The eye is composed of several structures that work together for vision, including the eyeball, muscles, eyelids, lacrimal apparatus, and layers. Light enters through the cornea and pupil, is focused by the lens, and creates an image on the retina which is transmitted by the optic nerve to the brain. The ear is designed for hearing and balance. It consists of the outer, middle, and inner ear. The outer ear collects sounds which vibrate the eardrum. Vibrations are transmitted through the middle ear bones and amplified before reaching the inner ear's cochlea, which contains receptors connecting to the auditory nerve. The vestibule and semicircular canals in the inner ear provide
Eye Anatomy and Physiology in b.pharm 1 semester and 2 semester of pharmacy education.
This slide help to more to make notes and easily read out this subject.
he sense organs — eyes, ears, tongue, skin, and nose — help to protect the body. The human sense organs contain receptors that relay information through sensory neurons to the appropriate places within the nervous system.
Each sense organ contains different receptors.
General receptors are found throughout the body because they are present in skin, visceral organs (visceral meaning in the abdominal cavity), muscles, and joints.
Special receptors include chemoreceptors (chemical receptors) found in the mouth and nose, photoreceptors (light receptors) found in the eyes, and mechanoreceptors found in the ears.
Human eye is a sense organ that responses to light and allows vision. Eyeball is placed in bony orbit in the skull and protected by eyelids. Eyeball is made up of three layers; Fibrous tunic (cornea and sclera), Vascular tunic (choroid, ciliary body and iris) and Retina. There are six extra ocular muscles to control movement of each eye. Optic nerve for its co-ordination with the brain. Blood is supplied to eye by the branches of internal carotid artery.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Eye Anatomy and Physiology in b.pharm 1 semester and 2 semester of pharmacy education.
This slide help to more to make notes and easily read out this subject.
he sense organs — eyes, ears, tongue, skin, and nose — help to protect the body. The human sense organs contain receptors that relay information through sensory neurons to the appropriate places within the nervous system.
Each sense organ contains different receptors.
General receptors are found throughout the body because they are present in skin, visceral organs (visceral meaning in the abdominal cavity), muscles, and joints.
Special receptors include chemoreceptors (chemical receptors) found in the mouth and nose, photoreceptors (light receptors) found in the eyes, and mechanoreceptors found in the ears.
Human eye is a sense organ that responses to light and allows vision. Eyeball is placed in bony orbit in the skull and protected by eyelids. Eyeball is made up of three layers; Fibrous tunic (cornea and sclera), Vascular tunic (choroid, ciliary body and iris) and Retina. There are six extra ocular muscles to control movement of each eye. Optic nerve for its co-ordination with the brain. Blood is supplied to eye by the branches of internal carotid artery.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
2. Special
senses:
the eye
The eye is composed of several structures that
work together to facilitate sight. Vision is possible
through the coordination of nerves that control
movement of the eyeball, the amount of light
admitted by the pupil, the focusing of light on the
retina by the lens, and the transmission of the
impulses to the brain by the optic nerve.
3. External structures of the eye:
the orbit
The orbit of the eye
is a cavity in front of
the skull that
contains the eyeball.
It is formed by
several bones and
lined with a fatty
tissue that cushions
the eyeball.
The orbit has several
openings or foramina
(for RAM ah nuh) for blood vessels
and nerves, including the optic foramen (for RAY men)
for the optic nerve and ophthalmic artery.
4. Six muscles control eye movement….four are rectus
muscles that allow a person to see up, down, right,
and left; the other two are oblique muscles that
allow the eyes to turn to see upper left and upper
right, and lower left and lower right. The muscles
also maintain the shape of the eyeball.
External structures of the eye:
the eye
muscles
5. The superior and
inferior palpebrae
(pal PEE bree) are the
upper and lower
eyelids. They protect
the eyeball from intense
light, foreign particles
and impact. Their
blinking motion keeps
the eyeball’s surface
lubricated and free from
dust and debris.
External structures of the eye:
eyelids
The eyelashes on the
edge of the lids prevent
foreign particles from
entering the eye.
6. The meibomian glands
(my BŌ mee un) line the
upper and lower lid,
producing sebum… an
oily secretion that
mixes with the tears to
keep the eyelids from
sticking together.
External structures of the eye:
eyelids
The eyelids form a
canthus (an angle
of skin) at the
inside and outside
corners of the eye.
7. The conjunctiva is the
lining on the underside
of each eyelid and the
mucous membrane
over the eyeball,
providing a protective
covering for the
exposed surface.
External structures of the eye:
conjunctiva
8. The lacrimal (LAK rah mal)
apparatus includes the
structures that produce,
store, and remove tears that
cleanse and lubricate the eye.
External structures of the eye:
lacrimal apparatus
The lacrimal glands secrete the tears that wash
across the conjunctiva during blinking. The
lacrimal canaliculi (can al LICK you lye) are the two
ducts at the inner corner of the eye that collect
tears. The lacrimal sac dilates and pulls in the tear
fluid. The nasolacrimal duct drains the tears into
the nose.
Canaliculi
9. The eyeball is globe-
shaped and divided
into two cavities. At
the front is a cavity
filled with a watery
fluid called the
aqueous (ā'kwē-us)
humor. At the back is
a cavity filled with a
jelly-like material
called the vitreous
humor, which
maintains the shape
of the eyeball.
External structures of the eye:
eyeball
10. The outer layer of the eye has two parts: the
sclera is the white of the eye. The cornea is the
transparent outer surface. It is curved, which
bends light rays and helps to focus them on the
surface of the retina.
External structures of the eye:
outer layer
11. The middle layer of the
eyeball, just behind the
transparent cornea,
contains the colored iris. It
has a hole in the center
called the pupil, which
contracts and dilates to
regulate the amount of
light admitted. The ciliary
body controls the
External structures of the eye:
middle layer
Pupil
convexity of the lens and secretes aqueous humor.
The choroid (KORE oyd) is a pigmented membrane
that prevents internal reflection of light.
12. The innermost layer of the eye is the retina, which
is full of photoreceptive cells called rods and
cones.
External structures of the eye:
inner layer
The rods are
sensitive to dim
light and are used
for night vision. The
cones are sensitive
to bright light and
used for color
vision.
13. Nerve fibers from the
retina all converge to
form the optic nerve at a
spot on the inner layer
known as the optic disk.
The optic nerve goes
directly to the vision
center of the brain.
There are no rods or
cones in the area of the
optic disk, so it is
insensitive to light and a
blind spot is created.
External structures of the eye:
inner layer
14. The lens is a colorless crystalline body that
contracts and relaxes due to the action of the
ciliary muscle.
These changes in the shape
of the lens is called
‘accommodation’, and occurs
for near and distant vision.
External structures of the eye: lens
15. As you view an object, the light rays strike the eye
and pass through the cornea, pupil, aqueous
humor, lens, and vitreous humor, and reach the
retina. The image stimulates the rods and cones
and an upside-down image is transferred to the
brain. The brain turns the images right-side up.
How sight works…
16. Special senses: the ear
The ear is designed for hearing and equilibrium. It
receives sound vibrations, is sensitive to the force
of gravity, and reacts to the movement of the head.
17. The external ear…
The external ear consists of
the cartilaginous pinna (PIN
ah) projection that collects
and channels sound, the ear
canal or auditory canal
which opens to eardrum,
and the eardrum or
tympanic membrane that
vibrates as the sound hits it.
Glands line the auditory canal
and secrete cerumen (suh ROO
men) or earwax. This lubricates
and protects the ear.
18. The middle ear…
The malleus (MĂL ee us) or hammer connects to the
tympanic membrane on one side and the incus or
anvil on the other. The incus then connects to the
stapes (STAY peez) or stirrup. As the sound
vibrations are transmitted mechanically through
these bones, it is amplified up to 22 times.
The middle ear contains
3 small bones or ossicles (AHS sih kuls).
Malleus/
Hammer
Incus/Anvil
Malleus/Hammer
19. The middle ear…
The middle ear is also
responsible for
equalizing external and
internal air pressure on
the tympanic membrane.
This occurs when air
comes in from the
outside through the
auditory canal, and
comes in from the inside
through the throat and
eustachian tube.
Muscles near the
inner ear attach to the
stapes and malleus,
exerting some control
over damaging loud
sounds.
20. The inner ear…
The inner ear
contains structures
referred to as
labyrinths,
because they are
complicated, bony
shapes.
One of these structures is
called the cochlea (KOKE
lee ah). It is divided into 3
channels that run its
entire coiled length. These
channels are filled with
auditory fluids.
21. The inner ear…
Inside one of the
cochlea chambers is
the organ of Corti
(KORE tee). It is filled
with nerve endings that
connect to the auditory
nerve… transmitting
sounds from the inner
ear to the brain.
There are holes in the
cochlea, round and oval
windows, allowing sound to
enter it from the middle ear.
22. The vestibule and
semicircular canals are
bony structures lined with
membranes and
containing a fluid called
perilymph (PAIR ah limph)
which provides a sense of
equilibrium.
The inner ear: vestibule and
semicircular canals…
Changes in the position of the head cause this
fluid to move against sensory receptors.
Dizziness or motion sickness may be associated
with rapid movements.