311 
Index Term Links 
A 
Absolute pressure, 62 
Air Quality Index, 243 
Air quality standards - U.S., 241 
Airborne contaminants, 245-248 
ANSI/ISA-75.01.01-2002, 101 
Approximate plant calculations - 
‘old timer’s’ tips, 116 
Aqueous solutions - electrical 
conductivity, 98 
B 
Bernoulli’s equation, 84 
Bridges - measuring inductance & 
capacitance, 267-269 
C 
Communications - topologies, 183 
Control valves - sizing, 101 
D 
Dalton’s Law, 255 
Density - Mercury & distilled 
water, 45 
Density of an imperfect gas, 59 
Dielectric constants, 172-176 
Differential 
pressure, 63 
pressure measurements, 46 
pressure meters - 
compensation for, 79 
E 
Elbow meter, 84 
Electrical conductivity - liquids, 99 
Electrical measurement, 259 
dc bridges, 263
312 
Index Term Links 
geometric mean distances, 276 
principles of, 261 
series voltmeters, 263 
shunt resistance, 263 
Electrical power - determining 
gain or loss, 265 
Electrical units - conversion table, 270-274 
English & SI units, 61 
English to metric conversions, 12 
English to SI conversions, 10 
English unit conversions, 15 
Environmental measurement, 239 
F 
Fieldbus Foundation - standard unit 
codes table, 189-209 
Flow 
English & metric units, 62 
inferential methods, 58 
mass methods, 60 
principles of, 57 
velocity methods, 59 
volume rate, 75 
volumetric methods, 61 
conversion table, 64 
measurement, 55 
nozzle, 83 
Flow rate - hole in tank, 85 
Flowmeter 
rate of heat loss, 95 
temperature rise, 95 
accuracy, 76 
accuracy rotameters - effect of fluid 
properties on, 80
313 
Index Term Links 
elements - head type, 80 
performance - viscosity influence, 73 
Flowmeters 
differential pressure, 80 
magnetic, 59 97 
target, 94 
ultrasonic, 60 
ultrasonic, 100 
vortex shedding, 59 
Fluid density, 63 
Fluid pressure, 62 
Fluids & gases - 
physical properties, 61 
Flumes, 91-93 
Fraction to inch to mm 
conversions, 17 
ft-lb to Joule conversions, 42 
Fundamental constants & conversion 
factors, 62 
Fundamental physical constants, 20 
G 
Gas compressibility factors, 70 
Gas expansion factor, 77 
Gases - critical values, 71 
Gauge pressure, 62 
Geometry measurements, 22 
Glass tube meters - typical pressure 
ratings, 96 
Greek alphabet, 3 
H 
Hagan-Poiseuille Law, 304 305 
Head losses in pipes, 73 
Head type flowmeter elements, 80
314 
Index Term Links 
Humidity - psychrometric chart, 258 
Humidity & moisture conversion 
table, 256 
Humidity measurement, 251 253 
Humidity measurement - 
principals of, 254 
I 
Inches to mm to fraction 
conversions, 17 
Incompressible fluids, 84 
Inductance measurement, 275-298 
Industrial communications 
buses, 181 
Industrial networking 
technologies, 185 
Inferential mass flow, 58 
J 
Joule to ft-lb conversions, 43 
K 
kg/mm2 to psi conversions, 38 
ksi to Mpa conversions, 40 
L 
lb-force sec/ft2 to Pa/sec conversion 
table, 309 
Level 
bubblers, 164 
conductance, 168 
differential pressure, 164 
displacers, 164 
electrical measurement, 169 171 
float switch, 168 
floats, 164 
head level measurement, 169
315 
Index Term Links 
hydrostatic measurement in 
open tank, 170 
hydrostatic pressure, 167 
magnetostrictive, 167 
nuclear, 166 
radar, 166 
RF , 165 
TDR, 167 
ultransonic/sonic, 165 179 
measurement, 161 
measurement - principles of, 163 
Linear volumetric meter signals - 
compensation of, 77 
Liquids - conductivity, 99 
M 
Manometers - equations, 44 
Metals - total emmissivities, 159 
mm to inches to fraction 
conversions, 17 
Mpa to ksi conversions, 41 
Mutual inductance, 285 
O 
Ohm’s Laws, 262 
Open channel flow, 85 
Orifice plate, 81 
Oscilloscopes - principles of, 264 
P 
Parshall flumes, 91 
Pitot tube, 83 84 
Planck’s radiation law, 156 158 
Plant calculations - ‘old timer’s tips’ 
to approximate, 116 
Platinum - resistance vs.
316 
Index Term Links 
temperature, 149-153 
Poise to lb-force sec/ft2 
conversion table, 308 
Pressure 
absolute & gauge examples, 33 
fundamental constants & English 
conversions, 32 
fundamental constants & metric 
conversions, 32 
measurement types, 31 
principles of, 31 
some units & 
conversions, 34 
units of, 32 
Pressure measurement, 29 
psi to kg/mm2 conversions, 38 
Pyrometers, 160 
R 
Reactive environments - 
classification of, 249 
Reynolds numbers, 75 
Rotameter signals - compensation 
of, 78 
Rotameters - effect of fluid 
properties on , 80 
RTD material resistivity, 148 
S 
Safety, 211 
Groups, 217 
Hazardous Classes & Zones, 213 
Integrity Level Verification (SIL) 
(SIF), 221 
ISA-TR84.00.02.2002 - Part 2 221-237
317 
Index Term Links 
Self inductance, 285 298 
SI to English conversions, 10 
SI units 
Classes, 4 
definitions, 5 
Sizing control valves, 101 
Specific heats - fluids & gases, 74 
Steam tables, 47 
Stefan-Boltzmann law, 157 
Stoke’s Law, 305 
T 
Temperature 
heat transfer, 127 
IPTS-68 vs. ITS-90 vs. EPT-76, 121 123 
°C to °F conversion table, 134 
°F to Kelvin 
conversions, 132 
°F to °C conversions, 129 
relation of scales, 125 
Temperature conversion 
equations, 125 
Temperature conversion table, 131 
Temperature measurement, 119 
Temperature measurement - 
principles of, 121 
Thermistor, 154 
Thermocouples, 136 
limits of error, 147 
Type E voltage, 139 
Type J voltage, 141 
Type K voltage, 143 
Type T voltage, 145 
Thermometers
318 
Index Term Links 
comparative characteristics of, 122 
vapor pressure, 156 
Tube flow rates - typical range, 96 
Turbine meters, 60 
U 
U.S. Environmental Protection 
Agency (EPA), 241 
Units of measurement, 1 
Universal gas constant - values, 70 
V 
Venturi tube, 83 
Viscosity 
common units, 303 
conversion table, 307 
dynamic, absolute, simple, 302 
influence on flowmeter 
performance, 73 
principles of & definitions, 301 
Viscosity measurement, 299 
W 
Water - weight at various 
temperatures, 177 
Weir 
Cipolletti, 90 91 
rectangular, 87 88 89 
triangular, 86 
triangular (V-notch) sharp crest, 85 
Wheatstone Bridge, 154 
Wien’s radiation & displacement 
laws, 157

Instrumentation and control

  • 1.
    311 Index TermLinks A Absolute pressure, 62 Air Quality Index, 243 Air quality standards - U.S., 241 Airborne contaminants, 245-248 ANSI/ISA-75.01.01-2002, 101 Approximate plant calculations - ‘old timer’s’ tips, 116 Aqueous solutions - electrical conductivity, 98 B Bernoulli’s equation, 84 Bridges - measuring inductance & capacitance, 267-269 C Communications - topologies, 183 Control valves - sizing, 101 D Dalton’s Law, 255 Density - Mercury & distilled water, 45 Density of an imperfect gas, 59 Dielectric constants, 172-176 Differential pressure, 63 pressure measurements, 46 pressure meters - compensation for, 79 E Elbow meter, 84 Electrical conductivity - liquids, 99 Electrical measurement, 259 dc bridges, 263
  • 2.
    312 Index TermLinks geometric mean distances, 276 principles of, 261 series voltmeters, 263 shunt resistance, 263 Electrical power - determining gain or loss, 265 Electrical units - conversion table, 270-274 English & SI units, 61 English to metric conversions, 12 English to SI conversions, 10 English unit conversions, 15 Environmental measurement, 239 F Fieldbus Foundation - standard unit codes table, 189-209 Flow English & metric units, 62 inferential methods, 58 mass methods, 60 principles of, 57 velocity methods, 59 volume rate, 75 volumetric methods, 61 conversion table, 64 measurement, 55 nozzle, 83 Flow rate - hole in tank, 85 Flowmeter rate of heat loss, 95 temperature rise, 95 accuracy, 76 accuracy rotameters - effect of fluid properties on, 80
  • 3.
    313 Index TermLinks elements - head type, 80 performance - viscosity influence, 73 Flowmeters differential pressure, 80 magnetic, 59 97 target, 94 ultrasonic, 60 ultrasonic, 100 vortex shedding, 59 Fluid density, 63 Fluid pressure, 62 Fluids & gases - physical properties, 61 Flumes, 91-93 Fraction to inch to mm conversions, 17 ft-lb to Joule conversions, 42 Fundamental constants & conversion factors, 62 Fundamental physical constants, 20 G Gas compressibility factors, 70 Gas expansion factor, 77 Gases - critical values, 71 Gauge pressure, 62 Geometry measurements, 22 Glass tube meters - typical pressure ratings, 96 Greek alphabet, 3 H Hagan-Poiseuille Law, 304 305 Head losses in pipes, 73 Head type flowmeter elements, 80
  • 4.
    314 Index TermLinks Humidity - psychrometric chart, 258 Humidity & moisture conversion table, 256 Humidity measurement, 251 253 Humidity measurement - principals of, 254 I Inches to mm to fraction conversions, 17 Incompressible fluids, 84 Inductance measurement, 275-298 Industrial communications buses, 181 Industrial networking technologies, 185 Inferential mass flow, 58 J Joule to ft-lb conversions, 43 K kg/mm2 to psi conversions, 38 ksi to Mpa conversions, 40 L lb-force sec/ft2 to Pa/sec conversion table, 309 Level bubblers, 164 conductance, 168 differential pressure, 164 displacers, 164 electrical measurement, 169 171 float switch, 168 floats, 164 head level measurement, 169
  • 5.
    315 Index TermLinks hydrostatic measurement in open tank, 170 hydrostatic pressure, 167 magnetostrictive, 167 nuclear, 166 radar, 166 RF , 165 TDR, 167 ultransonic/sonic, 165 179 measurement, 161 measurement - principles of, 163 Linear volumetric meter signals - compensation of, 77 Liquids - conductivity, 99 M Manometers - equations, 44 Metals - total emmissivities, 159 mm to inches to fraction conversions, 17 Mpa to ksi conversions, 41 Mutual inductance, 285 O Ohm’s Laws, 262 Open channel flow, 85 Orifice plate, 81 Oscilloscopes - principles of, 264 P Parshall flumes, 91 Pitot tube, 83 84 Planck’s radiation law, 156 158 Plant calculations - ‘old timer’s tips’ to approximate, 116 Platinum - resistance vs.
  • 6.
    316 Index TermLinks temperature, 149-153 Poise to lb-force sec/ft2 conversion table, 308 Pressure absolute & gauge examples, 33 fundamental constants & English conversions, 32 fundamental constants & metric conversions, 32 measurement types, 31 principles of, 31 some units & conversions, 34 units of, 32 Pressure measurement, 29 psi to kg/mm2 conversions, 38 Pyrometers, 160 R Reactive environments - classification of, 249 Reynolds numbers, 75 Rotameter signals - compensation of, 78 Rotameters - effect of fluid properties on , 80 RTD material resistivity, 148 S Safety, 211 Groups, 217 Hazardous Classes & Zones, 213 Integrity Level Verification (SIL) (SIF), 221 ISA-TR84.00.02.2002 - Part 2 221-237
  • 7.
    317 Index TermLinks Self inductance, 285 298 SI to English conversions, 10 SI units Classes, 4 definitions, 5 Sizing control valves, 101 Specific heats - fluids & gases, 74 Steam tables, 47 Stefan-Boltzmann law, 157 Stoke’s Law, 305 T Temperature heat transfer, 127 IPTS-68 vs. ITS-90 vs. EPT-76, 121 123 °C to °F conversion table, 134 °F to Kelvin conversions, 132 °F to °C conversions, 129 relation of scales, 125 Temperature conversion equations, 125 Temperature conversion table, 131 Temperature measurement, 119 Temperature measurement - principles of, 121 Thermistor, 154 Thermocouples, 136 limits of error, 147 Type E voltage, 139 Type J voltage, 141 Type K voltage, 143 Type T voltage, 145 Thermometers
  • 8.
    318 Index TermLinks comparative characteristics of, 122 vapor pressure, 156 Tube flow rates - typical range, 96 Turbine meters, 60 U U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 241 Units of measurement, 1 Universal gas constant - values, 70 V Venturi tube, 83 Viscosity common units, 303 conversion table, 307 dynamic, absolute, simple, 302 influence on flowmeter performance, 73 principles of & definitions, 301 Viscosity measurement, 299 W Water - weight at various temperatures, 177 Weir Cipolletti, 90 91 rectangular, 87 88 89 triangular, 86 triangular (V-notch) sharp crest, 85 Wheatstone Bridge, 154 Wien’s radiation & displacement laws, 157