% rate. A
summary of these rates can be seen in Figure 6. After discounting at these rates, I found the
future value of the poverty threshold in 2050 to be $41,339.
10. 9
Figure 6: Summary of inflation rates used in predicting 2050 poverty threshold
Source: Congressional Budget Office 2012 and author’s estimates
I chose to steadily increase the inflation rate until 2050 to account for rising food and
energy costs as the effects of climate change worsen. Real food prices are expected to almost
double by the year 2050, even of basic food staples as shown in Figure 7 (Nelson, 2010). I
believe that the inflation rates I’ve used are realistic and possibly even a conservative estimate,
considering that mean annual inflation rate since the government began recording these values in
1913 was 3.33%. Using the average annual inflation rate since 1913 to find the future value of
2050 from the 2022 present value, I found that the future value in 2050 would be $37,403.19,
which is only $3935.86 lower than my own estimate.
Rates used in Calculations
2011 = 3.2%
2012 = 2.1%
2013 = 1.5%
2014 = 1.6%
2015 = 2.0%
2016 = 2.2%
2017 = 2.3%
2018 = 2.3%
2019 = 2.3%
2020 = 2.3%
2021 = 2.3%
2022 = 2.3%
2022 - 2025 = 2.8% each year
2025-2035 = 3.3% each year
2035 -2045=4.0% each year
2046-2050 = 4.5% each year
11. 10
Figure 7: Forecasted percentage real price increases from 2010 to 2050 of basic food commodities
Source: Nelson (2010).
The next section speaks about what the future will be like in countries with negative or
low values for GDP at PPP per capita over the poverty threshold in 2050.
Findings: Climate change offsets some of the benefits of income growth
My research shows that climate change offsets some of the benefits of income growth
due to high inflation and rising real costs. I believe that in the year 2050, investment in countries
with negative values for GDP at PPP per capita over the poverty threshold will be risky
investments. Countries with negative values for GDP at PPP per capita over the poverty
threshold will have difficulties protecting citizens from the effects of climate change and may
have to increase investment in social safety nets, and some of those countries harder hit by
climate change will have lower GDP at PPP per capita in 2050 than they do in 2013. Some of the
6°C
3-4°C
>6°C
2050 Global
Temperature
Increase
12. 11
current N-11 countries will still have wealthier citizens on average than some of the current
BRIC countries in 2050, though the BRIC countries will have higher overall GDPs. My
calculations do not include the damages of global warming, which for the year 2050 are
estimated to be $558.57 billion dollars for the United States, or about 1.47% of GDP (Ackerman
and Stanton, 2008). I did not include theses costs when comparing the country’s citizens’ ability
to maintain a quality of life above poverty, because global warming damages would vary greatly
depending on the country, and data was not available for most of them. Thus it can be expected
that spending potential will be even lower.
From the countries with negative values for GDP at PPP per capita in 2011, China was
the only country to get a positive value for 2050. Brazil actually dropped from +$340 to -978. It
seems like the average spending potential of citizens in most of the currently developing
countries will not rise fast enough to improve their quality of life by 2050’s standards, while
countries whose GDP at PPP per capita are currently above the poverty threshold will continue
to thrive and grow with the exception of Australia (which is due to heat waves, other severe
weather effects, and a decline in population).
I believe that this is because the economies currently doing well economically have a
technological, capital, and educational advantage that developing countries will not be able to
catch up to in time before inflation, food prices, and costs from global warming begin to rise.
When these changes start, the people in the developing countries will still have a higher
purchasing power parity per capita than they do in the present day. However, citizens in current
developing countries will not be able to adjust to these added costs because their spending power
13. 12
will not grow enough by 2050 to cover these added costs. Thus, my findings support my
hypothesis.
Planning for the Future
Climate change will increase the risks associated with foreign direct investment in low or
negative GDP at PPP per capita over the poverty threshold countries, because of their lower
capacity of absorbing the costs associated with climate change. Investors may want to choose
instead to invest in countries with medium-to-low positive GDP at PPP per capita over the
poverty threshold countries or in regions where climate risk is not as high, depending on their
tolerance for risk. Any investment in long-term assets or infrastructure, particularly in coastal or
low-lying regions, needs to be prepared for damages. Governments should consider providing
incentives to attract citizens away from high risk regions to inland locations and higher altitudes
so that money in the present day is not wasted on infrastructure or protection that might
ultimately be destroyed, abandoned, or ineffective. It is important that the people who become
displaced by climate change will have somewhere to go, and won’t be starting off with nothing.
Additionally, citizens should save for their own retirement and decrease their reliance on
government programs, because the likelihood of countries being fully prepared for a future of
global warming is low.
All countries need to strengthen their food, water, and energy supply chains. It is possible
that the worse the effects of climate change become, the more protectionist developed countries
will become, despite the fact that due to the severe weather changes international trade of food
will need to increase significantly in order to feed the world population. The production of food
14. 13
in developed countries generally benefits from climate change, compensating for declines in
developing nations (Nelson, 2010). Carbon intensive industries need to anticipate more invasive
regulation and plan accordingly and begin considering their options for alternate sources of
energy. By 2050, there will be an increase between 8.5 and 10.3 percent in the number of
malnourished children in all developing countries (Nelson, 2010).
The only way to avoid terrible effects of climate change is for there to be radical
transformations in the ways the global economy currently functions: rapid uptake of renewable
energy, sharp falls in fossil fuel use, removal of industrial emissions and halting deforestation.
Clearly the world is currently not on this path. How many ways are there to say the world is
heading for hard times? As citizens, we must push for more aggressive climate policy, both at a
national and international level. As investors, we must begin to monitor effects of climate change
and begin considering them when we evaluate risk.
15. 14
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16. 15
World Bank. (2011). Gross Domestic Product 2011, PPP, Retrieved March 6, 2013: http://databank.worldbank.org/
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