Presentation given by Dr David Vega-Maza from University of Aberdeen on "Vapour-Liquid and Solid-Vapour-Liquid Equilibria of the System (CO2 + H2) at Temperatures Between (218 and 303) K and at Pressures up to 15 MPa" in the Effects of Impurities Technical Session at the UKCCSRC Biannual Meeting - CCS in the Bigger Picture - held in Cambridge on 2-3 April 2014
Presentation given by Dr David Vega-Maza from University of Aberdeen on "Vapour-Liquid and Solid-Vapour-Liquid Equilibria of the System (CO2 + H2) at Temperatures Between (218 and 303) K and at Pressures up to 15 MPa" in the Effects of Impurities Technical Session at the UKCCSRC Biannual Meeting - CCS in the Bigger Picture - held in Cambridge on 2-3 April 2014
Determination of the heat capacity ratios of argon and carbon dioxide at room...Charlotte C
The purpose of this experiment is to calculate the heat capacity ratios for argon and carbon dioxide using the sound velocity method, and to compare these results with theoretical results from the equipartition of energy theorem and statistical mechanics.
Fire model for sizing high consequence areas associated with natural gas pipe...Thapa Prakash (TA-1)
The subject report is developing by Prakash Thapa Memorial University St. Johns, Newfoundland, Canada for the Research unite in Oil Gas and Safety Engineering for Memorial University St. John’s Newfoundland Canada. The report was dated November 20th 2015 and the report’s recommended equation for determining potential impact radius (PIR) of a natural gas pipeline rupture is included in 49 CFR 192.903. This PIR equation is given as:
Dalton's law of partial pressure states that total pressure of the mixture of inert gases is equal to the sum of partial pressures of each gas present in the mixture.
Determination of the heat capacity ratios of argon and carbon dioxide at room...Charlotte C
The purpose of this experiment is to calculate the heat capacity ratios for argon and carbon dioxide using the sound velocity method, and to compare these results with theoretical results from the equipartition of energy theorem and statistical mechanics.
Fire model for sizing high consequence areas associated with natural gas pipe...Thapa Prakash (TA-1)
The subject report is developing by Prakash Thapa Memorial University St. Johns, Newfoundland, Canada for the Research unite in Oil Gas and Safety Engineering for Memorial University St. John’s Newfoundland Canada. The report was dated November 20th 2015 and the report’s recommended equation for determining potential impact radius (PIR) of a natural gas pipeline rupture is included in 49 CFR 192.903. This PIR equation is given as:
Dalton's law of partial pressure states that total pressure of the mixture of inert gases is equal to the sum of partial pressures of each gas present in the mixture.
An autoignition performance comparison of chemical kinetics models for n-heptaneOregon State University
Surrogate models of gasoline typically include the primarily reference fuel (PRF) n-heptane. The chemical kinetics literature contains many models for n-heptane, but no comprehensive survey or performance validation for these models exist. This paper objectively compares the performance of various chemical kinetics models for n-heptane for autoignition, using experimental data from a variety of sources. In doing so, recommendations for choosing appropriate models are made and areas of improvement identified. As a secondary goal, this work also collected and standardized a wide range of shock tube and rapid compression machine autoignition data for this neat fuel. This study represents the first step of a comprehensive study of models for n-heptane, isooctane, toluene, and ethanol alone and in binary, ternary, and quaternary mixtures.
The function of the analyst is to obtain a result as near to the true value as
possible by correct application of the analytical procedure used . The level of confidence that the analyst may enjoy in his results will be very small unless he has knowledge of the accuracy and precision of the method used as well as is aware of the sources of error which may be introduced. Quantitative analysis is not simply a case of taking a sample, carrying out a single determination and then claiming that the value so obtained cannot be refuted. It also requires a sound knowledge of the chemistry involved, of the possibilities of interferences from other ions, elements and compounds as well as the knowledge of the statistical distribution of values.
This is the instruction sheet for my MYP year 4 chemistry unit on thermal energy. It's a Vernier lab, which means it requires proprietary probes from the Vernier company. I have adapted the company's original document to highlight key steps for my students.
Properties of gases: gas laws, ideal gas equation, dalton’s law of partial pressure, diffusion of gases, kinetic theory of gases, mean free path, deviation from ideal gas behavior, vander wails equation, critical constants, liquefaction of gases, determination of molecular weights, law of corresponding states and heat capacity
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
PRESENTATION ABOUT PRINCIPLE OF COSMATIC EVALUATION
1917 5792-1-pb
1. Thrmudynarr.i~ ploprrtics of chosgsnc have been rvoiilatrd r.p lo :!
rem!2ci.elnrc of EOWlh and a piemure of 15.0 atmo$puesrs us!l?gMxtin an&Llou
e?u2rion o f s t n ; ~ . T h s r e r ~ l t aaa&$&niod in :stmlnr f ~ r r n2nd r c an entrap?.
lsmpciiturc di2gra.x.
2. X i t 1 r. 1
,f<>!c,p!!:>,",~+'gi.,,,.>d <,,!.?St! "G:,S!m,ts < * ( ,h>,.~&.?
.:,,sra;tllar,. . we:;hi of Blsssocne-9S 925
-.-- - . - - - -- -- -- - -- ---.
y , i.rvr,iix~r:i '?&, % i C , a:. '1, g,n.!c.c. i d ~-t;~:,,.
~
~ - ~ -- - . ~ - - - - - - - - - - ~
;319 H:rc>7T;L:ei.6
- ,.
; . '56.31 ... . . b
,320 s:e;rnzno an&
T', ylnr ... 455.16 5:: 0 0.3'. .I, h 4
~- . - - - ---- - - - ~ -----.---
%'.'.:!~,os sel-,:::rJ : 455,16 56.0 0 52
;a : D ; s ? ~ ~ a s a ~ c e:?~ieI?l5CU?,
b: il..<.>fr,;stiii:r:.s~ diameter..
---- - - -- - - - . .-- -.- ..
i-1 :..k*:li!; and ;UsihieuE f~.actirrnr,!iydlblillr-d the Ir!dl;striai phosgene ;n
remo: c c.ii;!zi:~inanrs cu;;slstiog of suifur C O ~ ~ I P C I ~ I ~ ~ S::lid r e n ~ o w dchio!iv2
3 v cil,:ra:r w i t k mcrcziy for 24 hoilrs.
F~~3 ~ ‘ r ....a i n i ~ ga reiatiwiy pare sample, Gz:.rn:~nn l n 3 Rtyicsr6 riipea!t.di:
Pi.:.~.i.i?i.~!:c i:axincrciai phosgene. However, tbssz iiivcsii&etorscouid it.,;
rondrtxs: the sampir: compieteiy at constant pressure. The uz??er?!u:r?. o!
:~isnp,r.:ni~:iieand reappearance of the meniscus were foucc? :o be 4% 36%
and 454 7 6 " ~rcspeciively. Tiie cririca? pressure found by rjbservalioa a d
55.3 s t m x p h e r e s whera as by cx;rapolaiion of vapour pressure curw, ii s::;
feund :j !x 55.6 atxospi-reres. Tho vaize reported by ?hrse invcz?igaior,
i!?rlriy 455.16 "K For !hc c:iticai izrnprra.tarr bas been accepter: for [hi,
. .
rn"z$:ig?ilon.
Va; iur pressure eqa.!ai!on as giver: by ihese ir~vesii~ptor:;"pi-edict .,
yrisu:? of 55 0 atmospheres at i!le accepted critical iemperatcrc- Fitnc.: :
p i - s s x a of 56,O arrnos:;l?eres for the crlricai pressure .was accepted for !!A
.."."<.',',... igation.
Cri;i.xP densiry w a s daternsintd by usiug :lie law of rrctilineai diarne:crs
b2 nl:kirg r.a* of rhe density data of Paterno :in? :vrazz;cbc!iiLi, by Gerrnann
EX! T q l o r "
i.'lr :hi? inv?st!yatio-,, t h e critical data of Gcrma:in and ~ ~ ~ l c r ~ 'hove
beco w J . T3u5 the witlcsl cousi:.,n:!, used for Ibis work. are :
?'< -455.16 "9
P, -5G.uJ u rnin.
a, -> 0 52 ~c.c.
3. :, E b p o ~pi-c.,rurs:
~ i zv;.pour pressure data of phosgene has beer. axperimenlaiiy deter-
%lnr,i by hik~nsonet oi.', Patelno and h.lazzuccheih'~ Germam and Taylor4
anii Glituqus aiid Jones5. Vapoor pressure data i s also presented In ifle
:n:erxai?onoL Critical ~ables'. Table 3 gives :ha ;:wiiahle thta o!oiig wl:itb
ihc rncgz of availability.
'fbe mothood adopteo by Germmi: and Tayior4 for tile puriiication of the
,.Ii,is!r:. -. used is mentimed earlier. ?he inpour pressure dati; are s:ated iu Le
;ixrti!e to 0.1 atm. The snmpie used by Giauque and Jones is stared to he
99 493 noid 7; pure. However, the accuracy of the vapour pressure data are
:A! xported. Pa!erno a n d MrzzucchelEil' have not reported the accuracy of
tiie &<a. tjermann and Taylor4 dctermiiied vrrpouir pressure of phcsgeilr
. ; Y z ~wvo :an;prrarure re_eio:~s,iuniely 273 i G -- 301.06 'I< and 42C.26 - 455 16 'h:.
T b e ~ ssuthcrs fitted their data to the squatlcn:
log f =4.4hiP -(i20?,9!T)I + (132%7'T') ill
1323 Pr:erno and M~zzuc-
chelli ..... 243.74-29429 0 2.5-1.75 I t
--,
lor: vapolrr presbure data was caleulilted using Equation [I] and was
fomd to 'or: in very good agreement with that presenrcd in Iuterna:ional
Criricnl Tabics.
For this investigation, the vapour pressure data shove 1 aim. has been
Zskt:: from tbe Intzrnetiunal Critical Tables. Beiow d atrn., the data of
Giarrque end Ionea5 has been used.
4. Equation [2] predicts the vapour pressure data with a maximum diviation
of 0.1%.
rn the present work, the vapour pressure data above I atm. was filled :,
the equation,
I O ~ P = A + ( B ~ T ) + C I O ~ T + D T [JI
This equation predicts vapour pressure data9 with average absolute and
maximum deviations of 0.1% and 0.23% respectively.
For thls work Equations [2] and [3] have been used.
3. Soturnled Liquid mrd Yopour Densities :
Saturated Liquid and Vapour Densities of phosgene have been determined
over a temperature range of 163 to 323 OK by Atkinson ef ol' and over e
temperature range of 258 t o 455 OK by Paterno and ~azzucchelli".
Both the investigators did not mention the purity of the sample used and
the accuracy of the data. Vspour density of phosgene has been determined
by Paterno arid Mazzuccbelli" over a temperature range of 333-455 OK.
Liquid and vapour density data over a temperature range of 281 to
455 OK are presented in the International Critical ~ables'. For this invesiiga-
tion all the available dnta on the densities o f saturated liquid and vapour
were cmbined and smoothencd.. Smoothened dnta have been used for this
iravcsligatioo. The smoothened daia agree with the raw data within a
maximum deviation of I?&
Heat capacity of phosgene over a temperature range of 15 'K to 2 8 0 ' ~
has k e n determined by Gi;nuquc and ones'. As stated earlier, the sample
uaed ' ~ ythose investigators was very pure. Later, in a careful study Glaquc
and 0tt6 found, that the data of Giauqe and Joness below a tempelature of
1 1 8 . 3 ~ ~was applicable to pure solid I1 and above this temperature, to solid 1,
These authors have presented heat capacity data for solid I, which js the most
arable state and also for solid 11. The accuracy of the data are not reported.
The entropy evaluated using the beat capacity data of solid 1 at 280 71
(normal boiling point) is in very good agreement qith their entropy caliulatd
using! spectroscopic data.
5. Thermodynamic Propertfes of Phosgene 155
5. mar Capacity of Ideal Gas :
Heat capacity of phosgene ia the ideal gaseous state have been evaluated
by ~ h o n p o n ' ~ ,Gordon and ~ o l a n d 'and by Giauque and Ottf Giauque
and Ott used the constant recommended by Rossini et sl." and Dumond and
cohen3. The data of Gordon and Goland7 deviates by about 5yL with the
data of Giauque and 0tt6.
For this inveszigation, the data of Giauque and OEt has been used. The
hest capacity data of Giauque and Ott was fitted by the method of least
squares to the equation :
Equation [41 predicts heat capacity data with maximum and average
absolute deviations of 0.03%and 0.02%respectively. For the calculation of
thermodynamic properties, Equarion [4] has been used.
6. Heat of Vaporizotiort :
Heat of vaporization of phosgene has been experimentally determined
by Giauque and Joness. No other data is available on the hear of vaporiza-
tion of phosgene.
As already mentioned, Giauque and Jones5 used very pure sample of
phosgene. They claim an accuracy of 99.9 7;.
Heat of vaporization was calculated using Clausius-Clapeyron equation,
viz., A K - ( ~ P / ~ T ) T .(Vs- V I ) [-"I
3Y making use of the experimental specific volumes. The heat of vaporization
:alculated a t the normal boiling point agrees within 2:& wirh the experimen:al
ofGiauque and ones'.
6. C.&LCULATIONOF ~ N X M ~ ~ U Y N A M I CPROPERTIES
~~r the calculation of therm~.dy.ilac~icproperties Martin and Nc u (biH,
equation of state :
with R= 5.475 has bem used.
The copstants in Equation (6), evaliraled foilowing the pr.?c.d~l.s
outlined by the authors'' are :
FQ = O,O45S6972
-41 - - I B.O5OY(37
&.- i.2038681 u. 10."
C; -3.849143 :.:10".
Using the available experimental specific volumes of saturated vapour in
Equation [6]. pressures were computed. For 21 points tested, the average
absolute and msximum deviations wera found to be 1.23% and 3.08%
respectively. Such a comparison is sbown in Table 3. Comparison could
nut be made in the superheated vapour region because of lack of data.
Specific volumes of saturated and superheated vapour were calculated
using Eqwtivn Es] by making use of Newton-Raphsoo iterative method on
ISM 1610 digital computer, for varioos temperatures and pressures.
Efrrropy und Enthalpy of the Superheated Yopour :
Considering the entropy and enthalpy to he function of volunx
temperatwe, we have,
7. TABLE3
Comparlsoo of Calculated Pressures
- -
T, "K P, atms PCOM, alms. 96 Deviation
-- ---
sing Maxwell's reiations, we obtain,
sing d B - TdS+ VdP in Equation I83 we obtain
8. Using Eqmiiozs [83 and [9jPi,
s= J ' t C / T ) ~ T +S(r P/? T ) " ~ v [ill
and
H-](c:)~T+./7'0.F / 3 T ) ~ ~ " Y - JP : : ~ L P V [I:]
Uring Equations 141 and 1101 in the above tquetions and carrying out the
inragrac~on,re obtain expressions for entrory and enthalpy as :
S = ( * - i : > In T ~ ~ T + ( C / ~ ) T ' + ( ~ / ~ ) T ~ + XIn (v-Eo)
ahere G and Cn ere the oonstonis of integration.
The reference stale chosen depends upon the available data. The
reference state chosen should f iciliraie easy camparison and utilization of
the tab~Lzec! &la. The rrfe,ence state H- 0 and S - R In P - 0 for
*kmkn~6' is appiicable for pure substances and also for pure substances
that undergo a chemical reaction.
9. 1.. the presen: work the rererencc state as given above itas been used.
Entropy vaEue at the normal boilirrg point was evsluated using the
ilea:gas thermodynamic properties and the Berthclot correction. Enthajpy
st the normal boiling point was evaluated by making use of the heat ef
fcrmnrionat O'N; the ideal gas thermodynamic properties and the Berihelot
corr&on for enthalpy The iniegration constants Csand CHware evaluated
the values of entropy and enthalpy a t the normal boiling point.
Entropy and enthalpy o f saturated vapour were evaluated by using
the experimental specific volumes in Equations [13]: and [id]. Wherever
t i b txperimentaP data were not nvailnble these were calcuEated using Equation
[t] :nd were used.
fitropy and Enihelpy of the Saitrrufrd Liquid.
The entropy of vaporization is d a t e d to the heal of vaporization
'.y ihe relation
AH,.=?-AS,. [!53
The entropy and ert~halpy of the saturated liquid were calculated using
rile equations
S, =. Ss - A S:.
The properties of saturated and superheated phosgene arc ~ r f s w t e d
in the gra?hical form 3s Fig. 1.
The relamin dHI-6--Td.y+T>P may be used to heck the mtelnd
consistency of the entropy and inrhaipy values.
Sencc, dH= d ( T S ) - SdT from which
2
Ef -- T?S2- TaSt -J' Sdr
10.
11. 0.10 240 -GOO 5500.8 5501 0.02
0.00 300--630 4706.0 41C4 0.04
10 00 380 - 600 3584.0 3533 6.03
50.00 460 - 600 2750.2 2760 0.01
100.00 540 - 600 1466.7 14C5 0.08
-. -- -- .- ---.-- - --- -- --
Consrants in Equatiou [i]
Constants in Equation (4)
iConstants in Equation [6]
Heat capacity at coilstant pressure, ~al./~rarumole 'Ii
Hcat capacity at conslaat volume, cal./p,m molc 'K
Constaots of integration in Equations [13] and [Id]
Zutbnlpny, ~ a l . / ~ r a mmole
Pressure, atmospheres
Gas constant
Entropy, ~ a l . / ~ r a n im o k 'R
Temperature, OK
Specific volume, litredgram mo!o
Enthalpy of vaporization, ca1s:jgrarn mole
Entropy of vaporization, cals /&ram mole 'K
Properties at zero pressure or ideal gaseous staie
Critical point
Gas or vapoix
Liqaid
Pressure
Temperature
Volume
19. 1. Atkinson. R . R.. H'ycock, C.T. a n d . . J Chem Soc (London), 1920, 117, ,410.
Pope, W. J.
2. Canjar, L. N. and Manning, F.S. .. H~drocarbonProcessing, 1962, 41, 121.
3. Dumond, J W. M. and Cohen, E. R. .. Phys Rev., 1951, 82, 555.
4. Germann, A. F. 0.and Taylor, Q. M. . J. .4m. Chem Sor., 1926, 48, 11 54.
5. Giauque, W. F and Jones, W. M. .. ibid, 1948, 70, 120
6. ---,and Dtt, J. 5. .. Ibid. 1960, 82, 2689.
7. Gordon, J. S. and Colund, D. .. J. Chem. Plrys.. 1958,27, 1223.
8. Hackspill, L. 2nd Mathieu .. BUN de la Societe ~l&niquedc Fmnce, 1919.25,
482.
9. Internwional Critical Tahie., 1928. 3 and 5,
(Now York. Mcriraw H111)
10. Martin, J. J. and Hou, Y. C. .. A. I. C/I E Journal, 1955, I, 142.
11. Patemo, E. and Maz:ucchelii, A- .. Garr. Chim Ifai., 1920, 50,43.
12. Rosrini. F. D., .Gucker, F. T.Jr., .. J. Am. C b . Soc., 1952, 74, 2699.
Johnston, H. L., l'auling. L. and
Vinal, G . W.
E3. Thompson, W. M. .. .. Trans. Faradaj Soc.. 1941, 37,251.
