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1. Great Powers of Europe in the 18th
century
• Turkey
• Russia
• Britain
• Spain
• during the years of Spanish ships sailed to
Latin America loaded with gold and
silver, British pirates got the royal
authorization to hunt the Spanish "for the
Crown", and Turkey (at that times called
"the Osman Empire" ) and Russia were at
war over the regions around the Black
Sea, a strategically important place to rule
in South East Europe.

2. How did colonial possessions in the New World and Asia affect
the balance of power?
• While Europeans took the lion’s share of colonial wealth in the early modern
centuries, some of the silver from America financed European imports of spices
and luxuries from Asia. Few of the improvements in public health and sanitation
that Europeans would bring to the East later on had yet come about, nor had
greater public order come to India or Africa, as it eventually would. Most
fundamentally, colonialism undermined lifestyles and social arrangements that
had survived for centuries without offering equally stabilizing substitutes. As a
result most native societies were rendered chronically unstable and insecure.

3. References
• O'Gorman, Frank (1997). The Long Eighteenth
Century: British Political and Social History
1688-1832 (The Arnold History of Britain
Series). A Hodder Arnold Publication